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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
169 views20 pagesBasic Mathemetics
Free
Uploaded by
Nashim KhanCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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/ 20
‘ As Per Revised Syllabus of Gujarat Technological University
Lhd) Re WANN sa ORS a
MATHEMATICS
O
iG
Ad Atul PRNCKSHEN
4 GANDHI ROAD, AHMEDABAD.
. A - A * Gee As per new revised syllabus of
Gujarat Technological University
vec eee! WG2gferser Code No. 3300001 of woeesH Bice
Ria, Ralisa, sagsa wa wou Briar soirctt Renee wi
Quy Beeee afer Genellel a2
BASIC
MATHEMATICS
: Authors :
Prin. G.C. Patel Ami Chira
MLSc., M.Phil.
Former Principal, Bd B linens of rex
AM. College of Science & Vallabh Wigan a
— Technology, Anand
Hemant Tank
First Edition : 2012-2013 Price = 150=00
GANDHI ROA
ATUL PP" gg
mn 1.1 Introduction
1.2 Concept
1.3 Definition of Logarithmic Function
1.4 Rules of Logarithms
* Illustrations
* Exercise
1.1 Introduction :
Logarithms are very useful in mathematics and also in various branches of science and
hence the study of logarithms and logarithmic functions is important.
Logarithm is inverse process of taking powers.
You have studied logarithms in previous standards and have also seen how calculations
are made easy with the help of common logarithms.
1.2 Concept :
In some units of mathematics, we consider two opposite processes. For example,
subtraction is opposite process of addition. Similarly, logarithm is opposite process of
taking powers of numbers. Logarithm is an important method of representing the index of
a number in a different manner.
The following clarify this concept
=
base
logarithm,
Exponential form Logarithmic form
Inthe above, ye Rt, xeR and ae R*- {1}.
Here it can be seen that exponential form can be converted into logarithmic form and
vice-versa according to certain rules.
On the left we have exponential form. By taking power x of a positive real number a
(not 1), we get the value y. Here a is called base and x is called index or exponent. We have
studied this in detail in chapter 1.
It should be noted that for any acceptable values of a and x, the result y is always
positive. For example, 23= 4-150
‘The form on the right is logarithmic form. log, y is read as ‘logarithm of y to the base ”
a’. Here y is a number whose logarithm to the base a is to be found. If this logarithm is x,
then. jt, means thet.by taking index x to the base @, we get the value y.
Banic Math / 1/2012 y exponential und logarithmic for
ms will throw more light on tt
Iustrations ; f
é
ii ©
Logarithmic form
Exponential form
% [sits }
Exponential form
In the first illustration, base is 2 and index is 3, Here in logarithmic form logarithm = 4
Thus, the index in the exponential expression and the logarithm in. the, logarithm
expression are equal (both are 3), The base remains the same in both the expressions,
Similarly, in the second illustration, the base on both sides is 81. The logarithm on 1\\
2. a
left is 2 which becomes the index on the right.
2)
Logarithmic form
1.3 Definition of Logarithmic Function :
For a R*— {1}, a function f: R*> R, f(x) = log x is called logarithmio function
It should be noted that the domain of the logarithmic function is a set of ‘Positive ical
numbers. Hence we cannot obtain logarithm of zero or negative numbers. Allgo the base «
must be a positive real number other than 1. 5
For example, we cannot get log, (~ 8). .
Notes, :
(1) Exponential function is an inverse function of logarithmic function andl vice-versa
(2) We cannot obtain logarithms of zero or negative numbers,
Types of logarithms :
The base of a logarithm can be a positive real number not equal to 1. Hence we ct
obtain infinite number of logarithms of a single number by taking different bases: Thus tic
can be many types of logarithms. But out of these there are main two types’ (1) comm!
logarithm (2) natural logarithm. sondite:
(1) Common logarithm : Logarithms to the base 10 are called common logarithm
Common Jogarithms are used in science subjects for ease in calculations, They :
also used for calculating interest etc, Tables of common logarithm are include’ i
most of the books on mathematics. ‘ o r
(2) Natural logarithm : The system of logarithms whose base is ihetestetan ie
called the natural logarithm system. Natural logarithms were defined by Napic'
This type of logarithms are useful mostly in calculus and calculatigns of high"
level. For example, in differentiating a logarithmic function in calculus, we have”
use base ¢ logarithms, Logarithm 3
1.4 Rules of Logarithms :
Let a,x, y,€ Rt and a#l.
Rule 1: (Logarithm of a Product) : The logarithm of the product of two positive
numbers x and y is equal to the sum of the logarithms of the numbers. i.c.,
log, (xy) = log, x + log, y
Rule 2 ; (Logarithm of a quotient) : The logarithm of the quotient of two positive
numbers x andy is equal to the difference of the logarithms of the numbers
ie,
log, (3) = log, x — 10g,
Rule 3: (Logarithm of a power) : The logarithm of the n'* power of a positive
number x is equal to n multiplied by the logarithm of the number i.c.,
log, (x") = n log, x
Rule 4: (Rule of change of base) : The logarithm of a positive number x taken to
the base y is equal to the ratio of logarithms of x andy taken to the new base
a(a#l) ie,
log, x
log, *= Top, y
ILLUSTRATIONS
(1) log, 15 = log, (3 x 5) = 1og,3 + log,5
(2) log, 3 = log, 3 log, 4
(3) log, 53 = 3 log,5
__ logio}5
(4) log, 15 = O07
Remember :
(1) log, 1=0 (#1) @) log,a=t (3) dary=y, ae Rt- {1}
Example 1 : Evaluate :
1
(i) log, 49 (ii) log, 3 (ii) logs (625)
Gv) logy (0.0001) (¥) tog, (243) (vi) 3181/3"
Solutio’ :
(i) log, 49 = log, 72 = 2 (logy 7) = 2 (1)
2
=-3()=-3
Gif day = log, (AL) = tog, 29) = - 3 Hee? Basic Mathematic
Git) log, 5 4)
9) ogy (0.0001) = log ig(10" 4) = - 4 logig 10 = 4 (=
log (243)
Using the rule of ais
log ava) (Using the rule of change of base)
~4
(vy) log, 5 (243) =
—108(35)__tog(ss)
toa(3"4)
(i) og,,.9 = toans(§
1
~ 2loain() -2x1=~2
. 38039
Example 2 ; Simplify
w te) +a) toe $) ton (22)
3
(ii) log, 84 — log, 28 — 3183!
) (log x? — log x) x (log 1 — log x) + (log x92 (TEB, Dec. 2007)
) Solution :
GY Given expression = log (2 . m % & 3
= log 1=0
(il) Given expression = log, 84 — log, 28 — 1
(leat <1)
=loss(53)-! = log, 3-1
=1-1=0 tv log,a=1)
Gli) Given expression = (2 log x — log x) x (0 — log x) + (log x)?
= (log x) (— log x) + (log x)?
. = — (log x)? + (log x)? =.9 Logarithy
UN
Kwamnple 3
Solution ;
Example 4
Solution +
. a~b=2vab
Example 5
Solution +
+ I log, (243 7 9) = 2.7, then find the value of a.
We are given that
og, (243 x YO) = 2.7.
qt 21 . 2
log, (89 + 8) = Fy ‘Jog, (35% I] = Fy
303 ae lett
log [40 | a » [3%
HP ig tons] 3* |= 10
27,5
. og, 3= 39% 97
by 4
sittog (<2 | =~ dog a+ lug 6) then prove that a? + b? = 6ab.
2) 2
(TEB, Dec. 2006)
We are given that
fab
log (3*) =} (log a + log 6)
log (3) = log (ub)"”?
(a - bP = 4ab
uw? Quah + b? = dab a? + b? = 6ub
1
: It log ( ast) = Flog a+ log) then prove that a = 6.
(July-2011)
We are given that
tos (454 !
on (SF
2
log (4?) = log ab
(a+ bY = 4ab + 2ab + b? - dub =0
ab + = 0 Gn ed
. a=b
log ab Basic Mathematics
. ene 1 ip (It
Example 6 : (i) If.x= wae’ then show that y= > log,| 7 — >) -
(ii) If 2r = ef +e, then prove that y = log (x + (/x?—1).
Solution :
=e Lette
i) We have x = 3" ae
wo Brae x ere i
By compondendo dividendo, we get
ef te? tele
2) =2y (By definition of logarithm)
Lop. (Lx
ye3 tog.(142)
(ii) We have 2x =e" + 6%,
Yee
gue i
eve e
f2—| =e 5 e* gel
2 ete? oder
ava? 1 = SE ESE Using (1) and 2)] y= log, (x + x21), — [By definition of logarithm]
Example 7 : Prove that
() log [x + v?=i]+ tog[x -Vx?- 1] 0 (TEB, Dec. 2007)
1 1 1
ht 1 TER,
log, abe log, abe * log, abe (TER, April 2006)
1 1 1
gia a ip re TEB, May 2001
(iD Tog,, Gaye)” log,. (aye) ” log,, (aye) 88, Mages
1 1
1
cB, 0
(Tog, yetT ” Tog, ove” log, ay+ (TEB, June 2008)
Solution :
(i) LHS =log[x +vx?=I] + log [rv =T]
= log [(x+¥e7=1) (x—V=1)]
= log [x2 = (x? - 1] = log 1 = 0 = RHS .
1 1
(i) LHS = +——_ +
log, abe log,abe ~ log,.abe
i 1 1 ;
= Tog, abe * Tog, abe * Tog abe (Change of base)
log, « log, b log,¢
— 084 log, b ‘ log ¢
log, abe” log, abe log, abc
= 108_a + log, b + loge _ log, abe
log, abe Tog, abe
=1=RHS
Gil) LHS = 1
! 1
a
log..,(2¥2) “ log,, (xyz) t Iog,,052) Basic Mathematics
1 ! (change buse)
ToRg log, xyz * log,
Wea “Tog, yz dog, zx
= 1080 , log, yz 4 Oba ze
“Tog, ave * Tog, aye log, az
= !8a% +Hogy ye+log, 2x _ log, (xyx ye xzx)
ogee log, xyz
= MBe Gaz?
log, xyz
1 1
HS = ~———_ 4,
oe log, ye+1 "log ex +1 log, xy +1
1 1 x
“Tee
"8,92 + log, x " log, er + log,y loglxy+logz (- log, a= ty
1 1
“hoe Se te
log xyz log, xyz "Tog. xyz
I
“wet Tear’ tor (Change of basey
PEE 7
log, x “Tos,.7 Tog. z
I i
eee a te 198, + + log Y+ log z
log, xe log, xyz log, aye ee te
a
= Mle 1 pus
log, xyz
Example 8 : Prove that
2 2
a b ee
(ii) log —— + log 7 + log =
2, 264
(iii) log gh e 7 8 or
4s (TEB, Dec. 2000)
jog, w log, y?x log, 24 = 24. Logarithm
w) To ¥ + HO? #2 + FOR =? + HOt
wy Pe - (tb °
log, 4 log, >
Solution :
‘ a-b b=
(i) LHS = logy [§ec" geen xet)= log, 1 =
= oe [53
0 = RHS
e 2 log 1 = 0 = RHS
o) wits = fs [$2 ae 7
hhange of buse rule]
log, p? , 10859" y 108s r
ps = OP xp * on Te [Using cl
Gi) LHS 96 “tog, ve” es [Using
2108.2 2log.g ,, 21084
Tiog.q 2/08" Tog. P
ea dx 4x = 64= RAS |
(iv) LHS = lo8,*” 2 tog, 92% 82
4
_ log? ae Jog2* (change of base)
= Toy Tog.*
2logx , 3108¥ x 4logz
= ogy |B? fog
eg 3x42 24= RAS
(vy) LHS= 108m co: Re yah +o, 8°
a
jogs, 128% logs log* (py change of base rule)
= log em logan’
tops , 2108 |, SOB logs
=Jogm * 2loR™ Flogm * 41ogm
toss 4 08H log , lox _ 4 lose
im Toem *logm " Togm logm
(by change of base rule)
= 4 log,,« = RHS
logy b
log, 6
(vi) LHS =
Sixete Math /2/ 2012 Basic Mathemari,
10 :
loga log
. we . ree (By change of base rule]
oR<
logy logy
~ logy — logy - .
“Togs Teeg =O RUS
Example 9 : Prove that
10 25 81
w@ 23log “> ~ 6 log +10 log 55 = log 10
(i) 16 tog a ~4 log * - Tog ° = log 5 (TEB, May 200:
gw 4,1, i
T0z,6 ‘Wog36 (TEB, May 200+
fy py 1a (TEB, Aprit 200:
4oR624 tog),24 ” logs 24 vee
Solution :
(i) LHS =
1029 (8x3) (9210
98 RT yo (8x 10)'9
oe BE x36 920
= log “SIF * gO gto
= log [ 1023-10 g6- 10 93+ 20-23 5-12)
= log | 10!3 x 8-4 x 90 x 5-12
= log [513 x 213 x 2-12 512] Le Ph
= log [ 513-12 213-12) = log [5x 2]
=-log 10 = RHS "
Logarithm
(ii) LHS = log (2)
fiom 244 81°]
6 958
(Sr —
= log | ow * 2a
b
a,
= log [ 516- 8-7 x 34 + 28-32 x 16+ 12-28]
= log [ 5! x 39x 2°] =log [5x 1% 1]
= log 5 = RHS
1 L log? _ log3
(i) LHS = Top * Tog, 6 Tog6 * log6
_ log2 + log3 _ log6
logo. ‘logo
at gel
Gv) LHS = 109,24 * log 24 * logy24
- 1,4
= ig + mat me
loge Tog? Tous:
_ logs , log!2 , log8 _ log6 + logi2 + logs
Tog24 log24 log24 log 24
_ log (6 x12 x8) _ 1og576 _ log(24)
Toe 24 Tog24 log 24
_ 2log 24 aig
Top 24
Example 10: If log, x = a, logy, 2x = 5 and logy, ax = c, then prove that
abc +1 = 2be.
log, x
Solution : log, a + a= logs, nes (Change of base) Basic Mathematics
log, 2x logy 3x
Similarly b = Tog 3x and = Jog, 4x
». LHS =abe +1
_ log, x. log, 2x _ log, 3x 1 q
“Tog, 2x * Tog, 3x * Tog, 4x *
logy x | | _ l0By xtlog, 4x
“Tog, 4x 7) ‘Top, 4x
_ log y(xx4x) _ logy 4x?
“Tog 4x ~ Tog, 4x ae seen (I)
2log, 2x _ log, 3x _ 2log, 2x
Tog, 3x“ Tog, 4x log, 4x
RHS = 2bc =
_logy(2x)? _ logy 4x?
= “Tog, 4x log, ae none |
:
By (1) and (2), we get LHS = RHS
Example WL : If 222 ‘tie = - R610? _ sine, then prove that
ca a
wu xtybe aad yore. tbe, (TEB, April 2005).
logiox _ logioy _ !08102_
Solution : Suppose "> =—="y- = "a-b =k
logig =k b-0)
logig y= k (C -@)
logig z= k (a - b)
* logigx + logig ¥ + loioz =k (b-c+c-ata-b)=0
1. logyg (yz) = 0 . aye = 109 = 1
Multiplying (1) , @) and (G3) respectively by
4G logig x + b logigy +c logygz=k [ab
» logyg x7 + logig + loB10 =k O) o
logig Lx4y'z]=0 2 xtybe = 10° = 1 tet
Mulhiplying (1), (2) and (3) respectively by (b + c), (e+ 4) and a * ™
adding, we get
a, band cand then adding, we get
py b(cayee (an A Mager eit
(b+ 0) logigx +(c + a) logigy + (2+ B) logig z=
k{(b +0) (b-c) + (c +a) (c~ a) + (@ +5) (@-b)]
logig x? © 4 logy 4 + logyg Zt P= k [P= 2+ 2a + a2 B2
logy Lx? +e. yore. a+b] =0=logig I
re. yore wtbay
Example 12 : Solve the following equations :
(log x + log ( - 5) = log 6
(6)
(ii) log (2c + 1) + log Gx -1) = 0
(ii) Joy
i) Tog, (x + §) + log, (x - 2) =3 ro) See S08 — og 27
Solution : "
(i) log x + log (x - 5) = log 6
dog (x Gr 5)} = log 6 x (x= 5)=6
x2 §x-6=0 “ @+1) @-6=0
. oxe-1 or x=6
But x cannot be negative because x Rt.
x=6
Gi) log (2x + 1) + log Gr- 1) =0
log {2x4 1) Gr- 1D] slog! — (log 1 =0)
Qx+N@r- N=! OP 4x-2=0
(2r-1) Gx +2)=0 ash oF x3
2
Bux#-3 because x€ Rt,
a ped
. xEG
(iii) logy (x + 5) + logy Ge - 2) =3
logy { (r+ 5) @- 2) 1=3 2. Vogy (x? + 3x - 10) =3
ew-l0=2 cx? 43x- 1058
43-1820 2 (x3) @+6)=0
» xe3orx=-6
Wf x=-6,x455-645=-1 and x-2=-6-2=-8.
Here both x +5 and x2 become negative for x= ~6.
But we cannot have logarithms of negative numbers.
x#-6 0 x53 2) x (og
Tog?
wv)
2 log x = log 27
log x = log (27)!2
x= (3412
. 32 = 39
. Solve : log, (log3 (log, x) =
Example 13 : So 82 (logs (logy x)) = 1, (March 249,
Solution : logy (logs (logo x) = 1
logs (logg a) =
logy x= 32 = 9
Example 14 : If b2 = ac, then prove that 2 _ __ 1 :
ae ae
oe, s logs” Tog x”
Solution : We have 6? = av.
Taking logarithms of both sides to the
log, () = log, (ac) .
*Dlog, b = log, u + log, ¢
base x. we get
logb — log loge
2 280 loge loge: (Using change of base rule)
logx logy” loge
eo loan ge
= oe = men (By change of base rule)
41
Example 15 ; If a2 = 53 =d°, then prove that log, (bed) =
Solution : Let a? = 63 = 4 = =k
I
Pak > a=k2
: de dL
Similarly, b=k3, c=k4 = and = d=K3,
ee
Now, bed =k3-k4-kS5 =k} 405 wvisvi2 47
ek 0
log, (bed)
od) = ——— (Cha ni
LHS = 108, (bed) log, a (Change of base)
a
60
m4! — log k
Example 16 : Prove that log)y 800 = 2 +3 log 2.
Solution : LHS = logo 800
= logyg (100 x 8)
= logig 100 + logyy 8
= logig 10? + logig 23
= 2 logy 10 +3 logig 2
= 21) +3 logyg 2
=2+3 logy) 2 = RHS
Mt i ey
DloBg 16 (ii) ogg (2v2) Gi) 1082 (33) Gv) tog, JF
Evaluate ;
() ares (vii) log. (¥36) (vii on 9 (335) ain 184 us
- Ba
Prove that ~
(i) 0B (1 +243) = log 1+ log 2+ log 3
i SL
Mi) log ts + log # esibg 2 log 2
(ii) gp S55
W108 T§ —2log 5+ log sry log?
15 6 Pee Matheney
25 64. 32
(iv) log 450 + log 335 + 108 355 + low 55 = 0
1 I 7
() Tog, 24 * Tog,,24 * Tog, 24 = 2
3. Prove that —
@ (log, @ ) (log, b) (log, ¢) = 1
(i): logy, a? log,s b?- log, 5 ¢? =8
iii) | ke a 3
(iii) log, x + 08 2 xe+ log ax
(iv) = log, (abe)
() log, y x log, z x log. w= log, w
; 1
(vi) ———— + ——_,_ 1
Vogars(a) logyrelx) ” logeyalay
kry)_1
If log (32) = 5 (log x + log y), prove that x24 y? = Ixy,
"
If log (x? + y?) = 2 (log x + log y), prove that log x = log y — log Jy? <1.
*
If a¥ = bY = c%, then prove that logy bos x (44 L W280.
Pal
Tf (2.5 = (0.25) = 1000, then prove that x“! — y-! = 3-1,
. Solve the following equations :
(i) logy x + logy 2x = 6 (ii) log, (Sx - 3) = 2 + log, 2
og, 256
meee (iv) log, Gx - 2) - log, (x +4) = log, 2
__, logx
Gil) jogs
9. If log, x3 - log, 25 = log, x, find x.
10. If log, x= 3 and log, y=4, find y. 4 .
oy «iy iii) -7 3
1 4
Ws Wi (vii) - 6 (viii) 3
. vy 3 7
i) 43 LS Gil) 16 iv) 10
5 10. 27)"
Ex. 1: Prove the followings :
(i) 3 log 4 - 2 log 6 + log (18)32 Ans. : log (96./2)
_. (108379) - (log 64)
(i) ede Ans, :4
Git) logy {logy (logy 16)}
2 2 3
(iv) log,34@” «tog 3 6° + log 3c
Ex. 2 : Solve the following :
Basic Math /3/ 2012
(1) 10g ( ++)
Foe a + log 5} then prove that a = b.
(2) 1p Ret HBr. lobe
a
then prove that x°*°. yt. 9248 24,
c-aa-b
tytn,
3) Ita=logy”, b=Iog,* &b=Iog,* then provethat + 1 +
where x,y,z € R*- (I)
(4) If loge (toes Vi | 7 2 then prove that n = 16,
| Basic Matha,
18
Matic
) I f(ad= we, (14 14) mre a FO Ox,
(5) If f(x) = logy
+x?
+b
(6) MYC) =log, xthen prove that f(a) + f(b) =< f (4) Susy
“s 1 l+x
@ Wx=£ = then prove that r= 6(7* | whe
