Adventure Sports and
Leadership Training
IMPORTANT Terms and Concepts
1. Adventure sports: It has certain activities perceived as having high level of inherent danger.
These activities involve speed, height, a high level of physical exertion and highly specialized
gear. It gained popularity in 1990s. 2. Aim of adventurous sport. The aim of adventurous sport is
to let every individual experience the sheer joy or riding the space between earth and its
atmosphere. These experiences are unique, broad, dangerous, life threatening, Creative
hardships and most enjoying. There is a life-skill experience, totally different from general living.
3. Identification of various adventurous sports: Government agencies, maps, terrains, private
agencies, search on net regarding every information is must before planning for any adventure
sport. Identify the place, feel secure about that place, protection etc. are important things to
keep in mind. One must carry map while travelling. Never travel alone, always plan in small
groups or with family. Complete information is
necessary before going for trekking, camping, hiking, mountaineering, etc. regarding, safety
measures, food, stay, trekking routes, etc.
4. Raft: It is one of the simplest kinds of watercraft. It may be made of logs lashed together with
ropes, UI any other material that floats. They may be built in any shape but usually square or
rectangular. They are used as adventure or recreational ρυrpose.
5. Rafting: Rafting on water rapids is an exciting challenge. The crew use paddles to steer the
craft through the swirling waters. A small group of people float down a river on rafts. It is the
most adventurous activity,
20 79etae euca Physical Education-XII
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Mountaineering: It is the sport of climbing mountains to reach their peaks. Mountain climbing as
a sport started in Europe when people began to ascend peaks simply for the challenge and
adventure. Conservation: Judicious use of a resource in such a way that it remains available for
the future generation is called conservation. Conservation is the planning and management of
resources so as to secure their wide use and continuity of supply while maintaining and
enhancing their quality, value and diversity. Conservation of environment: Its aim is to maintain
the essential ecological processes and the life support system. It also preserve the diversity or
variety of life forms at the specific, habitat level so that the evolution and development of life in
the long run does not get disturbed. It also ensures the sustainability of resources which
assumes the survival of all species in a healthy manner. Safety measures: These are the
precautionary and preventive measures. One needs to be careful while planning, packing, going
for hiking, trekking, camping and mountaineering, etc. One must use safety measures to avoid
injury/accidents. It is must for adventurous Sports. Safety saves the life of a person, therefore,
before planning for adventurous sports safety kit must be given priority which includes good
quality safety gear/gadgets, etc. Rock climbing: It is a great adventurous sport and special
climbing equipment is required for it. You start from ground and move up through some holds
for a short section of the climb. You climb the rock with eye and brain coordination. It is a
dangerous sport which requires lot of safety and courage to climb. Hiking: This is a popular
sport and enjoyed by all participants. Hiking is a universal activity used by man to achieve
peace, exercise, the knowledge in a simple, uncomplicated and enjoyable manner. Comfortable
clothes and good shoes or boots are basic requirements. It's a walk between the farms, woods,
meadows, streams and valleys. Sometimes it's steep and very rocky. Camping: We camp for
variety of reasons, but most of us camp simply to be close to nature. It is the way to enjoy it like
a sport. We enjoy being with people and doing things together, People live in tents, spend
nights and go for cross-country trip. It is found to be the least expensive adventure sport.
Leadership: Leadership is the ability to build up confidence and the zeal among people and to
create an urge in them towards some common goal. A leader is one who gives the lead, shows
right path and develop cooperative attitude among the group members. Leader initiates, guides
others in performing some required tasks. Qualities of a leader: In physical education and sports
various opportunities are provided for accepting responsibilities. In practical field in each game
there is a sports captain who looks after the need and interest of co-players. Various qualities
developed in a leader through physical education are-making decisions, firm determination,
good personality, intelligence, honesty, loyalty towards group, courageous, emotionally
balanced, cooperative with broader outlook. Edging: Getting part of your foot on top with your
weight pressing mainly downwards. This is called edging.
Adventure Sports and Leadership Training 21
16.
17.
18.
19.
PRACTICE QuestionS
Smearing: Pressing and bending the soft sole against the irregularity, is called
'smearing'. Edging is easier in fairly stiff boots while smearing needs bendy soles.
Belaying: It is a simple technique which ensures that neither the leader nor the second climber
fall to the ground from any significant height. Extra care is needed where the route
crosses blocks to spurs in the rock.
Guidebook on rock climbing: Guidebook enables you to go to a crag and choose a climb to Suit
your ability. It provides reliable route descriptions including difficulty length, quality of rock and
level of danger, as well as any other relevant detail. Trekking Terrain: There are a lot of various
areas in trekking terrain. It differs from place to place. The areas can be low scrub land, paths
through paddy fields, pine needles, woods of oak, hidden passés between high mountains, swift
rivers, etc.
VerŲ Short AnsuUer Type Questions
1. What is Camping? Ans. Camping is a popular form of outdoor
Ans.
22
recreation. Various types of camping provide opportunities throughout the year for people to
share low-cost outdoor experiences in a natural environment. Camping trips range from
spending the night in a tent at a campsite during a touring holiday to pass several weeks in a
wilderness. Campers may stay at resort or visit forest, desert, lakes or mountains. Some
campers remain at one campsite for their entire trip. From this site they visit tourist attraction,
participate in water sports or just relax, enjoy bird watching, fishing, rock Collecting,
photography and walking. How can we identify and plan for a camping trip? Planning a camping
trip: Campers should plan trips for enough in advance to research campsites and make
reservations. There are reference sources in libraries,
| Important Questions H -
Ans.
7.2etaev awa. Physical Education-XII
places to camp. Recreation agencies usually have information about nearby campsite. Permits
may be required to camp in remote parts of national parks or wilderness areas. There are
thousands of campsites that are specially licensed by local authorities and run by holiday
companies or other agencies.
What is rock climbing? Rock climbing is purely a physical skill and courageous activity. It is a
sport enjoyed equally by girls and boys. In rock climbing every climb is different. Each one
demands the ability to create a unique mental picture of a sequence of move in advance. In this
We have to climb from the bottom of mountain to the top, climbing upward called a 'route' and
'traverse' (sideways portion). Getting to the top of a section of rock using just your own strength
and ingenuity is an exciting way of completing a challenging task and obtaining that pleasure.
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CHAPTER-2 ADVENTURE SECRS ANC LEADERSHIP TRANING
MEANING AND OBJECTIVES OF ADVENTURE SPORTS
Meaning of Adventure Sports Adventure Sports are those sports which are related to
unlimited thrill, excitement, entertainment and adventure. By taking part in adventure
sports one can learn about himself and gather a sense of achievement or Success,
motivation and confidence. These sports are helpful in leading their life in a better
Way. Adventurous Sports are such type of sports which involve extraordinary speed,
height, physical exertion and Surprising stunts.
Adventure Sports can be defined as outdoor sports or activities in which the participant
competes in a natural environment more against himself/herself than against others.
Adventure Sports are defined as activities where there is a high degree of risk to the
participant. In fact, the definition of adventure sports is in its name. These are thrilling
and adventurous, death defying feats achieved with a sporting mindset. Some of these
sports require more athletic ability than others but it is a fact that all adventure sports
need a strong mental attitude.
Objectives of Adventure Sports Adventure sports are often very challenging and upto
some extent have different objectives from other
types of Sports. These sports have following objectives:
1. Develop self confidence 6. Provide exhilaration, amusement and 2. Build the
concentration excitement 3. Have bonding with nature 7. Encourage creativity 4. Face the
challenges against odd situations 8. Developmental and physical fitness 5. Proper use of
abundant energy 9. Improve social relations
TYPES OF ACTIVITIES: CAMPING, ROCKCLIMBING, TREKKING, RIVER RAFTING
AND MOUNTAINEERING CAMPING. "Camping' means "To pass few days away from
the routine life in the lap of nature along with the company of colleagues, friends or
members of any group." Camping is usually enjoyed in combination with activities such
as hiking, trekking, mountaineering, rock climbing etc. There may be various types of
camping such as scout camp, NCC camp, NSS camp, Sports Camp, adventure Camp
and social camp etc. ROCKCLIMBING. Rock climbing is one of the most dangerous
sports activity which requires a strong mental control, agility, flexibility, endurance and
various coordinative abilities Such as balance, coordination, reaction, ability and rhythm
etc. In fact it is an activity in which participants climb on natural rock formations or on
artificial rock walls. TREKKING. Trekking is an adventure sports. It is not an easy task
to do trekking, Indeed, it needs a lot of courage, confidence and a strong physique. A
trek is a long journey on foot, especially in the mountains. Trekking refers to making the
long and difficult journey on the mountains for pleasure or Sport. Trekking is a part of
adventure travel and expedition. Types of Trekking:
a) Easy Trekking. It is offered to beginners. There is no difficult climbing.
b) Moderate Trekking. Moderate treks are slightly difficult and challenging than easy
trekS.
c) Strenuous Trekking. These treks ascent to high altitudes usually up to 5000m. They
also involve Some
steep climbing. d) Difficult Trekking. Some steep ascents to high altitudes are
involved in this type of trekking.
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RIVER RAFTING. It is really a thrilling sports activity. It is also popularly known as white water
rafting. River rafting became popular during the mid 1970s. It involves the use of a raft for
navigating through rivers. The river rafting experience gives a complete detachment from the
normal world. These are the following Grades of difficulty which indicated how demanding Some
paths of river may be:
Grade. Small areas, easy waves, flat water.
Gradell. Rough water, rocks and some maneuvering. Grade ill. Difficult passages,
bubbled water, may require significant maneuvering in the raft. At this level,
experienced and strong paddling are required. Grade IV. Large waves, rocks, sharp
maneuvers may be required. Grade V. Large waves, large volume of water, needs
precise maneuvering, advanced experience is needed. Grade VI. Huge waves. This
level is very tough which demands great physical and mental toughness. There may be
injury or death.
MOUNTAINEERING. Mountaineering is an adventurous sport that combines climbing
and hiking up mountains or mountain terrains. It may involve in normal rocky or Snowy
environments. It challenges an individual's capabilities and skills. In addition to this, it is
also a great way to be in the lap of nature. It is also considered as a form of relaxation
and exercise.
MATERIAL RECURED AND SAFETY MEASURES
O Tent or other type of shelter O Hammer to drive tent stakes into the Soil
A. CAMPNG
a) Materials or Equipments Required
o First aid kit O Sunscreen for protecting the skin
o Personal care products and towel o Cooking implements
o Multi-tool or knife
O Insect repellent O Ignition device or matchbox O Razor blades
O Plastic bags o Sufficient amount of food substances
a Sleeping bag or blanket for warmth
O Sleeping pad to be placed under the
sleeping bag
O Flash light or lantern
O Axe or saw for firewood for a camp-fire
O Rain Coat
O Hiking boots ܐܢ
O Bags for handling waster
b) Safety Measures
O Pack a first aid kit for any emergency during camping
O Learn the ABC'S of treating emergencies. Attend to a victim until medical help arrives
O Before leaving for camping, find out the weather report. When you reach at camp site watch
the sky for
changes
o Reach early at the camp site. Try to reach at camp site with enough day light to check over
the complete site,
O Avoid areas of natural hazards for camping.
O Inspect the site. It should be levelled properly.
O Buildfires in safe area. Fuel-burning appliances should be far away from the tent.
O Never use a flame inside the tent. Instead of a candle light use flash light.
O Ensure that you have an area for a fire that cannot spread.
O Close the entrance of your tent while entering or leaving,
O Don't leave the waste products in open area. Recycle them.
O Beware when encountering wildlife.
O Maintain the cleanliness around the camp site.
O Make sure to extinguish fire completely.
O Beware of the poisonous plants as they may be allergic.
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B. ROCK CLMBING
a) Materials or Equipments Required
O A rope O A harness O Good quality climbing shoes o Tight fitting clothing O A helmet o
Tapes for fingers to avoid abrasions b) Safety Measures
o Belay devices O Carabiners O Belaying Gloves O Webbing O Chalk Bag
o When you are out for rock climbing always check both the climber's and belay's
harness buckles
are doubled back.
O Before starting climbing always check knots.
O. When climbing a rock always wear a helmet. It protects your head from falling rocks.
O Make Sure that the climbing is long enough to reach the anchors, So for the purpose
of safety use
a long rope.
O While belaying always pay attention to the leader.
a Before you climb make sure that you should bring enough gear with you. O When you
are leading always make sure that the rope is over your leg rather than between them.
So, if you climb with the rope over your leg it will provide you sufficient safety.
O Check your knots, harness buckle, belay etc. Frequently.
e Take sometime with each step.
O Avoid the tendency to rely completely on the hands and arms and learn to trust on
your feet.
C. Trekking
a) Materials or Equipments Required
a Food material and cooking utensils
O Clothing as per requirement of your stay
and season in which trekking is to be performed O First aid box OSleeping baggage/bag O A
good pair of shoes and socks O Rope OWind cheater if any season b) Safety Measures
O Candle or flash light O Matchbox
o Chalk
O Soap O Paper dishes, safety pins o Tent mattress
o Stove
O Avoid trekking trip during rainy season, specially don't stay at the summit during lighting, o
Tape the required material such as water, match box, foodstuffs, small knife and rope etc. Even
forgetting a
Small thing can make a big difference in trekking trip.
O See the weather report of that area. Avoid trekking during bad weather or climate Conditions. o Take
multi-pocket carry bag for trekking trips. The bag should be spacious to carry the important trekking
essentials.
o To prevent insect bite do wear full sleeves shirts and full pants.
o Wear proper footwear so that you don't slip while trekking on mountains. O Don't eat leaves, flowers
etc. While trekking. They may be poisonous. O The persons suffering from heart and lung ailments should
not go for trekking because they may fall prey to
acute mountain sickness. D. RIVER RAFTING
a) Materials or Equipments Required
OASWim Suit O Additional clothings (T-shirts, shorts)
O Sunshade or cap O Sun glasses
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O Plastic bags for wet things O Sunscreen lotion o Helmet o Personal medication O All kitchen and camping
equipments. O Life jacket or vest o Tennis shoes and Socks O First aid box O Flash light O Waterproof bags
b) Safety Measures
O You should avoid going for river rafting alone. O You should have enough capabilities
as a swimmer. O You should have proper knowledge about the classification of the
river. OWhenever you go for river rafting always wear life vest and helmet. O Before
going for river rafting, check the equipment to make sure that everything is in place and
nothing has become defective. of it is going dark, don't raft. So end your trip before
darkness falls. O Drink plenty of liquids before, during and after the rafting because
rafters can easily forget to stay
hydrated. OWhen you feel tired during rafting it is significant to remember the rule of
not dragging their
paddle in the water. E. MOUNTAINEERING
a) Materials or Equipments Required
OSleeping bag O Over boots required for expeditions to O Inflatable pad mountains above
16,000 feet. Olce axe, hammer O Sunglasses
O Crampons with 12 spikes OSun hats O Harness with adjustable leg loops O Face
mask
• Locking carabiners O Light gloves, mild gloves and heavy O Climbing helmet gloves
O Ski or trekking poles o Sun skirt
O Snow shoes O Insulated mug O Mountaineering shoes and socks o Personal first aid kit.
O Spoon, water bottles, bowl, pee bottle O Lip screen, SunScreen
b) Safety Measures
0 Drink water frequently for prevention of dehydration. O You should have good
physical fitness and physical condition. o Be aware of your surroundings and be mindful
of fellow mountaineers. O You should stay dry and warm for prevention of hypothermia.
O Before going for mountaineering you must go for weather forecast. O First Aid Kit of
you feel attitude sickness it will be appropriate for you to descend immediately.
IDENTIFICATION AND USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES Natural resources are derived from
the environment. Some natural resources are necessary for our Survival while most of them are
used for satisfying our wants. Natural resources can be classified into renewable
resources and non-renewable resources.
a) Renewable Resources. Renewable Resources are those natural resources which are
filled again
naturally such as sunlight, air and wind etc. These resources are renewed naturally.
b) Non-renewable Resources. Non-Renewable resources are those natural resources
which are either formed very slowly or are not formed naturally in the environment. For
example minerals and fossil
fuels are called non-renewable resources.
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Use of Natural Resources Natural resources are nature's gift to human beings to help
them to live a comfortable and peaceful life. Various natural resources can be identified
which are not used properly by human beings. Some of these resources are mentioned
below: Water. It is the most significant natural resource which should be used properly.
It is used for daily needs Such as cleaning utensils, cleanliness, flushing in toilet,
irrigating the garden plants etc. Close the open taps of water immediately after use to
avoid wastage. Natural Gas. It should be used properly. There are several households
which use natural gas for heating water in their homes. Fossil Fuels. There are limited
amount of fossil fuels on our earth. So, if it is not used properly it can get over and the
coming generations will have to face a number of problems. Forest. Forests are not
used properly because there is uncontrolled felling of forests. In fact there is
deforestation at a very large scale.
So, all these resources should be used in a judicious manner.
CONSERVATION OF ENVIRONMENT
Meaning of Conservation of Environment Conservation of environment simply implies
the sustainable use as well as the management of natural resources such as wildlife,
water, air, energy and earth deposits. Actually the aim of conservation of environment is
the balanced and appropriate use of natural resources so that neither the environment
is affected nor the coming generations are deprived of them. Conservation of natural
resources usually focuses on the needs and interest of human beings.
Suggestions for Conservation of Environment The efforts for conservation of
environment i.e. natural resources should be made at all levels, means in streets,
villages, cities, schools, colleges, offices, states, at national and international level.
Some vital Suggestions in this regard are mentioned below:
Conservation of Forests
i)
ii) iii) iv)
Plantation should be encouraged. Cut the trees properly for food, Take dry branches
only and do not damage or cut the entire tree. Make the fence around the field by
plantation so that environment could be saved. For Construction of houses, the use of
wood should be in a balanced way.
Conservation of Water
i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi)
Lay StreSS on rain water harvesting. Use the ground water in a proper way. Set up
water purifying plants which purifies water flowing out of industries. Efforts should be
made to stop all the processes causing water pollution. Don't keep the water taps open
while washing clothes, shaving and brushing teeth etc.\
Check and stop any leakage in water taps/pipes.
Conservation of Energy
i) ii)
iii)
iv) v)
Switch off bulbs, tube lights, fans and other electric appliances when not in use. Use the
solar water heater, solar cooker and solar lights instead of coal, LPG and Woods.
Renewable sources of energy including Solar, Wind, Geothermal, Biogas etc should be
used instead of fossil fuels.
Wearing warm clothes is an alternative to heaters. Try to minimise the number of vehicles to be
used.
Conservation of Food
i) ii)
iii)
Enhance the sustainable agriculture. Lay Stress on judicious use of chemicals. Lay Stress on
proper storage of food grains.
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Suggestions for Conservation of Environment to the Persons Related to
Adventure Sports
i) Don't leave any eatables near the roadside for wild animals. ii) Don't wash your
clothes in water streams. iii) Don't leave any non-biodegradable waste, product during
adventure sports, iv) Used plastics should not be disposed off in valleys or mountains
etc. v) Don't defecate or urinate near river banks. vi) Don't litter mountains while
trekking, hiking or mountaineering. vii) Don't leave burning embers or fire while
camping. viii) Don't remove or cut trees. ix) Refrain from polluting water with human and
kitchen waste. X) Don't dispose of one time used rain coats, slippers and shoes in
valleys or mountains etc. CREATINGLEADERS THROUGH PHYSICAL EDUCATION
Meaning and Definition of Leadership Leadership had existed from the very beginning
of human beings. It can also be seen in the world of animals. In fact, the upliftment of a
society depends upon the quality of leadership available to it. Leadership is the ability to
intentionally provide positive influences on the behaviour of others. The leaders should
possess qualities that are sought for and admired by the followers. A leader must initiate
an activity, under the group's needs, and carry the activity to completion. leadership
Oualities
1) Energetic 9) Good Health 2) Friendliness and Affection 10) Dedication and Determination 3)
Decisiveness 11) High Motor Capacity 4) Technically Skilled 12) Respect for other People 5)
ntelligent 13) Social
6) Teaching Skill 14) logical and Decision-maker 7) Creative 15) Morality and Loyalty 8) interest
in Research 16) Good Communicator
Process for Creating or Making Leader through Physical Education For Creating or
making the effective and efficient leaders in the field of physical education, stress must
be laid down on the following points:
1) The foremost point for work in this area is to analyse which leadership skills are
already well
developed among the students and which are required for further development, 2)
After that, identify the students or group of students whose leadership skills you most
want to
improve. 3) For improving leadership skills some of the approaches mentioned
below can be used properly:
O Offer the students a range of leadership roles such as supervising and managing Sports activities. O
Provide them some leadership courses, Make sure that any course you run lead to an application of the
knowledge, skill and understanding in a valuable context.
O Give them opportunities to.continue developing their skills, O Recognise the leaders by giving them a
cap, top or other uniform. This will be a force of motivation for
other students. 4) It is also necessary to have faith and confidence in
students. Show them that you believe that they
can improve their leadership skills. 5) Give them some reward for improvement and
give more responsibility to successful students. 6) The last but not the least step is to
improve the leadership skills through physical education is to
Start again. Make proper analysis of successes then look at the areas where there is a room for
further improvement.
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