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Klaf $2.00 (continued on inside back cover)TENSORS for CIRCUITSTENSORS for CIRCUITS (Formerly entitled 4 Short Course in Tensor Analysis for Electrical Engineers) By GABRIEL KRON Consulting Engineer, General Electric Co. Schenectady, New York With an Introduction by BANESH HOFFMANN Department of Mathematics, Queens College, New York Second Edition Dover Publications, Inc. New York, New York, CONSTABLE & CO LTD 10-12 ORANGE STREET, LONDON, w.C2Copyright © 1942 by General Electric Company Copyright © 1959 by Dover Publications, Inc, All rights reserved under Pan American and International Copyright Conventions. Published simultaneously in Canada by McClelland and Stewart Limited. This new Dover edition, first published in 1959, is a corrected and unabridged republication of the work first published under the title A Short Course in Tensor Analysis for Electri- cal Engineers. The new Introduction by Banesh Hoffmann and the Bibliography of the author’s writings were especially prepared for this edition. Manufactured in the United States of America Dover Publications, Inc. 180 Varick Street New York 14, New YorkTo PHILIP L. ALGERINTRODUCTION TO DOVER EDITION Some people seem destined to be centers of controversy. I can think of no one who would dispute Gabriel Kron’s eminent right to be numbered among them. Kron’s early work opened new domains in the applications of tensor analysis, yet when it first appeared it received scant atten- tion, and later, when it began to be recognized as possibly signifi- cant, it was much vilified. Various complaints were made; that it was completely wrong; that it might perhaps at bottom be correct but used tensors improperly ; that it used tensors not at all but was old stuff decked out in matrix clothing; and that even this deck- ing out was not new. One observed a curious conflict of trends in the complaints: the work was wrong — the work was right but not new. Either way, Kron could hardly gain the impression that he was being flattered, except perhaps by attention. J. Slepian once likened Kron’s work to fruit salad; and A. Duschek and A. Hochrainer, in the introduction to their book Grundziige der Tensorrechnung in Analytischer Darstellung, dismissed an American author — evidently Kron —with the fol- lowing words: Ein besonderes krasser Fall ist aber der eines amerikanischen Autors, der die Tensorrechnung geradezu mit Gewalt auf die Theorie der elektrischen Maschinen und Netze anwenden will, sich bis zu den Begriffen , absolutes Differential" und ,Kriim- mungstensor” versteigt und dariiber dicke Biicher and lange Serien von Abhandlungen veréffentlicht.’’* Why should the work of Kron have excited such general ani- mosity? One reason is, doubtless, its bold originality, for the lot * The precise flavor of the invective is hard to render into English. The following is an approximate translation: A particularly crass instance, however, is that of an American author, who wants to apply the tensor calculus with downright violence to the theory of electric machines and networks, even goes so far as to use the concepts “absolute differential” and “curvature tensor,” and publishes thick books and long series of papers on it all.viii B. HOFFMANN of the innovator is rarely smooth. Another may lie in the very nature of Kron’s synthesis, bringing together, as it does, the previously disparate fields of electrical engineering and tensor analysis. In the early days few people were equipped to assay the work of Kron since, for the most part, those who knew elec- trical engineering did not know tensor analysis and those who knew tensor analysis did not know electrical engineering. The impression thus arose that the work was formidably difficult, and this may well have prejudiced people against it. Actually it is no more difficult than many things that electrical engineers have learned to take in their stride; and such difficulty as there may be is more than compensated by a superb unification. Originality and apparent difficulty may partly explain the re- sistance Kron’s work has encountered. But Kron himself is also to blame, for he is far from being a convincing expositor. His primitive concept of rigor, his appeal to “generalization postu- lates” in lieu of proofs, his attempts, fortunately absent from the present book, to impress by a sort of name dropping of impres- sive-sounding terms like Riemann-Christoffel Curvature Tensor and Unified Field Theory — these and other faults have alienated many people. Kron would be the first to concede his lack of rigor. He does not claim to be a pure mathematician. But we have no right to insist that an innovator present his ideas in impeccable form. We must take our innovators as they come, and we should be grateful to get their ideas in any intelligible form at all. Newton himself, by modern standards, was shockingly unrigorous in his presentation of the calculus; and unrigorous too by standards of his time, for his work was validly criticized by Bishop Berkeley. Let us concede that Kron writes thick books and long series of papers, that in some of his papers he is willfully obscure, that he seems to delight in being irritating, that he lacks all concept of mathematical rigor, and that he makes errors. Let us make all other valid complaints against him. There remains nevertheless an impressive corpus of work that stamps him as an innovator of major importance. P. Le Corbeiller wrote in the preface of his book Matrix Analy- sis of Electric Networks: “Kron is the author of a method of analysis of rotating elec- trical machinery, in which one and the same tensor equationINTRODUCTION TO DOVER EDITION ix applies to every conceivable type of machine. This, in my opinion, is the most significant advance in electrical engineering analysis since the introduction of impedances by Kennelly and Steinmetz and of the two-reaction method by A. Blondel.” ‘And P. Langevin, who was the first to champion the seemingly grotesque ideas of de Broglie on the wave nature of matter, quickly recognized the importance of Kron’s work and saw to it that Kron was awarded the Montefiore prize. Indeed, Kron now has a signifivant international following, particularly in England, France, and Japan. Outside of geometry and the theory of relativity, the applica- tions of tensor analysis have often been, from the tensorial point of view, rather trifling. To write basic equations in tensorial form by means of covariant derivatives is hardly to exhaust the resources of the tensor calculus and while the use of the tensor law of transformation to express these equations in terms of spherical and cylindrical coordinates may at one time have seemed remarkable, it is a small matter compared with the uses to which Kron puts the tensor transformation law. For Kron uses tensors to unify great classes of physical sys- tems. With him a tensor transformation changes, for example, the equations of one electrical machine to those of another elec- trical machine of different type. He constructs prototype ma- chines — the primitive machines — from whose equations he obtains those of all other electrical machines by applying ap- propriate tensor transformations. This in itself is a masterly unification. But in addition Kron shows how different established theories of a given machine are convertible into one another by tensor transformation. To accomplish these things Kron goes beyond the types of transformations usually employed in technological applications of tensor analysis. His transformations are often singular, and in certain important cases non-holonomic. That such transforma- tions are essential ingredients of the unification is an indication of the non-trivial nature of Kron’s achievement. But for some reason their presence has called forth strong criticism. True, they are unexpected; that may make them suspect, but it does not make them wrong. Do we wish to criticize Kron’s use of singular transforma- tions? Then, to be consistent, we should criticize also the use ofx B. HOFFMANN such tensor transformations in the theory of Lagrangian dy- namics. Do we complain that Kron uses non-holonomic reference frames? Then, to be consistent, we should complain too about the Maxwell-Lorentz electrodynamics, for Lorentz was the man who first realized the non-holonomic character of the currents used therein as electrodynamical coordinates. There is irony in the fact that Lagrangian dynamics and Max- well-Lorentz electrodynamics had been accepted without demur by the very critics who objected to Kron’s using singular and non-holonomic transformations, for while Kron went well be- yond what had been done before with these transformations he did no violence to the ideas already present in embryonic form in dynamics and electrodynamics. In more advanced work growing out of that presented in this book, Kron uses the curvature tensor, a fact noted with appar- ent distaste by Duschek and Hochrainer. Kron uses the curva- ture tensor in both holonomic and non-holonomic reference frames, something probably without precedent in the techno- logical applications of tensors. But he uses it because it comes in naturally. He does not drag it in arbitrarily merely to impress or annoy —though once it is in he is not above using it for those purposes. When first I encountered Kron’s work, nearly a quarter of a century ago, I was extremely dubious of its validity, and even of its plausibility. Trained, as I was, in the tensorial tradition of geometry and relativity, I balked at the use of singular trans- formations the elements of whose matrices were mainly ones, minus ones, and zeros; the tensor nature of such work seemed highly suspect. I can sympathize with Duschek and Hochrainer in the attitude they expressed many years ago towards Kron’s work, for, because of the extraordinary originality of that work, its initial effect on those who knew tensors was indeed shocking. But I have long been convinced that the work that forms the topic of this book is both valid and important, that it makes proper, if novel, use of tensor concepts, that tensors are an in- tegral and essential part of it, and that it constitutes an epoch making extension of the realm of application of tensor analysis. In recent years Kron has considerably extended his method and advanced into new territories of application, Each advance has excited new controversy reminiscent of the old, but I am lessINTRODUCTION TO DOVER EDITION xi competent to discuss these matters, lacking sufficient expertness in the fields involved. The present book, ostensibly an introduction to tensor analysis, is really an introduction to Kron’s tensor theory of stationary electrical networks and rotating electrical machines. If you seek in it a rigorous presentation of the subject you will be disap- pointed. Approach it with a different attitude. Seek in it a working introduction to the remarkable methods that Kron discovered. Accept the assurances of myself and increasingly many others that the work can be demonstrated to be funda- mentally valid. Read the book, in fact, as you would read a work by Heaviside now that it is no longer fashionable to deride him— for Heaviside and Kron have much in common. Do this and you will find to your delight that the basic procedures are clearly set forth, the various aspects of the generalized machine are patiently portrayed, the illustrative examples are nicely worked out, the steps to be taken are carefully codified—in short, that, within its limitations, this book is almost a model of exposition. For no one presents the ideas of Kron more vividly than Kron himself. June, 1958 BANESH HOFFMANN Queens College Flushing, N. Y.PUBLICATIONS OF GABRIEL KRON IL. Books The Application of Tensors to the Analysis of Rotating Electrical Machinery. Schenectady: General Electric Review, 1938. Pp. xii + 187. Tensor Analysis of Networks. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1939. Pp. xxiv + 635, A Short Course in Tensor Analysis for Electrical Engineers. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1942. Pp. xv + 250. Equivalent Circuits of Electrical Machinery. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1951. Pp. xviii + 278. Il. Monographs published in serial form “The Application of Tensors to the Analysis of Rotating Electrical Machinery, Part I, The Algebra of Hypercomplex Numbers,” Gen- eral Electric Review, XXXVIII (April, 1935), 181-91. “Part II, Transformation The- ory,” Ibid. (May, 1935), 230-43. “Part III, The Generalized Ro- tating Machine,” Ibid. (June, 1935), 282-92. “Part IV, Machines with Sta- tionary “Axes,” Ibid., (July, 1935), 339-44; (August, 1935), 386-91. “Part V, Labor-Saving Devices,” Ibid., (September, 1935), 434- 40; (October, 1935), 473-79. “Part VI, Moving Reference Axes,” Ibid., (November, 1935), 527-36. “Part VII, Machines with Mov- ing Axes,” Ibid., (December, 1935), 582-91, “Part VIII, Interconnected Ma- chines,” Ibid., XXXIX (Febru- ary, 1936), 108-16. “Part IX, The Building Up of New Geometrie Objects,” Ibid., (March, 1936), 155-59. “Part X, The Various Forms of the Equation of Motion,” Ibid., (April, 1936), 201-10. “Part XI, Machines under Accel- eration,” Ibid., (May, 1936), 249-57. “Part XII, Small Oscillations,” Ibid., (June, 1936), 297-306. “Part XII, Oscillating Refer- ence Axes,” Ibid., (August, 1936), 397-402; (October, 1936), 504-9. “Part XIV, Oscillations in Slip- Ring Machines,” Ibid., XL (Feb- rvary, 1937), 101-7; (April, 1937), 197-202, “Part XV, The Raising and Low- ering of Indices,” Ibid., (June, 1937), 296-202; (August, 1937), 389-96, “Part XVI, The Basic Theory of Networks,” Ibid., (October, 1937), 490-6; (December, 1937), 594-601; XLI (March,’ 1938), 153-59. “Part XVII, Nonholonomic Ref- erence Frames,” Ibid., (May, 1938), 244-50. “Part XVIII, The Dynamical Equations of Lagrange,” Ibid., (October, 1938), 448-54, “Tensorial Analysis of Integrated Transmission Systems, Part I, The Six Basic Reference Frames,” Transactions AIEE, xiiixiv PUBLICATIONS OF GABRIEL KRON Il. Monographs in serial form—Continued “Tensorial Analysis”—Cont XX (1951), 1239-46, art II, Off-Nominal Turn Ra- tios,” I[bid., LXXI (1952), 505-12. “Part III, The ‘Primitive’ Divi- sion,” Ibid., (1952), 814-21. “Part IV, The Interconnection of Transmission Systems,” Ibid., LXXII (1953), 827-38. “Diakopties,—The Piecewise Solu- tion of Large-Scale Systems,” The Electrical Journal (London), formerly The Electrician, “An Introduction to Universal’ Engi- neering” (June 7, 1957), 1673-77. “Chapter I, Topology of Piece- wise Analysis,” Ibid., (July 5, 1957), 27-34; (July 12, 1957), 101-5. “Chapter II, Orthogonal Net- works.” Ibid., (August 9, 1957), 385-94. “Chapter III, Piecewise Solution of Diffusion-Type Networks," Thid, (September 18, 1957), 745- Shapter IV, Topology of Piece- wise Solution,” Ibid., (October 11, 1957), 1041-49, “Chapter V, Topological Model of a Transportation Problem,” Ibid., (November 15, 1957), 1409- u “Chapter VI, Piecewise Optimi- zation of Linear Programming,” ., (December 13, 1957), 1713- “Chapter VII, Generalization of Topology to Mechanical Struc- tures,” Ibid., (January 10, 1958), 93-98. “Chapter VIII, Building-Blocks of Elastic Structures,” Ibid., (February 7, 1958), 399-407. “Chapter IX, Turbine Split-Dia- phragms,” Tbid., (March 7, 1958), 705-11, “Chapter X, Piecewise Solution of Non-Linear Plastic Strue- tures,” Ibid., (April, 1958), 1141- 41. “Chapter XI, Topological Models of the Elastic Field,” Ibid., (May, 1958), 1435-44. “Chapter XII, Piecewise Solution of Mesh Networks,” Ibid., (June, 1958), 1711-18, “Chapter XIII, Piecewise Solu- tion of Poisson-Type Networks,” Ibid., (July, 1958), 25. “Chapter XIV, Pyramiding Su- persystem Solutions,” Ibid., (Au- gust, 1958), 289-94, “Chapter XV, Piecewise Analyt- ical Solutions (One Parameter per Subdivision),” Ibid. (Sep- tember, 1958), 701-05. “Chapter XVI, Singular Subdivi- sions,” Ibid.,’ (October, 1958), 1071-77. “Chapter XVII, Piecewise Solu- tion of Eigenvalue Problems,” Ibid., (November, 1958), 1371-77. “Chapter XVIII, Piecewise Solu- tion of Time-Varying Problems,” Ibid., (December, 1958), 1727- 32. “Chapter XIX, Elastic Building. Blocks of Polyatomie Molecules,” Ibid., (January, 1959), 149-55. “Chapter XIX, Epilogue—and Prologue to Multidimensional Wave Models,” Ibid., (February, 1959). III. Articles about Tensor Analysis “In The Large” (Topology) “Tensor Analysis of Rotating Ma- chinery,” Baia-Mare, Rumania: Privately printed, (May, 1932). Presented at the January 1933 Winter Convention of AIEE. “Discussion of Summer's Paper: ‘Vector Theory of Circuits In- volving Synchronous Machines,’ ” Trans. AIRE, LI (Sune, 1932), 325. “Non-Riemannian Dynamics of Ro- tating Electrical Machinery,” Jour. of Math, and Physics, XIII- 2 (May, 1934), 103-94,PUBLICATIONS OF GABRIEL KRON xv III. Tensor Analysis “In The Large”—Continued “Quasi-Holonomic Dynamical Sys- tems,” Physics, VII-4 (April, 1936), 143-52. “Analyse Tensorielle appliquée a PArt de VIngénieur,” Bull. de P Association des Ingénieurs Elec- triciens sortis de l'Institut Elec- trotechnique Montefiore, No. 9 (September, 1936) ; No. 10 (Octo- ber, 1936); No. 1 (January, 1937), No. 2 (February, 1937). “Tensor Analysis of Multielectrode- Tube Circuits,” Electrical Engr., LV (November, 1936), 1220-42. “Invariant Forms of the Maxwell- Lorentz Field Equations for Ac- celerated Systems,” Jour. of Ap- plied Physics, IX-3 1938), 196-208. “Classification of the Reference ‘Frames of a Synchronous Ma- chine,” Trans. AIEE, LXIX (1950), 720-27. “Stationary Networks and Trans- mission Lines Along Uniformly Rotating Reference Frames,” Trans. AIEE, LXVUI—Part 1 (1949), 690-96. “So You Are Going To Study Ten- sors?” The Matriz & Tensor Quarterly, 1-4 (June, 1952), 3-6; BEAMA Journal, (October, 1952), 306-9. (March, IV. Articles about Equivalent Circuits of Electrical Machinery “Equivalent Circuit of the Capaci- tor Motor,” G.E. Review, XLIV-9 (September, 1941), 511-13. “Equivalent Circuit of the Salient- Pole Synchronous Machine,” G.E. Review, XLIV-12 (December, 1941), 679-83. “The Double-Fed Machine,” Trans. AIEE, LXI (May, 1942), 286-89. “Equivalent Circuit of the Primi- tive Rotating Machine,” G.E. Re- view, XLIX (March, 1946), 43-9. “Equivalent Circuits of the Primi- tive Rotating Machine with Asymmetrical Stator and Rotor,” Trans. AIEE, UXVI (1947) 17- 3, “Tensorial Analysis and Equivalent Circuit of a Variable-Ratio Fre- quency Changer,” Trans. AIEE, LXVI (1947), 1503-6. “Steady-State Equivalent Circuits of Synchronous and Induction Machines,” Trans. AIEE, LXVII (1948), 175-81. “Equivalent Circuits of the Shaded- Pole Motor with Space Har- monies,” Trans. AIEE, LXIX (1950), 735-41. V. Articles about Theory of Electrical Devices “Generalized Theory of Electrical Machinery,” Trans. AIEE, XLIX (April, 1930), 666-85. “Induction Motor Slot Combina- tions,” Trans. AIEE, L (June, 1931), 757-68. “Tracing of Electron Trajectories Using the Differential Analyzer, Part I,” Proc. LR.E., XXXVI- 1:Pt.1 (January, 1948), 70-73. VI. Articles about Stability of Multi-Energy Systems “Equivalent Circuits for the Hunt- ing of Electrical Machinery,” Trans. AIEE, LXI (May, 1942), 290-96. “Equivalent Circuits for Oscillat- ing Systems and the Riemann- Christoffel Curvature Tensor,” Trans. AIEE, LX (January, 1943), 25-31. “Self-Excited Oscillation of Capaci- tor-Compensated Long-Distance Transmission Systems,” (withPUBLICATIONS OF GABRIEL KRON VI. Stability of Multi-Energy Systems—Continued “Self-Excited Oscillation” —Cont R.B. Bodine and C. Concordia), Trane. AIBE, LXII (January, 1943), 41-44. “Steady-State and Hunting Equiva- lent Circuits of Long-Distance Transmission Systems,” G.E. Re- view, XLVI (June, 1943), 337-42. “Damping and Synchronizing Torques of Power Selsyns,” (with C. Concordia), Trans. | AIKE, LXIV (June, 1945), 366-71. “A New Theory of Hunting,” Trans. AIEE, LXXI (October, 1952), 859-66. VII. Articles about Control of Multi-Energy Systems “The Direct-Acting Generator Volt- age Regulator,” (with W.K. Boice, S.B. Crary, and L.W. Thompson), Trans. AIEE, LIX (March, 1940), 149-157. “Tensorial Analysis of Control Sys- tems,” Jour. of Applied Mechan- ics, XV (June, 1948), A107-124. “Regulating System for Dynamo- Electric Machine,” U.S. Patent No. 2, 692, 967 (October 26, 1954). “A. ‘Super-Regulator’- Cancelling the Transient Reactance of Syn- chronous Machines,” Matrix & Tensor Quarterly, V-3_ (March, 1955), 71-75; The Electrical Journal, CLIV-14 (April, 1955). “A Physical Interpretation of the Riemann-Christoffel Curvature Tensor,’ The Tensor (Japan), IV-3 (March, 1955), 150-72. VIII. Articles about Electric-Circuit Models of Non-Electrical Systems “Equivalent Circuits of the Elastic Field;” Jour. of Applied Mechan- ics, XI (1944), A-149-A-161. ‘Network Analyzer Solution of the Equivalent Circuits of Elastic Structures,” (with G.K. Carter), Jour. of the Franklin Institute, CCXXXVIII (December, 1944), 443-52. “Tensorial Analysis and Equiva- lent Circuits of Elastic Struc- tures,” Jour. of the Franklin In- stitute, CCXXXVIII (December, 1944), 400-42. “Blectric Circuit Models of the Schrédinger Equation,” The Physical Review, LXVII-12 (January 1, 15, 1945), 39-43. “A.C. Network Analyzer Study of the Schrédinger Equation,” (with GK. Carter), The Physical Re- view, LXVII-12 (January 1, 15, 1945), 44-49. “Numerical Solution of Ordinary and Partial Differential Equa- tions by Means of Equivalent Circuits,” Jour. of Applied Phy- sics, XVI-3 (March, 1945), 172- 86. “Equivalent Circuits of Compres- sible and Incompressible Fluid Flow Fields,” Jour. Aeronautical Sciences, XII-2 (April, 1945), 221-31. “Numerical and Network Analyzer Tests of an Equivalent Circuit for Compressible Fluid Flow,” (with G.K. Carter), Jour. of Aeronautical Sciences, XII-2 (April, 1945) 232-34, “Blectric Circuit Models for the Vibration Spectrum of Poly- atomic Molecules,” Jour. Chem- ical Physics, XIV-1 (January, 1946), 19-31, “Network Analyzer Tests of Equiv- alent Circuits of Vibration Poly- atomic Molecules,” (with G. K. Carter), Jour. Chemical Physics, XIV-1 (January, 1946), 32-34.PUBLICATIONS OF GABRIEL KRON VIII. Electric-Circuit Models—Continued “Equivalent Circuits for the Nu- merical Solution of the Critical Speeds of Flexible Shafts,” Jour. of Applied Mechanics, XIII-2 (June, 1946) A 109-A 117. “Electric Circuit Models of Partial Differential Equations,” Electri- cal Engr., (July, 1948), 672-84. “Electric Circuit Models of the Nuclear Reactor,” Trans. AIEE, LXXIII (1954), 259-65, IX. Articles about Tearing of Topological Models “A Set of Principles to Interconnect the Solutions of Physical Sys- tems,” Jour. of Applied Physics, XXIV (August, 1953), 965-80. “A Method for Solving Very Large Physical Systems in Easy Stages,” Proc. R.E., XLII-4 (April, 1954), 680-86, “Solving Highly Complex Elastic Structures in Easy Stages,” Jour. of Applied Mechanics, XXII-2 (June, 1955), 235-44. “Detailed Example of Interconnect- ing Piecewise Solutions,” Jour. of Franklin Institute, XXV-5 (April, 1955), 307-83. “Inverting a 256x256 Matrix,” En- gineering (London), CLXXVIII (March 11, 1955). “Tearing and Interconnecting as a Form of Transformation,” Quar- terly of Applied Math., XIII-2 (July, 1955), 147-59. “Solution of Complex Nonlinear Plastic Structures by the Method of Tearing,” Jour. of Aeronauti- eal Sciences, XXII-6 (June, 1956), 557-62. “Multiple Substitution of Basic Vectors in Linear Program- ming,” Matrix & Tensor Quar- terly, VII-1 (September, 1956), B11. “Improved Procedures for Inter- connecting Piecewise Solutions,” Jour. of Franklin Institute, CCLXII-6 (November, 1956), 385-92, “Blectrical Power Engineering as a Spearhead of ‘Universal’ En- gineering,” Bull. of, Electrical Engr. Education (Univ. of Man- chester), (December, 1956), 1-20. “Diakoptics—A Gateway into Uni- versal Engineering,” The Elec- trical Journal (London), (De- cember, 1956). “A Very Simple Example of Piece- wise Solution,” Matrix & Tensor Quarterly, VIII-1 (September, 1957), 13-15. “Tearing, Tensors and Topological Models,” American Scientist, XLV-5, (December, 1957), 401- 13. “Numerical Example for Intercon- necting Piecewise Solutions of Elastic Structures,” Memoirs of the Unifying Study of the Basic Problems in Engineering Sci- ences by Means of Geometry, Vol. I1, (Association for Science Documents Information, Tokyo, Japan). “Diakoptics—The Science of Tear- ing, Tensors and Topological Models,” Memoirs of the Unify- ing Study of the Basic Problems in Engineering Sciences by Means of Geometry, Vol. II, (As- sociation for Science Documents Information, Tokyo, Japan). “Factorized Inverse of Partitioned Matrices, Matrix and Tensor Quarterly, VIII, No. 2, Dee. 1957, 89-41.