‘ Algebra Fam unit s polynomials and Polynomial Functions Lesson Notes objectv + Jw be able to classy pohmaials + mil be able to graph polyneafuncions ond describe their end behovor, DoNow: Imported square ies used fora btehen flor measure 18 cen ‘on one side, What the area oor composed of 50 tes? Use A= forthe arse of tle Polynomial: A monomial or asum of monomials. A monomialis a real number, a variable, ora product of areal number and one or more variables with whole-number exponents. Polynomial Function in Standard Form P(x) = anx" tan. +... +ayx + ap where n is a nonnegative integer and ay... are real numbers. PL) = a Cubic term Quadratic term Linear term Constant term “Degree: The exponent ofthe arable | Leading coefficient Degree Constant term of each term in a potynomal | Degree of a polmomia The degree of | polynomian one variabielsthe 2x4 — 7x3 + 5x43 Leing coeficent: The coeticent of | Polynomial ‘lassieation {Classification the rst term ofa polynomial written byDegree | by Wot terms in standard frm. [ Oo Gnctant im ondawal, Seana LNinéae : binonnal witten in standard form wher the : LZ... quadk..i mooomial temsarepacdindecnamgode, | mA abt nasal om ares dare to smote od A quache.” Ginaxnial oo Roeeres 8 uate. (PuyGiven the equation of a polynomial function, ‘we can analyze the degree and leading coefficient of the polynomial. Even Degree Odd Degree {O)-wagi oe Perc Positive fs) 400 a8 x 5-0 fit) +0082 0 fo) += 081+ fx) + asso Jo) a8 fi) 0985 9-0 Negative ‘The degre of polynomial atin aes the shpe ofits raph and etn he maximum umber of trang pols Example: Witethe Ja 3x 4494743 bade at at jnomil in Standard fom. ae Wx? 44-3 Gy yp S_ 2x24 IX What isthe classification by degree and numberof tems? Bxample2: Wists theend [a y=33! by maxim ad ste behavior ofeach graph? $64) 00 as x-pa0 Ge)-> ~ 00 SXF 00 CO) -Wasx>-0 — fg) e-Wasx>-w Example 3: Whatisthe graph | a. x) =x+2 ) ore abi mena | | \ t Make table of values to shtch 7 Saateoee | ERB) Hh Desi the graph nung att turing points, tcreasing or olz decreasing interval and end ; behavior? 20)[Now You Try: What isthe ‘raph ofthe cubic function? ‘Make table of values to sketch is) - ‘the middle part ofthe graph Describe the graph inclaing, {uning points ieeasing decreasing intervals, and end behaviors? Wi Example 4: 1. List the outputs or y values in increasing onder. 2, Subtract the consecutive differences, 5. Repeat he process until the result is constant vale,pp 285-286: 1821,32-34, 38 Homework:5.2 Polynomials, Linear Factors, and Zeros. Objectives: 1 wl be able to analyze the factored form of «polynomial "be able to write a polynomial function from its zeros. Baa Determine the end behav he My ca ne [mnoreeetaecen Pigs —>-00 ay x > co retrace ae 1€ Pi polynomial fnction, the solution of the elated polynomial equation Ps) Oare the zeros ofthe fncion, Writing a Polynomial in Fatored Form Example. a. Fstor 3247324 64 boataat- ine Step 1. Factor out the ZT rb) MK24 A-I2) ect oe ‘ , XC te? XCAt4XK-2) ‘Step 2. Factor the ‘resulting tinomial ‘The following are equivelent statements about a real number b and a polynomial PQ) = ann tap! +. + ayK + ao. * x-bisa linear factor of the polynomial P(x). * bis. zero of the polynomial function y = P(x). * bis aot (or solution) of the polynomial equation Px) = ‘+ isan x-intercept of the graph of y = P(x). Example. Finding 2. y=x(x-3)x*8) Zeros of a Polynomial Function. x TT Step. Ue tteZere | -28 34,375 +r Probe rope tse | ely oa ‘Step 2 Find pins or x ‘ales between the zoe ‘Step 3 Deere the end beta. Step 4. Use he 205, the dtoral points and end teavor to shetch the graphNow youtry. by Ge ayete-1) ; " Xx of o}-4 on ~2|20 216 3Factor Theorem: we expression r-asa factor ofa polynomial ifand ony fhe value ais a zero of ‘the related polynomial funtion, Example 3: reach mr Step 2. Muliply wing he Distributive Property. Step. Simpl Example: Step 1. White linear factor foreach 0. Step 2. Mulipy using the Distributive Property. Step3. Simply ‘Compare the graphs of the to eoutions using Desmos. What happened at 1” ‘The Multiplicity of ‘ero Example 4 What ace the sro ofthe ueton shown inthe wh ‘What are the mltilice ofthose are? How dos the grap behave there? ‘Write a Polynomial Funetion From Its Zeros. 1 What isthe cub polynomial instar rom with zr 2,3? OED (42) (X- 3) Ot taxx2(x-2) P+ By Lx BAGX ~6 Foy =x He © 1 Wat isthe quart polynomial in standard from with rs, fais a zero ofthe polynomial funtion y Ps), then the Behave ofthe aap t that inert wl Be similar. nea if ea ator once (Quadra ia isafetr ice Cubic ita isa factor dee times. and soon a O)=W oe Fae eo rultipliclty is XE A nul tripled S 2.Now you try. What are the zo of the function shown in the spt? ‘What are the mliplices of those ers? How does the graph behave there? ‘Local Maxima and Minima If graph ofa polynomial has several turning points, ‘the function can have 8 relative maximum and relative minimum value Step 1. Define avaible [Dron bet gram | Step Determine expressions fr length and wath Step 3. Wrtean Algsbaic ution that models the ‘olume of the prism ‘Step 4. Graph the uation and identify he lac Homework: b. My) =N- 58 +9 \ tulkiphertyy ict multiply ye 2 ‘A designer wants fo make a rectangular prism box with maximum volume, hile keeping the sum of its length, width, and height 12 in, The length rust be 3 times the height. What should ech dimension be? Veta V>3hli) 24h) wat Hh VF 3heGz-4h) Use a qa Bleulatoe 1p 295-295; 14,9, 15,25, 2,153 Solving Polynomial Equations Objectives: | wil be able to solve polynomial equations by foctoring. eugecine peti dda by dy ts hatarep econ dite Se rabes? oe cwhatretie etfs heh fd cer 4p ag o & 3 ug 46 te gh Tit, we la ig Solving a Polynomial Equation using factoring ‘Example 1. ieee a, 6x? — 12x = 2x? 20x. 1b. 4x? = 6x = dx polynemialequaion? | ~Ax@text + BX= O YyRex 4-0 Step 1, Set the equation equal | 2% (x2 - 3y. -4=0 Ax (24%. 2)-0 a = Axly 4G DD Xx-2)=0 Factor out ay ct X= 0/4 rey Step 2 Factor the etd possi step, St each actor equal toes and sabe them Nowyou try, Whatarethe |e. 2325x212 4 68+ 15x=0 ‘ear magia slaions to the polynomial equation? KQZHx-12)=0 X(Axt5)20 XH M)HO K=O) H X= 24 a’‘Quadeatie Trinomiaks For ax be find fstor of sethat have a som of Perfect Square Trinomials Be Dab + =a 6F lab += fab? Ditterence of Squares BA (at Blaby Factoring by Grouping (a+ byte + y) e3xt+ 12x?= 6? £ (7 Io? +4)=0 2yt-br*HlaxeO CDEC 2-0 SakUbALH)EO ye 2EZie 3 x= 00,1418 Xe ty-t2ij-2t a. 3x? 15x? Ix exes? -2i Sx CxP-bx-1 2x(L-T)UKE N= @ TSK 2)? =0 X=0,-1,7 X=O, 2,3 pee se b. 2x? 20x =-50 +50 AxA-20x150= 0 5,-S eat Ala-sy= pees a ate b. 25x7-30=6 Y 24 Oo. dp -B6=0 Gxt Box 2-0 (5x46 Ek-6)=0 xebS A Ne2- 9K 180 b. 20 6x x= 24 XK-Z)t-Un-aro AH EXLAK DO O-DUA-NF O AN K+ D-BKAY™O CH AMKEAVEM 2G BB) KES X= B-3,3 2x2 WOH) ° ac xt 2)CK~ aXat x=-2-S 5Sum or Difference of Cubes aoe (a byfe-ab + 5) oe = fa bye? + ab =’) Apolcaton: What are tree procs nes tt san ah W-d 410 ag, NZ Now you Try: Yousre building Homework: Ja, e+ 125-0 b, axt—27x=0 QS)QE Sxt29)=0 XCAK-aT) =O M=-5 x= BHZ5 -100 X(Ux-B)llox% 12x44) =O a X= tet 5H Xewe ins aa <0) 3, ~223NZ x0) By Beans ss - Seas ae lon +250 =O 6104-4) (en toxs8 =O Beant +RE\zO Gna SKAP Hn 290. ne5 n= 0 woe nz=etois nzB, 52503 feo An-gin2r=4(3n) ya newdata AI n2-1baso ©, -4,% nln2Ake)= oe @ -a,0,> nMt2(n-2)=0 Oo) 2,4 XC5x- BYEX-AY= 162 -2)(9542458)20 XQ5R-75x tH Foz . aes 2 Siab 25ST Itz #34 Ke =o B62 1K Bt Hy~3) 70 pp. 300-302; fr tall54 Dividing Polynomials Objectives: | willbe able to vie polynomias using lang division | willbe able to avi polynomias using synthetic division Ae 3x4 OA) % G4 Fi) e- 30) Find the factors ofthe expression. a ees b. 42425 Introduction: An algorithm isa peifc set of instructions used to solve a problem, The Division Algorithm for Polynomials is a generalized verson ofthe technique af long division in arthmtc, For polynomials Ps) and Drs, with ‘D(x wot equa to zero. there exist polynomials Qc and Rex) such that Pre) = Ds) QF) + Rie). IFRUx)~ 0, then Disa factor Ps Example. olynomia Long Divison Ini te ising dpe tersin | * OF 29° ¥4 8) #41) Ze y 4d ‘popes it Oxo + Zyxt -X45 exh proces of diving, xa z lishing oa sbeacing PRR EK Stop mene dee fe B xtox ‘Suni ee qeeeee th remain hn he BEBE 1S divisor polynomial sa factor ofthe Qywee EL Seed pom ee b Gveaen-aen a VfextrartS exte Bx rk = 3x43 224 43Now you try: Example2 Step 1. Todivide «polyno by the liner expression xa Reverse the sign ofa Step 2. Bring down the fis eatin of the polynomial Step3. Molt the coefficient by the divisor. Addo the next coer, Step. Costinue mutying snd adding ough he la coef, x2 8 Xo KB= 2-2 KPA =2xt8 FLxFZ R= a. (828+) D, b. (Ax + 3x? + Sx 1) +(x = 2x42), AXP 4TH 40 xeaye2 AX 3x34 OX 45 pitwerat TP RES x ~ WBN xPa1dK naa 2 i Sunt Banik Using Syathetie Division ‘Use synthetic division to divide. What. Use synthetic division to divide. Tema mb tana a ae cl4-3a-3 Al 6°83 -4 7-4 eae o 4 Tel Be -Tx44, Rod, 6x t4y ReoNow you try. Example 3. Application Step 1. Usesybetie division's ree dhe expesion as he Produtos binomial and ‘nom Step 2. Factor the ini to rete the expression athe produto nomi. ‘The Remainder Theorem: Ifyou divide polyno Example 4. Find P(a)r80 sways Find P(a) by substitution and by synthetie division. By the Remainder Theorem, Pd) is the remainder when you divide Pfs) by (2-4). Now you try. Homework: Divide Pay = 24 + 6x! +9" = 32-3, b. Divides! 57% + $6 by x7. What bye Whats the quotient and isthe quan and remain? Taaindr? a) | 0-5? 5é 41693-3 1 4G -56 4 40 1a 496 7s 1 to44 107 [185 “The polynomial x’ +9x? +23 + 18 expresses the volume, in eubic inches of box, and the length is (x + 5) inches. What ae the ater to dimensions ofthe box? lob 23 05) 45) Cx2Hxt3) aad Cats) 049) ew «AW P(x) of degree m2 1 by xa, then the remainder i Pa). Given that) ~ sod ext re fywhatis POP al i-z 5 aft. 35-1 zu b-b pared aayeg43-L 1 TOT stl =e-teeaea| -t Given that P(x) = x°- J - 28:2 + $e +20, what is 6)? all 22 BE 9g 2e a0 20 = 05 16 a re = 024 -TOS 41192 PCW) =O pe 308: 15-18, 2627, 30-3155 Theorems About Roots of Polynomial Equations Objectives: 1 wll be able to solve equations using the Rational Root Theorem. ‘will be able to use the Conjugate Root Theorem. Find all solutions tothe quadratic Nos INGS equation oo w3+780 =2) b=-3) C27 Introduction: The Rational Root Theorem, the Conjugate Root Theorem, and Deserate' Rule of Signs help ws in our effort to solve polynomial equations. This is especially true when they reused together Rational Root Theorem: Let Ps) ~ aa Hause"" +. + ax + ay bea polynomial with integer coefficients. There area limited numberof possible roots of Pfs) = 0. ‘Integer roots must be factors of ax 1+ ations roots must have reduced from ® where pis an integer factor of avandg isan integer factor of a, Eampe i. nde | Vitae te ronal ots 0, Wate ean tot eee eaeee ee eee fied a ies A245, 410 Qe tz th) + stop 1. tdentifythe factors |? £44 orleees £4 23) "5078 a Al 1-5 -2 lo \ 46-8 pana cen LHe Sees eae Te 0 6 ER S93. Totechpote 4 6 [Aine B10 te elas eee x fein rere | nl) | 5-2 10 B\3 7 6-8 dvson anak rear poe 268 — He, fae 1-6 4 [elno a7 ely potonial sing mete CYB ATHIZ)-O step. Fintitennaning | D1) -5 -Z 10 ede Nae —5 o-0. oO 2 lv Fae | Oy syed X=6 REConjugate Root Theorem (aka Imaginary Root Theorem): + IF (4) isa polynomial with rarional coefficients, then national roots of Pfs) = Othat have the forart+ VB occu in conjugate pairs. That is IPa + VB isan ierational rot with and beationl then a ~ VB is also root + bi isacomplex root with aand 6 rea, then a ~ bt is also a root Example 2. Use ‘conjgate roots to construc | Sand + 27 4. viata gan pion fon = 7 wth roa ie 5 ha = Oa eee Cx BG A-20(x-1) 43) eevee me G25 +5) %2x-3) + IFP() isa polynomial with real coefficients, then the complex roots of P() ~ 0 occur in conjugate pairs. Thai, Ifa Step. Moti te congue fers yoxtay? +lby 5 Siep3. Wee pov fete Sande fer wai quis ptm tiny Py witht cess tat Ps) = Obs 2, Sadan (X-2 4B0G-2-87) Uy +449 (XAAx +13) G2) 48) YExte 297 53.x2 + ISH x +208 ‘Application ‘The with of a box is 2" ess than its length. The height is 8° greater than the length. The box fas volume of 96 in. What ar the dimensions ofthe box? Joh | ven=£te-ayte) 4 netid | L0P462-O 2% u p3+ol2-16h-4b=0 az Alt bie = 3b a Ee et 2 cult 10 24 fol a‘Theorem: Descartes’ Rue of Signs Let P() be polynomial with al coefficients writen in standard frm, ‘+The number of postive real roots of P= Disether equal tothe numberof sign changes between consecutive coefficients of Ps) of less han that by an even number, ‘+ The number of negative real roots of P(x) = Os ithe equal othe numberof sign changes between consecutive coefficients of Px or less han that by an even number. Im both cases, cunt multiple rss according other mulpiiy Example. What does Descartes Rae of Signs tl you about he el roots of Pf) = 23! + = 2 ‘Step 1. Find the number of Mny= x+%-\ 0c 0 pos. teal coats sian changes for Pod = 2 Sorbaetnemte | ee CSKERr-1 Lor © ve§: Feat roots Your tuen, What oes Descartes Rule Signs tl you about thera roots of Pie 60 Ihe rhe I= 18 Step 1 Find th me of Show change for Ply = Pod= xt nF —-xAS Step 2. Find the number of J er no Pos. real roots Signchangs tor Ps). “x) Ch! OF 15 J or no Ne: feal roots Homework: pp. 316-317; 16,28, 29, 37.38, 45.5.6 The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra Objectives: | will be able to use the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra to solve polynomial equations with complex solutions Use synthetic division to divide e740 3) + 3) xea tix =| Introduction: The degree ofa plyaomial equation tells you how many reas the equation has. ‘© A polynomial funetion with mo constant term has 08 one of ts rational rots. ‘© Appolyomial function ofan df degre and real coecints must have areal number rot, ‘= A polynomial function of an ever degre may not have any real number rot ‘The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra: If Ps) ia polynomial of degre n 2 I, then Ps) ~ O has exactly n rots, including mulpleand complex rots °¥-Every polynomial equation of degree n> I has exactly root, inchudingmukiple and complex rots, Every polynomial of degree / ha m linear factors Every polynomial funtion of Jegreen > / ha at least one complex 23, ‘Use the Fundamental ‘Theorem of Algebra find the rots. You trow the Example 1. What areal the roots of P09? Step 1, Wet in saad form nd is the possible ational noe Sct e Mt 2-13 10 eda Poo age | A tEXP—1BK™+1OX= © 1 3-10 Grisonandlok oraz | x Cy By 2x2 \Bx-r10)#O 3-10 6 sup raertepormmia | 2 08 © 05: Peal roots {(xat) K+ Bx—10) =O Sine one dviion 1 02 0 neg. FEAL DOS “KEK NQBKX-DEO SEiouermen’ | “£2, £5410 X=-5) Qj12 tml de esl ia seconde egrepolynomial. Use factoring or quadrat formala twsolve om herebo Sax 2H TEI 18-0 s)ta aye xk 43] al TQ ong lav x=tWE el a Tg 2 6 Lolw ith ra io Sisv X=-3,3)hy V2 We 4 oF 2s real roots a 1 00 ne reo roots XUZ epicedne a *hazausseigta 21 | 4 90-20 X*5=0 Bor | pos real mss 2-4-0 20 eS Vor Ongyrelvoots! 2) T=7-5 10 loly Xs 2 0-0 1 o-slohy XENG) VB, 2)2 XS #1,42Example2. ‘Step 1. entity the zr ant plot them on acon gd [Factor fest feces | ‘Step 2. Detonin whether {he plbanmtal eon oF egaive over cach inna. [Chock end behavior and est !midpoins oll the interval | Step 3. Sketch the gop Graphing Polynomials Using Zeros a. Wis) = + 3)fe- 30e- INI) fe) 00 a3 x->.00 "X)-> 00 0@X—>-00 X xly Sse als be ate + He aP $09» 00.05 k 700 ow Fee) 00 08 X-> “00 xc de “2[-100 t)20 lan ay > Homework: 22,26. pg. 325: 4,65.9 Transformi Polynor unctions Objectives: wil be able to apply :ransformations to grophs of polynomials Do Now IManZh+e)=40 Bh?4+3Ae-H0=0 R243. 27-40)=0 Ali4os Ts5H ht e w You are building a rectangular sandbox for a children’s playground. The width of the sandbox times its height. ‘The length ofthe sandbox is 8 femore than 2 times its height You have 40 of sand avalible to fl this sandbox. What are the dimensions of the sandbox? ‘The graph ofthe function y= affx-) ¢kis a vertical stretch or compression by the factor Ja, 2 horizontal shift of h units, anda vertical shift of k units the graph ofy = ff Summary: Transformations of Polynomial Functions vertically. a0, then the graph flips. ee Hf [a] >, then the graph stretches H#0 0, then the graph shifts k units up. fe 0, then the graph shifts k units down. G() = a(x -—h) +k Ifh>0, then the graph shifts h units left. If <0, then the graph shifts h units right.Example 1 Mulipty by the eee factor 5 Step 2. Muliply by teste factor si tore inthe Step 3. Replace swith 2, Step 4. Add S10 ‘raat very Step. Ske the ah Now you try. ‘What cubic function do you ‘obtain by applying the following transformations toynx: vertical compression by the factor 12; vertical translation 4 units down; horizontal translation 3 units right? Transforming a cuble function What cubic funetion do you obtain by applying the following transformations to y=1?: vertical stretch by the factor 3; reflection in the xaxs; vertical translation 5 units up; horizontal :ranslation 2 units left? 4 az 045Finding the reros of a transformed cubic function Example? ‘What are alle real zeros ofthe function? step. sane | ¥=30-1+8 bo yake-33 mo" | a(x) 8 =0 Sup 2. She BOx-Ipe-8 Cae the 3dr) « -\=-B. 25 x-1= V3, xaos Now you try. | What ar alle real 208 ofthe Function? ce yn(et5P-2 (+ 5)7-2=0 ts P=2 xXtS= Az x YR -5 Homework PP343; 9120), 14-17 3).