JACOBIAN 281

Chapter 11

JACOBIAN
Definition: If u1 , u 2 , u 3 ,......, u n be the functions of n variables x1 , x2 , x3 ,........., xn then the Jacobian of
u1 , u 2 ,.....u n with respect to x1 , x2 , x3 ,.....xn is

u1 u1 u1 u1

...
x1 x2 x3 xn
u 2 u 2 u 2 u 2
...
x1 x2 x3 xn
  u1 , u2 , u3 ,........., un 
= J  u1 , u2 , u3 ,.....un  = u3 u3 u 4  u3
  x1 , x2 , x3 ,......., xn  ...
x1 x2 x3 xn
: : : : :
u n u n u n u n
...
x1 x2 x3 xn
  x, y    r , 
Example 1. If x  r cos  , y  r sin  , then find and
  r ,    x, y 

x x
  x, y  r  cos   r sin 
Soln:    r  cos 2   sin 2    r
  r ,   y y sin  r cos 
r 
2 2 1 y
Again we have, r  x  y and   tan
x
r 1 2 1 r 1 2 1
  x  y 2  2 .2 x  cos  ;   x  y 2  2 .2 y  sin  ;
x 2 y 2

 1  y sin   cos 
 .  2    ; 
x y2  x  r y r
1 2
x

r r
cos  sin 
  r ,   x y
   sin  cos   1/r cos 2   sin 2   1/r
  x, y      
r r
x y
 282 JACOBIAN

x2 x3 x x xx
Example 2. If u1  , u 2  3 1 and u 3  1 2 , then prove that, J  u1 , u2 , u3   4
x1 x2 x3

u1 u1 u1 x2x3 x3 x2


x1 x2 x3 x12 x1 x1
u 2 u 2 u 2 x3 x 3 x1 x1
Soln: We have J  u1 , u2 , u3    
x1 x2 x3 x2 x 22 x2
 u3  u3  u3 x2 x1 x 1x 2

x1 x2 x3 x3 x3 x 32

x 2 x 3 x 3 x1 x1x 2 1 1 1
1  x2 x3  x3 x1  x1 x2 
 2 2 2 x2x3  x 3 x1 x1x 2  1 1 1  4
x1 x 2 x 3 x12 x22 x32
x2x3 x 3 x1 x1x 2 1 1 1

Example 3. If y1  1  x1  , y2  x1 1  x2  , y3  x1 x2 1  x3  ,....

  y1 , y2 ,...., y n  n
yn  x1 x2 ...xn 1 1  xn  , then prove that   1 x1n 1 x2n  2 ..... xn 1
  x1 , x2 ,.....xn 

  y1 , y 2 ,...., y n  y1 y 2  yn
Soln:  x , x ,....., x  x . x ..... x   1 .   x1  .   x1 x2  .....   x1 x2 ..... xn 1 
 1 2 n 1 2 n

n
  1 x1n 1 . x2n  2 ......xn 1

Jacobian of Implicit functions:

If u1 , u2 , u3 ,......u n and x 1 , x2 ,........xn are implicitly connected by n equations as:

f1  u1 , u2 ,........un , x1 , x2 ,......, xn   0

f 2  u1 , u 2 ,...., u n , x1 , x2 ,..... xn   0
....................................................
....................................................
f n  u1 , u 2 ,....., un , x1 , x2 ,......, xn   0

  f1 , f 2 ,...... f n    u1 , u2 ,......, un  n   f1 , f 2 ,...., f n 

then .   1
  u1 , u2 ,.....un    x1 , x2 ,...., xn    x1 , x2 ,....xn 

dy  f / x
Note : The above result is a generalised result of the elementary theorem 
dx f /y

Example 4. If x  y  z  u, y  z  uv, z  u v w , find the value of the Jacobian of x, y, z with respect

to u, v, w.

Soln: Let, f1  x  y  z  u  0
 JACOBIAN 283

f2  y  z  uv  0
f 3  z  uvw  0
  x, y, z  3   f1 , f 2 , f3    f1 , f 2 , f3 
Then,   1 
  u , v, w    u , v, w    x, y , z 

f1 f1 f1  f1 f1 f1

u v w x y z
f f 2 f 2 f 2 f 2 f 2 1 0 0 1 1 1
 2 
u v w x y z    v u 0 0 1 1
f 3 f 3 f 3 f 3 f 3 f 3 vw uw uv 0 0 1
u v w x y z

   1 u  uv   111  u 2 v

Jacobian of function of function:

Theorem : If u1 , u 2 , u3 ,.........u n are functions of y1 , y 2 , y3 ,..., yn and y1 , y 2 , y3 ,..., yn are functions of
x1 , x 2 , x3 ,......xn then,
  u1 , u 2 ,...., un    u1 , u2 ,...., un    y1 , y2 ,...., y n 
 .
  x1 , x2 ,....., xn    y1 , y 2 ,...., yn    x1 , x2 ,....., xn 

Example 5. If u 3  v 3  w3  x  y  z , u 2  v 2  w 2  x 3  y 3  z 3 , u  v  w  x 2  y 2  z 2 , then show

that
  u , v, w  y  z  z  x  x  y 

  x, y, z   u  v  v  w  w  u 

Soln: Let, f1  u 3  v 3  w3  x  y  z  0 , f 2  u 2  v 2  w 2  x 3  y 3  z 3  0
and f3  u  v  w  x 2  y 2  z 2  0
  u , v, w  3   f1 , f 2 , f3    f1 , f 2 , f3 
We have,  x, y, z   1 . 
    x, y, z    u , v, w 

f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1

x y z u v w
f f 2 f 2 f 2 f 2 f 2 1 1 1 3u 2 3v 2 3w 2
 2  2
x y z u v w   3x 3y 2 3z 2  2u 2b 2w
f 3 f 3 f3 f3 f3 f3 2x 2y 2z 1 1 1
x y z u v w

1 1 1 u2 v2 w2
 6 x2 y2 z2  6 u v w 
 y  z  z  x  x  y 
x y z 1 1 1
 u  v  u  w  w  u 
 284 JACOBIAN
Theorem: Let u1 , u 2 ,....., u n be functions of n independent variables x1 , x 2 ,.....x n . The necessary and
sufficient condition that the function be connected by a relation f  u1 , u 2 ,......., u n   0 is that the Jacobian
  u1 , u 2 ,......, u n 
  x1 , x 2 ,..., x n  vanishes identically..
Example 6. Show that the functions: u  3x  2y  z, v  x  2y  z and w = x  x  2y  z  are not in-
dependent, and find the relation between them.
  u , v, w 
Soln: If the given functions u, v, w are not independent, then we must have  x , y , z equal to zero, or
 
3 2 1
J 1 2 1 = 0
2x  2 y  z  2x x
Adding R 2 to R 1 , we get
Since, J  0 , hence the functions are not independent. Now we have to find the relation between u, v, w .
Clearly, u  v  4 x and u  v  2  x  2 y  z 
  u  v  .  u  v   8 x  x  2 y  z   8w  u 2  v 2  8w

x y yz yx  y  z
Example 7. If u  ,v  ,w  , show that u, v, w are not independent and find the
z x xz
relation between them.
Soln: We have
1 1

 x  y
z z z2

J 
 y  z 1 1
x2 x x
y 2  yz x  2y  z  xy  y 2
 2
x z xz xz 2
1 1 1
taking, 2
, 2 and 2 2 common from R 1 , R 2 and R 3 respectively, we get
z x x z

z z  x  y
1
J 4 4  y  z x x
x z
x  2y  z  xy  y 2
  y 2 z  yz 2 
xz xz 2
1 1 1
taking 2
, 2 and 2 2 common from R1 , R 2 and R 3 respectively, we get
z x x z

z z x  y
1
J 4 4  y  z x x z
x z
  y z  yz
2 2
 2
x z  2 xyz  xz 2
  x y  xy
2 2

 JACOBIAN 285

Applying C 2  C1 and C3 – C1 ,

z 0 x  y  z
1
 4 4  y  z x  y  z  x  y  z
x z
 yz  y  z  z  x 2  y 2  2 xy   z 2  x  y   xy  x  y   yz  y  z 

z 0  x  y  z
1
 4 4  y  z x  y  z  x  y  z
x z
 yz  y  z  z  x  y  z  y  z   x  y  z  yz  xy 
2 z 0 1

 x  y  z  y  z 1 1
x4 y4
 yz  y  z  z  x  y   yz  xy 
Applying C1  zC3 , we get
2
 x  y  z y 1  x  y  z
2
  1  yz  y  x  z  x  y     yz  x  y   yz  x  y    0
x4 z 4 x4 z4

Since J  0 , hence the given functions are not independent.

xy  y 2  yz  zx y  x  y  z 
Again. uv   1  w 1
zx xz
 uv  w  1 is the required relation between them.

Example 8. Consider the integral  f ( x, y, z ) dV1   f (r ,  ,  ) dV , if dV1  dx dy dz and

V V

dV2  J dr d d , then the value of J is

(a) r sin  (b) r 2 sin  (c) r sin  (d) r 2 sin 

Soln: Here, J is the Jacobian from Cartesian ( x, y, z ) to spherical polar ( r ,  ,  )

We have, x  r sin  cos 
y  r sin  sin 
z  r cos 
x r x  x  cos  sin   r sin  sin  r cos  cos 
 ( x, y, z )
J  y r y  y   sin  sin  r cos  sin  r sin  cos 
(r ,  ,  )
z r r  r  cos  0  r sin 
On solving, this gives  r 2 sin  . Therefore, J  r 2 sin  .
Correct option is (b)

2 3  
Example 9. If z1  , z2  1 3 , z3  1 2 , then the Jacobian (J) from ( z1 z2 z3 ) to (1 2 3 )
1 2 3
is equal to
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 5
 286 JACOBIAN

z1 1 z1 2 z1 3

 ( z1 z2 z3 )
Soln: J   z2 1 z2 2 z2 3
 (1 2 3 )
z3 1 z3 2 z3 3

 2 3 12 3 1 2 1
 3 2  1 3 22 1 2
2 3 1 3  1 2 32

 2 3 1 3 1 2
1
 2 2 2 2 3  1 3 1 2
1 2 3
2 3 1 3  1 2

1 1 1
(  ) (  ) (  )
 2 3 2 123 2 1 2 1 1 1  4
1 2 3
1 1 1
Therefore, J  4.
Correct option is (c)

 (u , v )
Example 10. If u  x 2  y 2 , v  2 xy , x  r cos  , y  r sin  , then the value of Jacobian J  is
(r ,  )

1 2 3/2 1/2 3/2 1/2

(a)
2
x  y2  
(b) 2 x 2  y 2  
(c) 4 x 2  y 2  
(d) 4 x 2  y 2 
 (u , v )  (u , v ) ( x, y )
Soln: We have J   
 (r ,  )  ( x , y )  ( r ,  )

 (u , v ) u x u y 2 x 2 y
Here, 
 ( x, y ) v x v y

2y 2x
 4 x2  y2  
( x, y ) x r x  cos   r sin 
and   r
(r ,  ) y r y  sin  r cos 
3/2
 
Therefore, J  4 x 2  y 2 r  4 x 2  y 2   .
Correct option is (c)

 ( x, y, z )
Example 11. If u  xyz , v  x 2  y 2  z 2 , w  x  y  z , then the value of Jacobian, J  is
(u, v, w)
1
(a)  2 ( x  y ) ( y  z ) ( z  x) (b) 
2 ( x  y ) ( y  z ) ( z  x)
( x  y ) ( y  z ) ( z  x)
(c)  (d) None of these
2
 JACOBIAN 287

u x u y u z yz xz xy
 (u , v, w)
Soln: J   v x v y v z  2 x 2 y 2 z
 ( x, y , z )
w x w y w z 1 1 1

z ( y  x) x( z  y) xy
 2( y  x ) 2( z  y ) 2 z C1  C1  C2 and C2  C2  C3 
0 0 1
z x xy
 ( y  x ) ( z  y ) 2 2 2 z
0 0 1
 ( x  y ) ( y  z ) {2 z  2 x}
 2 ( x  y ) ( y  z ) ( z  x)
 ( x, y, z ) 1
Therefore,  .
(u, v, w) 2 ( x  y ) ( y  z ) ( z  x)
Correct option is (b)

Example 12. Let x and y are Cartesian variable which transformed to another variable u and v such that
x  2u  3v and y  2u  3v , then the value of J is __________ . ( J denotes the modulus of J ).

 ( x, y ) x u x v 2 3
Soln: J      6  6  12
 (u , v) y u y v 2 3

Hence, J  12.
Correct answer is (12)