Fiction- is the dream of the writer, made visible on the page.

It may be the writer’s lived experience

or it may be entirely imagined.

Elements of fiction

A. Character- a person, an animal, or an imaginary creature that takes the part in the action of
the story.
Characters types:

a. Protagonist- the main character of the story that is the central to the action of the story.
b. Antagonist- the person or thing working against the protagonist, or hero, in the story.
c. Static Character- Characters that stay in the same throughout the story.
d. Dynamic Character- Characters that change and learn something during the story.
e. Flat- very few personality traits, do not change throughout the story, sometimes can be
symbols or stereotypes.
f. Round- convincing and true to life, many different personality traits, usually undergo a
change during the story.

B. Characterization- the techniques an author user to develop personality of a character in a

literary work.

- Physical appearance and personality

- Speech, behaviour, and actions
- Thoughts and feelings
- Interactions with other characters

C. Setting- The time and place in which the action occurs. Look for clues in the opening
paragraphs of the story or novel.

D. Point of View- it refers to who tells the story and how it is told.

a. 1st person- the story is told from the viewpoint of one of the characters, using the first
person pronoun “ I”.
b. 3rd person- the story is told by the narrator who stands outside of the story and observes
the events as they unfold. The narrator uses the pronouns SHE, HE, and THEY, HIS or
HER.

a. Omniscient Point of View- the narrator has the power to show the reader what is
happening in the minds of the characters, their feelings and their thinking.
b. Limited Omniscient Point of View- the narrator shows us inside the mind of one
character.
 c. Objective Point of View- the story is told as it from a camera that follows the characters.
Only what is said and done is recorded.

E. Plot- the action element in fiction, is the arrangement of events that make up a story. It is
based on a key conflict.

There are five basic parts of Plot:

1. Eksposition- the first part of the story. The author establishes the setting, introduces
characters, gives additional background information.
2. Rising Action/Complications- the series of conflict or struggle the build a story toward its
climax, tension rises.
3. Climaks/ Turning point- the high point, or turning point, of a story. It is the most intense
point. A decision is made that will decide the outcome of the conflict.
4. Falling Action- the action that works out the decision arrived at during the climks. The
conflict is- or begins to be settled.
5. Resolution/ Denouement- the ending. It ties up loose ends and brings the story to a close.

Types of Plot:

a. The Chronological Order: Some stories begin with what happens first, following the regular
time development of events to end.
b. Some stories begin at the end: Then lead up to why and how things developed as they did.
c. Some stories begin in the middle of things:

F. Theme- is the central idea or meaning of a story.

G. Symbol- is a person, object, image, word, or event that evokes a range of additional meaning
beyond and usually more abstract that is literal significance.
Sample: Universal symbol
WATER=PURIFY
BLACK CLOUDS= EVIL APPROACHING

H. Tone is the author’s conflict attitude toward the reader, subject, and/or the people, places, and
events in a work as revealed by the elements of the author’s style.

I. Flashback- This is the technique in which the author interrupts the plot of the story to tell an
incident of an earlier time goes back in time; like giving the reader a memory.

J. Foreshadowing- this is the writer’s technique in which the author provides clues or hints as to
what is going to happen later in the story.

K. Conflict- is the struggle between two forces in a story. The plot revolves around this conflict.
 Joe Kelly- as opposition or dispute between person’s groups or ideas.

Types of Conflict:
a. Physical Conflict- between character and nature or the physical work.
b. Social Conflict- between character or between the character and his or her society.
c. Internal conflict- between different attitudes of beliefs in the character’s mind.

ESSAY- is a short non-fiction, non-imaginary work about a subject. It may be classified by tone and
style as formal or informal. It has many purpose depending on what the writer wants to write about
and how he/she wants to affect the readers. “ekagium”

Three Main Parts:

INTRODUCTION- it is the opening part of the write-up that shows the topic sentence of the essay or
the thesis statement. It prepares the readers on the essay therefore, it should be affective so that the
readers are encourage, motivate and to continue reading.

BODY- an essay includes body paragraphs, which develop the main idea of the essay.

CONCLUSION- an essay ends with a brief conclusion, which brings the essay to a logical end.

TYPES OF ESSAY

Formal Essay- this is known as impersonal essay. The content is informative and scientific in nature.
The writer uses the “ aesthetic” approach in language and style.

Informal Essay- it is called familiar or personal essay. It ekspresses personal experiences or

observation on human nature. Its purpose is to entertain rather than to inform.

FORMS OF ESSAY

Descriptive Essay:

- It is essay that illustrates by using sensory words in order to bring to the reader’s
imagination what is being talked about. Painting a picture , a writer might describe a
person, place, object, or even memory of special significance.

Narrative Essay:

- It is an essay that tells a story of the writers or other’s story. It is usually found in the feature
writing sections of newspaper or magazine. This is when the writer is narrating an incident
or story throughout the essay.

Ekspository Essay:

- It is an essay that eksplains something so that reader can understand. Is an informative

piece of writing that presents balanced analysis of a topic. The writer eksplains or defined
the topic, using facts, statistics, and eamples.
Persuasive Essay:

- It is an essay that convinces the reader to think in a certain way. Is to convince the reader
to accept the writer’s point of view or recommendation.

ELEMENTS OF AN ESSAY:

a. Audience- it refers to whom the essay is intended for.

b. Purpose- it refers to the intention or goal in writing the essay.
c. Subject- it is the topic discussed in the essay.
d. Point of View- it is how the ideas are told to the reader.
e. Theme- it refers to the lesson or messages of the essay.
f. Mood- it refers to the feeling which the writer would like the reader to experience or get from
the literary work.
g. Tone- it is the attitude of the writer towards his/her subject.
h. Style- this is the special way in which the ideas of the essay are developed.

Footnote to Youth

By: Jose Garcia Villa

Eksposition:

- Dodong was fully decided to marry Taeang and intended to tell it to his father…
- Dodong wants to marry Taeng and aks his father’s permission.

Rising Action:

- Thinking that they are still young, and thaeir love would be short, dodong’s father allowed
them to be married.

Climaks:

- Dodong saw her wife in the “ Papag” with his firstborn child. He heard his baby’s cry named
Blas that pierced him queerly. He could not control the swelling happiness in him and also
felt embarrassed because he is not still ready to support a family.

Falling Action:

- Taeng secretly regretted being married at an early age, she wondered if she would have
the same life if she marry Lucio. Dodong finally realized the hardships of marrying such an
early age.

Conclusion:

- Blas at age of 18 wanted to marry Tona. Dodong did not object, but tried to make blas think
twice before rushing to marriage.

Complication:
 - Taeang regretted to be married at their early age…

Crises:

- Dodong has a question that he can’t answer… why life forsaken after love?’’’

Denouement:

- Dodong was helpless. He couldn’t do anything but to give his consent.

Ending:

- Dodong was really feel sad and sorry for his son.

Full name of author:

- Jose Garcia Villa, is a poetic, a critic, a short story writer, and a painter.

What is Footnote?

- A footnote is simply defined as a note at the foot of the page. It is often used to give
additional information to the reader regarding certain words or phrases in the tekts.

Conclusion: History repeats itself

Elements of story

Setting: Farm, it is the time of planting season almost june to august.

Characters: Dodong, Teang, Blas, Tona, Lucio

Point of view: Third Person omniscient ( Central )

Theme:

- Enjoy being Youth, Responsibilities and realities, Decision Making

Conflict:

Man vs. Himself

1. Dodong married at the age of 17.

2. Taen regrets marrying dodong.

Symbols:

- The sun was salmon and hazy in the west.

- A short colorless worm marched blindly to Dodong’s foot.

Flashback:
 - In the cool sundown, Dodong wild young dreams of himself and Taeyang. Taeyang his girl.
She had a small brown face and black eyes and straight glossy hair. How desirable she
was to him. She made him dream even during the day.
- Taeyang wondered about Lucio, her other suitor before, whom she had not chose because
he is older than dodong by nine years. She wondered what if she had married Lucio.

Foreshadowing:

- The sun was salmon and hazily in the west. Dodong thought to himself he would tell his
father…….
- This phrase gives a hint that there is something fishy going on with Dodong and teang……

We Filipinos Are Mild Drinkers

By: Alejandro R. Roces

This story is about an American soldier bragging about his ability to drink all kinds of liquor to a
Filipino learner, but in the end got drunk because of the lambanog that the farmered offered.

Characterization of the story:

Farmer: the humble Filipino who invited the American soldier for a drink.

Joe: the American soldier who was proud and confident regarding his experiences with
alcoholic beverages.

Mother of the Farmer: the womwn whom the soldier thought was his kimono girl.

People Living in the Barrio: The people who brought out their guns and bolos when they heard
the scream of the farmer’s mother.

Friends of the Soldier: the people who offered the farmer to have a drink with them.

Setting: The story took place in a barrio, in the Philippines during the years 1945. One late afternoon,
in the Nipa hut of the farmer.

Point of View: The POV of the story is in the point of view.

Theme: “ One man’s drink is another man’s person”

- This statement simply means that one’s perspective cannot be the same with the other’s
one may think that a particular thing may be destructive to another man’s eyes. We are all
unique we all have our own beliefs and thoughts.
Introduction:

- It was a common sight to see American soldier almost everywhere because American
troops helped the Filipino fight against the Japanese. In Barrio, Joe, an American solder
asked for liquor from a farmer.

Beginning of the Action:

- Since there were no bars I the Barrio, the farmer invited the soldier to his Nipa hut and
offered some “ Lambanog” the local liquor of the Barrio.

Conflict:

- While Joey Drank the Lambanog. He felt a mind-blowing sensation and started to feel
dizzy. On the other hand, the farmer was feeling normal.

Climaks:

- Because he was drunk, Joe thought that the farmer was a japanes soldier and the farmer’s
mom as a japanes kimono girl. After hallucinating things, the soldier passed out and fell
asleep.

Conclusion:

- The farmer brought Joe back ath the Garrison because he was drunk at that time. After
that, one of Joe’s friend asked the farmer if he wanted to join them and have a can of beer,
then the Filipino replied, “No thank you, we Filipino are mild Drinkers”.

Symbolism: Lambanog

1. Culture of the Filipinos

2. Problems of Man
3. Coconut tree
4. Pride and Humility of Filipinos

Scent of Apples

By: Bienvenido Santos

Main Characters:

Mr. Bienvenido Santos

Celestino Fabia- fellow Filipino who owns an apple farm and has been away from the

Philippines.

Ruth fabia – wife of Mr. Fabia

 Roger fabia- son of Mr. fabia

Setting: Kalamazoo on October, Mr. Fabia’s Home

Mood: Melanchonic

Point of View: First Person POV

Conflict: Man vs. Society- the fear of no longer belonging toa culture

Theme: life is really hard battle, we have to be strong enough in facing many trials challenging to be
able to win this struggle., a person should be thankful in whatever job they have.

Symbol: scent of apple: loneliness, ekille, Isolation

Values: be nationalistic, preserve the positive traits of Filipinos

Plot of the story:

Eksposition:

- The story opened with a brief introduction of where the author was. Mr. Santos, was asked
to speak before an audience. He met Celestino fabia .

Rising action:

- In the course of the Mr. santos discussion, Mr. Fabia asked how the Filipino women of
today were differ from the stereotype he was familiar with. After the lecture, Mr. Fabia tld
Mr. Santos, about his farm and his family and invited over to his haouse.

Climaks:

- They finally arrived innthe farm, the fragrance of apples diffusing all over the place.

Falling Action:

- Mr. Santos finally met the wife of Mr. Fabia and his son, Roger. They invited Mr. Santos to
their humble home and catered him with food. The author found a picture of anonymous
Filipina wearing a traditional costume.

Conclusion:

- He bade farewell to the family and Mr. Fabia took him back to the hotel. He offered to send
news to his family when he got back to the Philippines but, Mr. Fabia refused, saying that
they might have already forgotten him, they shock each other hand and said goodbye.
 May Day Eve

By: Nick Juaquin

Setting: in a room with a mirror during May day Eve.

Characters:

Agueda- Pretty, young woman who is so curious, hardheaded, brave and very much willing to know
her future husband.

Dona Agueda- Old lady who has gray hair, full of sentiments, emotional and resentful.

Anastasia- old woman, who is so obedient to her mistress, accused for being a witch and believes in
superstitious beliefs.

Dona Agueda’s Daughter- a vain curious girl, who is persistent to know about the past of her mother.

Don Badoy Montiya- A great lover, emotional and full of sentiments old man, who repents for which
he has done Agueda.

Voltaire- Believe in superstitious and was like his grandmother who at an early age want to know who
will he marry.

Conflict: Man vs. Supernatural

Dead Star

By: Paz Marquez Benitez

Characters:

Alfredo Salazar- Son of Don Julian, more than 30 years old man and bachelor. He is engaged to
Esperanza but he is in love with Julia Salas.

Esperanza- Wife of Alfredo Salazar, she is homely woman, literal minded. She is one of those
fortunate woman who have the gift of uniformly beauty.
Julia Salas- Sister-in-Law of judge Del Valle. She is the other girl of Alfredo Salazar that remains
single in her entire life.

Don Julian- an old man, a father of Alfredo Salazar and Carmen. His sister.

Judge Del Valle- Brother in law of Julia.

Donna Adella- sister of Julia Salas.

Caliksta- note-carier of Alfredo Salazar and Esperanza

Dionisio- husband of donna Adella

Vicente- husband of Carmen

Brigida Samuy- she is the illusive woman whose Alfredo is looking for.

Setting:

Don Julian’s Home:

Judge Del Valle House

Don Julian’s House in tanda

Calle Real

Sta. Cruz

The time of the story is the Lenten Season because they are celebrating the holy week proven by the
procession they made with the lady of sorrow.

Plot:

Eksposition: at Don Julian’s house Carmen was asking Don Julian about Alfredo and Esperanza.
Alfredo reminiscence how he met Julia Salas.

Rising Action: He had gone neighboring with Don Julian to Judge Del Valle house. He met Julia
Salas. All the time he was calling her mrs. Del Valle which led him to embarrassment. Then he
realized he was in love with Julia.

Climaks: it was when Julia found out about Alfredo’s wedding so she congratulate him. Alfredo needs
to make a very difficult decision. Would he chose what he wants or would he chose what he has to.

Falling Action: Julia didn’t want Alfredo not to honor his understanding with Esperanza. She said
goodbye. And there, the last word has been said.

Denouement: Alfredo and Esperanza got married. After eight years, he was searching for a lady
named Brigada Samuy-a lady. She was important for his defensein the court in Sta. Cruz. He went to
Julia’s house and he found her there, still unmarried. He realized that his love for Julia was like a
Dead Star. It was noneeksistent.
Conflicts:

Man vs. Circumstances, Man vs. Society, Man vs. Himself.

The story is basically a compilation of the complicated circumstances that every man has to go
through life. Man vs. Circumstances.

Man vs. Society: Alfredo struggles against the society because he was afraid to the reaction of the
people around him especially during the time of the story. People oftentimes give regard to the
society in which they belong. They try to adhere to the norms, traditions and culture of their society.

Man vs. Himself: Alfredo was certain and confused by his decisions. He was torn between doing
what is right and what is in his heart.

Theme: is conveying the theme that pertains to forbidden love. It says that forbidden love is only
apparentand its banes haunt the person until such time that he realizes his faults.

Point Of View: Third person POV

-the author tells the story in third person using She, he, they, it and etc. we know only what the
character knows and what the author allows him/her to tell us. Is the author choice to reveal them.