Hello everyone.
Welcome to the NPTEL online course on electric
vehicles.
In our previous interaction we have covered
the topic benefits of using EVs compared to
other modes of transport.
Now let us discuss the next topic which is
overview of types of EVs and their challenges.
So EVs can be classified in various phase.
It can be classified in terms of propulsion
devices, or energy sources, or even the energy
carriers which are used as medium to transfer
energy from energy sources to propulsion devices.
So based on propulsion systems, EVs can be
classified as pure electric vehicle or hybrid
electric vehicle.
A pure electric vehicle uses electric motor
as a sole device for propulsion.
While in HEV uses both electric motor and
IC engine for propulsion.
Popularly pure electric vehicles are also
known as EVs while HEVs are known as HVs.
If we classify the EVs on the basis of energy
sources pure electric vehicle will be further
classified into battery electric vehicle and
fuels electric vehicle.
For HEV usage both liquid fuel and energy
source while a battery electric vehicle uses
battery as a sole energy source.
On the other hand a fuel cell electric vehicle
uses both battery and fuel cell as energy
sources.
A similar classification can be done on the
basis of energy carriers where the energy
carrier for battery is electricity while the
energy carrier for a fuel cell is hydrogen.
So four types of EVs come under the family
of pure electric vehicle.
They are battery electric vehicle, fuel cell
electric vehicle, ultra-capacitors electric
vehicle and ultra-flywheel electric vehicle.
In all these vehicles the battery is a common
energy source.
While a BEV uses battery as sole energy source,
Fuel cell electric vehicle, ultra-capacitor
electric vehicle and ultra-flywheel electric
vehicle uses battery as a hybrid energy source.
In a fuel cell electric vehicle battery is
primarily used for observing the regenerative
power.
Since fuel cell is incapable of storing the
renewable energy.
While in ultra-capacitor and ultra-flywheel
based EVs batteries are required for storing
energy since ultra-capacitor and ultra-flywheel
have very low specific energy.
So as we know a hybrid electric vehicle uses
both motor and IC engine for propulsion.
So on the basis of ratio of hybridization
between electric motor and IC engine it is
classified into five types.
Micro hybrid, mild hybrid, full hybrid, plugin
hybrid and range extended hybrid electric
vehicle.
So the rating of electric motor is very low
in micro hybrid vehicle and is high in REVs.
On the
other hand, the rating of IC engine is high
in a micro hybrid while it is low in a REV.
So micro hybrid, mild hybrid and full hybrid
are clubbed and known as conventional hybrid
electric vehicle.
While plugin hybrid or PHEVs and range extended
hybrid which is known as REV are clubbed under
grid-able HEVs.
So the difference between these two types
is that the conventional HEVs can be refueled
only at the filling stations or petrol buns.
While grid-able HEV can be refueled both electrically
and at the filling stations.
So a grid-able HEV enables direct charging
of battery using charging ports in addition
to refueling by liquid fuels at a filling
station.
So the classification of all types of electric
vehicles in terms of propulsion devices energy
carries and energy sources is elaborated here.
So in terms of propulsion systems a hybrid
electric vehicle primarily use an engine and
electric motor while a pure electric vehicle
uses solely electric
motors for propulsion.
On the other hand if we classify the EVs on
the basis of energy carriers hybrid vehicles
uses either liquid fuel electricity as carriers
while a pure electric vehicle uses either
battery or hydrogen as energy carriers.
If we classify the EVs on the basis of energy
sources you will see that hybrid vehicles
use either liquid fuels or battery as an energy
source.
While the pure EV uses battery and other types
of energy sources alternative are ultra-flywheel
fuel cells as energy sources.
The vehicle configuration of a typical battery
electric vehicle is elaborated here.
So we can see that the battery bank in a BEV
is normally charged directly from the grid
using a battery charger and the electrical
energy stored in the battery is transferred
to the wheels using a electric drive
consisting of a power converter and electrical
machine via transmission gears and driving
axle.
This power converter has to be designed to
carry bidirectional power flow since it can
also be used to regenerate the power coming
from the wheels during breaking.
You can also see that the clutch is normally
not required in a battery electric vehicle
as in conventional IC engine based vehicle.
This is the configuration of a typical fuel
cell electric vehicle.
So it uses fuel cell as a source of energy
which is connected to hydrogen tank.
A boost converter is required to step up the
voltage of the fuel cell to charge the battery
and store the energy.
And electric drive and the mechanical propulsion
system similar to battery electric vehicle.
Battery bank enables two purposes.
First it allows fuel cell to operate at optimum
efficiency.
Secondly it can support the transient mechanical
energy requirements in the wheels.
It can also help to store the regenerative
energy coming during breaking since fuel cell
is incapable of storing the regenerative energy.
As we all know an IC engine requires a starter
motor for starting IC engine, an alternator
to recharge the battery once the IC engine
started functioning.
So these two functions can be kept together
in a device called integrated starter generator
or ISG in short form.
So an ISG in an electrical machine which have
been - which can be connected to the IC engine
either using a belt driven system or it can
be directly mounted to the crankshaft.
So what is the role of an ISG?
So it can assist IC engine in various ways.
Among the different types of conventional
HEVs the micro hybrid, mild hybrid and full
hybrid provides and offers different types
of capabilities to the system.
In a micro hybrid.
And ISG of around 3 to 5 kilowatt with a system
voltage of 14 to 42 volts is used.
So the ISG supports not only the starting
of ICEV engines it can also support the stopping
of ISG engine when the vehicle is at rest.
So this is known as start, stop feature.
So this feature enable fuel economy in each
vehicles.
Energy can also help in recovery of regenerative
power able during braking.
Generally this is a low power ISG and they
are connected using belt driven systems.
In a mild hybrid an ISG if slightly higher
rating is used typically 7 to 15 kilowatts
with a system voltage of 100 to 150 volts.
So this ISG enables not only start stop feature
and regenerative braking but it can also support
the IC engine in power sharing during normal
operation which means the IC engine rating
can be reduced to a little extent.
In a mild hybrid the ISG cannot support a
pure electric motor based launching or starting
of the vehicle.
Different from the operations of micro and
mild hybrids a full hybrid offers more versatile
operation.
The vehicle will operate in IC engine mode
along an electric motor, along or in combination
of both the IC engine and water together.
It requires a complicated transmission system
which is known as electronic variable transmission
which is generally a high power device of
50 to 60 kilowatt.
The system voltage of 500 to 600 volts.
For this.
High.
Energy enables not only scratched off feature
and rigidity braking but it can also support.
Dicey engine.
And power sharing.
During normal operation which means the icing
generating can be reduced to a Latin accent.
In a male hybrid.
The and you cannot support.
April electric motor based.
Launching or starting of the vehicle.
Differing from the operations of micro and
mild hybrids a full hybrid offers more versatile
operation.
The vehicle operate in IC engine mode alone,
an electric alone or a combination of both
the IC engine and motor together.
It requires a complicated transmission system
which is known as electronic variable transmission
which is generally a high power device of
50 to 60 kilowatt with the system voltage
of 500 to 600 volts.
So this device allow us a connection of IC
engine and motor together or in its sole way
to the wheels and that allows various kinds
of operations possible such as start-stop,
regenerative braking, power assist and also
electrical launch means a full hybrid can
start an all electric board using an electric
motor alone.
Since full hybrid can work in various modes
the IC engine can now operate in high efficiency
mode in optimum operation line which is known
as OOL in IC engine terminology.
So among grid-able HEVs the PHEV Or plugin
hybrid vehicle is derived from the configuration
of full hybrid.
For this system mostly operates in the blended
mode the electric motor and IC engine complements
each other such a way that the fuel economy
is maximum.
A PHEV requires a higher battery bank compared
to a full hybrid and it can also be charged
using charging ports.
On the other hand REV or range extended vehicle
is derived from a battery electric vehicle.
So it mostly operates in pure electric mode
with electric motor alone as propulsion device.
So it operates in pure electric mode until
a threshold of battery pack voltage is reached
where it starts the smaller rated IC engine
to charge the battery to support the electric
motor.
A full hybrid HEVs can be further classified
into four types series hybrid, parallel hybrid,
series-parallel hybrid and a complex hybrid.
So let us see the configurations of few of
them.
So this is the configuration of a typical
series hybrid electric vehicles where an IC
engine is connected to a typical electric
drive using a electric generator and a battery
charger.
So this configuration allows high efficiency
operation of IC engine.
This is the configuration of the conventional
parallel HEV where both the IC engine and
battery based electric drive is coupled to
the transmission system using a clutch known
as dual clutch transmission or DCT.
So the system offers three modes; an IC engine
mode alone.
An electric motor mode alone or a combined
IC engine and electric motor mode.
So the electric motor can not only be used
to operate the vehicle it can also be used
to recharge the battery during regenerative
braking.
This motor can also be used as generator to
recharge the battery when the power required
at the wheels is less than the power available
from the IC engine.
This is a configuration of a typical series-parallel
HEV which combines both the features of a
series hybrid and a parallel hybrid.
Such a configuration is possible only because
of a special gearing system which is known
as continuously variable transmission system
or CVT which allows all the modes of a series
hybrid and parallel hybrid together.
So what are the challenges of a typical battery
electric vehicle.?
The energy storage capacity of a battery electric
vehicle is lower compared to a IC engine based
vehicle because of low specific energy and
low energy density of battery compared to
a liquid fuel.
Therefore it offers a limited driving range.
For similar conditions it is around 120 kilometers
per charge for BEV compared to around 500
kilometres per charge for a IC engine based
vehicle.
PEV suffers from the problem of range anxiety
among customers.
So what is done is more battery banks are
used to match the operation of IC engine based
vehicles.
Therefore it is not only oversized, it is
very costly.
Also since the battery have a limited cycle
life of around 1500 which means four to five
years it requires replacement of battery bank
in around five years which again increases
the cost of battery electric vehicle.
The battery electric vehicle also faces the
challenge of lack of charging infrastructure
compared to a IC engine based vehicles.
Charging requirements of BEV lead to this
continuous operation of the vehicle.
In normal charging it takes around five to
eight hours for a typical 110-240 volt 13
to 40 amphers and 2 to 4 kilowatt system but
it can be reduced to less than half an hour
if you the system which is 200 to 400 volt,
100-200 amps and 50 kilowatt system which
is also known as fast charging.
These systems put a lot of pressure on the
power grid since it is drawing very high currents
from the utility grid and it requires a costly
charging infrastructure.
One of the solutions for this is battery swapping
technique where the battery bank will be mechanically
replaced at a battery swapping station but
this solution requires standardization of
battery packs and sizes.
A conventional HEV suffers from non-zero emissions,
low energy diversification as we know that
it can be only refilled using oil and natural
gas.
The system is very complex and it requires
a lot of coordination to achieve fuel economy.
It requires a device called variable transmission
system which has its own losses.
It creates a lot of noise and it requires
regular lubrication.
The system is quite heavy and also bulky.
Grid-able HEVs faces all the challenges faced
by a conventional HEV that we have seen.
It is more costly since it requires more battery
capacity.
In some vehicles it requires installation
of onboard charges also.
A fuel cell electric vehicle requires a very
high initial cost since the cost of fuel cell
is very high.
It also suffers from a lack of hydrogen refueling
infrastructure since it is not commonly available.
The storage of hydrogen is is very challenging.
There are three ways in which hydrogen can
be stored.
One is methods similar to CNG which is compressed
hydrogen gas.
Second is liquid hydrogen.
It requires technology similar to cryogenic
storage technology which is also costly.
It can also be stored in a solid form as metal
hydrides.
So this system is very similar to battery
swapping.
A hydrogen based vehicle has high safety concerns
of explosion and therefore it requires lot
of safety factors to be in place before it
can be commercially viable.
Ultra-capacitor and ultra-flywheel based system
are upcoming.
The challenges they're facing are it is very
costly.
It has low specific energy.
Therefore it cannot be used as a sole energy
source and it requires battery as a hybrid
energy source along with it.
In addition ultra-flywheel which stores mechanical
energy at high speed of flywheels often have
safety concern and is less reliable.
So this is the end of session of our topic
overview of types of EVs and we will start
discussion on our next topic which is motor
drive technologies used in EV in our next
interaction.
So thank you for listening.
