Trump–Russia dossier

The Trump–Russia dossier, also known as the Steele dossier,[1] is a private intelligence report written
from June to December 2016 containing allegations of misconduct, conspiracy, and co-operation between
Donald Trump's presidential campaign and the Government of Russia during the 2016 election. Some
allegations have been corroborated, while many remain unverified. The leaked dossier is an unfinished
35-page compilation of raw intelligence[2] based on information from witting and unwitting anonymous
sources known to the author, counterintelligence specialist[3] Christopher Steele,[4] a former head of the
Russia Desk for British intelligence (MI6), written for the private investigative firm Fusion GPS. The
report's 17 unredacted memos allege that Trump campaign members and Russian operatives had
conspired to co-operate in Russia's election interference to benefit Trump.[5] It also alleges that Russia
sought to damage Hillary Clinton's candidacy, including sharing negative information about Clinton with
the Trump campaign.[6] The dossier was published in full by BuzzFeed News on January 10, 2017.[7]
Several mainstream media outlets criticized BuzzFeed's decision to publish the memos without verifying
their allegations,[8][9] while others defended their publication.[10]

In October 2015, Fusion GPS was contracted by conservative political website The Washington Free
Beacon to provide general opposition research on Trump and other Republican presidential candidates. In
April 2016, an attorney for Hillary Clinton's campaign and the DNC separately hired Fusion GPS to
investigate Trump, while The Free Beacon stopped its backing in May 2016.[4] In June 2016, Fusion
GPS subcontracted Steele's firm to compile the dossier. DNC officials denied knowing their attorney had
contracted with Fusion GPS, and Steele asserted he was not aware the Clinton campaign was the
recipient of his research until months after he contracted with Fusion GPS.[11][12] Following Trump's
election as president, funding from Clinton and the DNC ceased, but Steele continued his research and
was reportedly paid directly by Fusion GPS co-founder Glenn R. Simpson.[13] While compiling the
dossier, Steele passed information to both British and American intelligence services.[14][15]

The media, the intelligence community, and most experts have treated the dossier with caution due to its
unverified allegations, while Trump has denounced it as fake news.[16] The U.S. intelligence community
took the allegations seriously,[17] and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) investigated every line of
the dossier and spoke with two of Steele's sources.[18] The Mueller Report, a summary of the findings of
the Special Counsel investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. elections, contained passing
references to some of the dossier's allegations but little mention of its more sensational claims.[18]

Some aspects of the dossier have been corroborated,[19][20] in particular its main allegations: that Putin
and Russia actively favored Trump over Clinton,[21][14] and that many Trump campaign officials and
associates had multiple secret contacts with Russians.[22][23] However, many allegations in the dossier
remain unverified, and one allegation against Michael Cohen was disproven by the Mueller Report using
Cohen's own words.[24] The Daily Telegraph has reported that anonymous sources believe that Russian
intelligence agencies may have sought to create doubt about the veracity of the dossier.[25]

Contrary to a conspiracy theory[26][27] pushed by Trump,[28] Fox News,[29] and many of Trump's
congressional supporters, the dossier was not the trigger for the opening of the FBI's "Crossfire
Hurricane" counterintelligence investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election
campaign.[30][31] It did play a central role in the seeking of FISA warrants on Carter Page[32] in terms of
establishing probable cause.[33]

Contents
History
Research funded by conservative website
Research funded by Democrats produces dossier
What the DNC, Clinton campaign, and Steele knew
Hints of existence
Mother Jones story
Post-election events
Briefings of Obama and Trump
Publication by BuzzFeed News
Format
Authorship
Allegations
Cultivation of Trump
Conspiracy, co-operation, and back channel communication
Why Russia supports Trump
Changing relationships
Kompromat and blackmail: Trump
Kompromat: Clinton
Kremlin pro-Trump and anti-Clinton
Key roles of Manafort, Cohen, and Page
DNC email hack, leaks, and misinformation
Kickbacks and quid pro quo agreements to lift sanctions
Russian spy withdrawn
Cultivation of various U.S. political figures
Use of botnets and porn traffic by hackers
Possible earlier interest in Trump
Veracity and verification of specific allegations
Russian assistance to the Trump campaign
Manafort's and others' co-operation with Russian efforts
Russian conversations confirmed
'Golden showers' allegation
Trump viewed as under Putin's influence
Kremlin behind DNC email hack and use of WikiLeaks
Timing of release of hacked emails
Manafort and kickback payments from Yanukovych
Page met with Rosneft officials
Sale of 19.5% stake of Rosneft
Lifting of sanctions
Cohen and alleged Prague visit
 Republican position on Russian conflict with Ukraine and related sanctions
Relations with Europe and NATO
Possible Trump withdrawal due to unfitness
Spy withdrawn from Russian embassy
Use of botnets and porn traffic by hackers
Veracity of dossier
Reputation in the U.S. intelligence community
Varied observations of dossier's veracity
Investigations using or referencing the dossier
FBI's investigation of Russian interference
Origins did not involve dossier
The Russian election interference investigation's later relation to the dossier
Special counsel investigation
Subject of the Nunes memo
Inspector General's Russian interference and FISA investigation
Denials of specific accusations
Michael Cohen
Aleksej Gubarev
Paul Manafort
Carter Page
Donald Trump
Reactions to dossier
Donald Trump
Other responses
Death of Oleg Erovinkin
Litigation
Against BuzzFeed News and Fusion GPS
Filed by Gubarev
Filed by Fridman, Aven, and Khan
Filed by Cohen
Against Steele and Orbis Business Intelligence
Against DNC and Perkins Coie
Conspiracy theories
Legacy
See also
References
Further reading
External links

History
The opposition research conducted by Fusion GPS on Donald Trump was in two distinct operations, each
with a different client. The first research operation, from October 2015 to May 2016, was domestic
research funded by The Washington Free Beacon. The second operation, from April 2016 to December
2016, was funded by the DNC and the Clinton campaign. Only the second operation involved the foreign
research that produced the dossier.[34][35] From April 2016 into early May, the Washington Free Beacon
and the Clinton Campaign/DNC were independently both clients of Fusion GPS.

Research funded by conservative website

In October 2015, before the official start of the 2016 Republican primary campaign, the founders of
Fusion GPS were seeking political work and wrote an email to "a big conservative donor they knew who
disliked Trump, [and] they were hired". He arranged for them to use The Washington Free Beacon, an
American conservative political journalism website, for their general opposition research on several
Republican presidential candidates, including Trump.[36][1] It is primarily funded by Republican donor
Paul Singer.[1] The Free Beacon and Singer were "part of the conservative never-Trump movement".[37]

Early in their investigation, they received help from investigative reporter Wayne Barrett, who gave them
his files on Trump. They contained findings about "Trump's past dealings, including tax and bankruptcy
problems, potential ties to organized crime, and numerous legal entanglements. They also revealed that
Trump had an unusually high number of connections to Russians with questionable backgrounds."[36]

For months, Fusion GPS gathered information about Trump, focusing on his business and entertainment
activities. When Trump became the presumptive nominee on May 3, 2016,[38] the conservative donor
stopped funding the research on him.[4][39]

In October 2017, the Free Beacon issued a statement:

All of the work that Fusion GPS provided to the Free Beacon was based on public sources,
and none of the work product that the Free Beacon received appears in the Steele dossier.
The Free Beacon had no knowledge of or connection to the Steele dossier, did not pay for
the dossier, and never had contact with, knowledge of, or provided payment for any work
performed by Christopher Steele. Nor did we have any knowledge of the relationship
between Fusion GPS and the Democratic National Committee, Perkins Coie, and the Clinton
campaign.[40]

Although the source of the Steele dossier's funding had already been reported correctly over a year
before,[4][39][41] and the Free Beacon had issued a statement to this effect in October 2017,[40] a
February 2, 2018, story by the Associated Press (AP) contributed to confusion about its funding by
stating that the dossier "was initially funded" by the Washington Free Beacon, so the AP posted a
correction the next day: "Though the former spy, Christopher Steele, was hired by a firm that was
initially funded by the Washington Free Beacon, he did not begin work on the project until after
Democratic groups had begun funding it."[42]

By the spring of 2016, researchers at Fusion GPS had become so alarmed by what they had already
learned about Trump that they felt the need "to do what they could to keep Trump out of the White
House".[43]
Research funded by Democrats produces dossier
The second operation of opposition research was funded by the DNC and the Clinton campaign, working
through their attorney of record, Marc Elias of Perkins Coie.[44] In an October 2017 letter, Perkins Coie
general counsel Matthew Gehringer described how, in March 2016, Fusion GPS approached Perkins Coie
and, knowing that the Clinton campaign and the DNC were its clients, inquired whether its clients wished
to pay Fusion GPS "to continue research regarding then-presidential candidate Donald Trump, research
that Fusion GPS had conducted for one or more other clients during the Republican primary contest."[45]
In April 2016, Elias hired Fusion GPS to perform opposition research on Trump.[44][45]

This move was not done without reservations on the part of Simpson, as he did not like the idea of
helping Hillary Clinton: "'The only way I could see working for HRC is if it is against Trump,' Simpson
wrote in an email to his partners."[46]

In June 2016,[4] as part of its work for Perkins Coie, Fusion GPS hired Orbis Business Intelligence, a
private British intelligence firm, to look into connections between Trump and Russia. Orbis co-founder
Christopher Steele, a retired British MI6 officer with expertise in Russian matters,[4] was hired as a
subcontractor to do the job.[47] Prior to his work on the dossier, Steele had been a paid informant for the
FBI[48] for information unrelated to the Russia investigation.[49]

In total, Perkins Coie paid Fusion GPS $1.02 million in fees and expenses, of which Fusion GPS paid
Orbis $168,000 to produce the dossier.[50] The DNC and Clinton campaign disclosed the total amount
paid to Perkins Coie on campaign finance reports.[51]

Orbis was hired between June and November 2016, and Steele produced 16 memos during that time,
with a 17th memo added in December.[52] The memos were like "prepublication notes" based on
information from Steele's sources, and were not released as a fully vetted and "finished news article".[53]
Steele believes 70–90 percent of the dossier is accurate,[54] a view that is shared by Simpson.[53]

Simpson has stated that, to his knowledge, Steele did not pay any of his sources.[55][56][57] According to
investigative reporter Jane Mayer of The New Yorker, Orbis has a large number of paid "collectors"
whose information came from a network of often unwitting sources. Since payment of these sources can
be seen as bribery or might encourage exaggeration, they are unpaid.[12] According to British journalist
Luke Harding, Steele's sources were not new, but trusted, proven, and familiar sources.[58] Howard Blum
said that Steele leaned on sources "whose loyalty and information he had bought and paid for over the
years".[59]

Steele delivered his reports individually to Fusion GPS as one- to three-page memos.[4] The first memo,
dated June 20, 2016, was sent to Washington by courier and hand-delivered to Fusion GPS. The names of
the sources were redacted and replaced with descriptions to help Fusion judge their credibility.[12]

Luke Harding wrote:

At first, obtaining intelligence from Moscow went well. For around six months—during the
first half of the year—Steele was able to make inquiries in Russia with relative ease. It got
harder from late July, as Trump's ties to Russia came under scrutiny. Finally, the lights went
out. Amid a Kremlin cover-up, the sources went silent and information channels shut
down.[60]
Steele has stated that he soon found "troubling information indicating connections between Trump and
the Russian government". According to his sources, "there was an established exchange of information
between the Trump campaign and the Kremlin of mutual benefit".[61] According to Harding, "Steele was
shocked by the extent of collusion his sources were reporting", and told his friends: "For anyone who
reads it, this is a life-changing experience."[54] Steele felt that what he had unearthed "was something of
huge significance, way above party politics."[59] American reporter Howard Blum described Steele's
rationale for becoming a whistleblower: "The greater good trumps all other concerns."[59]

On his own initiative, Steele decided to also pass the information to British and American intelligence
services because he believed the findings were a matter of national security for both countries.[14][15]
According to Simpson's testimony, Steele, who enjoyed a good working reputation "for the knowledge he
had developed over nearly 20 years working on Russia-related issues for British intelligence,[62]
approached the FBI because he was concerned that Trump, then a candidate, was being blackmailed by
Russia,[63] and he became "very concerned about whether this represented a national security threat".[14]

In early July 2016, Steele called seasoned FBI agent Michael Gaeta, who was stationed in Rome, and
asked him to come to London so he could show him his findings. Because he was assigned to the U.S.
embassy in Rome, Gaeta sought and was granted approval for the trip from Victoria Nuland, who was
then the Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs. When he arrived in London on
July 5, 2016, he met with Steele at his office. His reaction was "shock and horror".[63] Alarmed by what
he read, Gaeta remarked, "I have to show this to headquarters".[64]

As Nuland later shared, "In the middle of July, when he [Steele] was doing this other work and became
concerned, he passed two to four pages of short points of what he was finding and our immediate
reaction to that was, 'This is not in our purview'." "This needs to go to the FBI if there is any concern
here that one candidate or the election as a whole might be influenced by the Russian Federation. That's
something for the FBI to investigate."[65] Shortly after, in July, the report was sent to an agent with
expertise in criminal organizations and organized crime at the FBI's New York field office—essentially,
the wrong person to handle a counterintelligence investigation.[66][64] According to Nancy LeTourneau,
political writer for the Washington Monthly, the report "was languishing in the FBI's New York field
office" for two months, and "was finally sent to the counterintelligence team investigating Russia at FBI
headquarters in Washington, D.C." in September 2016.[67]

In August 2016, the FBI asked Steele for "all information in his possession and for him to explain how
the material had been gathered and to identify his sources."[60][61] Steele met with the FBI and provided
them with the names of the sources for the allegations in the dossier.[68] The former spy forwarded to the
bureau several memos—some of which referred to members of Trump's inner circle. After that point, he
continued to share information with the FBI."[61][60]

Meanwhile, in the July to September time frame, according to The Washington Post, CIA Director John
Brennan had started an investigation with a secret task force "composed of several dozen analysts and
officers from the CIA, the NSA and the FBI". At the same time, he was busy creating his own dossier of
material documenting that "Russia was not only attempting to interfere in the 2016 election, they were
doing so in order to elect Donald Trump ... [T]he entire intelligence community was on alert about this
situation at least two months before [the dossier] became part of the investigation." The "Steele dossier
has so far proven to be fairly accurate", LeTourneau wrote.[67]

In early August,[69] Steele was summoned to Rome where he gave a full briefing to four American FBI
officials about the report.[70][71] At that time, he handed over the June 20 and July 26 reports.[69]
During intense questioning, the FBI mentioned their own discoveries of connections between the Trump
campaign and Russia[70] and asked Steele about Papadopoulos, but he said he knew nothing about
him.[12] The agents "raised the prospect of paying Steele to continue gathering intelligence after Election
Day",[70] but Steele "ultimately never received payment from the FBI for any 'dossier'-related
information".[49] The subsequent public release of the dossier stopped discussions between Steele and the
FBI.[62] Simpson testified that "Steele wasn't paid by the FBI, but was possibly reimbursed for a trip to
Rome to meet with FBI officials."[41][72] According to Mayer, Steele asked the FBI to cover his travel
expenses to Rome, but he received nothing.[12]

Steele met with Jonathan Winer in September, then the U.S. deputy assistant secretary of state for
international law enforcement, whom he had known since 2009. In a 2018 editorial for The Washington
Post,[73] Winer recounted that during their meeting in Washington, he was allowed to review Steele's
reports, but not to keep a copy: "I prepared a two-page summary and shared it with [Victoria] Nuland,
who indicated that, like me, she felt that the secretary of state needed to be made aware of this material",
he wrote. Later in September, Winer discussed the report with Sidney Blumenthal, who revealed he had
received similar information from Cody Shearer, a controversial political activist and former journalist
who was close to the Clinton White House in the 1990s. Winer met with Steele again in late September,
and gave him a copy of Shearer's report, later known as the "second dossier".[74][75][76]

The founders of Fusion GPS were very upset by a New York Times article "published a week before the
election with the headline: 'Investigating Donald Trump, FBI Sees No Clear Link to Russia.' In fact,
Russia was meddling in the election to help Trump win, the U.S. intelligence community would later
conclude ..."[43] Simpson later said that "Steele severed his contacts with [the] FBI before the election
following public statements by the FBI that it had found no connection between the Trump campaign and
Russia and concerns that [the FBI] was being 'manipulated for political ends by the Trump people'."[77]
Steele had become frustrated with the FBI, whom he believed failed to investigate his reports, choosing
instead to focus on the investigation into Clinton's emails. According to The Independent, Steele came to
believe that there was a "cabal" inside the FBI, particularly its New York field office linked to Trump
advisor Rudy Giuliani, because it blocked any attempts to investigate the links between Trump and
Russia.[15]

What the DNC, Clinton campaign, and Steele knew

According to Fusion GPS's co-owners, Glenn Simpson and Peter Fritsch, they did not tell Steele who
their ultimate clients were, only that Steele was "working for a law firm",[12] and they "gave him no
specific marching orders beyond this basic question: 'Why did Mr. Trump repeatedly seek to do deals in a
notoriously corrupt police state that most serious investors shun?'"[56]

Jane Mayer reported that when the Clinton campaign "indirectly employed" Steele, Elias created a "legal
barrier" by acting as a "firewall" between the campaign and Steele. Thus, any details were protected by
attorney–client privilege. "Fusion briefed only Elias on the reports, Simpson sent Elias nothing on paper
—he was briefed orally", Mayer reported.[12] In its application for a FISA warrant to survey Carter Page,
the Department of Justice told the FISC that Simpson had not informed Steele of the motivation behind
the research into Trump's ties with Russia.[49] Only several months after signing the contract with Fusion
GPS did Steele learn that the DNC and the Clinton campaign were the ultimate clients,[12] and Steele
testified to Congress that he did not know the Clinton campaign was the source of the payments "because
he was retained by Fusion GPS".[78][11]
A spokesperson for the DNC said neither Tom Perez nor "the new leadership of the DNC were ...
involved in any decision-making regarding Fusion GPS, nor were they aware that Perkins Coie was
working with the organization."[45] A spokesperson for Perkins Coie said the campaign and the DNC
were unaware that Fusion GPS "had been hired to conduct the research".[79] The Washington Post
reported that it is not clear how much of the research Elias received from Fusion GPS he shared with the
campaign and the DNC. It is also not clear who in those organizations knew about the roles of Fusion
GPS and Steele, but one person "close to the matter" said the organizations were "not informed by the
law firm of Fusion GPS's role".[44] The New York Times revealed that earlier in 2017, "Mr. Elias had
denied that he had possessed the dossier before the election".[79][45] The Clinton campaign did not know
about Steele or that Steele was sharing his findings with the FBI, and "one top Clinton campaign official"
told Jane Mayer that "If I'd known the F.B.I. was investigating Trump, I would have been shouting it
from the rooftops!"[36]

The firewall was reportedly so effective that even campaign principals John Podesta and Robby Mook
did not know Steele was on the Democratic payroll until Mother Jones reported on the issue on October
31, 2016.[12] When the Mother Jones story broke, John Podesta, chairman of the Clinton campaign, said
he was "stunned by the news that the FBI had launched a full-blown investigation into Trump, especially
one that was informed by research underwritten by the Clinton campaign." Although they knew Perkins
Coie had spent money for opposition research, neither Podesta nor campaign manager Robby Mook
knew that Steele was on the Democratic payroll. Mayer said they both maintain they "didn't read the
dossier until BuzzFeed posted it online".[12] She has also stated that "the Clinton campaign never learned
that Christopher Steele was on their payroll until it [the dossier] was in the press."[80] "Far from a secret
campaign weapon, Steele turned out to be a secret kept from the campaign."[12] In their 2019 book, the
founders of Fusion GPS wrote "... that no one from Fusion ever met or talked with Clinton and that she
herself 'had no idea who they were'."[43][36]

Hints of existence
The founders of Fusion GPS have described how they did not hide the fact that they were researching
Trump and Russia: "Fusion and Steele tried to alert U.S. law enforcement and the news media to the
material they'd uncovered ..." and their office became "something of a public reading room" for
journalists seeking information. In September they arranged a private meeting between Steele and
reporters from The Washington Post, The New York Times, The New Yorker, ABC News, and other
outlets. The results were disappointing, as none published any stories before the election.[43]

Jane Mayer has described how, in "late summer, Fusion set up a series of meetings, at the Tabard Inn, in
Washington, between Steele and a handful of national-security reporters. ... Despite Steele's generally
cool manner, he seemed distraught about the Russians' role in the election." Mayer attended one of the
meetings. None of these news organizations ran any stories about the allegations at that time.[12]

Only two sources mentioned allegations, which we now know came from dossier memos, before the
election. Steele had been in contact with both authors. These were a September 23, 2016, Yahoo! News
article by Michael Isikoff which focused on Carter Page,[81] and an article by David Corn on October 31,
2016, a week before the election, in Mother Jones magazine.[61]

Mother Jones story

By the third quarter of 2016 many news organizations knew about the existence of the dossier, which had
been described as an "open secret" among journalists, but chose not to publish information they could not
confirm.[4][82] Mother Jones was the first to report the existence of the dossier and that it was exclusively
funded by Democrats.[83][84]

By October 2016, Steele had compiled 33 pages (16 memos), and he then passed on what he had
discovered to David Corn, a reporter from Mother Jones magazine. On October 31, 2016, a week before
the election, Mother Jones reported that a former intelligence officer, whom they did not name, had
produced a report based on Russian sources and turned it over to the FBI.[61] The article disclosed some
of the dossier's allegations:

The first memo, based on the former intelligence officer's conversations with Russian
sources, noted, "Russian regime has been cultivating, supporting and assisting TRUMP for
at least 5 years. Aim, endorsed by PUTIN, has been to encourage splits and divisions in
western alliance." It maintained that Trump "and his inner circle have accepted a regular
flow of intelligence from the Kremlin, including on his Democratic and other political
rivals". It claimed that Russian intelligence had "compromised" Trump during his visits to
Moscow and could "blackmail him". It also reported that Russian intelligence had compiled
a dossier on Hillary Clinton based on "bugged conversations she had on various visits to
Russia and intercepted phone calls."

— David Corn, "A Veteran Spy Has Given the FBI Information Alleging a Russian
Operation to Cultivate Donald Trump", Mother Jones (October 31, 2016)[61]

Post-election events
After Trump's election on November 8, 2016, the Democratic client stopped paying for the investigation,
but Steele continued working on the dossier for Fusion GPS.[4] According to The Independent, at that
time, Simpson "reportedly spent his own money to continue the investigation".[13] According to The New
York Times, after the election, Steele's dossier became one of Washington's "worst-kept secrets", and
journalists worked to verify the allegations.[4]

On November 18, 2016, Republican Senator John McCain, who had been informed about the alleged
links between the Kremlin and Trump, met with former British ambassador to Moscow Sir Andrew
Wood at the Halifax International Security Forum in Canada. Wood told McCain about the existence of
the collected materials about Trump,[85] and also vouched for Steele's professionalism and integrity.[86]

According to Simpson's August 22, 2017, testimony to the Senate Judiciary Committee, Steele and David
J. Kramer, a longtime McCain aide and former U.S. State Department official working at Arizona State
University, met each other at the Halifax forum and discussed the dossier. Kramer told Steele that
McCain wanted to "ask questions about it at the FBI. ... All we sort of wanted was for the government to
do its job and we were concerned about whether the information that we provided previously had ever,
you know, risen to the leadership level of the FBI."[87]

Steele had agreed with Fusion GPS to deliver a hard copy of all 16 memos to McCain,[52] which McCain
received in early December from Kramer.[4] On December 9, McCain met personally with FBI Director
James Comey and gave him a copy of the dossier.[85][34][88] On March 25, 2019, Senator Lindsey
Graham, a close friend of McCain's, contradicted Trump's attacks against McCain and revealed that he
had encouraged McCain to give the dossier to the FBI. Graham described how he confronted Trump:
"Senator McCain deserves better. There were some McCain people who took a piece of garbage and tried
to go after Trump after the election. But I told the president it was not John McCain."[89] He also stated
that McCain acted appropriately.[90] Comey later confirmed that counterintelligence investigations were
under way into possible links between Trump associates and Moscow.[52]

After delivering his 16 memos to McCain, Steele received more information and composed the two-page
"December memo", dated December 13. It mostly contained allegations against Trump's personal
attorney, Michael Cohen, which Cohen later denied.[91][92] In an April 2017 court filing, Steele revealed
previously unreported information that he had given a copy of his last memo to a "senior UK government
national security official acting in his official capacity, on a confidential basis in hard copy form",
because it "had implications for the national security of the US and the UK".[52] Both Simpson and
Steele have denied providing the dossier to BuzzFeed.[93] Unsealed documents from the discovery
process in Russian entrepreneur Aleksej Gubarev's defamation lawsuit revealed that David Kramer, an
associate of John McCain, gave the dossier to BuzzFeed "in December 2016, weeks after the
election",[94][2] in what Fritsch has called an "ill-advised" Hail Mary pass. It was never intended that the
dossier be public because it was unfinished raw intelligence and could have "compromised sources and
methods".[2]

Briefings of Obama and Trump

In early January 2017, President-elect Trump[95] and President Barack Obama were separately briefed
about the Russian interference in the election and on the existence of the dossier by the chiefs of several
U.S. intelligence agencies. Vice President Joe Biden has confirmed that he and the president received
briefings on the dossier and the allegations within.[96][97][98]

After the meeting with Obama, at a meeting with Trump and his transition team in Trump Tower on
January 6, 2017, all four of the top intelligence chiefs met with Trump and his transition team. They were
Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, FBI Director James Comey, CIA Director John
Brennan, and NSA Director Admiral Mike Rogers. They informed Trump of the Russian election
interference. Then, according to a pre-arranged plan, Brennan, Clapper, and Rogers left, and Comey then
asked to speak with Trump alone. Comey then informed Trump of the dossier and its allegations about
salacious tapes held by the Russians. Comey later reported he was very nervous. The previous day
Comey was told to "be very careful," "choose your words carefully," and then "get outta there". Trump
became very defensive, and Comey described the meeting as "really weird".[99][100] Trump later
expressed that he felt that James Comey was trying to blackmail him at the meeting in Trump Tower,
held two weeks before the inauguration.[95] In April 2018, Comey said he did not inform Trump the
dossier was partly funded by Democrats because that "wasn't necessary for my goal, which was to alert
him that we had this information."[101][102]

The Mueller Report, published on April 18, 2019, contains a footnote that reveals that this information
about salacious tapes came as no surprise to Trump. It revealed that Trump already knew the Russians
possessed tapes of his incriminating behavior. On October 30, 2016, Michael Cohen had received a text
from Giorgi Rtskhiladze reporting that he had successfully stopped the "flow of tapes from Russia".
Rtskhiladze described them as "compromising tapes of Trump", and Cohen said he then spoke to Trump
about the issue.[24]
Two days after the release of the dossier, James Clapper described the leaks in the press about their
Trump Tower meeting as damaging to U.S. national security.[103] This contradicted Trump's previous
claim that Clapper had said the information was false; Clapper's statement actually said the intelligence
community had made no judgment on the truth of the information.[104]

On December 14, 2018, the FBI released a document called "Annex A", which was "part of [the] Russia
dossier summary" used to brief Trump and Obama.[105] The FBI withheld parts of the synopsis on the
grounds that it remained classified and "because it pertains to ongoing investigations or court
proceedings, originated with a confidential source or describes confidential investigative techniques or
procedures."[105]

Publication by BuzzFeed News

On January 10, 2017, CNN reported that classified documents presented to Obama and Trump the
previous week included allegations that Russian operatives possess "compromising personal and
financial information" about Trump. CNN stated that it would not publish specific details on the memos
because it had not "independently corroborated the specific allegations."[99][106] Following the CNN
report,[107] BuzzFeed published a 35-page dossier that it said was the basis for the briefing, including
unverified claims that Russian operatives had collected "embarrassing material" involving Trump that
could be used to blackmail him. BuzzFeed said the information included "specific, unverified, and
potentially unverifiable allegations of contact between Trump aides and Russian
operatives."[7][108][109][110]

The New York Times has stated that "Mr. Steele has made clear to associates that he always considered
the dossier to be raw intelligence—not established facts, but a starting point for further investigation."[18]
Christopher Burrows, co-founder of Orbis Business Intelligence, does not consider it a "dossier", but
"information that is referred to as 'raw intelligence' in intelligence circles. ... a mixture of knowledge,
rumor and hearsay. ... [A]n intelligence agency would enrich the findings with data, test probabilities and
write analyses. It's an elaborate process. But Steele is not an intelligence agency."[69]

BuzzFeed was harshly criticized by several mainstream media outlets for releasing the dossier without
verifying its allegations.[8][9] Washington Post columnist Margaret Sullivan called it "scurrilous
allegations dressed up as an intelligence report meant to damage Donald Trump",[111] while The New
York Times noted that the publication sparked a debate centering on the use of unsubstantiated
information from anonymous sources.[112] BuzzFeed's executive staff said the materials were
newsworthy because they were "in wide circulation at the highest levels of American government and
media" and argued that this justified public release.[113]

The dossier's publication by BuzzFeed has always been defended by Jack Shafer, Politico's senior media
writer, as well as by Richard Tofel of ProPublica and the Columbia Journalism Review. Shafer defended
the public's right to know about the allegations against Trump, and saw a parallel in Judge Ungaro's
ruling in the defamation suit filed by Aleksej Gubarev.[10][114] Ungaro wrote that the "privilege exists to
protect the media while they gather information needed for the public to exercise effective oversight of
the government." She also noted that, before the FBI received any memos from Steele, they had "already
opened a counterintelligence investigation into links between Russia and the Trump campaign."[115]

In relation to a defamation lawsuit filed by Gubarev against BuzzFeed, regarding their publication of the
dossier, Senior Master Barbara Fontaine stated that Steele was "in many respects in the same position as
a whistle-blower" because of his actions "in sending part of the dossier to Senator John McCain and a
senior government national security official, and in briefing sections of the US media." She said that "it
was not known who provided the dossier to BuzzFeed but Mr Steele's evidence was that he was 'horrified
and remains horrified' that it was published at all, let alone without substantial redactions."[116]

The founders of Fusion GPS felt so alarmed by what sources reported to Steele that they have defended
the fact that they and Steele used intermediaries to pass dossier content to the authorities, but, regarding
the publication by BuzzFeed, if it had been up to them, "Steele's reporting never would have seen the
light of day".[117] Christopher Burrows stated: "We didn't expect the findings on Russia to reach the
public."[69]

Format
When BuzzFeed published the 35-page dossier in January 2017, the individual memos were one to three
pages long and page numbers 1–35 had been handwritten at the bottom. All but one had a typed date at
the bottom. Each of the first 16 reports was assigned a typed number in the heading between 80 and 135,
but the numeric order didn't always match the chronological order. The 17th memo, known as the
"December memo", was numbered 166.[118] Of the original reports numbered 1–166, only certain reports
were used for the dossier, and it is unknown what happened with the content of the other reports: "For
example, the first report is labeled as '080,' with no indication given as to where the original 79
antecedents might have gone. The second report is then labeled '086,' creating yet another mystery as to
81 through 85, and what content they might contain that would otherwise bolster or contextualize what
came before or what follows."[119]

Each memo started with a page heading in the same style as the first one shown here:

CONFIDENTIAL/SENSITIVE SOURCE

COMPANY INTELLIGENCE REPORT 2016/080

US PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION: REPUBLICAN CANDIDATE DONALD TRUMP'S

ACTIVITIES IN RUSSIA AND COMPROMISING RELATIONSHIP WITH THE
KREMLIN[60]

Authorship
When CNN reported the existence of the dossier on January 10, 2017,[99][120] it did not name the author
of the dossier, but revealed that he was British. Steele concluded that his anonymity had been "fatally
compromised", and, realizing it was "only a matter of time until his name became public knowledge",
fled into hiding with his family, in fear of "a prompt and potentially dangerous backlash against him from
Moscow".[121][122] The Wall Street Journal revealed Steele's name the next day, on January 11.[123] Orbis
Business Intelligence Ltd, for whom Steele worked at the time the dossier was authored, and its director
Christopher Burrows, a counterterrorism specialist,[37] would not confirm or deny that Orbis had
produced the dossier.[120][4] On March 7, 2017, as some members of the U.S. Congress were expressing
interest in meeting with or hearing testimony from Steele, he reemerged after weeks in hiding, appearing
publicly on camera and stating, "I'm really pleased to be back here working again at the Orbis's offices in
London today."[124]

Called by the media a "highly regarded Kremlin expert" and "one of MI6's greatest Russia specialists",
Steele formerly worked for the British intelligence agency MI6 for 22 years, including four years at the
British embassy in Moscow,[3] and headed MI6's Russia Desk for three years at the end of his MI6
career. He entered MI6 in 1987, directly after his graduation from Cambridge University.[125] He
currently works for Orbis Business Intelligence Ltd, a private intelligence company he co-founded in
London.[126][127]

Wood, the former British ambassador to Moscow, has vouched for Steele's reputation.[15] He views
Steele as a "very competent professional operator ... I take the report seriously. I don't think it's totally
implausible." He also stated that "the report's key allegation—that Trump and Russia's leadership were
communicating via secret back channels during the presidential campaign—was eminently
plausible".[128] FBI investigators reportedly treat Steele "as a peer", whose experience as a trusted Russia
expert has included assisting the Justice Department, British prime ministers, and at least one U.S.
president.[70]

Steele's biases and motivations toward Trump appear to have changed over time. Starting in 2007, many
years before he started his opposition research on Trump, he repeatedly met Ivanka Trump over several
years, had a "friendly relationship" with her, and was "favorably disposed" to the Trump family. They
even discussed the possibility of the Trump Organization using the services of Orbis Business
Intelligence, but no arrangements were made.[129][130] Simpson has also confirmed that "there was no
pre-existing animus toward Trump by Steele or Fusion."[131] Later, before the 2016 election, Bruce Ohr
said that Steele told him he "was desperate that Donald Trump not get elected and was passionate about
him not being president."[132]

Allegations
The dossier describes two different Russian operations. The
first was an attempt, lasting many years, to find ways to
influence Trump, probably not so much to make him a
knowing Russian agent, but most likely to make him a
source the Russians could use. This operation utilized
kompromat (Russian: short for "compromising material")
and proposals of business deals. The second operation was
very recent and involved contacts with Trump's
representatives during the campaign to discuss the hacking
President Donald Trump with Russian
of the DNC and Podesta.[4]
President Vladimir Putin at Helsinki,
Finland, on July 16, 2018
The dossier contains multiple allegations, some of which
have been publicly verified,[19][20] others unverified,[133] but
none have been disproven, according to James Clapper and Fox News host Shepard Smith,[134] with
Smith stating: "Some of the assertions in the dossier have been confirmed. Other parts are unconfirmed.
None of the dossier, to Fox News's knowledge, has been disproven."[135] In some cases, public
verification is hindered because information is classified.[136][137]
According to Ranking Member of the House Intelligence Committee Adam Schiff, a major portion of the
dossier's content is about Russian efforts to help Trump, and those allegations "turned out to be true".[138]

Trump and Putin have repeatedly denied the allegations, and Trump has labeled the dossier "discredited",
"debunked", "fictitious", and "fake news".[16][139][140] David A. Graham of The Atlantic has noted that in
spite of Trump's "mantra that 'there was no collusion' ... it is clear that the Trump campaign and later
transition were eager to work with Russia, and to keep that secret."[141]

Cultivation of Trump
That "Russian authorities" had cultivated Trump "for at least 5 years", and that the operation
was "supported and directed" by Putin.[60][21] (Dossier, p. 1)
That the Russian government's support for Trump was originally conducted by the Ministry
of Foreign Affairs, then by the Federal Security Service (FSB), and was eventually directly
handled by the Russian presidency because of its "growing significance over time".[142][5]
(Dossier, p. 29)

Conspiracy, co-operation, and back channel communication

That there was an extensive and "well-developed conspiracy of co-operation between [the
Trump campaign] and the Russian leadership",[143] with information willingly exchanged in
both directions.[144] That this co-operation was "sanctioned at the 'highest level' and
involved Russian diplomatic staff based in the US".[144] That the Trump campaign used
"moles within DNC as well as hackers in the US and Russia".[144] (Dossier, p. 7)
That Trump had "so far declined various sweetener real estate business deals", but had
"accepted a regular flow of intelligence from the Kremlin", notably on his political
rivals.[34][145] (Dossier, p. 1)
That Trump associates had established "an intelligence exchange [with the Kremlin] for at
least 8 years". That Trump and his team had delivered "intelligence on the activities,
business and otherwise, in the US of leading Russian oligarchs and their families", as
requested by Putin.[142][146][147] (Dossier, p. 11)

Why Russia supports Trump

That a major goal of the Russians in supporting Trump was "to upset the liberal international
status quo, including on Ukraine-related sanctions, which was seriously disadvantaging the
country".[142][147] (Dossier, pp. 28–29)
That Putin aimed to spread "discord and disunity" within the United States and between
Western allies, whom he saw as a threat to Russia's interests.[14][148] (Dossier, pp. 1–2)
That "TRUMP was viewed as divisive in disrupting the whole US political system; anti-
Establishment; and a pragmatist with whom they could do business." That Trump would
remain a divisive force even if not elected.[142][147] (Dossier, p. 29)

Changing relationships
That "there had been talk in the Kremlin of TRUMP being forced to withdraw from the
presidential race altogether as a result of recent events, ostensibly on grounds of his state
and unsuitability for high office."[147] (Dossier, p. 14)
 That the Trump camp became angry and resentful toward Putin when they realized he not
only was aiming to weaken Clinton and bolster Trump, but was attempting to "undermine
the US government and democratic system more generally".[147] (Dossier, p. 17)

Kompromat and blackmail: Trump

That Trump "hated" Obama so much that when he stayed in the Presidential suite of the
Ritz-Carlton Hotel in Moscow,[12][149] he employed "a number of prostitutes to perform a
'golden showers' (urination) show in front of him"[108][21][150] in order to defile the bed used
by the Obamas on an earlier visit. The alleged incident from 2013 was reportedly filmed and
recorded by the FSB[151] as kompromat.[152][153][154] (Dossier, p. 2)
That Trump was susceptible to blackmail[59][142] due to paying bribes and the existence of
"enough embarrassing material" due to engagement in "perverted sexual acts" and
"unorthodox behavior in Russia over the years"[108][151][155] that the authorities were "able
to blackmail him if they so wished".[108][151][155][156] (Dossier, pp. 1–2, 8, 11, 27)
That the Kremlin had promised Trump they would not use the kompromat collected against
him "as leverage, given high levels of voluntary co-operation forthcoming from his
team."[142][157] (Dossier, pp. 11–12)
That Trump had explored the real estate sectors in St. Petersburg and Moscow, "but in the
end TRUMP had had to settle for the use of extensive sexual services there from local
prostitutes rather than business success".[152][153] (Dossier, p. 8)
That witnesses to his "sex parties in the city" had been "'silenced' i.e. bribed or coerced to
disappear."[152][153] (Dossier, p. 27)
That Trump had paid bribes in St. Petersburg "to further his [business] interests".[152][153]
(Dossier, p. 27)
That Aras Agalarov, "would know most of the details of what the Republican presidential
candidate had got up to" in St. Petersburg.[153] (Dossier, p. 27)
That Trump associates did not fear "the negative media publicity surrounding alleged
Russian interference", because it distracted attention from his "business dealings in China
and other emerging markets", which involved "large bribes and kickbacks" that could be
devastating if revealed.[58][158] (Dossier, p. 8)

Kompromat: Clinton
That Putin ordered the maintenance of a secret dossier on Hillary
Clinton, with content dating back to the time of her husband's
presidency. The dossier comprised eavesdropped conversations,
either from bugging devices or from phone intercepts; it did not
contain "details/evidence of unorthodox or embarrassing behavior",
but focused more on "things she had said which contradicted her
current positions on various issues".[142][61] (Dossier, pp. 1, 3)
That the Clinton dossier had been collated by the FSB[142][61] and
was managed by Dmitry Peskov, Putin's press secretary.[151][14]
(Dossier, pp. 1, 3)
Dmitry Peskov
Kremlin pro-Trump and anti-Clinton (2010s)

That Putin feared and hated Hillary Clinton.[159][160] (Dossier, p. 7)

 That there was a "Kremlin campaign to aid TRUMP and damage CLINTON".[144][143]
(Dossier, pp. 7, 13)
That Putin's interference operation had an "objective of weakening CLINTON and bolstering
TRUMP".[147] (Dossier, p. 17)

Key roles of Manafort, Cohen, and Page

That then-Trump campaign manager Paul Manafort had
"managed" a "well-developed conspiracy of co-operation
between [the Trump campaign] and the Russian leadership",
and that he used Trump's foreign policy advisor, Carter Page,
and others, "as intermediaries".[159][161] (Dossier, p. 7)
That Page had "conceived and promoted" the timing of the
release of hacked emails by WikiLeaks[162][148] for the purpose
of swinging supporters of Bernie Sanders "away from Hillary
CLINTON and across to TRUMP".[162][160] (Dossier, pp. 7, 17)
That Page was informed by Igor Divyekin, a senior Kremlin
Internal Affairs official, "that the Russians had kompromat on
Clinton and Trump, and allegedly added that Trump 'should Paul Manafort mug shot
bear this in mind'."[144] (Dossier, p. 9) (2018)
That Cohen played a "key role" in the Trump–Russia
relationship[5] by maintaining a "covert relationship with
Russia",[163][164][165] arranging cover-ups and "deniable cash
payments",[91][52] and that his role had grown after Manafort
had left the campaign.[166][162] (Dossier, pp. 18, 30, 32, 34–35)
That "COHEN now was heavily engaged in a cover up and
damage limitation operation in the attempt to prevent the full
details of TRUMP's relationship with Russia being
exposed."[162][147] (Dossier, p. 32)

DNC email hack, leaks, and misinformation

That Russia was responsible for the DNC email hacks[142][167] Michael Cohen (2011)
and the recent appearance of the stolen DNC e-mails on
WikiLeaks,[142][168] and that the reason for using WikiLeaks
was "plausible deniability".[169][91][170] (Dossier, pp. 7–8)
That "the operation had been conducted with the full knowledge and support of TRUMP and
senior members of his campaign team."[5][169] (Dossier, p. 8)
That after the emails had been forwarded to WikiLeaks, it was decided to not leak more, but
to engage in misinformation: "Rather the tactics would be to spread rumours and
misinformation about the content of what already had been leaked and make up new
content."[161] (Dossier, p. 15)
That Page had "conceived and promoted" the idea of [the Russians] leaking the stolen DNC
emails to WikiLeaks during the 2016 Democratic National Convention.[162][148] (Dossier,
pp. 7, 17)
That Page had intended the email leaks "to swing supporters of Bernie SANDERS away
from Hillary CLINTON and across to TRUMP."[162][160] (Dossier, p. 17)
That the hacking of the DNC servers was performed by Romanian hackers ultimately
controlled by Putin and paid by both Trump and Putin.[91][52] (Dossier, pp. 34–35)
 That Cohen, together with three colleagues, secretly met with Kremlin officials in the Prague
offices of Rossotrudnichestvo in August 2016,[171][142][92] where he arranged "deniable
cash payments" to the hackers and sought "to cover up all traces of the hacking
operation",[91][52] as well as "cover up ties between Trump and Russia, including Manafort's
involvement in Ukraine".[5] (Dossier, pp. 18, 34–35)

Kickbacks and quid pro quo agreements to lift sanctions

That Viktor Yanukovych, the former pro-Russian President of
Ukraine, had told Putin he had been making supposedly
untraceable[5] kickback payments to Manafort while he was
Trump's campaign manager.[169] (Dossier, p. 20)
That in return for Russia's leaking the stolen documents to
WikiLeaks, "the TRUMP team had agreed to sideline Russian
intervention in Ukraine as a campaign issue and to raise
US/NATO defense commitments in the Baltics and Eastern
Europe to deflect attention away from Ukraine, a priority for
PUTIN who needed to cauterise the subject."[159][169] (Dossier,
pp. 7–8)
That Page had secretly met Rosneft chairman Igor Sechin in
Moscow on "either 7 or 8 July",[144] together with a "senior Viktor Yanukovych (2013)
Kremlin Internal Affairs official,
DIVYEKIN."[172][147][142][173][174] (Dossier, pp. 9, 30–32)
That Sechin "offered PAGE/TRUMP's associates the brokerage of up to a 19 per cent
(privatised) stake in Rosneft" (worth about $11 billion) in exchange for Trump lifting the
sanctions against Russia after his election.[172][147][142][173][174] (Dossier, pp. 9, 30–32)

Russian spy withdrawn

That Russia had hastily withdrawn from Washington their diplomat Mikhail Kalugin
(misspelled as "Kulagin"), whose prominent role in the interference operation should remain
hidden.[146][175][176] (Dossier, p. 23)

Cultivation of various U.S. political figures

That the Kremlin had been "supporting various US political figures", and had funded
Moscow visits by Lyndon Larouche representatives, Jill Stein, Carter Page, and Michael
Flynn, and was satisfied with the outcome.[160][177] (Dossier, pp. 15–16)

Use of botnets and porn traffic by hackers

That Aleksej Gubarev's "XBT/Webzilla and its affiliates had been using botnets and porn
traffic to transmit viruses, plant bugs, steal data and conduct 'altering operations' against the
Democratic Party leadership"[178] and that Gubarev had been coerced by the FSB and was
a significant player.[179] (Dossier, pp. 34–35)

Possible earlier interest in Trump

Although the dossier alleged in June 2016 that the Kremlin had been cultivating Trump for "at least five
years", Luke Harding wrote that the Soviet Union had been interested in him since 1987. In his book
Collusion, Harding asserts that the "top level of the Soviet diplomatic service arranged his 1987 Moscow
visit. With assistance from the KGB." Then-KGB head Vladimir Kryuchkov "wanted KGB staff abroad
to recruit more Americans." Harding proceeds to describe the KGB's cultivation process, and posits that
they may have opened a file on Trump as early as 1977, when he married Czech model Ivana Zelníčková;
the Soviet spies may have closely observed and analyzed the couple from that time on.[180][181]

Veracity and verification of specific allegations

The following content describes how some allegations have been verified, while others remain
unverified, with sometimes conflicting reports for or against their veracity.

Russian assistance to the Trump campaign

A January 6, 2017, intelligence community assessment released by the Office of the Director of National
Intelligence (ODNI) stated that Russian leadership favored Trump over Clinton, and that Putin personally
ordered an "influence campaign" to harm Clinton's electoral chances and "undermine public faith in the
US democratic process", as well as ordering cyber attacks on the Democratic and Republican parties.[182]
John Brennan and James Clapper testified to Congress that Steele's dossier played no role in the
intelligence community assessment.[183][184]

The Mueller Report backed "Steele's central claim that the Russians ran a 'sweeping and systematic'
operation in 2016 to help Trump win."[3] James Comey stated:

The bureau began an effort after we got the Steele dossier to try and see how much of it we
could replicate. That work was ongoing when I was fired. Some of it was consistent with our
other intelligence, the most important part. The Steele dossier said the Russians are coming
for the American election. It's a huge effort. It has multiple goals ... And that was
true.[185][93]

Newsweek stated that "the dossier's main finding, that Russia tried to prop up Trump over Clinton, was
confirmed by" the ODNI assessment.[21] ABC News stated that "some of the dossier's broad implications
—particularly that Russian President Vladimir Putin launched an operation to boost Trump and sow
discord within the U.S. and abroad—now ring true."[14]

In The New Yorker, Jane Mayer has stated that the allegation that Trump was favored by the Kremlin, and
that they offered Trump's campaign dirt on Clinton, has proven true.[12] Mayer also writes that the CIA
had a Russian government official working as "a human source inside the Russian government during the
campaign, who provided information that dovetailed with Steele's reporting about Russia's objective of
electing Trump and Putin's direct involvement in the operation."[36] The spy could actually take pictures
of documents on Putin's desk. After Trump's election, the CIA feared their spy was in danger, so the
government official was discretely exfiltrated out of Moscow, during a family vacation to Montenegro,
because of the dangers imposed by Trump's recent careless disclosures of classified information to
Russian officials.[186][187]
On March 14, 2016, George Papadopoulos, a Trump campaign foreign policy advisor, held a meeting
with Joseph Mifsud,[188] a man described by James B. Comey as a "Russian agent".[189][190][191] Mifsud,
who claimed "substantial connections to Russian officials",[188] told Papadopoulos that the Russians had
"dirt" on Clinton in the form of thousands of stolen emails. This occurred before the hacking of the DNC
computers had become public knowledge,[188][192] and Papadopoulos later bragged "that the Trump
campaign was aware the Russian government had dirt on Hillary Clinton".[6]

Papadopoulos sent emails about Putin to at least seven Trump campaign officials. Trump national
campaign co-chairman Sam Clovis[193] encouraged Papadopoulos to fly to Russia and meet with agents
of the Russian Foreign Ministry, who reportedly wanted to share "Clinton dirt" with the Trump
campaign.[194][195] When Donald Trump Jr. learned of the offer, he welcomed it by responding: "If it's
what you say, I love it ..."[12] Later, on June 9, 2016, a meeting in Trump Tower was held, ostensibly for
representatives from Russia to deliver that dirt on Clinton.[196][197] Instead, the meeting was used to
discuss lifting of the Magnitsky Act economic sanctions that had been imposed on Russia in 2012,[174] a
move favored by candidate Trump.[81][198]

At the Helsinki summit meeting in July 2018, Putin was asked if he had wanted Trump to win the 2016
election. He responded "Yes, I did. Yes, I did. Because he talked about bringing the U.S.-Russia
relationship back to normal."[199]

Manafort's and others' co-operation with Russian efforts

The dossier alleges that Manafort, who had worked for Russian interests in Ukraine for many years,[198]
"managed" a "well-developed conspiracy of co-operation between [the Trump campaign] and the Russian
leadership".[159][161][143] The "conspiracy" is not proven, but the "co-operation" is seen as proven.

While the Mueller investigation did not "produce enough evidence"[200] to prove the existence of a
formal written or oral "conspiracy",[30][201][202] some consider the actions of Manafort,[203] Trump, who
welcomed Russian help,[204] and other Trump campaign members and associates[177] to be the alleged
"co-operation" with the Russian's "'sweeping and systematic' operation in 2016 to help Trump win",[3]
described in the Mueller Report as "Steele's central claim".[3][185]

CNN described Manafort's role in its report of intercepted communications among "suspected Russian
operatives discussing their efforts to work with Manafort ... to coordinate information that could damage
Hillary Clinton's election prospects ... The suspected operatives relayed what they claimed were
conversations with Manafort, encouraging help from the Russians."[205]

These reported intercepts are considered "remarkably consistent with the raw intelligence in the Steele
Dossier .... [which] states that the 'well-developed conspiracy of co-operation between [the Trump
campaign] and the Russian leadership ... was managed on the TRUMP side by the Republican candidate's
campaign manager, Paul MANAFORT'."[203]

Russian conversations confirmed

On February 10, 2017, CNN reported that "the dossier details about a dozen conversations between
senior Russian officials and other Russian individuals", and that some of those communications had been
"intercepted during routine intelligence gathering" and corroborated by U.S. investigators. They "took
place between the same individuals on the same days and from the same locations as detailed in the
dossier". Due to the classified status of intelligence collection programs, it was not revealed which of the
specific conversations mentioned in the dossier were intercepted.

U.S. officials said the corroboration gave "US intelligence and law enforcement 'greater confidence' in
the credibility of some aspects of the dossier as they continue to actively investigate its contents".[19]

'Golden showers' allegation

The dossier alleges that Trump "hated" Obama so much that when he stayed in the Presidential suite of
the Ritz-Carlton Hotel in Moscow,[12][149] he employed "a number of prostitutes to perform a 'golden
showers' (urination) show in front of him"[108][21][150] in order to defile the bed used by the Obamas on
an earlier visit. The alleged incident from 2013 was reportedly filmed and recorded by the FSB[151] as
kompromat.[152][153][154]

Trump has falsely claimed that he never spent the night in Moscow, "but flight records, social media and
his bodyguard's testimony show otherwise". According to former federal prosecutor Pete Zeidenberg,
those "false statements to Comey about the trip could demonstrate that Trump has 'consciousness of
guilt'."[206]

According to Comey, Trump told him on two occasions that it could not have happened because he did
not stay overnight in Moscow at the time of the Miss Universe contest. That claim was soon
disproven.[207] According to flight records, Trump was in Moscow for 37 hours.[208][209] He flew with
Phil Ruffin on Ruffin's Global 5000 private jet,[210][211] arriving in Moscow at around 3 p.m. on Friday,
November 8, and spent that night in Moscow.[208][209]

Thomas Roberts, the host of the Miss Universe contest, confirmed that "Trump was in Moscow for one
full night and at least part of another. (November 8–10).[212] According to flight records, Keith Schiller's
testimony, social media posts, and Trump's close friend, Aras Agalarov, Trump arrived by private jet on
Friday, November 8, going to the Ritz-Carlton hotel and booking into the presidential suite, where the
"golden showers" incident is alleged to have occurred.[12][213]

There were a number of meetings and a lunch that day. Schiller related that a Russian approached them
"around lunch-time"[214] and offered to "send five women to Trump's hotel room that night".[215]
According to "multiple sources", the offer "came from a Russian who was accompanying Emin
Agalarov".[214] Schiller said he didn't take the offer seriously and told the Russian, 'We don't do that type
of stuff'."[215] That evening Trump attended a birthday party for Aras Agalarov.[215][216] They returned to
the hotel after the party. Schiller testified that, "On their way up to Trump's hotel room that night, [he told
Trump] about the offer and Trump laughed it off".[214] He then accompanied Trump to his room, stayed
outside the door for a few minutes, and then left.[214] According to one source, Schiller "could not say for
sure what happened during the remainder of the night."[217] British music publicist Rob Goldstone
believes it was "unlikely" that Trump used prostitutes while he was in Moscow. He has stated that he
accompanied Trump at the 2013 Miss Universe pageant, and said that Trump was in Moscow for 36
hours, and that he was with Trump for 31 out of those 36 hours.[208]

The next day, Facebook posts showed he was at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel.[216] That evening he attended the
Miss Universe pageant, followed by an after-party. He then returned to his hotel, packed, and flew back
to the U.S.[209]
James Comey wrote in his book A Higher Loyalty: Truth, Lies, and Leadership that Trump asked him to
have the FBI investigate the pee tape allegation "because he wanted to convince his wife that it wasn't
true":[218]

He brought up what he called the "golden showers thing" ... adding that it bothered him if
there was "even a one percent chance" his wife, Melania, thought it was true. ... In what kind
of marriage, to what kind of man, does a spouse conclude there is only a 99 percent chance
her husband didn't do that?[218]

Comey did not know if the "golden showers" allegation was true, but he came to believe it was possible.
In an interview for ABC News, he told George Stephanopoulos:

I honestly never thought these words would come out of my mouth, but I don't know
whether the current president of the United States was with prostitutes peeing on each other
in Moscow in 2013. It's possible, but I don't know.[219]

Jonathan Chait has described why he believes Trump is currently being blackmailed by the Russians.[220]
New York magazine's Madeleine Aggeler has compiled "everything we know about the pee tape".[221]

Regarding the "golden showers" allegation, Michael Isikoff and David Corn have stated that Steele's
"faith in the sensational sex claim would fade over time. ... As for the likelihood of the claim that
prostitutes had urinated in Trump's presence, Steele would say to colleagues, 'It's 50–50'."[37] In their
2019 book, the founders of Fusion GPS report that Steele received the "hotel anecdote" from seven
Russian sources.[117]

A 25-second "pee tape" video of the purported occurrence has been in circulation since at least January
25, 2019. Ashley Feinberg has written extensively about it and all the reports and sources which have
discussed and analyzed it. She describes it as believable but fake.[222]

While many people, including Russians, do not believe the "pee tape" incident happened, Stanislav
Belkovsky, Russian political analyst and a founder and director of the National Strategy Institute,
disagrees: "Prostitutes around the city say the 'golden shower' orgy story is true".[223]

A footnote in the Mueller Report reveals that Trump, during the presidential campaign, already knew
about incriminating tapes of his behavior. On October 30, 2016, Michael Cohen received a series of texts
from Giorgi Rtskhiladze, a Russian businessman who had worked with Cohen on Trump's real estate
projects. Rtskhiladze reported that he had successfully stopped the "flow of tapes from Russia".
Rtskhiladze described them as "compromising tapes of Trump", and Cohen said he then spoke to Trump
about the issue.[24] Rolling Stone reported that "Rtskhiladze's description of the tapes' content tracks with
the unverified information included in the Steele dossier ..."[224]

Stephen Colbert filmed and investigated the same room at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel as part of a humorous
and widely-covered episode of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert.[225] The room and walls are shown
and can be compared with the alleged pee tape.[222]

Trump viewed as under Putin's influence

The Steele dossier alleges that the
Russians possess kompromat on Brennan stressed repeatedly that collusion may have been unwitting, at
least at first as Russian intelligence was deft at disguising its
Trump which can be used to approaches to would-be agents. "Frequently, individuals on a
blackmail him, and that the Kremlin treasonous path do not even realize they're on that path until it gets to
promised him that the kompromat be too late," he said.[226]
will not be used as long as he
continues his cooperation with
them.[142][157] Trump's actions at the Helsinki summit in 2018 "led many to conclude that Steele's report
was more accurate than not. ... Trump sided with the Russians over the U.S. intelligence community's
assessment that Moscow had waged an all-out attack on the 2016 election ... The joint news
conference ... cemented fears among some that Trump was in Putin's pocket and prompted bipartisan
backlash."[227]

At the joint news conference, when asked directly about the subject, Putin denied that he had any
kompromat on Trump. Even though Trump was reportedly given a "gift from Putin" the weekend of the
pageant, Putin argued "that he did not even know Trump was in Russia for the Miss Universe pageant in
2013 when, according to the Steele dossier, video of Trump was secretly recorded to blackmail him."[228]

In reaction to Trump's actions at the summit, Senator Chuck Schumer (D-N.Y.) spoke in the Senate:

Millions of Americans will continue to wonder if the only possible explanation for this
dangerous and inexplicable behavior is the possibility—the very real possibility—that
President Putin holds damaging information over President Trump.[229]

Several operatives and lawyers in the U.S. intelligence community reacted strongly to Trump's
performance at the summit. They described it as "subservien[ce] to Putin" and a "fervent defense of
Russia's military and cyber aggression around the world, and its violation of international law in
Ukraine" which they saw as "harmful to US interests". They also suggested that he was either a "Russian
asset" or a "useful idiot" for Putin,[230] and that he looked like "Putin's puppet".[231] Former Director of
National Intelligence James Clapper wondered "if Russians have something on Trump",[232] and former
CIA director John Brennan, who has accused Trump of "treason", tweeted: "He is wholly in the pocket of
Putin."[233]

Former acting CIA director Michael Morell has called Trump "an unwitting agent of the Russian
federation", and former CIA director Michael V. Hayden said Trump was a "useful fool" who is
"manipulated by Moscow".[234] House Speaker Nancy Pelosi questioned Trump's loyalty when she asked
him: "[Why do] all roads lead to Putin?"[235]

Ynet, an Israeli online news site, reported on January 12, 2017, that U.S. intelligence advised Israeli
intelligence officers to be cautious about sharing information with the incoming Trump administration,
until the possibility of Russian influence over Trump, suggested by Steele's report, has been fully
investigated.[236]

Kremlin behind DNC email hack and use of WikiLeaks

The Mueller Report confirmed that the dossier was correct that the Kremlin was behind the appearance
of the DNC e-mails on WikiLeaks, noting that the Trump campaign "showed interest in WikiLeaks's
releases of documents and welcomed their potential to damage candidate Clinton."[24]
Thirteen Russian nationals and three companies have been charged for their efforts to undermine the
election and support Trump. They started their campaign to help Trump in 2014, long before the official
start of his campaign.[237]

According to CNN, "former top Trump campaign officials have corroborated special counsel Robert
Mueller's finding that the Trump campaign planned some of its strategy around the Russian hacks, and
had multiple contacts with Kremlin-linked individuals in 2016."[238]

Timing of release of hacked emails

The dossier alleges that Carter Page "conceived and promoted" the idea of [the Russians] leaking the
stolen DNC emails to WikiLeaks during the 2016 Democratic National Convention[162][148] for the
purpose of swinging supporters of Bernie Sanders "away from Hillary CLINTON and across to
TRUMP".[162][160] (Dossier, pp. 7, 17)

In July 2016, in an "error-ridden message", WikiLeaks urged Russian intelligence to act swiftly to reach
this timeline goal: "If you have anything hillary related we want it in the next tweo days prefable because
the DNC is approaching, and she will solidify bernie supporters behind her after."[239]

The leaks started the day before the DNC national convention, a timing that was seen as suspicious by
David Shedd, a former Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency, who said: "The release of emails
just as the Democratic National Convention is getting underway this week has the hallmarks of a Russian
active measures campaign."[240]

Manafort and kickback payments from Yanukovych

The dossier alleges that Russia-friendly president Yanukovych, whom Manafort advised for over a
decade, had told Putin that he had been making supposedly untraceable[5] kickback payments to
Manafort.[5] After Yanukovych fled to Russia in 2014 under accusations of corruption, a secret "black
ledger" was found in the former Party of Regions headquarters. It showed that Yanukovych and his ruling
political party had set aside $12.7 million in illegal and undisclosed payments to Manafort for his work
from 2007 to 2012.[241] Manafort has denied receiving the payments.[242] Manafort was accused of
receiving $750,000 in "illegal, off-the-books payments from Ukraine's pro-Russian President Viktor
Yanukovych before he was toppled."[243] From 2006 to at least 2009, Manafort had a $10 million annual
contract with Putin ally and aluminum magnate, Oleg Deripaska. According to Manafort's proposal, he
would "influence politics, business dealings and news coverage inside the United States, Europe and
former Soviet republics to benefit President Vladimir Putin's government."[244]

Page met with Rosneft officials

The dossier alleges that Page secretly met Rosneft chairman Igor Sechin in July 2016.[144] Page denied
meeting Sechin or any Russian officials during that July trip,[245][246] but he later admitted under oath
that he met with Sechin's senior aide, Andrey Baranov, who was head of Rosneft's investor
relations.[247][41]

Jane Mayer said that this part of the dossier seems true, even if the name of an official may have been
wrong. Page's congressional testimony confirmed he held secret meetings with top Moscow and Rosneft
officials, including talks about a payoff: "When Page was asked if a Rosneft executive had offered him a
'potential sale of a significant percentage of Rosneft,' Page said, 'He may have briefly mentioned it'."[12]
On November 2, 2017, Page appeared before the House Intelligence
Committee (HPSCI) which is investigating Russian interference in the
2016 U.S. elections. In July 2016, Page made a five-day trip to
Moscow,[248] but, according to his testimony, before leaving he informed
Jeff Sessions, J. D. Gordon, Hope Hicks, and Corey Lewandowski,
Trump's campaign manager, of the planned trip to Russia, and
Lewandowski approved the trip, responding: "If you'd like to go on your
own, not affiliated with the campaign, you know, that's fine."[174][249] In
his testimony, Page admitted he met with high ranking Kremlin officials.
Previously, Page had denied meeting any Russian officials during the Carter Page (2017)
July trip. His comments appeared to corroborate portions of the
dossier.[245][246] Newsweek has listed the claim about Page meeting with
Rosneft officials as "verified".[250]

Sale of 19.5% stake of Rosneft

The dossier alleged on October 18, 2016, that Sechin "offered
PAGE/TRUMP's associates the brokerage of up to a 19 per cent
(privatised) stake in Rosneft" (worth about $11 billion) in exchange for
Trump lifting the sanctions against Russia after his
election.[172][147][142][173][174]

About a month after Trump won the election, according to The Guardian,
Carter Page traveled to Moscow "shortly before the company announced
Igor Sechin (2016)
it was selling a 19.5% stake" in Rosneft. He met with top Russian
officials at Rosneft, but denied meeting Sechin. He also complained
about the effects of the sanctions against Russia.[251]

On December 7, 2016, Putin announced that a 19.5% stake in Rosneft

was sold to Glencore and a Qatar fund. Public records showed the
ultimate owner included "a Cayman Islands company whose beneficial
owners cannot be traced", with "the main question" being "Who is the
real buyer of a 19.5 percent stake in Rosneft? ... the Rosneft privatization
uses a structure of shell companies owning shell An illustration of the carrot
[252][253][254] and stick principle in a 1916
companies."
Boardman Robinson anti-
war cartoon.
Martin Longman, writing for Washington Monthly, found Steele's
prediction of the privatisation of 19% of Rosneft "tantalizing" and
"intriguing", and went on to write: "Either that number was floated somewhere in the press or that's a
remarkable coincidence or the intelligence was good and the promise was kept."[255]

Luke Harding has described the setting of this offer of a 19% stake in Rosneft. It involved an "unusual
bribe", a "carrot", a "stick", and "blackmail". Sechin and Divyekin were allegedly using a financial bribe
in a classic carrot and stick scheme. The carrot was the financial bribe: "Any brokerage fee would be
substantial, in the region of tens and possibly hundreds of millions of dollars."[256] It also involved a
stick, the stick being blackmail of Trump: "Diveykin also delivered an ominous warning. He hinted—or
even 'indicated more strongly'—that the Russian leadership had damaging material on Trump, too. Trump
'should bear this in mind' in his dealings with Moscow," Diveykin said. "This was blackmail, clear and
simple."[256]
Lifting of sanctions
The dossier says that Page, claiming to speak with Trump's authority, had confirmed that Trump would
lift the existing sanctions against Russia if he were elected president.[142] On December 29, 2016, during
the transition period between the election and the inauguration, National Security Advisor designate
Flynn spoke to Russian Ambassador Sergei Kislyak, urging him not to retaliate for newly imposed
sanctions; the Russians took his advice and did not retaliate.[257]

Within days after the inauguration, new Trump administration officials ordered State Department staffers
to develop proposals for immediately revoking the economic and other sanctions.[258] One retired
diplomat later said, "What was troubling about these stories is that suddenly I was hearing that we were
preparing to rescind sanctions in exchange for, well, nothing."[259] The staffers alerted Congressional
allies who took steps to codify the sanctions into law. The attempt to overturn the sanctions was
abandoned after Flynn's conversation was revealed and Flynn resigned.[258][151] In August 2017,
Congress passed a bipartisan bill to impose new sanctions on Russia. Trump reluctantly signed the bill,
but then refused to implement it.[260] After Trump hired Manafort, his approach toward Ukraine
changed; he said he might recognize Crimea as Russian territory and might lift the sanctions against
Russia.[198]

Among those sanctioned were Russian oligarchs like Oleg Deripaska, "who is linked to Paul Manafort",
parliament member Konstantin Kosachev, banker Aleksandr Torshin, and Putin's son-in-law. Preparation
for the sanctions started already before Trump took office.[261] In January 2019, Trump's Treasury
Department lifted the sanctions on companies formerly controlled by Deripaska. Sanctions on Deripaska
himself remained in effect.[262]

Cohen and alleged Prague visit

The dossier alleges that Cohen, together with three colleagues, secretly met with Kremlin officials in the
Prague offices of Rossotrudnichestvo in August 2016,[171][142][92] where he arranged "deniable cash
payments" to the hackers and sought "to cover up all traces of the hacking operation",[91][52] as well as
"cover up ties between Trump and Russia, including Manafort's involvement in Ukraine".[5] (Dossier,
pp. 18, 34–35)

While it has not been proven that Cohen did this, Kurt Eichenwald reported that something similar
happened: "Western intelligence has also obtained reports that a Trump associate met with a pro-Putin
member of Russian parliament at a building in Eastern Europe maintained by Rossotrudnichestvo, an
agency under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs that is charged with administering language, education and
support programs for civilians."[263]

According to a Czech intelligence source, as of January 11, 2017, there was no record of him entering
Prague by plane, but Respekt magazine and Politico pointed out that he could have entered by car or train
from a neighboring country within the Schengen Area, for example Italy. In the latter case, a record of
Cohen entering the Schengen zone from a non-Schengen country should exist.[264][265]

In April 2018, McClatchy DC Bureau reported that the Special Counsel had evidence that Michael
Cohen had secretly visited Prague in the late summer of 2016, as reported by Steele, and that Mueller's
investigators had "traced evidence that Cohen entered the Czech Republic through Germany",[171] a
claim which The Spectator reported was "backed up by one intelligence source in London".[266]
Der Spiegel reported that this entry, using an airfield in Bavaria, is part of a story "circulating among
intelligence officials in Europe". It asserts that Czech intelligence, acting "on behalf of an affiliated
agency", planned to observe "a meeting between Solodukhin and another individual. But the surveillance
was reportedly called off 'because the matter was too sensitive and the security precautions surrounding
the meeting were too tight.' The Russians had 'taken countermeasures'. The Czechs were allegedly not
informed by their foreign partners of the reason behind the operation or who might possibly attend the
meeting."[69]

In August 2018, BBC correspondent Paul Wood wrote: "I have spoken to one intelligence source who
says Mueller is examining 'electronic records' that would place Cohen in Prague."[267] McClatchy
reported in December 2018 that a mobile phone traced to Cohen had "pinged" cellphone towers around
Prague in late summer 2016, and that the signal was "picked up by a foreign intelligence agency ..."
raising "the possibility that Cohen was not there but one of the many phones he used was".[268]
McClatchy reported that their December 2018 report was "based on information from five individuals
with foreign intelligence connections, ..." and that each "obtained their information independently from
each other. McClatchy stands by the reporting."[268]

McClatchy also reported that during that time an Eastern European intelligence agency had intercepted
communications between Russians, one of whom mentioned that Cohen was in Prague.[269] Cohen
reasserted that he has never been to Prague, adding "Mueller knows everything!"[270]

Cohen said publicly that he had never traveled to Prague, though he told Mother Jones in 2016 that he
had visited Prague briefly 14 years before.[149] He also told The Wall Street Journal that he had been in
Prague in 2001.[271] During an interview with Chuck Todd on August 22, 2018, Cohen's attorney Lanny
Davis said Cohen was "never, ever" in Prague, and that all allegations mentioning his name in the Steele
dossier were false.[272]

Cohen has also said he was in Capri for the time period in question with his family, friends, and musician
and actor Steven Van Zandt[273] and that receipts would prove he had been on Capri, but he declined to
provide them.[92] Van Zandt's wife, Maureen, said they met in Rome, not Capri.[273] Van Zandt
confirmed that he met Cohen and his wife in Rome.[274]

The Washington Post sent a team of reporters to Prague in an attempt to verify that Cohen had been there
for the purposes alleged in the Dossier. According to reporter Greg Miller, they "came away empty".[275]

Glenn Kessler, fact-checker for The Washington Post, has said the Mueller Report "suggests no such
meeting in Prague took place". Mueller did not indicate he had investigated the claim, "he simply
dismisses the incident in Cohen's own words as he discusses Cohen's preparation for testimony before
Congress."[24]

The Mueller Report said Cohen did not visit Prague. It did not refer to evidence that Cohen's phone had
pinged in or near Prague, as McClatchy had earlier reported.[268][276][18]

Republican position on Russian conflict with Ukraine and related

sanctions
In 2015, Trump had taken a hard line in favor of Ukraine's independence from Russia. He initially
denounced Russia's annexation of Crimea as a "land grab" that "should never have happened", and called
for a firmer U.S. response, saying "We should definitely be strong. We should definitely do
sanctions."[198]

With the hirings of Paul Manafort and Carter Page, Trump's approach toward Ukraine reversed. Manafort
had worked for Russian interests in Ukraine for many years, and after hiring Manafort as his campaign
manager, Trump said he might recognize Crimea as Russian territory and might lift the sanctions against
Russia.[198] At the time Trump appointed Carter Page as a foreign policy advisor, Page was known as an
outspoken and strongly pro-Russian, anti-sanctions person whose views aligned with Trump's, and who
had complained that his own, as well as his Russian friends', business interests were negatively affected
by the sanctions imposed on Russia because of its aggression in Ukraine and its interference in the 2016
elections.[81][277]

The dossier alleges that "the Trump campaign agreed to minimize US opposition to Russia's incursions
into Ukraine".[278][159] Harding considers this allegation to have been confirmed by the actions of the
Trump campaign: "This is precisely what happened at the Republican National Convention last July,
when language on the US's commitment to Ukraine was mysteriously softened."[91] The Washington Post
reported that "the Trump campaign orchestrated a set of events" in July 2016 "to soften the language of
an amendment to the Republican Party's draft policy on Ukraine."[279] In July 2016, the Republican
National Convention did make changes to the Republican Party's platform on Ukraine: initially the
platform proposed providing "lethal weapons" to Ukraine, but the line was changed to "appropriate
assistance".

NPR reported that "Diana Denman, a Republican delegate who supported arming U.S. allies in Ukraine,
has told people that Trump aide J.D. Gordon said at the Republican Convention in 2016 that Trump
directed him to support weakening that position in the official platform."[280] J. D. Gordon, who was one
of Trump's national security advisers during the campaign, said he had advocated for changing language
because that reflected what Trump had said.[177][281] Although the Trump team denied any role in
softening the language, Denman confirmed that the change "definitely came from Trump staffers".[282]

Kyle Cheney of Politico sees evidence that the change was "on the campaign's radar" because Carter
Page congratulated campaign members in an email the day after the platform amendment: "As for the
Ukraine amendment, excellent work."[283] Paul Manafort falsely said that the change "absolutely did not
come from the Trump campaign".[284] Trump told George Stephanopoulos that people in his campaign
were responsible for changing the GOP's platform stance on Ukraine, but he was not personally
involved.[285]

Relations with Europe and NATO

The dossier alleges that as part of a quid pro quo agreement, "the TRUMP team had agreed ... to raise
US/NATO defense commitments in the Baltics and Eastern Europe to deflect attention away from
Ukraine, a priority for PUTIN who needed to cauterise the subject."[159] Aiko Stevenson, writing in
HuffPost, noted that some of Trump's actions seem to align with "Putin's wish list", which "includes
lifting sanctions on Russia, turning a blind eye towards its aggressive efforts in the Ukraine, and creating
a divisive rift amongst western allies."[286] During the campaign Trump "called Nato, the centrepiece of
Transatlantic security 'obsolete', championed the disintegration of the EU, and said that he is open to
lifting sanctions on Moscow."[286] Harding adds that Trump repeatedly "questioned whether US allies
were paying enough into Nato coffers."[91] Jeff Stein, writing in Newsweek, described how "Trump's
repeated attacks on NATO have ... frustrated ... allies ... [and] raised questions as to whether the president
has been duped into facilitating Putin's long-range objective of undermining the European Union."[287]
Trump's appearances at meetings with allies, including NATO and G7,
have frequently been antagonistic; according to the Los Angeles Times,
"The president's posture toward close allies has been increasingly and
remarkably confrontational this year, especially in comparison to his
more conciliatory approach to adversaries, including Russia and North
Korea."[288]

Possible Trump withdrawal due to unfitness

The dossier alleges that "there had been talk in the Kremlin of TRUMP
being forced to withdraw from the presidential race altogether as a result
of recent events, ostensibly on grounds of his state and unsuitability for
high office."[147] (Dossier, p. 14) Vladimir Putin (2017)

Kurt Eichenwald confirmed that this happened:

Trump's behavior, however, has at times concerned the Russians, leading them to revise their
hacking and disinformation strategy. For example, when Trump launched into an
inexplicable attack on the parents of a Muslim-American soldier who died in combat, the
Kremlin assumed the Republican nominee was showing himself psychologically unfit to be
president and would be forced by his party to withdraw from the race.[263]

Spy withdrawn from Russian embassy

The dossier alleges that a "Russian diplomat Mikhail KULAGIN [sic]" participated in U.S. election
meddling, and was recalled to Moscow because Kremlin was concerned that his role in the meddling
would be exposed. The BBC later reported that U.S. officials in 2016 had identified Russian diplomat
Mikhail Kalugin as a spy and that he was under surveillance, thus "verifying" a key claim in the
dossier.[146] Kalugin was the head of the economics section at the Russian embassy. He returned to
Russia in August 2016.[161] McClatchy reported that the FBI was investigating whether Kalugin played a
role in the election interference. Kalugin has denied the allegations.[161][289]

Use of botnets and porn traffic by hackers

The accusation that Aleksej Gubarev's "XBT/Webzilla and its affiliates had been using botnets and porn
traffic to transmit viruses, plant bugs, steal data and conduct 'altering operations' against the Democratic
Party leadership"[178] has been proven true, due to evidence found during the discovery process in the
defamation suit(s) Gubarev had filed against others.[290][291][292]

The report by FTI Consulting stated:

Mr. Gubarev's "companies have provided gateways to the internet for cybercriminals and
Russian state-sponsored actors to launch and control large scale malware campaigns over
the past decade," the report concluded. "Gubarev and other XBT executives do not appear to
actively prevent cybercriminals from using their infrastructure."[290]
Veracity of dossier
Steele and the dossier have become "the central point of contention in the political brawl raging
around"[70] the Special counsel investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 United States
elections. Those who believe Steele consider him a hero who tried to warn about the Kremlin's meddling
in the election, and people who distrust him consider him a "hired gun" used to attack Trump.[70] Glenn
Kessler has described the dossier as "a political Rorschach test. Depending on your perspective, it's either
a hoax used to defame a future president or a credible guide to allegations about Trump's involvement
with Russia."[24] The Daily Telegraph reported that anonymous sources believe that Russian intelligence
agencies may have sought to create doubt about the veracity of the dossier.[25]

The dossier's "broad assertion that Russia waged a campaign to interfere in the election is now accepted
as fact by the US intelligence community."[293] With the passage of time and further revelations from
various investigations and sources, it is becoming clearer that the overall thrust of the dossier was
accurate:[93]

Some of the dossier's broad threads have now been independently corroborated. U.S.
intelligence agencies and the special counsel's investigation into Russian election
interference did eventually find that Kremlin-linked operatives ran an elaborate operation to
promote Trump and hurt Democratic opponent Hillary Clinton, as the dossier says in its
main narrative.

— Jeff Donn, "Some Questions in Trump–Russia Dossier Now Finding Answers",

Associated Press (June 29, 2018)[93]

Reputation in the U.S. intelligence community

On January 11, 2017, Paul Wood, of BBC News, wrote that the salacious information in Steele's dossier
was also reported by "multiple intelligence sources" and "at least one East European intelligence
service". They reported that "compromising material on Mr. Trump" included "more than one tape, not
just video, but audio as well, on more than one date, in more than one place, in both Moscow and St.
Petersburg." While also mentioning that "nobody should believe something just because an intelligence
agent says it",[294][123] Wood added that "the CIA believes it is credible that the Kremlin has such
kompromat—or compromising material—on the next US commander in chief" and "a joint taskforce,
which includes the CIA and the FBI, has been investigating allegations that the Russians may have sent
money to Mr Trump's organisation or his election campaign".[295][296][294]

On January 12, 2017, Susan Hennessey, a former National Security Agency lawyer now with the
Brookings Institution, stated: "My general take is that the intelligence community and law enforcement
seem to be taking these claims seriously. That itself is highly significant. But it is not the same as these
allegations being verified. Even if this was an intelligence community document—which it isn't—this
kind of raw intelligence is still treated with skepticism."[297][298] Hennessey and Benjamin Wittes wrote
that "the current state of the evidence makes a powerful argument for a serious public inquiry into this
matter".[298]

On February 10, 2017, CNN reported that some communications between "senior Russian officials and
other Russian individuals" described in the dossier had been corroborated by multiple U.S. officials.
They "took place between the same individuals on the same days and from the same locations as detailed
in the dossier". Some persons were known to be "heavily involved" in collecting information that could
hurt Clinton and aid Trump. CNN was unable to confirm whether conversations were related to Trump.
Sources told CNN that some conversations had been "intercepted during routine intelligence gathering",
but refused to reveal the content of conversations, or specify which communications were intercepted
because the information was classified. U.S. officials said the corroboration gave "US intelligence and
law enforcement 'greater confidence' in the credibility of some aspects of the dossier as they continue to
actively investigate its contents". They also reported that American intelligence agencies had examined
Steele and his "vast network throughout Europe and found him and his sources to be credible."[19]

On March 30, 2017, Paul Wood reported that the FBI was using the dossier as a roadmap for its
investigation.[299] On April 18, 2017, CNN reported that, according to U.S. officials, information from
the dossier had been used as part of the basis for getting the FISA warrant to monitor Page in October
2016. Officials told CNN this information would have had to be independently corroborated by the FBI
before being used to obtain the warrant.[300][301] In his testimony before Congress, Glenn Simpson
"confirmed that the FBI had sources of its own and that whatever the FBI learned from Steele was simply
folded into its ongoing work."[302]

British journalist Julian Borger wrote on October 7, 2017, that "Steele's reports are being taken seriously
after lengthy scrutiny by federal and congressional investigators", at least Steele's assessment that Russia
had conducted a campaign to interfere in the 2016 election to Clinton's detriment; that part of the Steele
dossier "has generally gained in credibility, rather than lost it".[161]

On October 11, 2017, it was reported that Senator Sheldon Whitehouse (D-Rhode Island), member of the
Senate Judiciary Committee (SJC), had stated: "As I understand it, a good deal of his information
remains unproven, but none of it has been disproven, and considerable amounts of it have been
proven."[303]

On October 25, 2017, James Clapper stated that "some of the substantive content of the dossier we were
able to corroborate in our Intelligence Community assessment which from other sources in which we had
very high confidence."[304][305]

On October 27, 2017, Robert S. Litt, a former lawyer for the Director of National Intelligence, was
quoted as stating that the dossier "played absolutely no role" in the intelligence community's
determination that Russia had interfered in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.[306]

On November 15, 2017, Adam Schiff stated that much of the dossier's content is about Russian efforts to
help Trump, and those allegations "turned out to be true", something later affirmed by the January 6,
2017, intelligence community assessment released by the ODNI.[138]

On December 7, 2017, commentator Jonathan Chait wrote that as "time goes by, more and more of the
claims first reported by Steele have been borne out", with the mainstream media "treat[ing] [the dossier]
as gossip" whereas the intelligence community "take it seriously".[17]

On January 29, 2018, a House Intelligence Committee minority report stated that "multiple independent
sources ... corroborated Steele's reporting".[304]

On January 29, 2018, Mark Warner, the top Democrat on the Senate Intelligence Committee, said "little
of that dossier has either been fully proven or conversely, disproven".[307][308]
John Sipher, who served 28 years as a clandestine CIA agent, including heading the agency's Russia
program, said investigating the dossier allegations requires access to non-public records. He said "
[p]eople who say it's all garbage, or all true, are being politically biased", adding he believes that while
the dossier may not be correct in every detail, it is "generally credible" and "In the intelligence business,
you don't pretend you're a hundred per cent accurate. If you're seventy or eighty per cent accurate, that
makes you one of the best." He said the Mueller investigation would ultimately judge its merits.[12]
Sipher has written that "Many of my former CIA colleagues have taken the [dossier] reports seriously
since they were first published."[166]

During his April 15, 2018, ABC News interview with George Stephanopoulos, former FBI Director
James Comey described Steele as a "credible source, someone with a track record, someone who was a
credible and respected member of an allied intelligence service during his career, and so it was important
that we try to understand it, and see what could we verify, what could we rule in or rule out."[309]

In May 2018, former career intelligence officer James Clapper believed that "more and more" of the
dossier had been validated over time.[310][311]

Varied observations of dossier's veracity

Steele, the author of the dossier, said he believes that 70–90% of the dossier is accurate,[54][37] although
he gives the "golden showers" allegation a 50% chance of being true.[37] In testimony to Congress,
Simpson quoted "Steele as saying that any intelligence, especially from Russia, is bound to carry
intentional disinformation, but that Steele believes his dossier is 'largely not disinformation'."[93] Steele
has countered the suggestion that the Russians deliberately fed his sources misinformation that would
undermine Trump: "The ultimate Russian goal was to prevent Hillary Clinton from becoming president,
and therefore, the idea that they would intentionally spread embarrassing information about Trump—true
or not—is not logical."[117]

Other observers and experts have had varying reactions to the dossier. Generally, "former intelligence
officers and other national-security experts" urged "skepticism and caution" but still took "the fact that
the nation's top intelligence officials chose to present a summary version of the dossier to both President
Obama and President-elect Trump" as an indication "that they may have had a relatively high degree of
confidence that at least some of the claims therein were credible, or at least worth investigating
further".[297]

Vice President Joe Biden told reporters that, while he and Obama were receiving a briefing on the extent
of election hacking attempts, there was a two-page addendum which addressed the contents of the Steele
dossier.[96] Top intelligence officials told them they "felt obligated to inform them about uncorroborated
allegations about President-elect Donald Trump out of concern the information would become public and
catch them off-guard".[312]

On January 11, 2017, Newsweek published a list of "13 things that don't add up" in the dossier, writing
that it was a "strange mix of the amateur and the insightful" and stating that it "contains lots of Kremlin-
related gossip that could indeed be, as the author claims, from deep insiders—or equally gleaned" from
Russian newspapers and blogs.[313] Former UK ambassador to Russia Sir Tony Brenton stated that
certain aspects of the dossier were inconsistent with British intelligence's understanding of how the
Kremlin works, commenting: "I've seen quite a lot of intelligence on Russia, and there are some things in
[the dossier] which look pretty shaky."[314]
In his June 2017 Senate Intelligence Committee testimony, former FBI director James Comey said "some
personally sensitive aspects" of the dossier were unverified when he briefed Trump on them on January
6, 2017.[315] Comey also said he could not say publicly whether any of the allegations in the dossier had
been confirmed.[136]

Trump and his supporters have challenged the veracity of the dossier because it was funded in part by the
Clinton campaign and the DNC, while Democrats assert the funding source is irrelevant.[316]

In June 2019, investigators for Inspector General Michael E. Horowitz found Steele's testimony
surprising[317] and his "information sufficiently credible to have to extend the investigation".[318]

In November 2019, the founders of Fusion GPS published a book about the dossier and had this to say
about its veracity:

After three years of investigations, a fair assessment of the memos would conclude that
many of the allegations in the dossier have been borne out. Some proved remarkably
prescient. Other details remain stubbornly unconfirmed, while a handful now appear to be
doubtful, though not yet disproven.[43]

Investigations using or referencing the dossier

FBI's investigation of Russian interference

Origins did not involve dossier

Although the dossier later became one factor among many in the Russia investigation, it had no role in
the opening of the investigation on July 31, 2016, as top FBI officials received the dossier the following
September.[319] This fact has been the subject of intense discussion and controversy, largely fueled by a
conspiracy theory[26][27] pushed by Trump,[28] Fox News,[29] the dossier was not the trigger for the
opening of the FBI's "Crossfire Hurricane" counterintelligence investigation into Russian interference in
the 2016 presidential election campaign.[30][31][320]

Rather, the actual trigger was a series of comments made in May 2016 by Trump foreign policy advisor
George Papadopoulos to Alexander Downer, a top Australian diplomat, during a night of "heavy drinking
at an upscale London bar".[321][192] Shep Smith, an anchor at Fox News, confirmed this series of events,
directly contradicting Trump's and Fox News host Sean Hannity's false claims that the dossier was the
trigger for the start of the investigation.[135] John Sipher reported that Papadopoulos bragged "that the
Trump campaign was aware the Russian government had dirt on Hillary Clinton"[6] in the form of
"thousands of emails" stolen from Clinton which could be used to damage her campaign. Papadopoulos
had learned this about three weeks earlier. Two months later, when WikiLeaks started releasing DNC
emails, Australian officials alerted the Americans about Papadopoulos' remarks.[321][192] Over a year
later, Papadopoulos was arrested on July 27, 2017,[322] and in October 2017, Papadopoulos pleaded
guilty to lying to the FBI and became a cooperating witness in Mueller's investigation.[321][322]

In early February 2018, the Nunes memo stated the information on George Papadopoulos "triggered the
opening of" the original FBI investigation in late July 2016 into links between the Trump campaign and
Russia.[323][324][325] In late February 2018, a rebuttal memo by Democrats in the House Intelligence
Committee stated that "Christopher Steele's reporting ... played no role in launching the
counterintelligence investigation ... In fact, Steele's reporting did not reach the counterintelligence team
investigating Russia at FBI headquarters until mid-September 2016, more than seven weeks after the FBI
opened its investigation, because the probe's existence was so closely held within the FBI."[49][326]

In April 2018, the House Intelligence Committee, then in Republican control, released a final report on
Russian interference in the 2016 presidential American election, which stated that the House Intelligence
Committee found that "in late July 2016, the FBI opened an enterprise CI [counterintelligence]
investigation into the Trump campaign following the receipt of derogatory information about foreign
policy advisor George Papadopoulos".[327][328][329]

In December 2018, former FBI Director James Comey testified before the House Judiciary Committee
and described the origins of the Russia investigation. He described how the investigation initially looked
at four Americans, and that it was not prompted by the dossier, but by comments made by Papadopoulos:
"It was weeks or months later that the so-called Steele dossier came to our attention," he added. He also
said Obama had "never ordered him to have the FBI surveil or infiltrate the Trump
campaign."[330][192][321]

Other factors also played into the FBI's decision to investigate Russian interference and the Trump
campaign: intelligence from friendly governments, especially the British and Dutch, and information
about Page's Moscow trip. Steele's first report was sent to Fusion GPS, dated June 20, 2016, and FBI
agents first interviewed Steele in October 2016.[192] The New York Times reported on February 14, 2017,
that the FBI had made contact with some of Steele's sources.[331] CNN later reported that the FBI had
used the dossier to bolster its existing investigations.[52][300]

Philip Bump has explained how there "is no evidence the investigation stemmed from the dossier". He
wrote that Lisa Page testified that Bruce Ohr was not the FBI's initial source for their first copies of the
early portions of the dossier, but rather that they came from Steele's FBI handler "in mid- to late
September", long after the start of the Russia investigation in late July. After establishing that the dossier
was not the genesis of the investigation, Bump describes a number of factors which influenced the start
of the Russia investigation: Downer's meeting with Papadopoulos, which Papadopoulos lied about; that
Manafort had already been on the FBI's radar since the spring of 2016 due to a criminal investigation of
his pro-Russian work in Ukraine, connections which Manafort lied about; the suspicious travels to Russia
and secret meetings with possible Russian agents by Michael Flynn and Carter Page, which they lied
about. Page had already been on the FBI's radar, including a FISA warrant, since 2013 as a possible
Russian agent and target for recruitment by Russian intelligence. In October 2016, after Page had left the
Trump campaign in September, he became the subject of renewed FISA warrants, but this was only
partially related to the dossier,[332] as discussions with the Justice Department about seeking a wiretap on
Page had already started in August 2016, a month before FBI agents received the dossier.[333] Bump
concludes by noting how all these "multiple questionable points of contact with Russian actors" by the
Trump campaign justified the Russia investigation, without the dossier being a factor.[332]

The FBI opened its investigation in late July 2016, and The Washington Post noted that this timing is
"significant, given the FBI did not seek authorization to conduct surveillance on Page until three months
later, on Oct. 21, 2016." The Democrats asserted that the Nunes memo "shows the Russia investigation
would be underway with or without the surveillance of Page, and—more critically—even if the
government had never seen the dossier of information about Trump that was compiled by Christopher
Steele, a former British spy."[334]
In a January 2, 2018, CNN panel discussion, Elizabeth Foley, a Florida International University law
professor, falsely alleged that the FISA warrant on Page was "all based on a dossier", adding "That's what
Jim Comey has suggested." She also cited reports from CNN and The New York Times. PolitiFact
concluded that her claim about Comey was unsubstantiated, and according to CNN, the dossier was only
"part of the justification", and that The New York Times report did not mention the dossier. PolitiFact
rated her claim "Mostly False".[335]

The report of a review of the Russia investigation by Inspector General Michael E. Horowitz is expected
to be publicized on December 9, 2019. According to those briefed about it, it concludes that "none of the
evidence used to open the investigation" came from the C.I.A. or Trump–Russia dossier.[31]

The Russian election interference investigation's later relation to the dossier

By late July 2016, "the CIA had set up a special group with the NSA and FBI ... to investigate the extent
of Russian intervention in the presidential election." Former CIA director John Brennan then "ensured
that all information about links between the Trump campaign and people working for or on behalf of
Russian intelligence went to the FBI."[226]

These links between Trump associates and Russian officials were numerous.[22][23][336][337][338] Politico
keeps a very detailed running tally of the involved persons, and, as of November 8, 2018, they found
"332 people connected to the Russia probes ... 84 [of whom were] associated with [Trump's] 2016
campaign".[337] Julian Borger reported that in Brennan's testimony before the House intelligence
committee, he made it clear "that he was alarmed by the extent of contacts between the Trump team and
Moscow," and that this justified the FBI inquiry.[226]

Their secret nature was especially alarming, with one intercepted conversation between Michael Flynn
and Russian ambassador Kislyak, which Flynn lied about, raising "grave concerns about Russians' secret
and frequent contact with Trump allies and advisers during the campaign and before his
inauguration."[22]

The FBI has resisted FOIA requests which would force it to reveal classified details of its investigation,
including its efforts to disprove or confirm allegations in the dossier. This resistance was approved by
U.S. District Court Judge Amit P. Mehta, but a move by Trump to declassify some of this material, and a
following FOIA lawsuit by journalist Josh Gerstein and a pro-transparency group, the James Madison
Project, resulted in a ruling which would allow some declassification. The irony of the situation was
noted by Brad Moss, a lawyer involved in that lawsuit: "It will be rather ironic if the president's
peripheral actions that resulted in this ruling wind up disclosing that the FBI has been able to corroborate
any of the 'salacious' allegations."[339]

On August 28, 2018, Bruce Ohr, former head of the Justice Department's Organized Crime Drug
Enforcement Task Force, testified at a closed-door interview with Congressmen that he had "passed on
'dossier'-linked information to the FBI".[340] At that time, the FBI's investigation had already been
underway for four months, and the FBI had cited "previously-obtained information from the 'dossier'" to
support secret surveillance of Carter Page.[340] Contrary to a conspiracy theory promoted by Trump,
there is no evidence that Ohr was involved in the start of the Russia probe.[27] According to a
congressional source speaking to ABC News, Ohr had "little impact" on the investigation.[341]
On September 1, 2018, congressional sources relayed to the Associated Press that Ohr told members of
Congress he had met Steele over breakfast on July 30, 2016, along with Nellie Ohr and a Steele
associate. At that time Steele revealed that he had been told by a former head of the Russian Foreign
Intelligence Service[342] that the Russians "had Trump over a barrel", an assertion that Steele echoed in
his dossier. Ohr also said Steele told him Page met with "higher-level Russian officials than [Page] had
acknowledged".[343]

Special counsel investigation

In May 2017, the FBI investigation into Russian interference was taken over by newly-appointed Special
Counsel Robert Mueller.[344]

In the summer of 2017, Mueller's team of investigators met with Steele in Europe.[293] According to
CNN, the CIA and FBI "took Steele's research seriously enough that they kept it out of" a January 6,
2017, report on Russian meddling issued by the U.S. Office of the Director of National Intelligence "in
order to not divulge which parts of the dossier they had corroborated and how."[293]

On October 4, 2017, it was reported that the Mueller probe had taken over the FBI inquiry into the
dossier,[345] and according to Senate Intelligence Committee vice chairman Mark Warner (D-VA), the
Mueller team investigated the dossier's allegations.[344]

As some leads stemming from the dossier had already been followed and confirmed by the FBI, legal
experts have stated that Special Counsel investigators are obligated to follow any leads the dossier has
presented them with, irrespective of what parties financed it in its various stages of development, or "
[t]hey would be derelict in their duty if they didn't."[344][346][347]

The Mueller Report, a summary of the findings of the Special Counsel investigation into Russian
interference in the 2016 U.S. elections, contained passing references to some of the dossier's allegations
but little mention of its more sensational claims.[18]

Subject of the Nunes memo

On February 2, 2018, the Nunes memo, a four-page memorandum written for U.S. Representative Devin
Nunes by his staff, was released to the public. Referring to the dossier, the memo states that the FBI "may
have relied on politically motivated or questionable sources" to obtain a Foreign Intelligence Surveillance
Act (FISA) warrant in October 2016 and in three subsequent renewals on Carter Page in the early phases
of the FBI's investigation of the Russian interference.[348] The Nunes memo stated that there was
excessive and improper dependence on the Trump–Russia dossier.

On February 3, 2018, Trump praised the Nunes memo and tweeted: "This memo totally vindicates
'Trump' in probe. But the Russian Witch Hunt goes on and on. Their [sic] was no Collusion and there was
no Obstruction." Representative Trey Gowdy (R-S.C.) disagreed, stating on February 4 on CBS' Face the
Nation: "I actually don't think it has any impact on the Russia probe." He went on to say:

"There is a Russia investigation without a dossier," Gowdy said. "So to the extent the memo
deals with the dossier and the FISA process, the dossier has nothing to do with the meeting
at Trump Tower. The dossier has nothing to do with an email sent by Cambridge Analytica.
 The dossier really has nothing to do with George Papadopoulos' meeting in Great Britain. It
also doesn't have anything to do with obstruction of justice. So there's going to be a Russia
probe, even without a dossier."[41]

Gowdy was dissatisfied with the process of seeking the warrant: "I say investigate everything Russia did
but admit that this was a really sloppy process that you engaged in to surveil a U.S. citizen." When
questioned, he said the FISA warrant on Carter Page would not have been authorized without the
dossier.[349]

Jane Mayer has quoted Democratic Senator Sheldon Whitehouse: "To impeach Steele's dossier is to
impeach Mueller's investigation ... It's to recast the focus back on Hillary", with the Republicans' aim to
"create a false narrative saying this is all a political witch hunt." Mayer tied his view directly to Devin
Nunes's production of "a report purporting to show that the real conspiracy revolved around Hillary
Clinton", falsely alleging that Clinton "colluded with the Russians ...", a claim debunked by Glenn
Kessler.[12]

The Nunes memo falsely asserted that "Comey briefed President-elect Trump on a summary of the Steele
dossier, even though it was—according to his June 2017 testimony—'salacious and unverified'."
Factcheckers have clarified that when Comey said "salacious and unverified", he was referring only to
"some personally sensitive aspects of the information" in the dossier, not to the entire dossier.[350][351]

The Nunes memo asserted that Andrew McCabe testified to the House Intelligence Committee that "no
surveillance warrant [on Carter Page] would have been sought from the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance
Court (FISC) without the Steele dossier information," a wording which is contested by McCabe and
Congressman Eric Swalwell.[352][353] Because McCabe testified in a classified session, no transcript has
yet been released to verify this assertion. In a CNN interview, McCabe asserted that his answers had been
twisted by House Republicans:

We started the investigations without the dossier. We were proceeding with the
investigations before we ever received that information. ... Was the dossier material
important to the package? Of course, it was. As was every fact included in that package.
Was it the majority of what was in the package? Absolutely not.[352]

Eric Swalwell, a member of the Committee, also said McCabe's testimony was mischaracterized.[353]

Amid assertions in the Nunes memo and from others that the dossier's use in the Carter Page FISA
warrant request was improper—countered by Democrats' assertions that there was nothing improper—on
April 6, 2018, the Justice Department made the FISA application available for all members of the House
and Senate Intelligence Committees to review.[354]

A rebuttal from the House Intelligence Committee minority addressed the role of the dossier in seeking
the FISA warrants, and stated the Justice Department "made only narrow use of information from Steele's
sources".[355]

Inspector General's Russian interference and FISA investigation

As part of an investigation into whether the FBI and Justice Department abused the FISA process in their
surveillance of Carter Page, investigators from the office of the Justice Department's Inspector General,
Michael E. Horowitz, interviewed Steele for 16 hours over the course of two days in June 2019. This
occurred in London and was regarding Steele's dossier. They were especially "focused on gauging
Steele's credibility as a source" for the FBI. They "delved into Steele's extensive work on Russian
interference efforts globally, his intelligence-collection methods and his findings about Trump campaign
adviser Carter Page, who the FBI ultimately surveilled." They found his testimony surprising[317] and his
"information sufficiently credible to have to extend the investigation".[318]

The report also concludes that "none of the evidence used to open the [Russian interference]
investigation" came from the C.I.A. or Trump–Russia dossier.[31]

The Inspector General's report was released on December 9, 2019, and states "We determined that the
Crossfire Hurricane team's receipt of Steele's election reporting on September 19, 2016 played a central
and essential role in the FBI's and Department's decision to seek the FISA order."[32] The exact role
played was in how "the Steele reporting 'pushed [the FISA proposal] over the line' in terms of
establishing probable cause."[33]

Denials of specific accusations

Michael Cohen
The dossier alleges that Trump's personal attorney, Michael
Cohen, met with Oleg Solodukhin and other Russian officials in
Prague in 2016 with the objective of paying those who had
hacked the DNC and to "cover up all traces of the hacking
operation". Cohen has denied the allegations against
him,[52][91][92] stating that he was in Los Angeles between
August 23 and 29, and in New York for the entire month of Play media
September[356] and that "I have never been to Prague in my Cohen's attorney, Lanny Davis, says
life".[357] (at 8:50) Cohen was "never, ever" in
Prague.
Cohen has made different types of false statements regarding
visiting Prague. He has twice admitted visiting Prague.[149][271]
His alibi claimed that he was in Capri with Steven Van Zandt at the time of the alleged Prague trip, he
also failed to provide receipts he claimed would prove he was there.[92]

Aleksej Gubarev
Gubarev has denied all accusations made in the dossier.[178][179] Contrary to his denials, it has been
proven true that his companies were used to facilitate cybercrimes.[290][291][292]

Paul Manafort
Manafort has "denied taking part in any collusion with the Russian state, but registered himself as a
foreign agent retroactively after it was revealed his firm received more than $17m working as a lobbyist
for a pro-Russian Ukrainian party."[161]
Carter Page
Page originally denied meeting any Russian officials, but his later testimony, acknowledging that he had
met with senior Russian officials at Rosneft, has been interpreted as corroboration of portions of the
dossier.[249][245][246]

Donald Trump
Trump has denied the "golden showers" allegation, insisting it couldn't be true because he is a
"germaphobe"[358] and did not stay overnight in Moscow at the time of the Miss Universe contest in
2013.[207][209]

The latter claim was soon shown to be false.[212][208]

Reactions to dossier

Donald Trump
Donald Trump's first Twitter reaction to the dossier was a January
10, 2017, tweet: "FAKE NEWS—A TOTAL POLITICAL
WITCH HUNT!",[359][360] a view echoed the next day by the
Kremlin: "absolute fabrication".[360] Trump has repeatedly
condemned the dossier and denied collusion with Russia,
including in this December 26, 2017, tweet, in which he quotes
from Fox & Friends:[133]

Donald J. Trump Twitter

@realDonaldTrump
WOW, @foxandfrlends "Dossier is bogus. Clinton Campaign,
DNC funded Dossier. FBI CANNOT (after all of this time) November 14, 2017—House
VERIFY CLAIMS IN DOSSIER OF RUSSIA/TRUMP Intelligence Committee transcript of
COLLUSION. FBI TAINTED." And they used this Crooked Glenn Simpson
Hillary pile of garbage as the basis for going after the Trump
Campaign!

December 26, 2017[361]

Trump has called the dossier "fake news" and criticized the intelligence and media sources that published
it.[362] During a press conference on January 11, 2017, Trump denounced the dossier's claims as false,
saying it was "disgraceful" for U.S. intelligence agencies to report them.[363] In response to Trump's
criticism, CNN said it had published "carefully sourced reporting" on the matter which had been
"matched by the other major news organizations", as opposed to BuzzFeed's posting of "unsubstantiated
claims".[107]

The Wall Street Journal reported that the DNC and the Clinton campaign paid a total of $12.4 million to
Perkins Coie for legal and compliance services during the 2016 campaign.[364] This led Trump to claim
that the dossier had cost $12 million.[50][365] The actual cost was far less.[366] According to Fusion GPS,
Perkins Coie paid them $1.02 million in fees and expenses, and
Fusion GPS paid $168,000 to Steele's firm, Orbis Business
Intelligence, to produce the dossier.[50][367] Despite that, Trump
and his son Donald Trump Jr. continued to claim for more than a
year that Steele was paid "millions of dollars" for his work.[368]

A footnote in the Mueller Report revealed that Trump requested

James Comey and James Clapper to publicly refute the dossier.
The two men then exchanged emails about the request, with
Clapper saying that "Trump wanted him to say the dossier was
'bogus, which, of course, I can't do'."[369][43]

Other responses
Russia has backed Trump by attacking the dossier and denying its
August 22, 2017, Fusion GPS
allegations, calling it an "absolute fabrication" and "a hoax testimony transcript of Glenn
intended to further damage U.S.–Russian relations".[360] Simpson

As Putin's press secretary, Peskov insisted in an interview that the

dossier is a fraud, saying "I can assure you that the allegations in this funny paper, in this so-called report,
they are untrue. They are all fake."[370] Putin called the people who leaked the dossier "worse than
prostitutes"[371] and referred to the dossier itself as "rubbish".[372] Putin went on to state he believed the
dossier was "clearly fake",[373] fabricated as a plot against the legitimacy of President-elect Trump.[374]

Some of Steele's former colleagues expressed support for his character, saying "The idea his work is fake
or a cowboy operation is false—completely untrue. Chris is an experienced and highly regarded
professional. He's not the sort of person who will simply pass on gossip."[375]

Among journalists, Bob Woodward called the dossier a "garbage document", while Carl Bernstein took
the opposite view, noting that the senior-most U.S. intelligence officials had determined the content was
worth reporting to the president and the president-elect.[376] Julian Borger has described the dossier as
"one of the most explosive documents in modern political history ..."[161] Ben Smith, editor of BuzzFeed,
wrote: "The dossier is a document ... of obvious central public importance. It's the subject of multiple
investigations by intelligence agencies, by Congress. That was clear a year ago. It's a lot clearer
now."[377]

Ynet, an Israeli online news site, reported on January 12, 2017, that U.S. intelligence advised Israeli
intelligence officers to be cautious about sharing information with the incoming Trump administration,
until the possibility of Russian influence over Trump, suggested by Steele's report, has been fully
investigated.[236]

Steven L. Hall, former CIA chief of Russia operations, has contrasted Steele's methods with those of
Donald Trump Jr., who sought information from a Russian attorney at a meeting in Trump Tower in June
2016: "The distinction: Steele spied against Russia to get info Russia did not want released; Don Jr took a
mtg to get info Russians wanted to give."[378]

Jane Mayer referred to the same meeting and contrasted the difference in reactions to Russian attempts to
support Trump: When Trump Jr. was offered "dirt" on Clinton as "part of Russia and its government's
support for Mr. Trump", instead of "going to the F.B.I., as Steele had" done when he learned that Russia
was helping Trump, Trump's son accepted the support by responding: "If it's what you say, I love
it ..."[12]

On January 2, 2018, Simpson and Fritsch authored an op-ed in The New York Times, requesting that
Republicans "release full transcripts of our firm's testimony" and further wrote that, "the Steele dossier
was not the trigger for the FBI's investigation into Russian meddling. As we told the Senate Judiciary
Committee in August, our sources said the dossier was taken so seriously because it corroborated reports
the bureau had received from other sources, including one inside the Trump camp."[56] Ken Dilanian of
NBC News said a "source close to Fusion GPS" told him the FBI had not planted anyone in the Trump
camp, but rather that Simpson was referring to Papadopoulos.[379][77]

On January 4, 2018, U.S. District Court Judge Amit P. Mehta ruled on Trump's repeated tweets
describing the dossier as "fake" or "discredited":

None of the tweets inescapably lead to the inference that the President's statements about the
Dossier are rooted in information he received from the law enforcement and intelligence
communities ... The President's statements may very well be based on media reports or his
own personal knowledge, or could simply be viewed as political statements intended to
counter media accounts about the Russia investigation, rather than assertions of pure
fact.[380]

On January 5, 2018, in the first known Congressional criminal referral resulting from investigations
related to the Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. election, Grassley made a referral to the Justice
Department suggesting that they investigate possible criminal charges against Steele[381][382] for
allegedly making false statements to the FBI about the distribution of the dossier's claims,[383]
specifically possible "inconsistencies" in what Steele told authorities and "possibly lying to FBI
officials".[384] Senator Lindsey Graham also signed the letter.[385][386] Both Grassley and Graham
declared that they were not alleging that Steele "had committed any crime. Rather, they had passed on the
information for 'further investigation only'."[387] The referral was met with skepticism from legal experts,
as well as some of the other Republicans and Democrats on the Judiciary committee, who reportedly had
not been consulted.[385]

On January 8, 2018, a spokesman for Grassley said he did not plan to release the transcript of Simpson's
August 22, 2017, testimony before the SJC.[388] The next day, ranking committee member Senator
Dianne Feinstein unilaterally released the transcript.[87][389]

On January 10, 2018, Fox News host Sean Hannity appeared to have advance information on the
forthcoming release of the Nunes memo and its assertions about the dossier, saying "more shocking
information will be coming out in just days that will show systemic FISA abuse." Hannity asserted that
this new information would reveal "a totally phony document full of Russian lies and propaganda that
was then used by the Obama administration to surveil members of an opposition party and incoming
president," adding that this was "the real Russia collusion story" that represented a "precipice of one of
the largest abuses of power in U.S. American history. And I'm talking about the literal shredding of the
U.S. Constitution."[390]

In April 2018, the White House Correspondents' Association (WHCA) gave The Merriman Smith
Memorial Award to CNN reporters Evan Perez, Jim Sciutto, Jake Tapper and Carl Bernstein. In January
2017, they reported that the intelligence community had briefed Obama and Trump of allegations that
Russians claimed to have "compromising personal and financial information" on then-President elect
Donald Trump.[99][391] WHCA noted that "[t]hanks to this CNN investigation, 'the dossier' is now part of
the lexicon".[392]

As late as July 29, 2018, Trump continued to falsely insist that the FBI investigation of Russian
interference was initiated because of the dossier, and three days later White House press secretary Sarah
Sanders repeated the false assertion. Fox News host Shepard Smith said of Trump's assertion: "In the
main and in its parts, that statement is patently false."[393]

Alan Huffman, an expert on opposition research, has compared the two forms of opposition research
represented by the dossier and Wikileaks. He didn't believe the dossier's intelligence gathering to be
illegitimate, although "a little strange", while he was troubled by the large dump of documents from
Wikileaks which "may have been obtained in an illegal way".[394]

Death of Oleg Erovinkin

Oleg Erovinkin, a former KGB/FSB general, was similar to dossier Source B, who was "a former top
level intelligence officer still active in the Kremlin." Although "Steele has reportedly said that Erovinkin
was not a source for his dossier",[395] the circumstances around his death, and claims that he might have
been Source B, should be mentioned. Glenn Simpson has also said he knows of no sources who have
been harmed physically.[131]

Steele said much of the information came from a source close to Sechin, and Erovinkin was a key liaison
between Sechin and Putin. Erovinkin also served as chief of staff at Russian state-owned oil company
Rosneft, the same company associated with dossier allegations about Carter Page and the lifting of
sanctions by Trump.[144] Those allegations came from a source. Erovinkin was "Sechin's closest
associate", and to Putin, who was looking for leakers, he "was at least a person of
interest".[396][397][398][399]

On December 26, 2016, Erovinkin was found dead in his car in Moscow. According to Christo Grozev, a
journalist at Risk Management Lab, a think tank based in Bulgaria, the circumstances of Erovinkin's
death were "mysterious". Grozev suspected Erovinkin helped Steele compile the dossier on Trump and
suggests the hypothesis that the death may have been part of a cover-up by the Russian
government.[396][400] Experts expressed skepticism about the theory: "As a rule, people like Gen
Yerovinkin don't tend to die in airport thriller murders," said Mark Galeotti, an expert on the Russian
security services.[396]

Litigation

Against BuzzFeed News and Fusion GPS

Filed by Gubarev
On February 3, 2017, Aleksej Gubarev, chief of technology company XBT and a figure mentioned in the
dossier, sued BuzzFeed for defamation. The suit, filed in a Broward County, Florida court, centers on
allegations from the dossier that XBT had been "using botnets and porn traffic to transmit viruses, plant
bugs, steal data and conduct 'altering operations' against the Democratic Party leadership".[178][401] In the
High Court of Justice, Steele's lawyers said their client did not intend for the memos to be released, and
that one of the memos "needed to be analyzed and further investigated/verified".[402] In response to the
lawsuit, BuzzFeed hired the business advisory firm FTI Consulting to investigate the dossier's
allegations.[403] BuzzFeed has sued the DNC in an attempt to force the disclosure of information it
believes will bolster its defense against libel allegations.[404] Fusion GPS "has claimed that it did not
provide the dossier to BuzzFeed."[405]

In connection with the libel suit against them by Gubarev, on June 30, 2017, BuzzFeed subpoenaed the
CIA, the FBI, and the Office of the Director of National Intelligence. They also sought "testimony from
fired FBI Director James Comey, as well as former DNI James Clapper and CIA Director John Brennan".
They were interested in using the discovery process to get information about the distribution of the
dossier, how it had circulated among government officials, and the "existence and scope of the federal
government's investigation into the dossier". They hoped "the information could bolster BuzzFeed's
claim that publication of the document was protected by the fair report privilege, which can immunize
reports based on official government records."[406] On June 4, 2018, Judge Ursula Ungaro ruled that
BuzzFeed could claim "fair report privilege" for the publication of the dossier and its accompanying
article, bolstering BuzzFeed's defense.[407] Cyber security and intelligence expert Andrew Weisburd has
said that both Gubarev and the dossier "can be right": "Their explanation is entirely plausible, as is the
Steele Dossier's description of Mr. Gubarev as essentially a victim of predatory officers of one or more
Russian intelligence services. ... Neither BuzzFeed nor Steele have accused Gubarev of being a willing
participant in wrongdoing."[179]

On December 19, 2018, Judge Ursula Ungaro sided with BuzzFeed in the defamation suit filed by
Gubarev, defending BuzzFeed's privilege to publish and the public's right to know about the allegations
against Trump.[114][408][10]

Filed by Fridman, Aven, and Khan

In May 2017, Mikhail Fridman, Petr Aven, and German Khan—the owners of Alfa Bank—filed a
defamation lawsuit against BuzzFeed for publishing the unverified dossier,[409][410] which describes
financial ties and collusion between Putin, Trump, and the three bank owners.[411][412]

In October 2017, Fridman, Aven, and Khan also filed a libel suit against Fusion GPS and Glenn Simpson
for circulating the dossier among journalists and allowing it to be published.[413]

Filed by Cohen
On January 9, 2018, Michael Cohen sued BuzzFeed and Fusion GPS for defamation over allegations
about him in the dossier.[414] On April 19, 2018, ten days after his home, office and hotel room were
raided by the FBI as part of a criminal investigation, Cohen filed a motion to voluntarily dismiss the
suit.[415][416][417]

Against Steele and Orbis Business Intelligence

On April 16, 2018, Alfa Bank owners Fridman, Aven, and Khan filed a libel suit against Steele and Orbis
Business Intelligence,[418] since the dossier describes financial ties and collusion between Putin, Trump,
and the three bank owners.[411][412] The lawsuit was filed in Washington D.C.[418] Steele's lawyers filed
two motions to dismiss the case, accusing the three men of intimidation.[419]
On August 20, 2018, a judge in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia threw out the libel suit.
The case was dismissed with prejudice in response to a motion by lawyers for Orbis Business
Intelligence.[420][421] Without assessing whether the dossier was "accurate or not accurate", the judge
determined that Steele was protected by the First Amendment, which protects freedom of speech. He also
cited the District of Columbia's anti-SLAPP law, which prevents the filing of frivolous suits to silence
critics. He also pointed out its importance to the public interest: "The Steele dossier generated so much
interest and attention in the US precisely because its contents relate to active public debates here."[422]

Against DNC and Perkins Coie

In October 2018, Carter Page sued the DNC, Perkins Coie, and two Perkins Coie partners, for
defamation.[423][424] The lawsuit was dismissed on January 31, 2019. Page said he intends to appeal the
decision.[424][425]

Conspiracy theories
The Russia investigation origins counter-narrative[426] is a right-wing alternative narrative,[427][428]
sometimes identified as a conspiracy theory,[429][430][431][432][433] concerning the origins of the Special
Counsel investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. The fact that the
Russians interfered in the 2016 elections has been disputed and denied in a conspiracy theory[26][27]
pushed by Trump, Fox News, and GOP politicians like Representatives Jim Jordan (R-Ohio)[26] and Matt
Gaetz (R-Florida).[431] In May 2019, U.S. Attorney General William Barr appointed John Durham to
perform an inquiry based on this conspiracy theory, an inquiry described as a cover-up to protect
Trump.[434][435]

The conspiracy theory aims to prove that the dossier was used as an excuse for the FBI to start their
Russia investigation. It also aims to discredit Steele and thus discredit the whole investigation.[436] The
dossier could not have had any role in the opening of the Russia investigation on July 31, 2016, as top
FBI officials received the dossier the following September.[319] Instead, it was the activities of George
Papadopoulos which started the investigation.[437] The investigation by Inspector General Michael E.
Horowitz into Russian interference and alleged FISA abuses found that "none of the evidence used to
open the [original Crossfire Hurricane FBI] investigation" came from the C.I.A. or Trump–Russia
dossier.[31]

The founders of Fusion GPS did not expect their connections to Bruce and Nellie Ohr, Steele, Hillary
Clinton, and the FBI to "become public and subsequently provide the framework for a deep-state
conspiracy theory".[46]

Several conspiracy theories related to the Trump–Ukraine scandal involve the dossier. According to The
Wall Street Journal, President Trump's actions in the Trump–Ukraine scandal stemmed from his belief
that Ukraine was responsible for the Steele Dossier.[438][439] Trump has insinuated that the dossier had its
origins in Ukraine, that the Clintons were involved, that Hillary Clinton's email server is currently
secreted in Ukraine,[440] and that Clinton's deleted emails are in Ukraine.[432]

The dossier is central to Republican assertions that Trump is the victim of an intelligence community
conspiracy to take him down. Democrats see this focus on the dossier as conspiratorial.[441]
Congressman Devin Nunes, a staunch Trump defender, asserted as fact that the dossier originated in
Ukraine during his questioning of EU ambassador Gordon Sondland during the Trump impeachment
inquiry hearings in September 2019.[442]
Matt Gaetz and Jim Jordan have pushed a conspiracy theory that the dossier was based on Russian
disinformation.[431]

Legacy
Glenn Simpson believes the dossier interrupted a planned renewal of relationships between the United
States and Russia that was "not in the interest of the United States"; that it supported the existing FBI
investigation into Russian interference; and that it furthered understanding of the hidden relationship
between the Russian government and the Trump campaign.[131]

See also
Assessing Russian Activities and Intentions in Recent US Elections
Cyberwarfare by Russia
Foreign electoral intervention
Foreign policy of Donald Trump (2015–16)
Russia–United States relations
The Plot to Hack America
Russian espionage in the United States
Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections
Trump: The Kremlin Candidate?

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eview-of-the-russia-investigation-has-won-trumps-favor-but-some-facing-scrutiny-suspect-h
es-chasing-conspiracy-theories/2019/10/05/cea0f994-e612-11e9-a331-2df12d56a80b_stor
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Further reading
Books

Harding, Luke (November 16, 2017). Collusion: Secret External video

Meetings, Dirty Money, and How Russia Helped
Donald Trump Win ([Link] Interview with Simpson on Crime
=YjQ9DwAAQBAJ). Random House. ISBN 978- in Progress, December 11, 2019 (htt
0525520931. ps://[Link]/video/?466959-
Simpson, Glenn; Fritsch, Peter (November 26, 2019). 1/crime-progress), C-SPAN
Crime in Progress: Inside the Steele Dossier and the
Fusion GPS Investigation of Donald Trump ([Link]
[Link]/Crime-Progress-Inside-Dossier-Investigation/dp/059313415X/). Random
House. ISBN 0593134168.

Journals, newspapers, magazines

 Harding, Luke (November 19, 2017). "The Hidden History of Trump's First Trip to Moscow"
([Link]
Politico (an excerpt of his book Collusion).
Hamburger, Tom; Helderman, Rosalind (February 7, 2018). "Hero or hired gun? How a
British former spy became a flash point in the Russia investigation" ([Link]
[Link]/politics/hero-or-hired-gun-how-a-british-former-spy-became-a-flash-point-in-the-ru
ssia-investigation/2018/02/06/94ea5158-0795-11e8-8777-2a059f168dd2_story.html). The
Washington Post.
Mayer, Jane (March 12, 2018). "Christopher Steele, the Man Behind the Trump Dossier" (htt
ps://[Link]/magazine/2018/03/12/christopher-steele-the-man-behind-the-trum
p-dossier). The New Yorker.

Timelines

Timeline: The making of the Christopher Steele Trump–Russia dossier ([Link]

[Link]/graphics/2018/politics/steele-timeline/), The Washington Post, February 6,
2018
Timeline: Steele dossier and lawsuits ([Link]
Associated Press, June 29, 2018

External links
Glenn Simpson (August 22, 2017). "Glenn Simpson's testimony re Trump–Russia dossier"
([Link]
43c05ae/[Link])
(PDF) (redacted transcript). Interviewed by U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee. Official U.S.
Senate website of Senator Dianne Feinstein.
Glenn Simpson (November 14, 2017). "Glenn Simpson's testimony re Trump–Russia
dossier" ([Link]
[Link]) (PDF) (redacted transcript). Interviewed by House Intelligence
Committee. Official U.S. House of Representatives website.
"Grassley Probes Opposition Research Firm behind Unsubstantiated Trump Dossier" (http
s://[Link]/news/news-releases/grassley-probes-opposition-research-firm
-behind-unsubstantiated-trump-dossier) (press release). Official U.S. Senate website of
Senator Chuck Grassley. March 27, 2017. Senator Grassley (R) discusses the dossier.
Includes text of a letter from Grassley to Simpson of Fusion GPS, asking 13 questions.
House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence Report on Russian Active Measures,
March 22, 2018 ([Link]
[Link])
Schiff, Adam (March 20, 2017). "Intelligence Committee Ranking Member Schiff Opening
Statement During Hearing on Russian Active Measures" ([Link]
s-releases/intelligence-committee-ranking-member-schiff-opening-statement-during-hearing
-on-russian-active-measures) (press release). Schiff's official U.S. House website.
Congressman Schiff (D) discusses the dossier.
Evaluating the Buzzfeed dossier, by a former Intelligence Analyst ([Link]
up-grind/evaluating-the-buzzfeed-dossier-by-a-former-intelligence-analyst-53d9611f1657),
Jim Arkedis, January 12, 2017
Gross, Terry; Simpson, Glenn; Fritsch, Peter (November 26, 2019). "Fusion GPS Founders
On Russian Efforts To Sow Discord: 'They Have Succeeded' " ([Link]
26/782908119/fusion-gps-founders-on-russian-efforts-to-sow-discord-they-have-
succeeded). NPR. Fresh Air
Retrieved from "[Link]

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