Logic Gates
Jayant Nagda
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[Link], IIT Bombay
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Logic Gates
An electronic circuit based on some logic
and connected between input and output,
is called a logic gate.
The logic gates are based on Boolean algebra
Binary System
A number system which has only two digits
i.e. 0 (Low value) and 1 (High value)
Different names for the two digits in terms of digital signals :
State Code Name for the State
1 High Up Closed Excited True Pulse On Yes
No
0 Low Down Open Unexcited False Off No
pulse
Binary System
The variables (A, B, C ….) of Boolean Algebra are subjected
to three operations.
OR Operation AND Operation NOT Operation
Represented by bar over the
(i) Represented by (+) sign Represented by (·) sign
variables
(ii) Boolean expression Boolean expression Boolean expression
Y=A+B Y=A·B Y=Ā
OR Gate
It has two inputs (A and B) and only one output (Y)
Or logic symbol :
A B Y=A+B
Truth table :
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
OR Gate
A B Y=A+B
Truth table :
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
AND Gate
It has two inputs (A and B) and only one output (Y)
Or logic symbol :
A B Y=A·B
Truth table :
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
AND Gate
A B Y=A·B
Truth table : 0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]
To get an output 1 from the circuit shown in the figure, the input
must be
A. A = 0, B = 1, C = 0 B. A = 1, B = 0, C = 0
C. A = 1, B = 0, C = 1 D. A = 1, B = 1, C = 0
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]
The given figure shows the wave fonne for two inputs A and B
and that for the output Y of a logic circuit. The logic circuit is
A. An AND gate B. An OR gate
A
C. A NAND gate D. An NOT gate
y
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]
If a, b, c, d are inputs to a gate and x is its input,
then, as per the following time graph, the graph, the
gate is:
[JEE Main 2016]
A. OR B. NAND
C. NOT D. AND
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]
In the circuit below, A and B represent two inputs and C
represents the output AIEEE [2008]
The circuit represents
A. NOR gate B. AND gate
C. NAND gate D. OR gate
B
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]
The given truth table is of
A X A. OR gate B. AND gate
0 1 C. NOT gate D. None of above
1 0
NOT Gate
It has one input A and only one output (Y)
Or logic symbol : A Y
Truth table :
A Y=Ā
0 1
1 0
Basic Boolean Postulates & Laws
1. Boolean Postulates :
0+A=A
1·A=A
1+A=1
0·A=0
A+Ā=1
1. Identity law : A+A=A ,A·A=A
2. Negation law : A=A
Basic Boolean Postulates & Laws
4. Commutative law : A + B = B + A , A·B=B·A
5. Associative law : (A+B) + C = A + (B+C), (A · B) · C = A · (B · C)
6. Distributive law : A · (B+C) = A · B + A · C
7. De Morgan’s laws :
A+B=A.B
A.B=A+B
NOR Gate
Boolean expression and Truth Table : Y = A + B
A B A+B Y
0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0
NAND Gate
Boolean expression and Truth Table : Y = A . B
A B A.B Y
0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]
For the given combination of gates, if the logic states of
inputs A, B,C are as follows A=B=C=O and A=B=1, C=O then the
logic states of output D are
A. 0,0 B. 0,1
C. 1,0 D. 1,1
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]
Which logic gate is represented by the following combination of
logic gates
A. OR B. NAND
C. AND D. NOR
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]
The combination of gates shown below yields
AIEEE [2010]
A A. OR gate B. NOT gate
X C. XOR gate D. NAND gate
B
Universal Gate: NAND Gate
When both the inputs (A and B) of the NAND gate are
joined together then it works as the NOT gate.
Input Output
A=B Y
0 1
1 0
Universal Gate: NAND Gate
When the outputs of two NOT gates (obtained from the NAND gate)
is given to the inputs of the NAND gate,
the resultant logic gate works as the OR gate.
A B Ā B Y
0 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 1
1 1 0 0 1
Universal Gate: NAND Gate
When the output of the NAND gate is given to the
input of the NOT gate (made from the NAND gate),
then the resultant logic gate works as the AND gate.
A B Y’ Y
0 0 1 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
Example Complete the truth table of the following
arrangements of gates
Truth table :
A B Y=A?B
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
XOR Gate From ‘NOT’, ‘AND’ and ‘OR’ gate.
Known as exclusive OR gate
Boolean expression Y = A ⊕ B = AB + AB
A B Y=A⊕B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
XNOR Gate
XOR + NOT ➝ XNOR
➔ Boolean expression : Y = A ⊙ B = Ā B + AB
A B Y=A⊙B
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]
Which of the following gates will have an output of 1
A. B.
C. D.
Daily Practice Problems
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]
Given below are four logic gate symbol (figure).
These for OR, NOR and NAND are respectively
1 2
3 4
A. 1,4,3 B. 4,1,2
C. 1,3,4 D. 4,2,1
c.
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]
A truth table given below which of the following has
this type of truth table
A 0 1 0 1
B 0 0 1 1
Y 1 0 0 0
A. XOR gate B. NOR gate
C. AND gate D. OR gate
b.
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]
The truth table given below is for which gate
A 0 0 1 1 A. XOR B. OR
C. AND D. NAND
B 0 1 0 1
C 1 1 1 0
d.
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]
The circuit is equivalent to
A. NOR gate B. OR gate
C. AND gate D. NAND gate
a.
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]
Select the outputs Y of the combination of gates shown below
for inputs A = 1, B = 0; A = 1, B = 1 and A = 0, B = 0 respectively.
A. ( 0 1 1 ) B. ( 0 1 1 )
C. ( 1 0 0 ) D. ( 1 1 1 )
c.
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]
The following configuration of gate is equivalent to
A. NAND B. XOR
C. OR D. None of these
b.
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]
In the circuit shown, input A and B are in states 1 and 0
respectively. What is the only possible stable state of the
input X and Y?
A A. X=1,Y=1 B. X=1,Y=0
X
(1) C. X=0,Y=1 D. X=0,Y=0
(0)
Y
B
c.
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]
The combination of gates shown below yields
A AIEEE [2012]
A. A B Y B. A B Y C. A B Y D. A B Y
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
a.
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]
The logic circuit shown has the input waveforms ‘A’ and ‘B’
as shown. Pick out the correct
AIEEE [2009]
A
Y
B
A.
B.
C.
D.
d.
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