1.1 Develop your personal definition for the practice of surveying.

Surveying is the practice of acquiring the accuracy of distance and measurements. It is

important especially in the field of construction because by means of surveying, we were
able to determined larger scales and could follow construction ethics.

1.2 Explain the difference between geodetic and plane surveys.

In plain surveying the surface of the earth is considered as plane and the curvature of the
earth is neglected. Most of the engineering and property surveys are considered as plane
surveys while in geodetic surveying, the curvature of the earth is considered. Geodetic
surveys used for traditional surveys like national boundaries control network, modern
surveys like data gathering, controls and layout using satellite positioning techniques.

1.3 Describe some surveying applications in:

a. Construction

- In construction, surveying is used to locate the precise location of structures such as

roads, buildings, bridges, and so forth. The planning, measurement and management of
construction works, includes the estimation of costs. In application of the foregoing
activities surveyors take into account the relevant legal, economic, environmental, and
social aspects affecting each project.

b. Mining

- In mining, surveying is used to direct the locations of mining activities according to a

systematic plan, to make sure mining occurs within the boundaries of the claim, to connect
tunnels and shafts, and to provide legal records of mining activities.

c. Agriculture
- In agriculture, surveying is used to determine the acreage of fields, to locate lines of
constant elevation for strip farming, to track harvesting machinery to enable the size of the
harvest, and to track the position of the planting equipment to allow for precise
applications of seeds and fertilizers. The field is known as high-precision agriculture.

1.4 List 10 uses for surveying other than property and construction surveying.

 Establishing control for use in other surveys.

 Mapping the surface of the Earth and other celestial objects with photogrammetry,
laser scanning, or remote sensing.
 Mapping archeological artifacts.
 Mapping the bottom of oceans and waterways.
 Creating Geographic and Land Information Systems for public use.
 Performing ordinance surveys for the military.
 Creating topographic maps.
 Optical tooling.
 Mapping of statues and other forms of artwork using terrestrial photogrammetry or
laser scanning.
 Mapping of accident sites in forensic surveying.

1.5 Why is it important to make accurate surveys of underground utilities?

It is important because it provides an accurate record of the locations of these utilities so

they can be found if repairs or servicing is needed, and to prevent their accidental
destruction during excavation for other projects.

1.6 Discuss the uses for topographic surveys.

Topographic surveys are used whenever elevation data is required in the end product.
Some examples include (1) creating maps for highway design; (2) creating maps for
construction surveys; (3) creating maps for flood plain delineation; (4) creating maps for
site location of buildings; and so on.

1.7 What are hydrographic surveys, and why are they important?

Hydrographic surveys define shorelines and depths of lakes, streams, oceans, reservoirs,
and other bodies of water. Sea surveying is associated with port and offshore industries and
the marine environment, including measurements and marine investigations made by ship
borne personnel.

1.8 Name and briefly describe three different surveying instruments used by early
Roman engineers.

The three different surveying instruments used by the roman engineering are gromma,
labella and the chrobates. The gromma is used for sighting, the labella is an A-frame with
a plumb bob, for leveling, and lastly the chorobates which is a horizontal straightedge
about 20 ft long with supporting legs and a groove on top for water to serve as a level.

1.9 Briefly explain the procedure used by Eratosthenes in determining the Earth’s
circumference.

Eratosthenes’s procedure occurred about 200 B.C., He had concluded that the
Egyptian cities of Alexandria and Syene were located approximately on the same meridian,
and he had also observed that at noon on the summer solstice, the sun was directly
overhead at Syene. (This was apparent because at that time of that day, the image of the
sun could be seen reflecting from the bottom of a deep vertical well there.) He reasoned
that at that moment, the sun, Syene, and Alexandria were in a common meridian plane, and
if he could measure the arc length between the two cities, and the angle it subtended at the
earth's center, he could compute the earth's circumference.

He determined the angle by measuring the length of the shadow cast at Alexandria
from a tall vertical staff of known length. The arc length was found from multiplying the
number of caravan days between Syene and Alexandria by the average daily distance
traveled. From these measurements Eratosthenes calculated the earth's circumference to
be about 25,000 mi. Subsequent precise geodetic measurements using better instruments,
but techniques similar geometrically to Eratosthenes', have shown his value, though
slightly too large, to be amazingly close to the currently accepted one.

1.10 Describe the steps a land surveyor would need to do when performing a
boundary survey.

Briefly, the steps should include:

1. Preliminary walking of property with owner

2. Courthouse research to locate deed of property and adjoiners to determine
ownership possible easements, right-of-ways, conflicts of interest, and so on
3. Location survey of property noting any encroachments; conflicting elements; and so
on
4. Resolution of conflicting elements between deed and survey
5. Delivery of surveying report to owner

1.11 Do laws in your state specify the accuracy required for surveys made to lay out a
subdivision? If so, what limits are set?

Under the revised rules and regulations implementing the subdivision and condominium
buyer's protective decree (PD 957) and other related laws, Pursuant to Article IV Section 5
c) of Executive Order No. 648 the following rules are hereby promulgated by the Housing
and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB) to implement Presidential Decree Nos. 957, 1216,
1344 and other related laws applicable to open market and medium cost subdivision and
condominium projects.

MINIMUM DESIGN STANDARDS

Section1. Design Standards for Subdivision - Residential subdivision projects shall conform
to the following minimum design standards, applicable local government units' (LGU)
zoning ordinances as well as pertinent provisions of the National Building Code if project is
with housing component:

A. Site Criteria

1. Location - Conformity with Zoning Ordinance/Comprehensive Land Use Plan Subdivision

projects shall be located in residential zones or other areas appropriate for residential uses.
If there is no Zoning Ordinance or approved Comprehensive Land Use Plan, the dominant
land use principle and site suitability factors cited herein shall be used in determining
suitability of a project. Subdivision projects supportive of other major urban activities (e.g.
housing for industrial workers) may be allowed in area zoned for the said urban activities.

2. Physical Suitability - Subdivision projects shall be located within suitable sites for
housing and outside hazard prone areas and protection areas as provided for by pertinent
laws. Critical areas (e.g. areas subject to flooding, landslides and those with unstable soil)
must be avoided. The site shall be stable enough to accommodate foundation load without
excessive earthmoving, grading or cutting and filling.

3. Accessibility - The site must be served by a road that is readily accessible to public
transportation lines. Said access road shall conform to the standards set herein to
accommodate expected demand caused by the development of the area. In no case shall a
subdivision project be approved without the necessary access road/right-of-way. Said
access road right-of-way may be constructed either by the developer or the local
government unit.
 B. Planning Considerations

1. Area Planning - Planning and designing of subdivision projects shall take into account
the following:

 Safety and general welfare of the future occupants.

 Adequate, safe, efficient and integrative road circulation system servicing
every lot therein.
 Judicious allocation of land uses for diversity and amenity.
 Preservation of site.
 Proper siting or orientation of lots.
 Harmony with existing and proposed development in the vicinity.
 Application of workable design principles or parameters for a well planned
and self-sustaining environment.

When a developer or planner submits a Planned Unit Development (PUD) type of

project, the layout shall likewise conform to the standards for residential/condominium
projects.

A. Open spaces - Open spaces shall conform to the provisions of P.D. 1216 and its
implementing rules and shall include the following:

 Streets - Adequate and safe means of vehicular and pedestrian circulation and
easements for utilities and planting strips shall be provided.
 Walks - paved walks shall be provided to the living units from streets, parking
spaces and from living units to play areas.
 Parks and playground - Suitable recreational area(s) shall be allocated within the
subdivision. Where applicable, a hierarchy of such recreational areas may be
provided for; such that, a strategically located main park area is supplemented or
complemented by one or more smaller pocket(s) or areas for recreational use.
These areas must be accessible to living units and free from any form of hazard or
risk_ Said parks and playgrounds shall be cleared and free from any debris. Parks
and playgrounds as much as possible shall be at street level.
B. Facilities and Amenities - Areas required for subdivision facilities and amenities shall be
judiciously allocated in accordance with the provisions herein specified.

C. Density - Density of subdivision projects shall conform to the residential densities set
forth in the zoning ordinance of the city/municipality where project is located. Where there
is a mixture of housing types within the subdivision (such as single-detached, row house,
town houses, etc.), density shall include the total number of dwelling units in multi-storey
structure plus the total number of lots intended for single and semi-detached houses.

2. Site Preservation

 Slope The finished grade shall have a desired slope to allow rain water to be
channeled into street drains. Where cut and fill is necessary, an appropriate grade
shall be attained to prevent any depression in the area. Grading and ditching shall be
executed in a manner that will prevent erosion or flooding of adjoining properties.

 Preservation of Site Assets Suitable trees with a caliper diameter of 200 millimeters
or more, shrubs and desirable ground cover per Department of Environment and
Natural Resources (DENR) rules shall be preserved. Where a good quality top soil
exists in the site, it shall be banked and shall be preserved for finishing grades of
yards, playgrounds, parks and garden area.
 Ground Cover Grass, shrubs, plants and other landscaping materials used for ground
cover shall be of a variety appropriate for its intended use and location. They shall
be planted so as to allow well-tended cover of the area.

3. Easements - Subdivision projects shall observe and conform to the following provisions
on easements as may be required by:

 Chapter IV, Section 51 of The Water Code, on water bodies;

 National Power Corporation (NPC), on transmission lines;
 PHIVOLCS per Resolution No. 515, Series of 1992, on identified fault traces;
 Other public utility companies and other entities' right-of-way;
  National/local government units for projects abutting national roads
(primary roads) where adequate easement shall be provided for, including
loading and unloading areas;
 Other related laws.

4. Circulation - Depending on the classification of roads adjacent to the subdivision and

the size of the project site, road network should result into a hierarchy of functions and
should define and serve the subdivision as one integrated unit.

 Roads complemented with path walks within the subdivision must be so

aligned to facilitate movement and to link the subdivision to the nearest
major transportation route and/or adjacent property. Whenever there are
existing roads within the project site which shall be made part of the
subdivision plan, these shall be improved in accordance with the standards
set forth herein.

 Streets should conform to the contours of the land as far as practicable where
a proposed project adjoins a developed property, roads within the said
project shall be connected/integrated/aligned with existing ones. Where a
proposed project adjoins undeveloped property, a provision for future
connection shall be mandatory.

 As far as practicable, streets shall be laid out at right angles to minimize

critical intersections such as blind corners, skew junction, etc.

 Roads shall conform to sound engineering practices.

 Subdivision projects shall comply with the pertinent requirements of Batas

Pambansa No. 344, otherwise known as the Accessibility Law.
 5. Installation of Street Names/Signs: The developer shall bear the cost of installation of
street names/signs coincident with the construction of streets.

1.12 What organizations in your state will furnish maps and reference data to
surveyors and engineers?

The Land Management Bureau (LMB) and the National Mapping and Resource Information
Technology (NAMRIA) are just two of the organizations that utilized mapping and
surveying in the Philippines. The LMB and NAMRIA are under the under the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources, LMB is responsible for administering, surveying,
managing, and disposing Alienable and Disposable (A&D) lands and other government
lands not placed under the jurisdiction of other government agencies; while NAMRIA is
responsible for providing the public with mapmaking services and acting as the central
mapping agency, depository, and distribution facility of natural resources data in the form
of maps, charts, texts, and statistics.

1.13 List the legal requirements for registration as a land surveyor in your state.

 Examinations Required.
 Qualifications of Applicant for Examination.
 Fraudulent Application.
 Scope of Examination.
 Rating in the Board Exam.
 Report of Ratings.
 Re-Examination.
 Oath.
 Certificate of Registration and Professional License.
 Seal and Use of Seal.
  Identification of License and Professional Tax Receipt.
 Grounds for Suspension and Revocation of License, Cancellation of
Temporary/Special Permit.

1.14 Briefly describe the European Galileo system and discuss its similarities and
differences with GPS

European Galileo system is similar to GPS, except that it is owned and operated by the
European Union and European Space Agency. It was developed to ensure that European
Nations do not have to rely on the US (GPS) and Russian (GLONASS) systems. GPS is an
acronym for Global Positioning System, which is an array of 32 satellites. When you use a
GPS receiver, the known variable is where the satellites are, but not where you are. The
satellites essentially use known time (atomic clock) and location which is transmitted to a
receiver. The satellites transmit their time and by measuring the offset of the time between
the satellites and the receiver you can determine your location. GPS and Galileo are
different systems that perform the same function.

1.15 List at least five non-surveying uses for GPS.

1. Logistics in transportation

2. Hunting;

3. Location of cell phone calls;

4. Timing of telecommunications networks;

5. Navigation in the boating industry; and so on.

1.16 Explain how aerial photographs and satellite images can be valuable in
surveying.

Photogrammetry presently has many applications in surveying. It is used, for example, in

land surveying to compute coordinates of section corners, boundary corners, or point of
evidence that help locate these corners. Large–scale maps are made by photogrammetric
procedures for many uses, one being subdivision design. Photogrammetry is used to map
shorelines, in hydrographic surveying, to determine precise ground coordinates of points
in control surveying, and to develop maps and cross sections for route and engineering
surveys. Photogrammetry is playing an important role in developing the necessary data for
modern Land and Geographic Information Systems.

1.17 Search the Internet and define a VLBI station. Discuss why these stations are
important to the surveying community.

VLBI stands for Very Long Baseline Interferometry. These stations provide extremely
accurate locations on the surface of the Earth. The stations are used to develop world-wide
reference frameworks such as ITRF00. They also may provide tracking information for
satellites.

1.18 Describe how a GIS can be used in flood emergency planning.

GIS can be use to overlay soil type and their permeability with slopes, soil saturation, and
watershed regions. A GIS can also be used to provide a list of business and residences that
will be affected by possible flooding for evacuation purposes. It can provide “best” routes
out of a flooded region.
 1.19 Visit one of the surveying web sites listed in Table 1.1, and write a brief
summary of its contents. Briefly explain the value of the available information to
surveyors.

BLM or Bureau of Land Management – The Bureau of Land Management manages public
lands to maximize opportunities for commercial, recreational, and conservation activities.
This promotes healthy and productive public lands that create jobs in local communities
while supporting traditional land uses such as responsible energy development, timber
harvesting, grazing, and recreation, including hunting and fishing.

1.20 Read one of the articles cited in the bibliography for this chapter, or another of
your choosing, that describes an application where GPS was used. Write a brief
summary of the article.

The surveying and mapping community was one of the first to take advantage of GPS
because it dramatically increased productivity and resulted in more accurate and reliable
data. Today, GPS is a vital part of surveying and mapping activities around the world.

When used by skilled professionals, GPS provides surveying and mapping data of the
highest accuracy. GPS-based data collection is much faster than conventional surveying and
mapping techniques, reducing the amount of equipment and labor required. A single
surveyor can now accomplish in one day what once took the entire team weeks to do. GPS
supports the accurate mapping and modeling of the physical world — from mountains and
rivers to streets and buildings to utility lines and other resources. Features measured with
GPS can be displayed on maps and in geographic information systems (GIS) that store,
manipulate, and display geographically referenced data.

Governments, scientific organizations, and commercial operations throughout the world

use GPS and GIS technology to facilitate timely decisions and wise use of resources. Any
organization or agency that requires accurate location information about its assets can
benefit from the efficiency and productivity provided by GPS positioning. Unlike
conventional techniques, GPS surveying is not bound by constraints such as line-of-sight
visibility between survey stations. The stations can be deployed at greater distances from
each other and can operate anywhere with a good view of the sky, rather than being
confined to remote hilltops as previously required. GPS is especially useful in surveying
coasts and waterways, where there are few land-based reference points. Survey vessels
combine GPS positions with sonar depth soundings to make the nautical charts that alert
mariners to changing water depths and underwater hazards. Bridge builders and offshore
oil rigs also depend on GPS for accurate hydrographic surveys.

Land surveyors and mappers can carry GPS systems in backpacks or mount them on
vehicles to allow rapid, accurate data collection. Some of these systems communicate
wirelessly with reference receivers to deliver continuous, real-time, centimeter-level
accuracy and unprecedented productivity gains. To achieve the highest level of accuracy,
most survey-grade receivers use two GPS radio frequencies: L1 and L2. Currently, there is
no fully functional civilian signal at L2, so these receivers leverage a military L2 signal using
"codeless" techniques. The ongoing GPS modernization program is adding a dedicated civil
signal at L2 that supports high-accuracy positioning without the use of military signals. The
GPS program is also adding a third civil signal at the L5 frequency that will enhance
performance even further. After 2020, the government will no longer support codeless
access to military GPS signals.

1.21 Same as Problem 1.20, except the article should be on safety as related to
surveying.

In most countries, construction work represents the most dangerous industry in terms of
injury and fatality rates per year. Though land surveyors aren’t necessarily classed as
construction workers, they do carry out their jobs in similarly hazardous situations –
mines, busy highways, mountainous areas and construction zones to name a few. Below are
5 major safety risks associated with land surveying, highlighting the truly diverse range of
dangers to be wary of.
 Distracted motorists - Land surveyors will often spend time by roadsides, close to
fast moving traffic. After driving for a while looking at nothing but the road in front
of them, motorists can often become distracted if they suddenly see a person from
the corner of their eye. This can and does often result in traffic collisions and can be
dangerous for surveyors standing nearby. There are safety procedures to follow
however – workers are advised to place safety signs and cones in the appropriate
places. Most countries also have regulations relating to the minimum distance a
surveyor should be from the roadside.

 Snakes and Insects - It is not uncommon for surveyors working in places like jungles
and deserts to come into contact with insects, spiders and snakes. To help prevent
against bites and stings, workers should wear snake-proof boots and clothing that
covers as much bare skin as possible. Also, carrying a first aid kit as well as a bite kit
is a must.

 Unstable Surfaces - Mountain ranges represent another varied terrain where

surveyors carry out their work. Things to consider include unstable rock faces and
frostbite for those who are nearer the peaks. Safety harnesses and cables should be
used for the former group and appropriate thermal clothing should be worn for the
latter.

 Construction hazards - When land surveyors are called out to construction sites,
they should be briefed on that site’s safety procedures. It is the worker’s duty to
wear appropriate safety gear such as hard hats, tough work boots, high visibility
vests and any additional gear that is required, such as eye and hearing protection.

 Heat Exhaustion - Any outdoor work carried out in hot climates represents a
number of health hazards, and surveying is no different – sunstroke, dehydration
 and sunburn to name a few. To protect against the sun’s effects, surveyors should
wear hats, heat reflective clothing, apply sunscreen and drink plenty of water. An
often overlooked consideration is to take regular break in the shade. Canvas
umbrellas can be brought to places where shade is at a premium, such as deserts.

 Remote Locations - For surveys to be carried out in barren locations, ensure all
equipment is tested before the journey begins. Packing a spare tire, a first aid kit,
food and water, GPS system and phones will come in handy in emergency situations.
Vehicles should also be thoroughly tested before embarking on the journey.
 Holy Angel University

Angeles City Pampanga

School of Engineering and Architecture Department

PROBLEM
SET 1

SUBMITTED BY: FRANCHESKA Q. OCAMPO

COURSE AND SECTION: CE 203
SUBMITTED TO: ENGR. NEAL CASTILLO

DATE CREATED: JUNE 28, 2019

DATE: SUBMITTED: AUGUST 1, 2019
 Holy Angel University

Angeles City Pampanga

School of Engineering and Architecture Department

PROBLEM
SET 2

SUBMITTED BY: FRANCHESKA Q. OCAMPO

COURSE AND SECTION: CE 203
SUBMITTED TO: ENGR. NEAL CASTILLO

DATE CREATED: JUNE 28, 2019

DATE: SUBMITTED: AUGUST 1, 2019