University of Engineering and Technology
Lahore
City Campus (KSK)
Lab session 1,2
Hydraulics Machine
Submitted to:
Mam Aysha younas
Submitted by:
1) Umar Liaqat 2017-ME-312
2) Amanullah 2017-ME-318
3) Muhammad Rizwan Danish 2017-ME-334
4) Sharjeel Umar 2017-ME-340
5) Muhammad Ali Tanveer 2107-ME-342
LAB SESSION 1
To verify the ‘Impulse Momentum Principle’ for a jet of water striking on 90° deflector
to investigate the effect of velocity of flow on impulse force of the jet for Flat plate
deflector.
1.1 Learning Objectives:
• Derive the expression for impact of jet on flat.
• Calculate the co-efficient of impact.
1.2 Apparatus
1. Impact of Jet Apparatus with Deflector (90°)
2. Hydraulic Bench
3. Stop Watch
4. Thermometer
1.3 Related theory
The force made by the jet which hits a surface is obtained by applying the conservation
equation of the movement quantity. This force, for a stationary regime and taking into
account that its horizontal component is canceled, comes given by the expression:
Fy = 𝜌 . Q. (V – V. cos α) N
Impulse Momentum Principle
It states that the algebraic sum of all the external forces acting on the control volume of the
fluid is equal to the rate of change of momentum.
Mathematical:
According to the newton’s 2nd law of motion
Where, Σ𝐹 is the net force, m is the mass of object and 𝑎 is the acceleration or rate of change
of velocity.
Where
Where, M is the mass flow rate, 𝜌 is the density of fluid and “Q” is the discharge.
So,
Negative sign shows the direction of the impulse force which is opposite to the force of jet.
Where, A is the area of flow and 𝑉 is the velocity of fluid.
Figure 1: Impact of Jet Apparatus on Hydraulic Bench
Figure 2: Flat Plate 90° Deflector
1.4 Impact of Jet Apparatus:
Impact of jet apparatus is a very simple apparatus which directly measure the impulse force
of the jet by an equivalent weight placed in the pan. The direction of axis of jet is vertical.
This apparatus consists of following parts
• Nozzle
• Valve
• Glass Chamber
• Vertical Rod with collar on upper part
• Deflector
• Weights
• Pointer
Figure 3: Schematic Representation of Impact of Jet Apparatus (Flat Plate)
Label the Diagram:
Vertical rod
Leveler
Pointer
Deflector
Glass
Chamber
Nozzle
Valve
Supply hole
Adjustable screw
Figure 4: Connectional Diagram of impact of jet apparatus
1.5 Experimental Procedure
1. Place the test set-up on the hydraulic bench so that the drain routes the water into the
channel. Fit connecting hose between hydraulic bench and equipment.
2. Use adjusting screw to set pointer to zero (zero notch). When doing so, do not place
any loading weights on measurement system.
3. Now make sure that the defector is almost away from the nozzle before applying any
load with the help of spring and the plate.
Figure 5: Pointer showing mean point
4. Place the load of 100 gm and gradually open the valve till the collar reaches its
original position.
5. Note down the time to collect the known volume of water.
6. Repeat the previous steps for 100 gm load increment till the valve is completely
open.
7. Switch off pump, open drain.
1.6 Observations & Calculations
Volume (m3) = 5 liter = 0.005 m3
Jet diameter (mm) = 8 mm = 0.008 m
Density = 1000 (kg/m3)
Area = a = π r2 = 5.02 × 10-5 m2
Flat Plate
V2 V2
V
Table 1 Observations and Calculations
Mass 𝑽𝒐𝒍. 𝑸 𝑭𝒕𝒉
Fexp= M× g Time 𝑸= 𝑽= Error
Sr. Deflector
(M) 𝒕 𝑨 = 𝝆𝑸𝑽 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕
𝑪𝒊 =
No. 90° 𝑭𝒕𝒉
𝑚3
(g) (kN) (sec) ( × 10−4 ) (m/s) (kN) %
𝑠
1 14.78 3.4 6.6 1.8 44 0.55
1. 2 100 0.998 35.47 2.8 5.6 1.56 36 0.64
3 56.07 2.7 5.4 1.45 31 0.69
1 15.07 3.3 6.6 2.1 6 0.93
2. 2 200 1.96 32.26 3.1 6.2 1.9 3 1.03
3 51.12 2.9 5.8 1.7 15 1.15
1 10.53 4.7 9.4 4.4 33 0.69
3. 2 300 2.94 20.58 4.9 9.8 4.8 38 0.61
3 33.83 4.4 8.8 4.3 31 0.68
1.7 Graphs
Fexp Vs Fth
3.5
2.94 2.94 2.94
3
2.5
1.96 1.96 1.96
Fth (KN)
1.5
0.998 0.998 0.998
1
0.5
0
1.8 1.56 1.45 2.1 1.9 1.7 4.4 4.8 4.3
Fexp (KN)
Figure 6 Graph between Fth & Fexp
12
9.4 9.8
10 8.8
8 6.6 6.6 6.2
V (m/s)
5.6 5.4 5.8
6
0
0.998 0.998 0.998 1.96 1.96 1.96 2.94 2.94 2.94
Fexp (kN)
Figure 7 Graph between Fexp & V
1.8 Results:
1) Relationship between Fexp & Fth for 90° deflector is a step-vise line.
2) Relationship between Fexp & V for 90° deflector is a zig-zag line.
1.9 Statistical Analysis
Fth = 2.67 N
% Error = 26.33%
1.9.1 Standard deviation:
1.8 + 1.56 + 1.45 + 2.1 + 1.9 + 1.7 + 4.4 + 4.8 + 4.3
𝐹𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = 2.67
9
𝑺. 𝑫𝑭𝒕𝒉
𝟏
= √ ((𝟏. 𝟖 − 𝟐. 𝟔𝟕) 𝟐 + (𝟏. 𝟓𝟔 − 𝟐. 𝟔𝟕)𝟐 + (𝟏. 𝟒𝟓 − 𝟐. 𝟔𝟕) 𝟐 + (𝟐. 𝟏 − 𝟐. 𝟔𝟕) 𝟐 + (𝟏. 𝟗 − 𝟐. 𝟔𝟕) 𝟐 + (𝟏. 𝟕 − 𝟐. 𝟔𝟕) 𝟐 + (𝟒. 𝟒 − 𝟐. 𝟔𝟕) 𝟐 + (𝟒. 𝟖 − 𝟐. 𝟔𝟕) 𝟐 + (𝟒. 𝟑 − 𝟐. 𝟔𝟕) 𝟐 )
𝟖
𝑺. 𝑫𝑭𝒕𝒉= 1.40
1.10 Conclusion:
• Graph shows that as the experimental force is increased the velocity of the fluid is
also increased.
• At 90°, angle of deflector, experimental force and theoretical force shows a step
vise ascending line behavior.
• Percentage error shows that by performing practical, some mistakes occurred.
