Name : Gian Riski Rahman

NIM : 11170260000119
Class : 5-A
Lecturer : Dr. Frans Sayogie, [Link].
Subject : English Morphology and Syntax

Kinds of Noun, Pronoun, Adjective,

Verb, Adverb, and Determiner

Kinds of Noun
Noun is a word used to name abstract people, things, animals, places and concepts .

1. Common Noun: A common noun is a noun referring to a person, place,

or thing in a general sense. Common here means ‘shared by all.’ Common nouns can
be countable (bottle, dollar) or uncountable (milk, money); singular (desk, pencil) or
plural (desks, pencils); concrete (piano, bed) or abstract (music, happiness). And they
follow all the usual rules of countable/uncountable, singular/plural, concrete/abstract
nouns.

 The class is studying grammar.

 The nearest town is 60 miles away.
 She is a good girl.
 Cities must budget carefully during times of economic difficulty
 Alex is a wonderful player.

2. Proper Noun: A proper noun represents the name of a specific person, place, or thing.
Proper nouns are always written with a capital letter at the beginning. A proper noun is one
that refers to a unique entity and therefore there cannot be any more of that kind.
Therefore, proper nouns are not countable.

 Jawaharlal Nehru was the first prime minister of India.

  India is a democratic country.
 Hari is a good boy.
 Max was born in South Africa.
 He has a dog named Poppy.

3. Collective Noun: A collective noun is the name of a number of persons or things

taken together and considered as one unit. Collective nouns can be countable or
uncountable, depending on the meaning of the sentence. Collective nouns refer to a
group (army, committee, group, government, etc.)

 The flock of geese spends most of its time in the pasture.

 The police dispersed the crowd.
 I saw a fleet of ships in the harbour.
 An army of ants spotted on the tree.
 a bunch of keys are rusty.

4. Abstract noun: An abstract noun is a noun which names quality, action, virtue or state,
which one cannot perceive through one’s five physical senses. Abstract nouns can be
countable or uncountable (mass). They can also be singular or possessive. Abstract nouns
follow the same grammar rules as other nouns.

 We all love honesty.

 Cleanliness is next to godliness.
 I love to remember the happy days of childhood.
 I want to see justice served.
 I’d like the freedom to travel all over the world.

5. Concrete Noun

Concrete Noun means tangible nouns. Concrete Noun is a word for an object whose
presence can be recognized by the senses, can be seen, touched, heard, smelled, and
felt. Concrete nouns can be countable nouns or uncountable nouns, and singular
nouns or plural nouns. Concrete nouns can also be a common noun, proper nouns
and collective nouns.
 Countable concrete nouns (singular form): a brick, a hen, a horse, a book, a
goat, a dog, a home, a friend, a room, a bread, etc.

Countable concrete nouns (plural form): two bricks, three books, two goats,
two dogs, three friends, four horses, three rooms, two breads, etc.

There is no plural form of uncountable concrete nouns as they cannot be separated

into individual elements to count such as:

Uncountable concrete nouns: air, milk, rice, pulse, sugar, salt, wood, water,
electricity, flour, etc.

 There are many cats around the tree.

 My father has just bought a new car.
 We have a fantastic teacher.
 Suddenly a black panther appeared when we were in the zoo.
 My mom knows well to make delicious cookies.

6. Countable Noun

is a word that refers to objects that can be counted, or can be preceded by numbers. For
example: cat (there are five cats), dog / dogs, house / houses, etc.
Countable nouns have plural and singular forms. Singular forms in countable nouns are
usually only noun + s, such as: cat becomes cats, dogs become dogs. Except for nouns
whose last letters are o, ss, sh, ch, x,: noun + es, for example, tomato becomes tomatoes,
kiss becomes kisses, brush becomes brushes, watch becomes watches, boxes become
boxes.

 There’s a big brown dog running around the neighborhood.

 There are at least twenty Italian restaurants in Little Italy.
 Your book is on the kitchen table.
 How many candles are on that birthday cake?
 Megan took a lot of photographs today,
7. Uncountable Noun

Refers to a noun that cannot be calculated, meaning that we cannot place a number
before the word to express its quantity (unless stated in a quantity, such as mass,
volume, currency, etc.). For example: sugar, there is no English term like 5 sugar, or 10
000 sugar, sugar (sugar) is usually expressed in terms of mass, such as: 5 kg of sugar.
Other examples are: sand, water, milk, money, hair, etc.

 Let’s get rid of the garbage.

 lease take good care of your equipment.
 There is no more water in the pond.
 I need to find information about Oscar Prize winners.
 You seem to have a high level of intelligence.

Kinds of Pronoun

A pronoun is defined as a word or phrase that is used as a substitution for a noun or noun
phrase, which is known as the pronoun’s antecedent. Pronouns are short words and can do
everything that nouns can do and are one of the building blocks of a sentence.

1. Personal Pronoun

Personal Pronouns are pronouns that refer to a specific person or thing in a

sentence and can be divided into two groups: nominative and objective.

- Nominative personal pronouns can act as the subject of a sentence (I, you,
he, she, it, we, they).
 For example:

- I went to the store after work.

- You should not go to class if you are sick.
- This car belongs to us.
- I won the award.
- They went to the museum.

- Objective personal pronouns, on the other hand, act as objects of a

sentence (me, you, him, her, it, us, them).

For example:

- Alex came out with Joe and me.

- Scotty really likes him.
- The matter is between Chris and me.
- Why are you crying?
- Only you are allowed to attend the party.

2. Possessive Pronoun

Possessive Pronouns are pronouns that show ownership; in other words,

something belongs to someone else (my/mine, your/yours, his, her/hers, its,
our/ours, their/theirs). For example:

- That book is mine.

- Their shoes are under the bed.
- The blue hat is mine. Yours is on the upper shelf.
- My aunt is a Graphic Designer. This computer is hers.
- This dress is mine.
3. Reflexive Pronoun

Reflexive Pronouns are pronouns that are used to show that the subject of the
sentence is receiving the action of the verb (myself, yourself, himself, herself,
itself, ourselves, themselves). For example:

- She can handle the situation herself.

- We can write the paper ourselves.
- John reminded himself that he had to try harder.
- They were discussing amongst themselves.
- Suddenly, I found myself in a dark corner.

4. Intensive Pronouns

Intensive Pronouns are pronouns that are used only to place emphasis on the subject
and are not essential to the meaning of the sentence. Note: These pronouns look the
same as reflexive pronouns, but they act differently in the sentence and are always
placed next to the subject that they are emphasizing (myself, yourself, himself,
herself, itself, ourselves, themselves). For example:

- You yourself must go to the police station.

- I myself don't forgive you.
- We went to listen to Obama himself speak.
- He himself built that house.
- Rima approved the purchase herself.

5. Demonstrative Pronouns

Demonstrative Pronouns are pronouns that are used to identify nouns and answer
the question “which one?” (this, that, these, those). For example:

- These are the books that John was talking about.

- Those are my neighbour's dogs.
 - This is a present from my uncle.
- That is my bag.
- This is my bicycle.

6. Interrogative Pronouns

Interrogative Pronouns are pronouns that are used only in reference to a question
(who, what, which, whom, whose). For example:

- Which one of these pens is yours?

- Who is that girl?
- Whatever are you doing?
- Whose is this dress?
- Whom were you speaking to?

7. Relative Pronouns

Relative Pronouns are pronouns that are used to connect clarifying infor-mation
to nouns or other pronouns within a sentence (who, that, which, whom, whose,
whoever, whichever, whomever, whatever).

- This is the boy who scored the highest marks.

- This is the lady who helped me.
- There is the man whose horse won the race.
- This is the house which belongs to my great-grandfather.
- This is the person whom we met at the party.

8. Indefinite Pronouns
Indefinite Pronouns are pronouns that are used in reference to a personor thing
that is not specific or not known. Indefinite pronouns are also used to identify a
general group of people or things (i.e. everyone, everybody, anyone, anybody,
somebody, most, all, each every, some, none, one, few, both, many, several). For
example:

- Everybody has to take the Writing Proficiency Examination in order

 to graduate.
- All of the seniors were excited for graduation
- Many of them were injured.
- Everything was told prior to the meeting.
- Something is wrong there.
- Nobody attended the meeting.

9. Reciprocal Pronouns

A reciprocal pronoun is a pronoun which is used to indicate that two or more

people are carrying out or have carried out an action of some type, with both
receiving the benefits or consequences of that action simultaneously. (each other,
each other’s, one another, one another’s). For example:

- We need to help one another survive.

- They had remembered each other’s phone numbers.
- The kids spent the afternoon kicking the ball to one another.
- We give each other gifts during the holidays.
- The students congratulated one another after giving practice
speeches.

Kinds of Adjective

Adjective describes or modifies a noun. It provides further information about a noun, indicating
things like size, shape, color, and more. Adjectives can also modify pronouns.

1. Descriptive Adjective

The descriptive adjectives can be simply defined as the type of adjectives that
are used to express the size, color, or shape of a person, a thing, an animal, or a
 place. They are used to provide more information to a noun by describing or
modifying it.

- She brushed her long brown hair.

- The slender man appeared out of nowhere.
- You should always eat green leafy vegetables.
- The fat boy teased the small kids in the park.
- The spider has hairy legs.

There are two subclasses of descriptive adjectives: attributive and

predicative.

- Attributive Adjectives

Attributive adjectives usually come before a noun and characterize the

noun.

- The skinny man is running.

- I drive a red car.
-
- Predicative Adjectives

Predicative adjectives occur in the predicate of a sentence (after the subject

and main verb).

- That man is skinny.

- My car is red.

2. Limiting Adjectives

Limiting adjectives defines the noun rather than describes it. Limiting
adjectives help to define, or "limit," a noun or pronoun. They tell "which one,"
"what kind," "how many," or "whose." There are six categories of limiting
adjectives. They include articles, demonstrative adjectives, proper adjectives,
possessive adjectives, numeral adjectives, and indefinite adjectives.

- Articles

In English there are three articles: a, an, and the. Articles are used
before nouns or noun equivalents and are a type of adjective. The
definite article (the) is used before a noun to indicate that the identity
of the noun is known to the reader. The indefinite article (a, an) is used
before a noun that is general or when its identity is not known. There
are certain situations in which a noun takes no article.

o Definite article

the (before a singular or plural noun)

o Indefinite article

a (before a singular noun beginning with a consonant sound)

an (before a singular noun beginning with a vowel sound)

examples
- I think an animal is in the garage
- That man is a scoundrel.
- We are looking for an apartment.
- The boy sitting next to me raised his hand.
- Thank you for the advice you gave me.

- Possessive Adjective

Possessive adjective is an adjective form or an adjective in English

that is used to declare ownership. Possessive adjectives answer the
question whose? They include my, our, your, his, her, its, and their
 Examples
- This is my new novel
- your book is on the table
- their cars are new
- our school is far from here
- her favourite music is Iwan Fals

- Demonstrative Adjective

Demonstrative adjectives answer the question which one(s)? This are

the only adjectives that have both a singular and plural form--this and
that are singular; these and those are plural. Demonstrative adjectives
point to particular or previously named things. This and these indicate
things nearby (in time or space), while that and those suggest distance
(in time or space).

Examples

- This novel is the worst I've ever read; these biographies are
much better.
- Tell me more about that author; why does she write about
those events?
- This is my new handphone from my father.
- That is our favourite food which made from beef.
- These are our houses.

- Indefinite Adjective

An indefinite adjective is used to describe a noun in a non-specific

sense. The most common indefinite adjectives are any, all, each, few,
many, much, most, several, and some. They are often used to
describe a noun to show an element of uncertainty.
 Examples

- There are several people in the safe room.

- I have seen some cartridges in the cupboard.
- There are only a few deer left
- I bought some batteries.
- All children should be taught to swim.
- Interrogative Adjective

Interrogative adjectives are words similar to interrogative pronouns,

but they can’t stand on their own. In other words, they serve to modify
another term, specifically a noun. The words whose, which, and what
are the three interrogative adjectives and are used in interrogative
sentences to modify and accompany nouns.

Examples:
- Which joke did you like better, and what reason can you give
for your preference?
- What CD is Sarah listening to?
- Which method is likely to produce the best results?
- Whose car will they give us?
- Whose pen will they give us?

- Numeral Adjectives

Numeral Adjectives are those adjectives which are used to denote the
number of nouns or the order in which they stand. Numeral Adjectives
arc of three kinds, Cardinal, Ordinal and Multiplicative.

The Cardinal Adjectives denote how many as one, two, three, four,
etc.
- There are six cars
- Five man was arrested yesterday
 - I had to pay three dollars.
- here were forty-two vessels in the fleet.

The Ordinal Adjectives denote in what order as first, second, third,

fourth, etc.

- Carl plays the second violin.

- Your friend is sitting in the fifth row.

The Multiplicative Adjectives denote how many fold as single, double,

triple, etc.

- A double row of policemen stood on guard.

- A fourfold layer of chilled steel forms the door.

- Proper Adjectives

Proper adjectives are formed from these proper nouns, and they are also
capitalized. They are often made from the names of cities, countries, or
regions to describe where something comes from, but they can also be
formed from the names of religions, brands, or even individuals.

Example
- I love Italian food.
- How much does this Chinese robe cost?
- He writes in an almost Shakespearean style.
- In Indonesia, you can visit many ancient Buddhist temple.
- I’m really excited to use my new Canon camera.
 Kinds of Verb
A verb is a word that shows action or being. Whatever you are doing can be expressed by a
verb. Verbs can be classified according to whether they are action verbs, linking verbs or
helping verbs.

1. Action Verbs
Action verbs are words that express action (give, eat, walk, etc.) or possession
(have, own, etc.). Action verbs can be either transitive or intransitive.

a. Transitive Verb
Transitive Verb is the verb that needs object and usually followed by
[Link] transitive verbs include arrest, avoid, do, enjoy, find,
force, get, give, grab, hit, like, pull , report, shock, take, tell, touch,
want, warn…

Examples:
- Laurissa raises her hand.
- Abdus gave Becky the pencil.
- Alex sent a postcard from Argentina.
- Please buy me a dog!
- She left the keys on the table.

b. Intransitive Verb
Intransitive Verb is the verb which does not need object, but it needs
adverbial modifier. These intransitive verbs include appear, come, fall,
go, happen, matter, sleep, swim, wait…

Examples:
- They dance well.
- He cries.
- She sings beautifully.
- I sneeze in the morning.
 - Diaz eats before leaving for school.

2. Non-Action Verb
Non-action verbs(or stative verbs) are words that express possession, state,
sense, desire or emotions. Examples of non-action verbs: seem, want, love, like,
need, own, know, fear, etc. non-action verbs are not usually used in continuous
tenses.

Examples:
- Those flowers look beautiful.
- I think that’s a great idea.
- We have a brand new car.
- They have a nice house.
- I like English.

3. Linking Verb
Linking Verb refers to verb that needs subjective complement rather than object
and that subjective complement describes the subject. This noun or adjective is
called the subject complement.

a) Subjective Complement can be “Adjective”

Examples:
- Your face grows red.
- He looks tired.
- Her voice sounds pretty.

b) Subjective Complement can be “Noun or Pronoun”

Examples:

- He becomes a district governor.

 - The robber is you.

4. Auxilarry Verb
Auxiliary Verbs are used to form question and negative sentence, and they are
usually used with main verb to form many different kinds of tenses.

a. Be (am, are, is, was, were, be, being, been)

Be is used to form Continuous Tense and Passive Voice.

Example:
- The dog is biting a child.
- A child is bitten by the dog.

b. Have/Has (have, has, had, having)

Have/Has is used to form Perfect Tense.

Example:
- They have known me for 3 years.
- She has had dinner already.

c. Do/Does (do, does, did)

used to form Question and Negative Sentence in the Present Simple when
the sentence doesn’t have a special verb. Moreover, we can also use them
to show the emphasis sentence.

Example:
- He doesn’t eat meat.
- Do you love her?
- I do live here. (emphasis form)

5. Modal Verb
 Modal Verbs are the verbs that are used to talk about ability, permission,
obligation and necessity, obligation and advice, possibility, probability,
request, offer, suggestion, habit and promise. Most Modal Verbs can form
question and negative sentence by themselves.

Examples:
- He can play the guitar.
- Could I ask you a personal question?
- I will lend you some money.
- We can watch TV if you like.
- Stop making that noise or I will scream!

6. Stative Verb
Stative verbs (also known as state verbs) are verbs that describe a state or
situation instead of describing an action. These verbs usually relate to emotions,
thoughts, opinions, senses, and states of being.

Examples:
- Joey knows a lot about dinosaurs.
- I don’t understand Spanish.
- I think basketball is the best sport.
- I hate spinach.
- Chloe prefers chocolate ice cream to vanilla.
7. Phrasal Verb
Phrasal verbs are combinations or combinations of verbs and prepositions or
adverbs that cause new meanings. Examples of verbs are look, get and put, and
preposition examples are down, up, on. If we combine the verbs and prepositions
it will become a new meaning. The prepositions or adverbs of a phrasal verbs
are called particles. The most common particles that we often use are: in, on,
down, up, off, out, for, away and into.

Examples:
- The terrorists tried to blow up the railroad station.
- Fill out this application form and mail it in.
 - My sister found out that her husband had been planning a
surprise party for her.
- The filling station was giving away free gas.
- The students handed in their papers and left the room.

8. Irregular Verb
Irregular verb is a verb whose form of change is not fixed or irregular or
inflected. It called irregular because the forms of change are different and do not
have certain rules such as the regular verb which only needs to add ed / d at the
end of each word.

Examples:
- I want to build a sand castle like the one we built last year.
- Let’s drink some of this lemonade. I drank some yesterday
and found it delicious.
- Joe ate the apple.
- Today, we're going to drive to the mall. Yesterday, we drove
to the park. All said, we had driven thousands of miles that
summer.
- Sheldon heard the phone ring. And then it rang again. It had
rung every day, around the same time, for three weeks.

Kinds of Adverb
Adverb is a word that modifies a verb, adjective, determiner, clause, preposition, or
sentence. Adverbs can tell you how something is done, for example, speak nicely or work
hard. Adverbs can also tell you how much or how many of something you have.

1. Adverb of Manner
Adverbs of manner tell us how, or in what manner, something was carried out.
They mostly modify verbs and can often be found at the end of a clause. This
category comprises the most common adverbs - the ones that end in -ly.
 Examples:
- The soldiers fight bravely.
- The students compete fairly.
- She stared at me curiously.
- Sarah slowly walked over the rocky beach.
- The brothers were badly injured in the accident.

2. Adverb of Time
Adverb of time is a word that refers to when something happens or is located.
Some words that are classified as adverb of time are immediately (soon), then
(later), now (now), yesterday (yesterday), tommorow (tomorrow), later (later),
daily (every day), and others.

Examples:
- Let’s begin to work now.
- Yusron always comes late.
- The postman comes daily.
- His factory was exploded a few months ago.
- He fall and died yesterday.

3. Adverb of Place
An adverb who uses place information tells us where something happened. We
use it after verbs, objects or at the end of sentences. Adverbs of place include
above, below, here, outside, over there, there, under, upstairs,etc.

Examples:
- My boss is out.
- They rushed for their lives when fire broke out in the room below.
- She always looks down.
- We went into the cave, and there were bats everywhere!
- Susan placed the boxes above the file cabinet.
4. Adverb of Frequency
Adverb of frequency explains how often something happens. The words used
for adverb of frequency are again, almost, always, ever, frequently, generally,
hardly ever, nearly, almost always, never, occasionally, often, seldom,
sometimes, twice, usually, and weekly.

Examples:
- I have told you twice.
- I always read a book before bed.
- She usually shops at the Korean market in town.
- I often forget her name.
- Bob always forgets to check his email before class begins.

5. Adverb of Certainty
Adverb of certainty expresses how we believe in an action or event. Adverb of
certainty is used before the main verb (main verb) except that the main verb is
"to be", in which case the adverb of certainty is used after it. like certainly,
definitely, maybe, undoubtedly, surely, definitely, clearly, obviously,
apparently.

Examples:
- It will probably rain tonight.
- They are obviously dishonest.
- Undoubtedly, he was a great politician.
- Yudi is obviously very clever.
- Surely you’ve got a bicycle.

6. Adverb of Degree
An Adverb that uses degree information, tells us how big or the level of
something that has happened. Adverb of degree words include almost, much,
nearly, quite, really, so, too, very, etc.

Examples:
 - He came rather late.
- Her daughter is quite skinny for her age.
- It was too dark for us to find our way out of the tunnel.
- Dhani sings pretty well.
- She is very beautiful.

7. Interrogative Verb
Interrogative adverbs such as why, where, how and when are placed at the
beginning of the question. The answer to this question uses prepositional
sentences or phrases. After putting the interrogative adverb in the question, you
must change the subject and verb so that the verb is at the beginning of the
sentence. Examples of interrogative adverb words: why, where, when, and
how.

Examples:
- Where are you going tonight?
- How long will you stay in Makassar?
- Why are you so late? There was a lot of traffic
- Where is your sister?
- Why are there empty beer bottles in the garden?

8. Conjunction Adverb
The adverb conjunction has the role of connecting two clauses. Examples of
conjunction adverbs are however, consequently, then, next, and still. The
conjunctive adverb is usually placed at the beginning of the main clause (and
followed by the comma); usually using semicolons, but only when the two
clauses (which are before and after the conjunctive adverb) are independent
and can stand alone.

Examples:
- Life is hard. However, life can be fun.
- My friend Mark doesn’t enjoy school. Still, he’s working hard at getting
good grades
 - The market is very difficult these days. Consequently, we need to focus
on what works best for our customers.
- We have many different sizes of this shirt; however, it comes in only
one color.
- It rained hard; moreover, lightening flashed and thunder boomed.

Kinds of Determiner
Determiners are words used to explain / explain / clarify nouns. The word / group of words
is placed in front of the noun (noun) to clarify in reference to what the noun is.

1. Articles (a, an, and the)

Articles are words used with nouns to indicate the type of reference made by
the noun. Articles themselves are divided into several types but the most
common are, Indefinite articles and Definite articles.

a. Indefinite Articles (a, an)

The indefinite article is the word a or an. It is used before a noun to define
it as something non-specific (e.g., something generic or something
mentioned for the first time).

Examples:
- I'm a murderer.
- She read a magazine
- He ate an apple.

b. Definite Article (the)

The indefinite article contrasts with the definite article (the), which
defines something as specific (e.g., something previously mentioned or
known, something unique or something being identified by the speaker).

Examples:
 - I'm the murderer.
- The dog is barking too loudly.
- We went to the best restaurant in town.

2. Possessives (your, my, her, his, their, our, its)

Possessives are grammatical words or constructions that are used to show
ownership relationships in a broad sense.

Examples:
- The man steal her bag
- The dog cant reach its tail.
- It's our secret recipe.
- Which one is his house?
- My best friend is a cat.

3. Demonstrative (this, these, that, those)

Demonstrative determiners show where an object, event, or person has
something to do with the subject. Demonstrative can refer to physical or
psychological closeness or distance.

Examples:
- Do you want this piece of chicken?
- He wanted those boys to go away.
- I see these boxes behind your house.
- I don't want to go to that movie.
- Those pencils are mine.

4. Quantifier (A little, A few, much, many, some, any, each, every, a lot
of, most, enough).
Quantifier is a type of determiner (such as all, some, or much) that expresses a
relative or indefinite indication of quantity. Quantifiers usually appear in front
of nouns (as in all children), but they may also function as pronouns (as in All
have returned).
 Examples:
- She has a lot of keys that he need.
- Some people are happy after party.
- He took all the books.
- Many kittens are taught to hunt by their mothers.
- She liked all desserts equally.

a. Number
Numerals Determiners are members of a word class (or subclass of
determiners) that points to numbers.

Examples:
- She was the fifth person to win the award.
- Five hundred people were left homeless after the earthquake.

b. Ordinal Number
Ordinal numbers are members of the word class (or subclasses of
determiners). Ordinal number is a number that represents a stage, for
example first, second, third, fourth, fifth and so on.

Examples:
- I want to give the second question for you.
- She will be your third client.

5. Distributive (all, half, both, neither, either, every, each)

Distributives are used to show a group of objects / people / a part (members) of
a group.

Examples:
- Both Dewi and Rini are her enemies.
- All cats love milk.
- Half of his money goes to charity.
 - Either of the books was worth keeping.
- Neither of the dogs barked.

References
Dayne, S., Jayetta, S., Natasha, W., & Jeff, W. The Little, Brown Handbook, 11th Edition, 2010,
315-326.
Pronoun. November 16, 2019. Monmouth University.
[Link]
DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE ARTICLES. November 16, 2019. Butte College.
[Link]
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