Frontier Pitts 2017 Guide to

Impact testING

A White Paper to all the specifications for the impact testing of vehicle security barriers.
Includes IWA 14-1 & 14-2, PAS 68, K12/ASTM F2656.
00 CONTENTS
Finding the right section

01 WHY?
Why have we impact tested
08 Different specifications explained?
The VSB specifications from around the World
Vehicle Security Barriers?
09 HVM CONSIDERATIONS
02 Who is at risk?
Hostile Vehicle Attack
When purchasing HVM the following
should be considered

03 WhAT IS A VBIED?
Vehicle Borne Improvised
10 HVM & Architecture
Integrating HVM into Architectural Design
Explosive Device (VBIED)

11 Raising the Standards

04 WHO CAN help?
Who is available to help and advise
PSSA Perimeter Security Suppliers
Association Verification Accreditations

05 Options
Who is available to help and advise 12 Other Considerations
Installation, After Sales
Support & Maintenance
06 What is the threat?
Type & Mass of the Laden Vehicles used for
BSi PAS 68 Testing 13 Glossary
Definition of Terms

07 Classification Codes
What information does the code represent? 14 Acronyms
Explanation of the terminology
and abbreviations used
01 WHY?
Why have we impact tested Vehicle Security Barriers?

In the UK, and indeed the rest of the world, the current terrorism threat is
constantly changing all the time meaning that vulnerable sites need to be constantly
assessing the risk. One method of terrorist activity is vehicle borne attacks through
suicide missions or ram-raiding. Site owners and operators need to protect their
assets, including property and people, from such attacks.

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web: [Link]
02 Who is at risk?
Hostile Vehicle Attack

When a terrorist attacks they aim to achieve maximum casualties in a surprise attack.
Crowded Places such as Shopping Centres, Commercial Centres, Education Centres, Health Sector, Hotels &
Restaurants, Major Events, Places of Worship, Pubs & Clubs and Visitor Attractions are particularly vulnerable.

INTERNATIONAL ARMY POLICE POWER EDUCATION TRANSPORT

AIRPORTS BARRACKS STATIONS STATIONS CENTRES HUBS

GOVERNMENT CASH SHOPPING CONSTRUCTION VISITOR SELF

BUILDINGS HANDLING CENTRES SITES ATTRACTIONS STORAGE

NaCTSO, The National Counter Terrorism Security Office has published Security Advice,
including CONTEST and Project Argus, on these relevant areas which can be found at
[Link]/support-documentation/guidance-info/
03 WhAT IS A VBIED?
Vehicle Borne Improvised Explosive Device (VBIED)

A car bomb, or truck bomb (VBIED), is an

improvised explosive device placed in a vehicle
then detonated.
It is commonly used as a weapon of terrorism
and normally kills the occupants of the vehicle
(suicide bombers), people near the blast site,
and/or to damage buildings or other property.

A vehicle bomb acts as its own delivery mecha-

nism and can carry a relatively large amount of
explosives without attracting suspicion.

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 04 WHO CAN help?
Who is available to help and advise

If your site is at risk the Centre for the The CITVSB contains all the IWA14 & BSi Working alongside CPNI, the CTSA’s can visit
Protection of the National Infrastructure PAS68 impact tested products CPNI have site to offer non biased advice. The Scoping
can offer further advice and access to the tested through their research program. Document will provide the client with all the
Catalogue of Impact Tested Vehicle Security Each Police Force across the UK has a relevant questions to ascertain their sites
Barriers (CITVSB). number of Counter Terrorist Security security needs and operational requirements.
Advisors (CTSA’s) which are headed by the Once completed, the Scoping Document
NaCTSO (The National Counter Terrorism can be issued to VSB manufacturers to get
Security Office). comparable quotations.
Please also see additional document
Frontier Pitts Scoping Document
 05 Option 1 : Layered Security
Vehicle Access Control Points (VACP)

DE TER
1 Deter
This is the first layer 3 Delay
To control the
DE TEC of security designed
T situation and
to discourage any prepare a response
DE L AY potential threat Fencing and
Bollards & Signage Rising Arm Barrier
DE NY

1 2 3 4 ASSET

Public Space

Asset
One such solution is a layered security approach,
2 Detect
To detect any
4 Deny
To deny any
also known as an ‘onion’ approach. This provides potential threat possible access
as it approaches to the Asset
the facility with layers of security and protection
the site Rising Blocker
around an asset which will deter, detect, delay Manned
and deny any attack. security kiosk
with CCTV

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Option 2 : Interlock Security
Vehicle Access Control Points (VACP)

An Interlock system, or ‘Sally Port’

and ‘Tiger Trap’ as it is also known, is
another option. This setup provides Rising Arm
the site with a secure containment Security Barriers

Public Space
area to check incoming or outgoing kiosk
vehicles. The traffic throughput for an

Asset
interlock includes vehicles entering
the first section control point and
once in, this set will close. If the
vehicle is authorised to proceed after
Bollards
security checks, the second control
point will open and allow entry to Protected Unprotected
site. At no point during the cycle will Zone Zone
both sets of VSBs be in the open
position. Only when the first set of
VSBs are fully secured in the closed
position will the second set open.

HVM Interlock System with Terra

Rising Bollards, Terra Ultimate Barrier
and Bi-folding Gate. The fence line is
backed with HVM Static Terra Jupiter
Bollards.
 Option 3 : LPS 1175 Security
Pedestrian Access Control Points (PACP)

The standards for the protection of Building

Fabrics and External Perimeters are set by
the Loss Prevention Board (LPCB). The Loss
Prevention Standard LPS 1175 covers the
“Requirements and Testing Procedures for the
LPCB Approval and Listing of Intruder Resistant
Building Components, Security Enclosures and
Free Standing Barriers”. Products tested and
approved to this standard are widely recognised
by Government Agencies and Datacentres as
being an effective means of protecting people
and assets.
The objective of this equipment is to Deter,
Detect, Deny, Delay and Defend, thus reducing
the risks of loss to crime or terrorism.
N CERTIFI
IO C Security Rating grades illustrate the different
T

attack times and tools.

AT
PREVEN

ION BOA

Our Terra
Centre Diamond
for the Protection Turnstile has been success-
SS

of National Infrastructure
O

fully tested and awarded a security rating of 3

L D

Certified to LPS1175 Issue 6.1 Approved for Government Use,

Security Rating 3&4
Certificate No. 1059a/01 & 1059a/02 and 4 within the category of Building Fabric.
please contact CPNI for details

tel: +44 (0)1293 422800

Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure
web: [Link] Approved for Government Use, please contact CPNI for details
06 What is the threat?
Type & Mass of the Vehicles used for IWA 14 & BSi PAS 68 Testing

Goods Vehicle
Goods Vehicle
Weight: 7.2t
Weight: 7.2t Speed: 80kph 64kph 48kph
Speed: 80kph 64kph 48kph 50mph 40mph 30mph
50mph 40mph 30mph Class: IWA 14-1: N2A PAS 68: N2
Class: IWA 14-1: N3C PAS 68: N3

Light Goods Vehicle 4x4 Pickup truck Car

Weight: 3.5t Weight: 2.5t Weight: 1.5t
Speed: 80kph 64kph 48kph Speed: 80kph 64kph 48kph Speed: 80kph 64kph 48kph
50mph 40mph 30mph 50mph 40mph 30mph 50mph 40mph 30mph
Class: IWA 14-1: N1 PAS 68: N1 Class: IWA 14-1: N1G PAS 68: N1G Class: IWA 14-1: M1 PAS 68: M1

The test criteria (vehicle weight and impact speed combinations) shall be selected from
one of the combinations specified from Vehicle Type and Vehicle Speed.

What could be the maximum approach speed of these types of vehicle?

07 IWA 14 Classification Code
What information does the IWA code represent?

1 2 3 4 5 6
V Terra Blocker 7200 N2A 80 90 0

1 Classification of Test: 2 A retractable road blocker

V = Impact Test – Actual vehicle 3 Capable of withstanding an 6 Where the vehicle
impact tested to repeatable impact by a 7200kg rigid penetrates 0.0m beyond
scientific conditions vehicle at 80kph (50mph) the original position of
the front/impact face of
4 Impact speed at 80kph
the blocker. i.e. How far
(50mph) into site the test vehicle
5 IWA 14 – Angle of test would stop
impact. The majority of
impacts are head on, i.e.
90 degrees. Other approach
impact angles include
45° (fencing)

In many specifications only parts 2, 3 and 4 are detailed, but the other parts are just
tel: +44 (0)1293 422800 as important and need to be clarified.
web: [Link] Note: When specifying IWA 14 products the short hand or long hand information must be given.
 PAS 68 2013 Classification Code
What information does the PAS code represent?

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
V Terra Blocker 7500 N2 80 90 0 5.2

1 Classification of Test: 2 A retractable road blocker 6 Where the vehicle penetrates

V = Impact Test – Actual vehicle 0.0m beyond the original posi-
3 Capable of withstanding an tion of the rear face of the
impact tested to repeatable impact by a 7500kg rigid
scientific conditions blocker. i.e. How far into site
vehicle at 50mph (80kph) the test vehicle would stop.
F = Computer simulation FEA Note: With surface mounted
or Design method (check 4 Impact speed at 50mph
products, check how far the
validation body) (80kph)
arresting equipment travelled
P = Pendulum testing weight 5 BSi PAS 68 – Angle of test on impact
used for bollards instead of impact. The majority of
vehicles (this test method 7 Where major debris landed
impacts are head on, i.e.
has been removed from beyond the original position
90 degrees. Other approach
PAS 68 and is now part of of the blocker. Major debris is
impact angles include
PAS 170-1 Vehicle security classed as 25kg or more. This is
45° (fencing)
barriers – Non-vehicle low important when trying to main-
energy impact testing) tain a “stand off ” from a building

In many specifications only parts 2, 3 and 4 are detailed, but the other parts are just
as important and need to be clarified.
Note: When specifying IWA 14 products the short hand or long hand information must be given.
08 Different specifications explained?
The VSB specifications from around the World

There are various specifications for the impact testing of IWA14-2 and PAS 69 complements the
VSBs (Vehicle Security Barriers). From the beginning of impact test specifications by providing guidance
2014, the UK’s Government elite VSB testing program on the product installation.
has impact tested products under IWA 14. This replaced
Other international specifications include:
the British Standards Institution (BSi) Publicly Available
Specification PAS 68, however products tested under • US ASTM F2656-07 (M50-P1)
this specification have been given Grand Father rights Formerly the Department of State K12 rating
and remain on the Catalogue of Impact Tested products. • European Workshop Agreement CEN CWA 16221

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web: [Link]
IWA 14.1 & 14.2
International Workshop Agreement

A new international ISO International Workshop

Agreement that combines and updates elements
from PAS 68, PAS 69, ASTM F 2656 and CWA
16221, as well as new content.
Part 1: Performance
The vehicle impact test method and
performance rating.
IWA 14-1:2013 is the International Workshop
Agreement which specifies the essential impact
performance requirement for a vehicle security
barrier (VSB) and a test method for rating its
performance when subjected to a single impact
by a test vehicle not driven by a human being.
Part 2: Application
IWA 14-2:2013 provides guidance for the selec-
tion, installation and use of vehicle security barriers
(VSBs) and describes the process of producing oper-
ational requirements (ORs). It also gives guidance on a
design method for assessing the performance of a VSB.
BSi PAS 68
British Standards Institute Publicly Available Specification
BSi PAS 68 is the latest BSi’s Publicly Available Specification
for vehicle security barriers. It has become the UK’s standard
and the security industry’s benchmark for HVM (Hostile
Vehicle Mitigation) equipment, and is the specification
against which perimeter security equipment is tested as part
of the ongoing research to prevent VBIED (Vehicle Born
Improvised Explosive Device) attacks. BSi PAS 69
complements this specification by providing guidance
on the installation of the tested product.
The ratings and specifications illustrate
the different levels of BSi PAS 68.
The importance of after sales and who
should maintain your equipment is another
aspect which should be considered. BSi
PAS 69 should be considered to ensure
this equipment is installed correctly.
France and Australia have adopted the
British PAS 68 specification.

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ASTM and Department of state K12
Standards for the United States of America

ASTM (previously K12 standard) What the code means

Designation: F 2656 – 07
M 50 P1
Standard Test Method for Vehicle
Crash Testing of Perimeter Barriers. Test Vehicle Test Speed Penetration
This standard superseded the (i.e Medium duty truck 6800kg) (mph) (i.e. 23-98ft)

Department of State K ratings, as P1

explained below: M 50 <=1m (3.3ft)

M50-P1 = 6.8t @ 80kph P2

M 40
(K12) (15,000lbs @ 50mph) 1.01m to 7m (3.3ft to 23.1ft)

M40-P1 = 6.8t @ 64kph P3

M 30
(K8) (15,000lbs @ 40mph) 7.01m to 30m (23.1ft to 98.4ft)

M30-P1 = 6.8t @ 48kph M 20 P4

(K4) (15,000lbs @ 30mph) 30m (98ft) or greater

High Commission for Industrial Security Directives (HCIS) for crash barriers
Frontier Pitts HCIS Terra Blocker has been specifically THE HCIS Terra Blocker has been successfully impact tested
designed to comply with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’s stopping a 6.8t vehicle travelling at 80kph.
(KSA) Ministry of Interior, HCIS Security Directives
for crash barriers.

For more information please visit

[Link]/support-documentation/standards/american-k12/
IWA 14 vs. PAS 68
Comparing the International and UK specifications

2 IWA 14 combines and updates elements (mainly vehicles) from PAS 68,
3a
1 PAS 69, ASTM F 2656 and CWA 16221.
3b
Points of difference between IWA14 and PAS 68:
• Vehicle Penetration is now measured from the front of the VSB
(Vehicle Security Barrier) in IWA 14 whereas in PAS 68 it is actually
4
measured from the back face of the system. Therefore penetration
results from IWA14 and PAS68 cannot be compared, particularly with
2 a wide product such as a road blocker

1
• The IWA 14 classification code just has a value for penetration now,
4 whereas the PAS 68 classification code also included a value for debris
– 25kg+ mass landing past the datum point
• IWA 14 includes more vehicles types, incorporating the vehicles from
3a 3b the other specifications
All vehicle types can be tested at 80kph (50mph).
KEY
The above is only a brief summary. For further information, please contact
1. Direction of impact Technical Sales.
2. VSB
3a IWA 14 VSB Datum line
3b PAS 68 VSB Datum line
4. Ground level

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web: [Link]
 PAS 68 vs. K12
Comparing the UK and USA specifications

British Test (PAS68) USA Tests (DOS-K12 and ASTM M50)

7.5t 6.8t

Vehicle weight 7.5 tons 6.8 tons

(gross vehicle weight) (7500 kg, 16500 lbs) (6800 kg, 15000 lbs)

Vehicle speed 50 mph (80 kmh) 80 kmh (50 mph)

Impact energy 1852 kJ 1695 kJ

* VSB : V
 ehicle Security Barrier such as Gates,
Barriers, Bollards or Blockers
 PAS 68 vs. IWA 14
Comparing the UK and International specifications

PAS 68 IWA 14

British Vehicles 7.5t British & US Vehicles 7.2t

Vehicle weight 7.5 tons 7.2 tons

(gross vehicle weight) (7500 kg, 16500 lbs) (7200 kg, 15873 lbs)

Vehicle speed 50 mph (80 kmh) 80 kmh (50 mph)

Impact energy 1852 kJ 1777 kJ

Penetration measured from: (VSB Datum Line) * Front of VSB/Impact Face Rear of VSB

Vehicle Datum Line Front of Vehicle Cab Rear of Vehicle Cab

Dispersion/Distance Major Debris (+25kg) Included Excluded

tel: +44 (0)1293 422800 * VSB : V

 ehicle Security Barrier such as Gates,
web: [Link] Barriers, Bollards or Blockers
09 HVM Considerations
When purchasing HVM the following should be considered:

Security Engineering constraints

1. the level of residual risk is deemed 1. architectural
acceptable by the organisation 2. foundations
2. attack method to be mitigated 3. buried services
3. countermeasures 4. land ownership and available space
4. response to increased threat conditions
planning restrictionS
5. enforceable stand-off distance
(Local Authority or other)
Business needs 1. height
1. lifetime cost (training, manning levels, 2. weight
service, maintenance and replacement) 3. restrictions of area
2. traffic management 4. utilities and traffic control
3. appearance
PRODUCT
4. internal and external stakeholder
1. Reputable Company
requirements
2. Standards, Specifications and Technical Requirements
5. security risks induced by safety concerns
3. Testing
or systems
4. Accreditations (i.e. ISO 9001, PSSA Verified)
5. Aftersales
10 HVM and Architecture
Integrating HVM into Architectural Design

The main purpose of any type of security is to protect an asset. An asset

can include people (staff, visitors, guests) or physical assets (buildings,
contents, equipment and sensitive materials). Depending on what the asset
is will depend on the threat level. The threat level may remain constant, or
ASSET may change throughout the day, month or year depending on an event (i.e.
Crowded Places venue) or the current political environment.
A Layered Approach
Security is most effective when Traffic Management Options
implemented with layers of HVM, include:
access control and vehicle manage- • Vehicle Exclusion
ment. The immediate vicinity of the
• Vehicle Inclusion
asset should be protected, with
further layers added at different • Temporary Protection (during
standoff distances to mitigate the heightened times of threat)
threat. • Traffic Calming Methods
It is important that the security (developing exterior landscape
system is equal to the assessed to slow down potential hostile
threat level to avoid potentially high- vehicles)
lighting a vulnerable site, whilst not Frontier Pitts are HVM Specialists
impeding on the sites day to day and trained to provide expert
operations (deliveries, visitors etc.). knowledge and advice.
tel: +44 (0)1293 422800
web: [Link]
11 Raising the standards
PSSA Perimeter Security Suppliers Association

As an ISO 9001 British Manufacturing Organisation, Frontier Pitts understands the importance of quality, stand-
ards, operating systems, technical specifications and drawings within the Hostile Vehicle Mitigation market to
ensure the equipment specification that is impact tested, is also installed on site.
With seven PSSA verification awards, Frontier Pitts has illustrated a commitment to conform to internationally
recognized standards that assure:
Products are fit for purpose Products are consistently Products, when in use, produce
– designed to meet customer, manufactured and supplied the intended performance
market and regulatory conforming to their agreed outcomes specified by the
requirements specification customer
12 Other Considerations
Installation

IWA 14-1 & PAS 68 details the Frontier Pitts are specialists in
Guidelines for the specification designing, installing and maintaining
and installation of vehicle security IWA14 &PAS68 HVM equipment.
barriers. When specifying counter terrorist
IWA 14-2 & PAS 69 provides equipment, it is especially important
guidance on the selection, installation to ensure that the installer is
and use of vehicle security barriers proficient in installing impact tested
to ensure that they are selected products so that the products rating
and placed as effectively as possible. is not affected.
IWA14-2 & PAS 69 is intended Once the HVM equipment
to be used by designers, planners, is installed the site will have a
architects, security managers and commitment to guarantee the
facilities managers within the public integrity of the product and ensure
and private sectors. that it operates within health and
safety guidelines for the public and
staff. Frontier Pitts also provide
Maintenance Contracts for complete
peace of mind, so the engineer that
installed the equipment can also
maintain it.

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Other Considerations continued
After Sales Support & Maintenance

Frontier Pitts fleet of over 35 engineers provide cover

across the whole of the UK and parts of Europe with a
response time of just 04 hours.
Our nationwide teams of suitably trained and vetted
engineers are backed by a comprehensive spares
department, which will ensure one can have a prompt
repair no matter where your site is located.
Other important factors to consider when choosing a
service provider include that they undertake health and
safety training, along with holding the relevant insurances
and working to a quality assured standard.
Sites that require a high level of security equipment
are most likely to also require emergency response to
breakdowns (say 04 hours day or night) from a company
that is practised in working with large organisations and to
their specific site procedures. A responsible maintenance
specialist will provide site specific risk management and will
ultimately prolong the operational life of your equipment.
13 Glossary
Definition of Terms

CPNI The Government authority Standards Independent Crash

which provides protective IWA 14-1 14-2 International Laboratories
security advice to businesses and Workshop Agreement for Vehicle TRL
organisations across the national security barriers; performance and Transport Research Laboratories
infrastructure. application MIRA
PSSA The perimeter security BSi PAS 68 is the BSi’s Publicly Independent Crash Laboratories
industries trade association Available Specification for vehicle UKAS Approved
The trade associations Verification security (versions 2005, 07, 10 & 13)
Scheme [Link] barriers
UK’s National Standards BSi PAS 69 provides guidance on the
Organisation. PAS68 document can installation of PAS 68 equipment
be purchased from BSi. (versions 2006, 2013)
ASTM F2656 US standard, replaced
Department of State K12 SD-STD-
2.01 Revision A Certification
CWA16221:2010 The European
Workshop Agreement for vehicle
barrier performance

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14 Acronyms
Explanation of the terminology and abbreviations used

AACS : Automatic Access Control Systems FF Fully Functional : Product remains fully functional
after impact
Blast Test : Test for Shrapnel Dispersion
HVM : Hostile Vehicle Mitigation
CTSA : Counter Terrorism Security Advisors
HVMG : Hostile Vehicle Mitigation Guide
Design Method : Assessment method which includes
finite element analysis (FEA) procedures Impact Test : Test of Vehicle Impact against vehicle
security barriers.
DDA Approval : The Disability Discrimination Act Please see the various standards in the Glossary
came into force in 1995
LPCB : Lost Prevention Certification Board
EFO : Extra Fast Operation
LVBIED : Large Vehicle-Borne Improvised Explosive
Fail Safe : Equipment is set to fail safe or in the open Device
position in case of emergency i.e. Unlocked
NBA : National Barrier Asset
Fail Secure : Equipment is set to fail secure or in the
secure position in case of Emergency NaCTSO : National Counter Terrorism Security Office

FEA Finite Element Analysis : Crash Testing Pendulum Method : Assessment method
Simulations only suitable for testing bollards at lower energy
levels
PSSA : Perimeter Security Suppliers Association

PSSA Verified : Accreditation

SVBIED : Suicide Vehicle-Borne Improvised Explosive

Device

SLA : Service Level Agreement

VACP : Vehicle Access Control Points

Vehicle Impact Method : An assessment method to

determine the performance
classification of vehicle security barriers

VBIED : Vehicle Born Improvised Explosive Device

VDA : Vehicle Dynamics Assessment

VSB : Vehicle Security Barrier

VSB OR : Vehicle Security Barriers Operational

Requirements

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 FP40.17

FRONTIER PITTS GUIDE TO IMPACT TESTING

Frontier Pitts Ltd. Crompton House, Crompton Way, Crawley, West Sussex, United Kingdom RH10 9QZ
+44 (0)1293 422800 | [Link] | sales@[Link]

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PROTECTING YOUR WORLD
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