This publication has made use of the English Vocabulary Profile.

This resource is
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WORD LIST FOR LEVEL

C2

Compiled electronically by Efthimios Mavrogeorgiadis.

http://www.toe.gr/
 adverb
A word that describes or gives more information about a verb, adjective or other
adverb.
Abbreviations
approving
! Used in a positive way, to show that you have a good opinion of someone or
Culturally Sensitive Word something.

+ two objects auxiliary verb

A verb that has two objects. The verbs 'be', 'have' and 'do' when combined with other verbs to make different
forms.
C
Countable noun: a noun that has both singular and plural forms. before noun
An adjective that always comes before a noun.
C usually no plural or U
Countable noun which usually has no plural or uncountable noun. conjunction
A word used to join parts of a phrase or sentence.
I
Intransitive verb: a verb that has no object. determiner
Word used before noun or adj to show which person or thing is being referred to.
T
Transitive verb: a verb that has an object. disapproving
Used in a negative way, to show that you have a bad opinion of someone or
U something.
Uncountable noun: noun with no plural form. Cannot be used with 'a', 'an', or 'one'.
exclamation
UK A word or phrase that you say loudly or suddenly to express strong feelings.
British English
formal
US Used in serious writing, or for communicating with people in a serious or polite way.
American English
informal
abbreviation Used in relaxed situations, for example with friends and family. Used more in speech.
A short form of a word or phrase.
literary
adjective Used in books and poems, and not in ordinary conversation.
A word that describes a noun or pronoun.

3 4
modal verb
Verb such as can, might, must. With another verb, shows an idea such as possibility.

noun
A word that refers to a person, place, idea, event or thing.

often passive
In a passive verb/sentence, the subject does not do the action but is affected by it.

often plural
Refers to more than one person or thing.

phrasal verb
Verb with an adverb or preposition, with meaning different from meaning of its parts.

plural
Refers to more than one person or thing.

preposition
Word used before noun, pronoun or -ing form of verb to show place, direction, etc.

pronoun
A word used instead of a noun, which has usually already been talked about.

specialized
Used in connection with a particular area of work or study.

symbol
A sign, shape or object used to represent something else.

verb
A word that describes an action, condition or experience.

written abbreviation
A short form of a word or phrase only used in writing

5 6
 Dictionary example:
Our conversation came to an abrupt end.

A Learner example:
Their income came from the revenues obtained by selling milk, fruit, jelly and other perishable
goods, but they had to pay John, or their happy lifestyle would come to an abrupt end.

RUDE
able /ˈeɪ.bl
̩/ dealing with people in a quick way that is unfriendly or rude
Word family: Dictionary example:
Nouns: ability, disability, inability She has a rather abrupt manner.
Verbs: enable
Learner example:
Adjectives: able, disabled, unable
I was poorly received and the general tone of the person assisting me was rude and abrupt.
ADJECTIVE

CLEVER
abruptly /əˈbrʌp.tli/
clever or good at doing something
Word family:
Dictionary example:
Adjectives: abrupt
She's a very able student.
Adverbs: abruptly
Learner example:
ADVERB
They contend that this will lead to better grades, better results in key stage test[s], and a more
able work force. suddenly and quickly
Dictionary examples:
They abruptly left the party.
above /əˈbʌv/ His speech ended abruptly and he left the stage.

Learner example:
ADVERB; PREPOSITION When she became an adolescent, her perspective changed abruptly.

TOO IMPORTANT

too good or important for something

absolutely /ˈæb.sə.luːt.li/
Dictionary example:
No one is above suspicion in this matter. Word family:
Adjectives: absolute
Adverbs: absolutely

abrupt /əˈbrʌpt/ ADVERB

Word family: Absolutely not.

Adjectives: abrupt used to strongly disagree with someone or to agree with something negative
Adverbs: abruptly
Dictionary example:
ADJECTIVE "Are you suggesting that we should just ignore the problem?" "No, absolutely not."

SUDDEN Learner example:

Does it mean the parents will allow them to eat anything they please? Absolutely not. You have to
sudden and not expected
give the children some options, instead of imposing things on them.

7 8
 abuse /əˈbjuːs/ accelerate /əkˈsel.ə.reɪt/

Word family:
VERB
Nouns: abuse
Adjectives: abusive
VEHICLE

NOUN [I] to move or cause yourself or a vehicle to move faster

LANGUAGE Dictionary example:

The car in front accelerated and left us behind.
! [U] rude and offensive words said to another person
Learner example:
Dictionary example:
When I ride my bike and start accelerating, I feel that I move with the speed of the wind.
Rival fans shouted abuse at each other.

Learner example:
I went all the way back cycling on the wrong side of the road, and anyone who said something accessible /əkˈses.ə.bl
̩/
about it could expect a stream of abuse.
Word family:
Nouns: access
abusive /əˈbjuːsɪv/ Verbs: access
Adjectives: accessible
Word family:
ADJECTIVE
Nouns: abuse
Adjectives: abusive
UNDERSTAND

ADJECTIVE easy to understand

saying rude and offensive words to someone Dictionary example:
Dictionary example: They are attempting to make opera accessible to a wider audience.
an abusive phone call Learner example:
Learner example: Jacques Prevert, the French poet, changed our way [of seeing] the world by making poetry
This is partly true, because even [a] slightly abusive expression might result in discord or [rupture] accessible to everyone.
between seemingly close friends.

accompany /əˈkʌm.pə.ni/
academic /ˌæk.əˈdem.ɪk/
VERB [T]

ADJECTIVE
MUSIC

CLEVER to play music to support someone else who is playing or singing

clever and good at studying Dictionary example:
Dictionary example: He accompanied me on the piano.
He's not very academic. Learner example:
Last year, for instance, the concert became a recital: two singers performed Lieder by Schubert
accompanied by the piano and by the sweet sound of Arimany's golden flute.

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 accord /əˈkɔːd/ accountable /əˈkaʊn.tə.bl
̩/

Word family: Word family:

Nouns: accord, accordance Verbs: account
Adjectives: accountable
NOUN
ADJECTIVE [NEVER BEFORE NOUN]
of your own accord
responsible for what you do and having to be able to explain your actions
If you do something of your own accord, you choose to do it and no one else
forces you. Dictionary examples:
Hospitals must be held accountable for their mistakes.
Dictionary example: Politicians should be accountable to the public that elects them.
She left of her own accord.
Learner example:
Learner example: Finally, there should be a person who should be held accountable and [is] accessible to our
She would go alone, but it was something that was chosen of her own accord. complaints.

account /əˈkaʊnt/ accumulation /əˌkjuː.mjəˈleɪ.ʃən/

Word family: Word family:

Nouns: account, accountant Nouns: accumulation
Verbs: accumulate
NOUN

NOUN [C or U]
on no account; not on any account
an amount of something that has been collected
not for any reason or in any situation
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example:
Despite this accumulation of evidence, the government did nothing.
On no account must these records be changed.
Learner example:
Learner example:
What is success? For some it is the accumulation of pos[s]es[s]ions, for others it's fame, health,
Mary did not want Martin to leave on any account, let alone move to a foreign country.
love.
VERB

account for sth PHRASAL VERB

acre /ˈeɪ.kər/
to be the reason for something, or to explain the reason for something
Dictionary examples: NOUN [C]
Can you account for your absence last Friday?
a unit for measuring area, equal to 4047 square metres
He'd had an argument with Caroline, which accounts for his bad mood this morning.
She was asked to account for the missing money. Dictionary example:
He's got 400 acres of land in Wales.
Learner example:
I was at a loss for words when I tried to account for her behaviour, but I never ceased to consider Learner example:
her a very valuable friend. We have to admit that, not only because of the financial weakness but also because of the badly
organized plans, we failed to achieve the planting of 10,000 trees per acre.

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 across /əˈkrɒs/ NOUN

FIGHTING
ADVERB; PREPOSITION
[U] fighting in a war

across the board Dictionary example:

happening or having an effect on people at every level and in every area He was killed in action.

Dictionary example: Learner example:

The improvement has been across the board, with all divisions reporting increased profits. It was a shock when she got to know that her husband had been killed in action.

Learner example: PROCESS

Children in separate schools get on with things regardless of it being work for boys or girls, which
[NO PLURAL] a movement or natural process
can be quite positive especially in today's lifestyles where chores are done across the board.
Dictionary example:
The rocks are smoothed by the action of water.

act /ækt/ Learner example:

The area of Sayago - in the Spanish province of Zamora - and Tras-os-Montes, in Portugal, are
Word family: joined by a natural border: the river Duero and the rocky canyon that has been eroded for millions
Nouns: act, action, actor of years by the action of the water.
Verbs: act

NOUN
add /æd/
FALSE BEHAVIOUR

[NO PLURAL] behaviour which hides your real feelings or intentions Word family:
Nouns: addition
Dictionary example: Verbs: add
Was she really upset or was that just an act? Adjectives: additional
Learner example: Adverbs: additionally
Sometimes what is put on display for the tourists is all an act and gives you a different impression
VERB
and opinion of the country and people, so it would be advisable to meet some local people like
the butcher or baker and have a talk with them. add insult to injury

get your act together INFORMAL

to make someone's bad situation worse by doing something else to upset them

to organize your activities so that you can make progress Dictionary example:
To add insult to injury, we had to pay for the damage!
Dictionary example:
She's so disorganized - I wish she'd get her act together. Learner example:
To add insult to injury, such an approach often turns out to be counterproductive.
Learner example:
He was determined to get his act together and try to find a solution to his problem.

address /əˈdres/

action /ˈæk.ʃən/
VERB [T]
Word family:
Nouns: act, action, actor SPEAK

Verbs: act FORMAL to speak to someone, or to give a speech to an audience

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 Dictionary example:
adverse /ˈæd.vɜːs/
Today she will be addressing a major conference in London.

Learner example:
ADJECTIVE FORMAL
He inhaled deeply before addressing the group again.
adverse conditions/effect(s)/impact
BUILDING DETAILS
things that cause problems or danger
to write a name and address on an envelope or parcel
Dictionary examples:
Dictionary example:
adverse weather conditions
A parcel arrived addressed to Emma.
Pollution levels like these will certainly have an adverse effect on health.
Learner example: The price rise had an adverse impact on sales.
The envelope was addressed to Kathleen.
Learner example:
However, we should bear in mind that tourism could have an adverse effect on the local
environment.
adjacent /əˈdʒeɪ.sənt/

ADJECTIVE FORMAL advocate

If two things are adjacent, they are next to each other.
VERB [T] /ˈæd.və.keɪt/
Dictionary examples:
The fire started in an adjacent building. to express support for a particular idea or way of doing things
They live in a house adjacent to the railway.
Dictionary example:
Learner example: I certainly wouldn't advocate the use of violence.
Dear Sir or Madam, I am writing to you with regard to the recent proposal of the City Council to
Learner example:
build a supermarket on land that is currently a local park, namely Cranleigh Gardens, adjacent to
Just like Mahatma Gandhi, who advocated non-violent methods of struggle, Picasso struggled
the Cranleigh housing estate, where I live.
against fascism [by] peaceful means, namely with his art.

NOUN [C] /ˈæd.və.kət/

adolescent /ˌæd.əlˈe.sənt/ someone who supports a particular idea or way of doing things
Dictionary example:
NOUN [C] He has always been an advocate of space exploration.
a young person who is between being a child and an adult Learner example:
Dictionary example: Advocates of international tourism subscribe to the view that mass tourism offer[s] benefits to the
Many adolescents are secretive. whole community.

Learner example:
Children become adolescents with more freedom and yet more responsibilities.
affectionate /əˈfek.ʃən.ət/

Word family:
Nouns: affection
Adjectives: affectionate

ADJECTIVE

showing that you like or love someone

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 Dictionary examples: Dictionary example:
an affectionate child I failed my history test - but then again, I didn't do much studying for it.
He's very affectionate.
Learner example:
Learner example: The fact that people live longer nowadays does have some advantages, but then again it also
She is attentive and affectionate, but most of all she is a sweet mother. causes a lot of problems.

afford /əˈfɔːd/ against /əˈgentst/

Word family:
PREPOSITION
Verbs: afford
Adjectives: unaffordable
against sb's advice/wishes, etc.
VERB If you do something against someone's advice, wishes, etc., you do it although
they have said you should not or must not.
cannot afford
If you cannot afford to do something, it is impossible for you to do it without Dictionary examples:
He flew there against his doctor's advice.
causing problems.
She sold the house even though it was against his wishes.
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
We can't afford to take that risk.
He was a very ambitious student who wasn't afraid to develop ideas in unconventional ways and
Learner example: pursue his research even against the advice of his supervisors.
We cannot afford to lose our national and global identity.
against all (the) odds
If you do or achieve something against all the odds, you succeed although you
after /ˈɑːf.tə / r were not likely to.
Dictionary example:
PREPOSITION We won the game against all odds.

Learner example:
NAMED FOR
The stormy waters and heavy winds were a great challenge, and almost deemed it impossible for
used when giving someone or something the same name as another person or me to succeed, but against all odds I managed to defeat my fears.
thing
Dictionary example:
It was called the Biko building, after the famous South African. age /eɪdʒ/

Learner example: Word family:

I called her Lena after my sister. Nouns: age, ages
Adjectives: aged

NOUN
again /əˈgeɪn/
OLD

ADVERB [U] the state of being old or becoming old

then/there again
used when adding a fact to something you have just said

17 18
 Dictionary examples:
aim /eɪm/
He is starting to show his age.
Some wines improve with age.
VERB
Learner example:
Usually, as the saying goes, we grow wiser with age. be aimed at doing sth
at the tender age of 8/17/25, etc. LITERARY
to be intended to achieve a particular thing

at the young age of 8/17/25, etc Dictionary example:

a plan aimed at reducing traffic
Dictionary example:
She first appeared on stage at the tender age of 14. Learner example:
Working within projects aimed at improving local agricultural output, I stayed 3 years in South
Learner example:
America.
She met my father at the tender age of 14, and she soon knew that this was the man she wanted
to stay with for the rest of her life.

air /eər/

agenda /əˈdʒen.də/
NOUN

NOUN [C] QUALITY

IMPORTANT SUBJECTS
[NO PLURAL] a particular appearance or quality

important subjects that have to be dealt with Dictionary example:

He has an air of authority.
Dictionary example:
The issue of rail safety is back on the political agenda. Learner example:
The service is excellent and the atmosphere is quite nice, with an air of elegance.
Learner example:
Postponing the age of retirement is not a realistic solution either, in view of the fact that there are clear the air
more than 20 million unemployed people in the European Union. The matter has only recently If an argument or discussion clears the air, people feel less angry or upset after it.
been put on the agenda, and nobody seems to know what to do.
Dictionary example:
It was an unpleasant argument, but at least it cleared the air.

ahead /əˈhed/ Learner example:

I rushed into the room [to] cheer them up and clear the air, although I knew it was too late.

ADJECTIVE disappear/vanish into thin air

MORE PROGRESS
to suddenly disappear in a mysterious way

making more progress than someone or something else Dictionary example:

He was on the path ahead of me and then vanished into thin air.
Dictionary example:
Sue is ahead of everyone else in French. Learner example:
Sitting on a couch and squeezed between my elderly aunts, I sincerely wished I could vanish into
Learner example:
thin air.
I have always been a couple of steps ahead of my schoolmates and peers, not only in terms of
scholastic pursuits, but in my opinions and desires as well. a breath of fresh air
someone or something that is new, different, and exciting

19 20
 Dictionary example:
alcoholic /ˌæl.kəˈhɒl.ɪk/
Having Eve around has been a breath of fresh air.

Learner example: Word family:

The final suggestion is focused on building a leisure centre. Should this be everything the Town Nouns: alcohol
Council has promised, it will bring a breath of fresh air. Adjectives: alcoholic

ADJECTIVE

alarm /əˈlɑːm/ PERSON

! [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] regularly drinking too much alcohol and unable to stop the
Word family:
habit
Nouns: alarm
Verbs: alarm Dictionary example:
Adjectives: alarming She lived with her alcoholic father.

NOUN Learner example:

Numerous examples of divorced couples, alcoholic parents, orphans, [and] children without
WORRY principles, should stay in our minds.
[U] a sudden feeling of fear or worry that something bad might happen
NOUN [C]

Dictionary example: ! someone who regularly drinks too much alcohol and cannot stop the habit
There's no need for alarm - it is completely safe.
Dictionary example:
Learner example: He became an alcoholic when his wife left him.
Fortunately, her soothing voice damped down any sense of alarm.
Learner example:
raise the alarm The quality of the orchestra was poor - it only consisted of amateurs - and the conductor was
to warn someone of a dangerous situation drunk - he was an alcoholic.

Dictionary examples:
Her parents raised the alarm when she failed to return home.
alert /əˈlɜːt/
A local doctor was the first to raise the alarm about this latest virus.

Learner example:
VERB [T]
For them, raising the alarm because of five percent unemployment is an example of so-called
'loony-left thinking'. to warn someone of a possibly dangerous situation
Dictionary example:
Six hours later she still wasn't home so they alerted the police.
albeit /ɔːlˈbiː.ɪt/
Learner example:
Karl Marx alerted us all to the fact that work can cause alienation, and that repetitive tasks, or
CONJUNCTION FORMAL tasks which do not involve a great deal of interaction with other human beings, can make us feel
although estranged.

Dictionary example:
He tried, albeit without success.

Learner example:
If and when homework, household chores and social duties had been dealt with, we were free to
pursue our own designs, albeit usually hampered by a younger child tagging along.

21 22
 alive /əˈlaɪv/ all shapes and sizes
many different types of people or things
ADJECTIVE [NEVER BEFORE NOUN] Dictionary example:
We saw people there of all shapes and sizes.
be alive and kicking/well
Learner example:
to continue to live or exist and be full of energy, or to be popular or successful
Personal Challenges come in all shapes and sizes.
Dictionary examples:
ADVERB
She said she'd seen him last week and he was alive and kicking.
Despite rumours to the contrary, feminism is alive and well.
all the better/easier/more exciting, etc.
Learner example: much better, easier, more exciting, etc.
He was a farmer who had been working in the fields for more than sixty years, but was still alive
Dictionary example:
and kicking.
The journey was all the more dangerous because of the bad weather.
PLACE
Learner example:
full of activity and excitement He had to overcome great obstacles in his professional and private lives, which makes his
Dictionary examples: achievements all the more remarkable.
The bar was alive with the sound of laughter.
all but
The city comes alive at night.
almost
Learner example:
Dictionary example:
Normally you would pass by without noticing it, but once a year Roskilde comes alive.
The film was all but over by the time we arrived.
CONTINUING
Learner example:
continuing to exist He could all but hear their stomachs rumble.

Dictionary example:
Local people are fighting to keep the language alive.
allege /əˈledʒ/
Learner example:
Thirdly, it keeps the village alive, since many people from other villages come to celebrate with Word family:
them, and our national heritage (traditional songs, dances, costumes) is kept alive too. Nouns: allegation
Verbs: allege
Adjectives: alleged
all /ɔːl/ Adverbs: allegedly

VERB [T]
DETERMINER; PRONOUN
to say that something is true or state something as a fact without giving proof
for all Dictionary examples:
despite The teacher is alleged to have hit a student.
He alleges that Bates attacked him.
Dictionary example:
For all her qualifications, she's useless at the job. Learner example:
Advocates of perpetual economic growth allege that the world in which we live is a better place
Learner example:
compared to what it was a long time ago.
For all of his desire to be strong, Okonkwo is haunted [by] fear.

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 Learner example:
allegedly /əˈledʒ.ɪd.li/
During the Second World War, he joined the US Navy and was then sent on a mission to Brazil with
Word family: the aim of patrolling the coasts to avoid a German bombing [of] allied ships.
Nouns: allegation
Verbs: allege
Adjectives: alleged allocation /ˌæl.əˈkeɪ.ʃən/
Adverbs: allegedly

ADVERB NOUN

in a way that is believed to be true, but is not proved

SHARE

Dictionary example: [C] an amount of money, time, space, etc. that is allocated
That's where he allegedly killed his wife.
Dictionary example:
Learner example: They have had their allocation of fuel.
[When] he was at his peak, he allegedly [got] involved in drugs and heroin.
Learner example:
It is approximately equal [to] the US in government allocations to child support, but it is still
behind Germany (0.25% vs. 2%).
alliance /əˈlaɪ.ənts/
PROCESS
Word family:
[U] when money, time, space, etc. is allocated
Nouns: alliance, ally
Adjectives: allied Dictionary example:
the allocation of funds/resources
NOUN [C]
Learner example:
an agreement between countries or political parties to work together to achieve
However, the latter countries do differ in their allocation of money to services, with the US
something
spending 0.3 per cent of the GDP and Spain spending only 0.1 per cent.
Dictionary example:
Egbert extended his control over Cornwall, defeating an alliance between the Vikings and the
Britons at Hingston Down in 838. allow /əˈlaʊ/
Learner example:
Word family:
Arthur died and both the Spanish Hapsburgs and the Tudors wanted to continue their alliance.
Nouns: allowance
Verbs: allow

allied /ˈæl.aɪd/ VERB

Word family: NOT PREVENT

Nouns: alliance, ally [T] to not prevent something from happening

Adjectives: allied
Dictionary example:
ADJECTIVE They have allowed the problem to get worse.
joined by a formal agreement Learner example:
Dictionary example: A unanimous effort has to be made in order to improve the situation in education instead of
the allied powers allowing it to deteriorate.

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 Dictionary examples:
allowance /əˈlaʊ.ənts/
Last year alone the company made a million dollars.
Word family: You alone know how you feel.
Nouns: allowance Learner example:
Verbs: allow The decision was hers and hers alone.

NOUN [C]

make allowances for sb/sth along /əˈlɒŋ/

to remember that someone has a disadvantage which is not their fault when you
are judging their behaviour or work PREPOSITION

Dictionary example:
along the lines of sth
They made allowances for the fact that he was ill.
based on and similar to something
Learner example:
I would say Mr Stevens is a victim of his sense of duty, which makes him think of marriage as a Dictionary example:
traitor's act, but I don't know to what extent we should make allowances for his strong He gave a talk along the lines of the one he gave in Oxford.
convictions. Learner example:
Imagine one is encouraged by friends and institutions for their 'different' artistic or other
activities, even if their works are not along the lines of 'acceptable' norms and tradition.
ally /ˈæ.laɪ/

Word family:
ambiguity /ˌæm.bɪˈgjuː.ə.ti/
Nouns: alliance, ally
Adjectives: allied Word family:
Nouns: ambiguity
NOUN [C]
Adjectives: ambiguous
COUNTRY
NOUN [C or U]
a country that has agreed to help another country, especially in a war
when something has more than one possible meaning
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example:
During World War One, Turkey and Germany were allies.
Legal documents must be free of ambiguity.
Learner example:
Learner example:
So the allies didn't exclude the Germanies from the world community, including organizations like
Lastly, there is the ambiguity of her final decision.
NATO, the Warsaw Pact or the UN.

ambiguous /æmˈbɪg.ju.əs/
alone /əˈləʊn/
Word family:
ADJECTIVE; ADVERB Nouns: ambiguity
Adjectives: ambiguous
ONLY ONE
ADJECTIVE
[ALWAYS AFTER NOUN] used to emphasize that only one person or thing is involved
having more than one possible meaning

27 28
 Dictionary example: Learner example:
an ambiguous statement Raising the price of petroleum will be analogous to providing hurdles for better communication
and thus the progress.
Learner example:
It is hard to choose the right option as the advice given [often] seems ambiguous.

analogy /əˈnæl.ə.dʒi/

amend /əˈmend/
Word family:
Nouns: analogy
Word family:
Adjectives: analogous
Nouns: amendment
Verbs: amend NOUN [C or U]

VERB [T]
a comparison that shows how two things are similar
to slightly change the words of a document Dictionary example:
She draws an analogy between life's events and a game of chance.
Dictionary example:
The contract has now been amended. Learner example:
The analogy bears striking similarities to the relationship of dependency between humans and
Learner example:
their construct, the machines.
The text could be amended.

anchor /ˈæŋ.kər/
amid /əˈmɪd/

NOUN [C]
PREPOSITION (ALSO amidst)
BOAT
AMONG
a heavy, metal object that is dropped into water to stop a boat from moving
among
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example:
We dropped anchor in a quiet bay and swam.
a village set amid rolling hills
Learner example:
Learner example:
Meanwhile, the captain had set the anchor.
So we are mere fading stars [i]n a huge sky, unsubjected to the elapse of time and instead of
following the ancient saying "carpe diem", we get lost amid other stars. SUPPORT

someone or something that gives support when needed

Dictionary example:
analogous /əˈnæl.ə.gəs/
She was my anchor when things were difficult for me.
Word family: Learner example:
Nouns: analogy Yet she had still been fond of his picture, he was her anchor.
Adjectives: analogous
VERB
ADJECTIVE

similar in some ways BOAT

to stop a boat from moving by dropping a heavy metal object into the water
Dictionary example:
It's often said that life is analogous to a journey.

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 Learner example:
another /əˈnʌð.ər/
Every night we used to anchor [i]n different bays to spend the night.

FASTEN DETERMINER; PRONOUN

to make something or someone stay in one position by fastening them firmly
at one time or another
Dictionary example:
used to talk about an occasion in the past without saying exactly which occasion it
We anchored ourselves to the rocks with a rope.
was
Learner example:
Dictionary example:
It was stronger, much more intense than text or video footage could ever be, for this unmoving
Most of us have made a similar mistake at one time or another.
image, having been anchored in space and time, solidified its content so as to have an almost
physical impact on the viewer. Learner example:
Haven't we all at one time or another come home from a holiday feeling healthy and strong with a
smile on our face thinking, this is what life is about.
animated /ˈæn.ɪ.meɪ.tɪd/

Word family: antibiotic /ˌæn.tɪ.baɪˈɒ.tɪk/

Nouns: animation
Adjectives: animated
NOUN [C]
ADJECTIVE a medicine which cures infections by destroying harmful bacteria
EXCITEMENT Dictionary example:
showing a lot of interest and excitement He is on antibiotics for an ear infection.

Dictionary example: Learner example:

an animated conversation Nevertheless, for all the side effects they may have, for all the unpleas[a]ntness of having a needle
stuck in your arm or a spoonful of foul-tasting liquid stuck in your mouth, antibiotics and
Learner example: vaccines remain the greatest discovery in the history of the world.
They watched as their fellow travellers appeared to have an animated discussion with the driver of
the car.

anticipation /ænˌtɪ.sɪˈpeɪ.ʃən/

anonymous /əˈnɒn.ɪ.məs/ Word family:

Nouns: anticipation

ADJECTIVE
Verbs: anticipate

not giving a name NOUN [U]

Dictionary examples: WAITING

an anonymous phone call/letter
when you are waiting for something to happen, usually with excitement
The winner has asked to remain anonymous.
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
The children were breathless with anticipation.
Because the internet does provide the possibility of staying anonymous, it is very hard to find the
people wh[o] use it for illegal or criminal actions. Learner example:
Yet, what I remember and think is going to stay with me for the rest of my life is that wonderful
atmosphere of [a] fairy tale which has come true, that feeling of excitement and anticipation of
something marvel[l]ous [about] to happen.

31 32
 in anticipation (of) appalling /əˈpɔː.lɪŋ/
expecting something to happen or in preparation for something happening
Dictionary example: ADJECTIVE
She's even decorated the spare room in anticipation of your visit.
SHOCKING
Learner example:
shocking and very unpleasant
This has sometimes resulted in the comic phenomenon of people travelling to a distant country,
in anticipation of encountering strange and original lifestyles, only to come across situations not Dictionary examples:
very different [from] the one they have left in their own countries. appalling brutality/injuries
Prisoners were kept in the most appalling conditions.

Learner example:
apart /əˈpɑːt/ Susan Hill's 'I'm the King of The Castle' is a psychological book about the appalling cruelty and
emotions between two pubescent boys.

ADVERB

be poles apart appeal /əˈpiːl/

to be complete opposites
Dictionary example: VERB [I]
They are poles apart in their attitudes to religion.
FORMALLY ASK
Learner example:
to formally ask someone to change an official or legal decision
Soho at night seemed to be the nicest place on Earth, poles apart from my home town.
Dictionary example:
He is appealing against a ten-year prison sentence.
apologetic /əˌpɒl.əˈdʒe.tɪk/

Word family: appetite /ˈæp.ɪ.taɪt/

Nouns: apology
Verbs: apologise
NOUN [C or U]
Adjectives: apologetic

ADJECTIVE an appetite for something

showing or saying that you are sorry about something when you want something very much

Dictionary examples: Dictionary example:

an apologetic smile He has a real appetite for adventure.
She was very apologetic about missing the meeting. Learner example:
Learner example: It does not occur to him that Jack has degenerated into blood-lust and is driven by hatred and an
I am deeply apologetic if my letter troubled anybody or was too boring to read, but I had to say appetite for power.
my opinion out loud.

applaud /əˈplɔːd/

Word family:
Nouns: applause
Verbs: applaud

33 34
VERB apply /əˈplaɪ/

PRAISE
Word family:
[T] FORMAL to approve of or admire something Nouns: application
Verbs: apply
Dictionary example:
Most people will surely applaud the decision. VERB

Learner example:
apply yourself
I admire and applaud Stevens' integrity and dignity.
to work hard
Dictionary example:
applause /əˈplɔːz/ If he doesn't apply himself, he'll never pass his exams.

Learner example:
Word family:
Many previously unknown professions emerged, [and] people started to apply themselves to their
Nouns: applause
jobs much more than before; the p[u]rsuit [of] money was initiated.
Verbs: applaud

NOUN [U]
appointment /əˈpɔɪnt.mənt/
round of applause
when people clap Word family:
Nouns: appointment
Dictionary example:
Verbs: appoint
The crowd gave him a huge round of applause.
NOUN
Learner example:
It was unbelievable, there was a round of applause and some people couldn't help crying.
JOB

[C or U] when you officially choose someone for an important job, or the job itself

application /ˌæp.lɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/ Dictionary examples:

the appointment of three new teachers
Word family: a temporary appointment
Nouns: application
Verbs: apply

NOUN
appreciate /əˈpriː.ʃi.eɪt/

USE Word family:

Nouns: appreciation
[C or U] a way in which something can be used for a particular purpose
Verbs: appreciate
Dictionary example:
VERB [T]
This technology has many practical applications.

Learner example: UNDERSTAND

We have been working [o]n the growing of cells in zero-gravity environments, having in mind its to understand something about a situation, especially that it is complicated or
possible application in outer space colonies, such as the International Space Station. difficult
Dictionary example:
I appreciate that it is a difficult decision for you to make.

35 36
 Learner example: Learner example:
Given the size of the house and the rather delicate nature of some of the furniture pieces, I It's like being taken from our 'arid desert' routine to a truly refreshing and invigorating oasis.
appreciate that it may have been somewhat of a challenge.

arm /ɑːm/
arbitrary /ˈɑː.bɪt.rər.i/

NOUN [C]
ADJECTIVE
CHAIR
not based on a system or principles and often seeming unfair
the part of a chair where your arm rests
Dictionary example:
an arbitrary decision Dictionary example:
The chair didn't have any arms.
Learner example:
As the conflict progresses, the influence of civilisation and democratic conduct fades away, being Learner example:
replaced and forced out by Jack's savagery and absolute and arbitrary rule. It appears to me that the leather covering the left arm of the sofa has been pierced with some
sharp object.

arm in arm
arch /ɑːtʃ/ with your arm gently supporting or being supported by someone else's arm
Dictionary example:
NOUN [C]
They walked through the park, arm in arm.
a curved structure that usually supports something, for example a bridge or wall
Learner example:
Dictionary example: We often walked around the playground arm in arm.
Passing through the arch, you enter an open courtyard.
(keep sb) at arm's length
Learner example:
to not allow someone to become too friendly with you
She could have taken a short cut, but she chose this long and rather uncomfortable way
deliberately, as it was leading past the old arch where a strange man used to play a violin. Dictionary example:
I always had the feeling she was keeping me at arm's length.
VERB [I or T]
Learner example:
to be a curved shape or make something become a curved shape
At first she keeps them at arm's length, but Mr Emerson is direct and advises Lucy to behave in a
Dictionary example: more natural way instead of doing what some old ladies say.
The bridge arched over the river.

Learner example:
Suddenly a flash arched across the sky, followed by an echoing rumble. armed /ɑːmd/

ADJECTIVE
arid /ˈær.ɪd/
armed with sth
carrying or knowing something that will be useful
ADJECTIVE

very dry and without enough rain for plants Dictionary example:
I like to go to a meeting armed with the relevant facts.
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
an arid region/climate
We set off armed with all our cameras, lenses, travelling gadgets and equipment.

37 38
 army /ˈɑː.mi/ NOUN

BECOME AVAILABLE
NOUN
[U] when something new is discovered or created or becomes available

ORGANIZED GROUP Dictionary example:

a group of people that is organized to do the same job The town grew rapidly with the arrival of the railway.

Dictionary example: Learner example:

an army of cleaners/helpers With the arrival of capitalism, the mass-production of garments inherent to this system has raised
the issue of whether what people wear reflects their personality.
Learner example:
There, you are surrounded by an army of waiters: one for the home-baked bread, one for the
water, one for the wine, one for the food.
arrive /əˈraɪv/

Word family:
around /əˈraʊnd/ Nouns: arrival
Verbs: arrive
ADVERB
VERB [I]

EXISTING
arrive at an answer/conclusion/decision, etc.
present or available to find an answer to a problem or make a decision after a lot of discussion
Dictionary example: Dictionary example:
Mobile phones have been around for years now. We didn't arrive at any firm conclusions.
Learner example: Learner example:
Major sporting competitions have been around for the better part of 2500 years, ever since the [This is] something very important which should be discussed... we may arrive at a conclusion.
original Olympic Games were held in ancient Greece.

artificial /ˌɑː.tɪˈfɪʃ.əl/
arouse /əˈraʊz/
Word family:
Adjectives: artificial
VERB [T]
Adverbs: artificially
to make someone have a particular feeling or reaction
ADJECTIVE
Dictionary example:
It's a subject which has aroused a lot of interest. NOT SINCERE

Learner example: not sincere

There was something about her that had aroused my interest.
Dictionary example:
Their cheerfulness seemed rather strained and artificial.

arrival /əˈraɪ.v l/ ə Learner example:

Miss Bartlett probably comes from the poorer part of the family and that is why she always tries to
Word family: show her unselfishness to Lucy but this is done in a very artificial and annoying way.
Nouns: arrival
Verbs: arrive

39 40
 artificial intelligence /ˌɑː.tɪˌfɪʃ.əl.ɪnˈtel.ɪ.dʒənts/ as it stands
as something is now, without changes in it
NOUN [U] Dictionary example:
the use of computer technology to do jobs that previously needed human The law as it stands is very unclear.

intelligence Learner example:

In my opinion, this debate is rooted in a deeper questioning of society's foundations: some people
Dictionary example:
see society as it stands today as inherently flawed, an amorphous group of people who follow and
This is a clearly written, but extremely superficial, introduction to the field of artificial intelligence
worship anyone that gives them pleasure.
(AI).

Learner example:
True artificial intelligence, one of the most terrifying dreams of man, is yet to be discovered, but
ask /ɑːsk/
we must handle it with great care if we don't want to suffer the consequences of a world in which
machines start to think for us, this making our exist[e]nce completely pointless.
VERB

if you ask me
as /æz/
said when giving your opinion on something
Dictionary example:
ADVERB; PREPOSITION
If you ask me, he doesn't really care about his friends.
as opposed to Learner example:
used to say that two things are very different If you ask me, the things that matter in a job are the people [you] work with and feeling happy
about the work you are doing.
Dictionary example:
I'm talking about English football, as opposed to European football. ask yourself sth
Learner example: to think about something carefully
Love is accepting people as they are, being tolerant and giving freedom, as opposed to possessive
Dictionary example:
love, which is what is often - if not always - understood by love.
You've got to ask yourself whether it's what you really want.
do sth as you see/think fit Learner example:
to do something that you feel is the right thing to do, although other people might You have to ask yourself what life is worth in these situations.
disapprove
Dictionary example:
asleep /əˈsliːp/
You must spend the money as you see fit.

Learner example: Word family:

Do as you think fit! Nouns: sleep
Verbs: sleep
as the/its name implies Adjectives: asleep, sleepy, sleepless
used to show that the name of something tells you something about it
ADJECTIVE [NEVER BEFORE NOUN]
Dictionary example:
The Long Room, as its name implies, runs the entire length of the house. fast asleep
Learner example: completely asleep
Sour Sweet, as the name implies, is originally a Chinese restaurant. Dictionary example:
I looked into her room but she was still fast asleep.

41 42
 Learner example: ADJECTIVE
Karen's grandson walks into the room to find her fast asleep on her favourite chair.
an aspiring actor/politician/writer, etc.
someone who is trying to become a successful actor/politician/writer, etc.
aspiration /ˌæs.pərˈeɪ.ʃən/ Dictionary example:
If you are an aspiring artist, you will enjoy the special painting and sketching week they hold three
Word family:
times a year.
Nouns: aspiration
Verbs: aspire Learner example:
Adjectives: aspiring Mary Peterson was a young woman who was an aspiring journalist.

NOUN [C USUALLY PLURAL]

something that you hope to achieve assault /əˈsɔːlt/

Dictionary example:
I've never had any political aspirations. NOUN [C or U]

Learner example: ! an attack

A career should reflect a person's beliefs and aspirations, not their bank account.
Dictionary examples:
an assault on a police officer
sexual assault
aspire /əˈspaɪə / r

Learner example:
Word family: Rapes, assaults, murders, burglaries, [and] robberies have been so frequent that a lot of
Nouns: aspiration technological progress has been made in order to prevent these from happening.
Verbs: aspire
VERB [T]
Adjectives: aspiring
! to attack someone violently
VERB
Dictionary example:
aspire to sth; aspire to do sth He was assaulted by a youth who cannot be named.
to hope to achieve something Learner example:
Dictionary example: I remember that once my parents prevented three hooligans from assaulting a girl.
He has never aspired to a position of power.

Learner example:
assemble /əˈsem.bl
̩/
[The] younger generation often see some of these people as role-models and aspire to a similar
career and easy fame, but although I can understand their interest, I do not see this as a positive
Word family:
thing.
Nouns: assembly
Verbs: assemble

aspiring /əˈspaɪə.rɪŋ/ VERB

GROUP
Word family:
Nouns: aspiration [I or T] to join other people somewhere to make a group, or to bring people together
Verbs: aspire into a group
Adjectives: aspiring

43 44
 Dictionary example:
assert /əˈsɜːt/
They assembled in the meeting room after lunch.

Learner example: Word family:

Soon a rescue team was assembled by experienced skiers and climbers, and started com[b]ing the Verbs: assert
mountain looking for the missing snowboarder. Adjectives: assertive

VERB
BUILD

[T] to build something by joining parts together assert yourself

Dictionary example: to behave or speak in a strong, confident way
Their furniture is easy to assemble. Dictionary example:
Learner example: She has to learn to assert herself.
[As well as] relaxing while assembling model aircraft or boats and meeting new friends, the Learner example:
course-takers could learn a fact or two about history as well.
Such an attitude may also be the result of little pangs of homesickness or of our need to assert
ourselves, to feel superior in a foreign country.

assembly /əˈsem.bli/
assert your authority/control/independence, etc.
to do something to show other people that you have power
Word family:
Dictionary example:
Nouns: assembly
She soon asserted her authority as leader.
Verbs: assemble
Learner example:
NOUN
He can assert his authority over all the boys who are there.

GROUP

[C] a group of people, such as a government, who meet to make decisions, laws,
assertive /əˈsɜː.tɪv/
etc.
Dictionary examples: Word family:
the national assembly Verbs: assert
the United Nations General Assembly Adjectives: assertive

Learner example: ADJECTIVE

I hope that it won't be necessary to talk to our local Assembly represent[ative], because that would behaving or speaking in a strong, confident way
only make this process longer.
Dictionary example:
BUILD You need to be much more assertive.
[U] when you build something by joining parts together Learner example:

Dictionary example: I want to learn how to be more assertive, find emotional independence, fulfil my dreams, be more

The frame needs to be strong enough to support the engine assembly. tolerant, less sarcastic and, most importantly, be given the precious gift of patience.

Learner example:
Major factories the world over incorporate automated robots into their assembly lines.
assign /əˈsaɪn/

Word family:
Nouns: assignment
Verbs: assign

45 46
VERB [T] assume /əˈsjuːm/

assign sb to sth PHRASAL VERB

Word family:
to give someone a particular job or place to work Nouns: assumption
Verbs: assume
Dictionary example:
Which police officer has been assigned to this case? VERB [T]

Learner example:
assume control/power/responsibility, etc.
She was assigned to Sanming Police Station.
to take a position of control/power/responsibility, etc.
Dictionary example:
associate /əˈsəʊ.si.eɪt/ He has assumed the role of spokesman for the group.

Learner example:
Word family:
She got involved in the marketing business there and assumed responsibility very soon - she
Nouns: association
became the marketing director for continental Europe.
Verbs: associate

VERB

assurance /əˈʃʊə.rənts/
associate with sb PHRASAL VERB

to spend time with a group of people, especially people who are disapproved of Word family:
Nouns: assurance, reassurance, self-assurance
Dictionary example:
Verbs: assure, reassure
I don't want my children associating with drug addicts and alcoholics.
Adjectives: reassuring, self-assured
Learner example:
NOUN
This is a place where a lot of homeless people find shelter and even drug addicts go there to hide.
So, it is clear that it is essential to protect our children from associating with all these people.
CONFIDENCE

[U] confidence

association /əˌsəʊ.siˈeɪ.ʃ n/ ə Dictionary example:

He spoke with calm assurance.
Word family:
Learner example:
Nouns: association
'I urge you to stay calm and wait for the rescue team,' said Mark with assurance.
Verbs: associate

NOUN

astronomy /əˈstrɒn.ə.mi/
CONNECTION

[C or U] a connection or relationship between two things or people

NOUN [U]
Dictionary example:
the scientific study of stars and planets
There is no association between the two groups.
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
This is the biggest step forward in astronomy since Galileo's first telescope over four hundred
The second example is people who wear clothes such as black le[a]ther suits and black or purple
years ago.
lip-stick, showing their association with a particular genre of music.
Learner example:
Her father was famous for his vast knowledge of astronomy and books he wrote on this subject.

47 48
 at /æt/ at length
If you talk about something at length, you talk for a long time.
PREPOSITION Dictionary example:
We discussed both topics at length.
at best
Learner example:
used to show that the most positive way of considering something is still not good
Since we have already arranged for your family to come to stay in my home and discussed the
Dictionary example: arrangements at length and in detail, I will no longer bother you with terms of payment and other
At best, only 50 per cent of babies born at 24 weeks will survive. information that, judging by your letter, seems to be quite irrelevant.

Learner example: be at liberty to do sth FORMAL

Then, due to the social standards, the old find themselves being abandoned and helpless. At best,
to be allowed to do something
such people are hospitalized.
Dictionary example:
at the best of times I'm not at liberty to discuss the matter at present.
used to show that something is not good when it is the best it can be
Learner example:
Dictionary example: On [the] one hand the child is at liberty to do whatever it pleases to do but on the other hand it
He's not exactly patient at the best of times. was never taught the responsibilities implicit[l]y tied to such actions.

Learner example: at a loss

They knew that even at the best of times he looked unpleasant but now he was of [a] completely
not knowing what to do
different [appearance].
Dictionary example:
at a disadvantage I'm at a loss to explain his disappearance.
having problems that other people do not have
Learner example:
Dictionary example: And now I am competely at a loss what to write next.
Being shy puts him at a disadvantage.
at a loss for words
Learner example:
not knowing what to say
There would otherwise be no option for such children who would then be at a disadvantage and
possibly engage in destructive behaviour. Dictionary example:
The question was unexpected and she was temporarily at a loss for words.
be at odds with sb/sth
Learner example:
to not agree with someone or something
If it was James I would be at a loss for words, I didn't know what to tell him.
Dictionary example:
His remark was at odds with our report.
be at the mercy of sb/sth
to not be able to protect yourself from something or someone that you cannot
Learner example:
control
Young people are inexperienced as far as the world is concerned and thus they are frequently at
odds with their family. Dictionary example:
Farmers are often at the mercy of the weather.
at the latest
If you tell someone to do something by a particular time at the latest, you mean Learner example:
I couldn't believe I'd been careless enough to let them be at the mercy of Joanna's careless,
they must do it before that time.
boisterous friends, and I felt very lonely now, looking for them.
Dictionary example:
She said to be there by 8 o'clock at the latest. at the earliest
used after a time or date to show that something will not happen before then

49 50
 Dictionary example: Dictionary example:
Building will not begin until July at the earliest. Time is at a premium just before the start of exams.

at sb's expense Learner example:

in order to make someone look stupid Honesty and accuracy are very good virtues to strive [for], but having friendship [and a] fair and
caring relationship to your friend or partner have to be rated at a premium as well.
Dictionary example:
Stop making jokes at my expense. at any price
If you want something at any price, you will do anything to get it.
Learner example:
But despite his intellectual superiority, Piggy was subject to derision because of his physical Dictionary example:
outward appearance and the group of boys played jokes at his expense. She wanted the job at any price.

at your fingertips Learner example:

If you have something at your fingertips, you can get it and use it very easily. They wanted to be parents at any price.

Dictionary example: at this rate

He had all the information needed at his fingertips. used before saying what will happen if a situation continues in the same way
Learner example: Dictionary example:
An Internet connection literally means having the world at your fingertips. At this rate we're not going to be there till midnight.

at the hands of sb at any rate

If you suffer at the hands of someone, they hurt you or treat you badly. used before saying one fact that is certain in a situation that you are generally not
Dictionary example:
certain about
She suffered terribly at the hands of her classmates. Dictionary example:
Learner example: Well, at any rate we need her to be there.
She felt abandoned and the loss of Mark's friends at the hands of their old nemesis in the local Learner example:
election had left him with fewer activities for the municipality. Nevertheless, at any rate, we would like to see a society with [a] full and strong workforce working
towards stronger economic power.
at heart
used to say what someone is really like at your own risk
Dictionary example:
If you do something at your own risk, you are completely responsible for anything
I'm just a kid at heart. bad that might happen because of it.

Learner example: Dictionary example:

I also thought that she was brave at heart. Customers may leave vehicles here at their own risk.

at issue Learner example:

However, when a young man decides to go on a dangerous expedition, he should do so at his own
most important in what is being discussed
risk and should not rely on help from anyone.
Dictionary example:
The point at issue is what is best for the child.
be at stake
If something is at stake, it is in a situation where it might be lost or damaged.
Learner example:
I wouldn't like to fall into the trap of generalizing the matter at issue, but I believe there are two Dictionary example:
ways of travelling. We have to act quickly - people's lives are at stake.

be at a premium Learner example:

The whole human race's future is at stake.
If something useful is at a premium, there is not enough of it.

51 52
 at the tender age of 8/17/25, etc. LITERARY attachment /əˈtætʃ.mənt/
at the young age of 8/17/25, etc
Word family:
Dictionary example:
Nouns: attachment
She first appeared on stage at the tender age of 14.
Verbs: attach
Learner example: Adjectives: attached
She met my father at the tender age of 14, and she soon knew that this was the man she wanted
NOUN
to stay with for the rest of her life.
FEELING
at one time or another
used to talk about an occasion in the past without saying exactly which occasion it [C or U] a feeling of love or strong connection to someone or something

was Dictionary example:

I wasn't aware of any romantic attachments.
Dictionary example:
Most of us have made a similar mistake at one time or another. Learner example:
Despite this impression she rejected her growing attachment to George in order to fulfil her
Learner example:
family's expectation[s].
Haven't we all at one time or another come home from a holiday feeling healthy and strong with a
smile on our face thinking, this is what life is about.

attack /əˈtæk/

attach /əˈtætʃ/
VERB
Word family:
Nouns: attachment DISEASE
Verbs: attach [T] If a disease, chemical, etc. attacks someone or something, it damages them.
Adjectives: attached
Dictionary example:
VERB [T] The virus attacks the central nervous system.

attach importance/value, etc. to sb/sth Learner example:

to think that someone or something has importance/value, etc. There is a myriad of diseases that attack the less protected.

Dictionary example: NOUN [C or U]

You attach too much importance to money.

CRITICISM
Learner example: when you say something to strongly criticize someone or something
My father knew exactly when he had to attach importance to feelings or emotions.
Dictionary example:
INCLUDE a scathing attack on the president
to include something as part of something else
Learner example:
Dictionary example: Young people often insist on doing everything on their own and consider advice almost an attack
There were too many conditions attached to the deal. on their personal opinion.

Learner example:
Furthermore, the aid provided to these countries is not always innocent and might have strings
attached.

53 54
 attainable /əˈteɪ.nə.bl
̩/ attraction /əˈtræk.ʃən/

Word family: Word family:

Verbs: attain Nouns: attraction
Adjectives: attainable, unattainable Verbs: attract
Adjectives: attractive, unattractive
ADJECTIVE

possible to achieve NOUN

Dictionary example: FEELING

We must ensure that we do not set ourselves goals that are not attainable. [U] when you like someone, especially sexually, because of the way they look or
Learner example: behave
As electronic media sources have become more affordable and attainable, more people have
Dictionary example:
access to local and international news and events.
physical attraction

Learner example:

attendance /əˈten.dənts/ Ever since the begi[n]ning, since the day when Olivia met the Nawab for the first time, she felt an
[i]nexplicable attraction towards him.
Word family:
Nouns: attendance
Verbs: attend attribute

NOUN [C or U]
VERB /əˈtrɪb.juːt/
in attendance FORMAL

present at an event attribute sth to sth PHRASAL VERB

to say that something is caused by something else

Dictionary example:
They have doctors in attendance at every match. Dictionary example:
He attributes his success to hard work.
Learner example:
Professional coach[e]s are in attendance and the members can have proper lessons. Learner example:
On the other hand, it might be attributed to the laziness of the people.

NOUN [C] /ˈæt.rə.bjuːt/

attention /əˈten.tʃən/
a quality or characteristic that someone or something has
Dictionary example:
NOUN [U]
Her hair is her best attribute.
be the centre of attention
Learner example:
to receive more attention than anyone or anything else What are the attributes of a successful person, then?
Dictionary example:
She loves to be the centre of attention.
authority /ɔːˈθɒr.ə.ti/
Learner example:
To sum it up, most celebrities love being the centre of attention and sometimes even ask for it.
Word family:
Nouns: authority
Verbs: authorize

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NOUN awake /əˈweɪk/

an authority on sth
someone who has a lot of knowledge about a particular subject ADJECTIVE [NEVER BEFORE NOUN]

Dictionary example: be wide awake

She is an authority on seventeenth-century English literature. to be completely awake
Learner example: Dictionary example:
I read the book more than six times and I became an authority on [the] Roman Empire. "Is Oliver awake yet?" "Yes, he's wide awake and running around his bedroom."

Learner example:
Sometimes, when I have put my children to bed, half an hour later an aircraft flies over and my
automatic /ˌɔː.təˈmæt.ɪk/
two-year old daughter is wide awake again.

Word family:
Adjectives: automatic
Adverbs: automatically away /əˈweɪ/

ADJECTIVE
ADVERB
PERSON
CONTINUOUS ACTION
done as a natural reaction, without thinking
used after a verb to mean 'continuously or repeatedly'
Dictionary example:
My automatic response was to pull my hand away. Dictionary example:
Chris was hammering away in the garden all day.
Learner example:
Her gesture was almost automatic. Learner example:
They chatted away for a while as Malcolm had to wait for the airport taxi.
CERTAIN

certain to happen as part of the normal process or system

awe /ɑː/
Dictionary example:
You get an automatic promotion after two years.
Word family:
Nouns: awe
Adjectives: awesome
avenue /ˈæv.ə.njuː/
NOUN [U]

a feeling of great respect and sometimes fear

NOUN [C]
Dictionary example:
POSSIBILITY
I was filled with awe at the sheer size of the building.
a possible way of doing or achieving something
Learner example:
Dictionary example: As a child growing up, the presence of my grandmother filled me with awe.
We have exhausted all other avenues of treatment.
be in awe of sb
to feel great respect for and sometimes fear of someone
Dictionary example:
As children we were rather in awe of our grandfather.

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 Learner example:
As I was the eldest of [the] siblings, they used to respect all my orders and [even] now, they are a
bit in awe of me.
B

awesome /ˈɔː.səm/

Word family: back /bæk/

Nouns: awe
Adjectives: awesome Word family:
Nouns: backing
ADJECTIVE Verbs: back

SPECIAL ADVERB

great or special and causing deep feelings of admiration, respect, or sometimes

back and forth
fear
in one direction, then the opposite way, then in the original direction again many
Dictionary examples: times
an awesome achievement
The scenery was truly awesome. Dictionary example:
He has to travel back and forth between London and Paris every week.
Learner example:
Italy is crowded by groups sheepishly following their guide[s] in an awesome silence and respect. Learner example:
Finally, after much walking back and forth, we found a road which we followed till we got to the
town.

awkward /ˈɔː.kwəd/ NOUN [C]

back to front
ADJECTIVE
with the back part of something where the front should be
NOT ATTRACTIVE Dictionary example:
not relaxed or confident You've got your trousers on back to front.

Dictionary example: Learner example:

His movements were slow and awkward. Therefore, the government needs to cut expenditure and as a result of this, health faciliti[es] will
only be accessible for rich people. Then we are back to front.
Learner example:
Piggy's "value" is not apparent to the boys because it is concealed by the sight of his awkward self: behind sb's back
he is plump, he wears thick spectacles, he is not gifted with good health. If you do something behind someone's back, you do it without them knowing,
often in an unfair way.
Dictionary example:
Have they been saying things about me behind my back?

Learner example:
The food must be perfect, too, or else her mother-in-law and my father's sisters will think that
she's not a proper wife, and will probably say insulting things about her behind her back.

59 60
 turn your back on sb/sth background /ˈbæk.graʊnd/
to decide to stop having contact with someone or something, or to refuse to help
someone NOUN

Dictionary example:
in the background
She turned her back on Hollywood and went to live in Florida.
If a person stays in the background, they try not to be noticed.
Learner example:
She gets to learn that Olivia turned her back on her past and merged totally with India through her Dictionary example:
attraction to and sympathy for the Nawab. His father hovered in the background.

Learner example:
be (like) water off a duck's back
But Piggy plays this role in the background because he knows that he won't be accepted.
If criticisms, insults, etc. are like water off a duck's back to you, they do not affect
you at all.
Dictionary example: backing /ˈbæk.ɪŋ/
She calls him lazy and useless, but it's like water off a duck's back.
Word family:
Learner example:
Nouns: backing
The main lesson I have learned is by looking at some people who have lived alone for most of
Verbs: back
their life and faced with neither contradiction nor argument, they stay in their ivory tower, so sure
of their opinions that whatever you say is like water off a duck's back. NOUN [U]

support, especially money, for a person or plan

VERB

Dictionary examples:
back (sth) away/into/out, etc.
financial backing
to move backwards or drive backwards The proposal has the full backing of the government.

Dictionary examples: Learner example:

She saw he had a gun and backed away. Take some examples throughout history, such as Napoleon, who was very intelligent, and Hitler
He backed into a wall when he was trying to park. who, despite being dangerous and evil, had the backing of his country when he spoke to the

Learner example: people.

When he backed out of the [car park] he almost crashed into another car.

SUPPORT
backward /ˈbæk.wəd/
[T] to give support or help to a person, plan, or idea

Dictionary examples: ADJECTIVE [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN]

He backed Mr Clark in the recent election. less developed or slower to develop than normal
Parents backed the idea by more than two to one.
Dictionary example:
Learner example: a backward country
Of course, without [the] people wh[o] are backing the leader in his fight, he could not achieve his
success. Learner example:
No longer a remote, backward, unimportant country, it became a force to be reckoned with in
Europe.

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 Learner example:
baggage /ˈbæg.ɪdʒ/
The balcony seats reserved for students and young tourists felt like [they were] located on [a
steep] cliff, looking down [on] all the heads in the better seats rather than [at] the stage.
NOUN [U]

FEELINGS
ball /bɔːl/
feelings and experiences from the past that influence how you think and behave
now
NOUN [C]
Dictionary example:
emotional baggage set/start the ball rolling
Learner example:
to begin an activity that involves a group of people
Moreover they need to spend it to the best of their abilities trying to bring up a happy person Dictionary example:
whose behaviour will be in harmony with his thoughts and feelings and who will be I've started the ball rolling by setting up a series of meetings.
unencumbered with emotional baggage resulting from lack of love.

band /bænd/
balance /ˈbæl.ənts/

Word family: NOUN

Nouns: balance
CIRCLE
Verbs: balance
Adjectives: balanced, unbalanced [C] a piece of material put around something

NOUN
Dictionary example:
an elastic band
be/hang in the balance
Learner example:
If something is or hangs in the balance, nobody knows if it will continue to exist in The instructor took them up to the bridge and neatly tied them up to the enormous elastic band.
the future or what will happen to it.
Dictionary example:
After a bad year, Judd's career hung in the balance. bandwagon /ˈbændˌwæg.ən/

Learner example:
And because of him it was really very much in the balance if she would accept this job or not. NOUN

get/jump on the bandwagon

to become involved in an activity which is successful so that you can get the
balcony /ˈbæl.kə.ni/
advantages of it yourself

NOUN [C]
Dictionary example:
Publishers are rushing to get on the digital downloads bandwagon.
THEATRE
Learner example:
the seats in an upper area of a theatre Jane and Tiffany decided to jump on the bandwagon and started to take off their clothes.
Dictionary example:
We had seats in the balcony.

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 Learner example:
bar /bɑːr/
You could tell your grand-children about the good old days when you hunted for mammoths and
skinned them with your bare hands, just a few million years back (sigh: "seems like yesterday").
NOUN [C]

PREVENTING SUCCESS
bargain /ˈbɑː.gɪn/
something that prevents you doing something or having something
Dictionary example:
NOUN [C]
Lack of money should not be a bar to a good education.

Learner example:
into the bargain
Nevertheless, fashion could be felt as a bar to our own liberty since the maga[z]ines impose their as well as everything else
views on the customers.
Dictionary example:
Caffeine has no good effects on health and is mildly addictive into the bargain.

Learner example:
bare /beər/
The Open Air Museum is unique, with vast numbers of old houses; you can roam there for days
and receive history lessons into the bargain.
ADJECTIVE

BASIC
bark /bɑːk/
[ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] including only the smallest amount that you need of something

Dictionary examples: VERB

The report just gave us the barest facts about the accident.
Tony's salary only covers the bare essentials for the family. SHOUT
Staffing levels will be kept to a bare minimum this year. [I or T] to say something loudly and quickly
Learner example:
Dictionary example:
Having passed the "prime" of their lives, many of them would be satisfied with the bare minimum
I'm sorry, I had no right to bark at you like that.
as far as material things are concerned.
Learner example:
EMPTY She knew at once that Daniel, the boss, had returned. [...] As the day wore on and from her office
empty she heard Daniel barking at everyone and anyone, she became more and more annoyed.

Dictionary examples: NOUN [U]

a bare room
The cupboard was bare. TREE

the hard, outside part of a tree

Learner example:
Olivia decorates her "nest" with pictures, plugs and pale yellow sofas, according to the fashion in Dictionary example:
Europe, whereas the grand[d]aughter is fully satisfied with a bare room. The bark of the birch tree is white.

with your bare hands Learner example:

without using any type of tool or weapon when doing something that requires a lot By hitting the bark of trees or hollow pieces of wood rhythmically, p[r]ehistoric humans tended to
communicate or entertain themselves.
of strength
Dictionary example:
He wrestled the lion to the ground with his bare hands.

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 barn /bɑːn/ battery /ˈbæt.ər.i/

NOUN [C] NOUN [C]

a large building on a farm where crops or animals can be kept

recharge your batteries
Dictionary example: to have a period of rest and relaxation so that you feel energetic again
The machinery was kept in an old barn.
Dictionary example:
Learner example: She took a trip to the south of France to recharge her batteries.
When she came to she was in a sort of barn, [and] to her horror she realised that her feet were
Learner example:
encased in a lump of cement and her hands were firmly tied behind her back.
It is [a] very effective way in which we could rejuvenate ourselves and recharge our batteries in
order to face the difficulties [o]f the daily routine.

base /beɪs/

Word family: battle /ˈbæt.l

̩/
Nouns: base, basics, basis
Adjectives: basic NOUN
Adverbs: basically
ARGUMENT
NOUN [C]
[C] when two people or groups compete against each other or have an argument
MAIN PLACE about something
the main place where a person lives and works, or from where they do things
Dictionary example:
Dictionary examples: a battle for control in the boardroom
I spend a lot of time in Dallas, but Chicago is still my base.
Learner example:
Nice is an excellent base for exploring the French Riviera.
A very important point is that there must always be a discussion between children and parents,
Learner example: which allows everyone to understand the different points of view and avoids a constant battle
It also has a function as a base for the fishing industry. Being located [o]n the coast, our town's between the family members.
key industry is fishing.
VERB [I or T]

MAIN PART to try very hard to do something difficult or to fight against someone or
the most important part of something, from which other things can develop something
Dictionary example: Dictionary examples:
a solid economic base Throughout the campaign, Johnson was battling against health problems.
They spent all of last year battling with housing officials.
Learner example:
Other organisations have assured us regular funds so that our project stands on a firm financial Learner example:
base. Many countries are battling with environmental problems and certain tourists feel that it is
perfectly acceptable to leave their litter behind them on beaches and other public places, after all
in two or three weeks they can leave it all behind them.

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 Learner example:
bay /beɪ/
Women can still bear children at the age of 30. In the past this was not possible because either the
mother or the baby would have died.
NOUN [C]
bear fruit
keep/hold sth at bay If something that someone does bears fruit, it produces successful results.
to prevent something unpleasant from coming near you or from happening
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example: Our decision is just beginning to bear fruit.
Gunmen kept police at bay for almost four hours.
Learner example:
Learner example: Although a new hotel and conference centre would greatly improve the image of our town, I
The Leary brothers are unable to cope with real life, which reinforces their innate ability to keep consider it a costly investment that might not bear fruit.
the world at bay and themselves untouched by life and love.
grin and bear it
to accept an unpleasant or difficult situation because there is nothing you can do
bear /beər/ to improve it
Dictionary example:
Word family:
I hate my job, but I'm just going to have to grin and bear it for a while.
Verbs: bear
Adjectives: unbearable Learner example:
As I couldn't simply get up and go away, I just had to grin and bear it for a little while longer.
VERB (bore, borne)

bear a/no resemblance/relation, etc. to sb/sth

to be similar to someone or something beat /biːt/

Dictionary example:
He bears a striking resemblance to his father.
VERB (beat, beaten)

Learner example: SOUND

The concert bore no resemblance to any other I have been to, firstly due to the location, and [I or T] to hit against something hard, making a continuous or regular sound
secondly thanks to the spontaneity, yet impressive precision of the performance - the two factors
which created the unique atmosphere of the event. Dictionary examples:
soldiers beating drums
bear a grudge We could hear the pigeons beating their wings.
to continue to have a bad feeling towards someone Rain beat against the windows.

Dictionary example: Learner example:

They were rude to her in the past, but she's not the kind of woman who bears grudges. The sound of the pelting rain beating against the sla[t]es made the minutes last longer than ever
and my cosy sofa looked so cold and small.
Learner example:
They take everything for granted and [this] leaves them completely unprepared for the harsh you can't beat sth
reality of life - not to mention that they are likely to bear a grudge. used to emphasize that something is best
HAVE CHILD Dictionary example:
FORMAL to give birth to a child You can't beat Pedro's for a great pizza.

Dictionary example: Learner example:

She has been told that she will never bear children. You can't beat their "French cuisine" she usually said, when asked why didn't she change [the]
place.

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 Learner example:
beauty /ˈbjuː.ti/
Having lived in a small town in a cosy detached house with [a] flower bed in front and [an]
Word family: enormous garden at the back, I was [as] happy as [I'd] ever [been].
Nouns: beauty
Adjectives: beautiful
Adverbs: beautifully before /bɪˈfɔːr/

NOUN [U]
PREPOSITION
the beauty of sth
the quality that makes something especially good or attractive IMPORTANCE

treated as more important than someone or something

Dictionary example:
The beauty of the plan is that it won't cost anything. Dictionary example:
They always put the children's needs before their own.

Learner example:
become /bɪˈkʌm/ She puts people with their needs before her own comfort, that is why she is successful.

ADVERB
VERB (became, become)
long before
what/whatever became of sb/sth
a long period of time before something
something you say when you want to know what has happened to someone
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example:
I was a vegetarian long before I met Sally.
Whatever became of your friend Harry?
Learner example:
Learner example:
The cups belonged to my family long before I was born and the fact they are [a] part of my family
You might ask yourself: who is this girl in the room and what became of that friend of hers?
tradition makes them valuable in my eyes.

bed /bed/ behind /bəˈhaɪnd/

NOUN
PREPOSITION

BOTTOM
NOT AFFECTING
[C] the ground at the bottom of the sea, a river, etc. If a bad experience or your own bad behaviour is behind you, it does not exist or
Dictionary example: affect your life now.
the sea bed
Dictionary example:
Learner example: He's put his criminal past behind him.
They landed upside down on a river bed and almost everyone was killed during the fall.
Learner example:
GROUND We have got to put the past behind us.

[C] a piece of ground that is used for growing plants, especially flowers behind sb's back
Dictionary example: If you do something behind someone's back, you do it without them knowing,
a flower bed often in an unfair way.

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 Dictionary example: NOUN
Have they been saying things about me behind my back?
EFFECTIVE
Learner example:
The food must be perfect, too, or else her mother-in-law and my father's sisters will think that [U NO PLURAL] the feeling that someone or something is effective or right

she's not a proper wife, and will probably say insulting things about her behind her back. Dictionary example:
a belief in social justice
behind closed doors
privately and not in public Learner example:
I'll try to give my children a feeling of security within themselves and a belief in themselves, so
Dictionary example:
that they will be able to stand up [to] danger in society.
Most of the deals were done behind closed doors.
beyond belief
Learner example:
Decisions which affect the whole world are made behind closed doors and are top secret. too bad, good, difficult, etc. to be real
Dictionary example:
behind the scenes
The evil of this man is beyond belief.
If something happens behind the scenes, it happens secretly.
Learner example:
Dictionary example:
I completely agree with the idea that homelessness in the third world is increasing to rates beyond
A lot of hard work has been going on behind the scenes.
belief.
Learner example:
Ms. Bolam knew a lot of things going on behind the scenes, [which were] not [known to] the
patients. bell /bel/

NOUN [C]
being /ˈbiː.ɪŋ/
ring a bell
NOUN If a word, especially a name, rings a bell, you think you have heard it before.
Dictionary example:
come into being
Shane Watson? That name rings a bell.
to start to exist
Learner example:
Dictionary example:
Its name is Laser - I suppose it rings a bell?
The new law comes into being next month.

Learner example:
Only with knowledge of the written word were villages able to organise themselves in larger forms below /bɪˈləʊ/
of government, leading from local to regional to national levels, [and] finally leading to
transnational structures as they came into being mostly during the last 100 years.
ADVERB; PREPOSITION

RANK
belief /bɪˈliːf/ lower in rank
Word family: Dictionary example:
Nouns: belief Monica is a grade below me.
Verbs: believe
Adjectives: unbelievable

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 Learner example: Learner example:
[With] him being only 37 years old and [having] been promoted to the second level below the He hadn't realised how much he would miss the high-life until he was forced to watch all the rich
board of directors of a well-known international company, he seems like a good example [of] a and famous people come into the restaurant and look down [on] everything and everyone who
successful person, at least in this area of success. was beneath them.

beneath your dignity

If it is beneath your dignity to do something, you think you are too important or
belt /belt/
from too high a class to do it.

NOUN [C] Dictionary example:

She felt that it was beneath her dignity to wear a name badge.
tighten your belt
Learner example:
to try to spend less money He thought it was beneath his dignity to talk about his master's decisions and ideas.
Dictionary example:
Since I lost my job we've all had to tighten our belts.
benefit /ˈben.ɪ.fɪt/
Learner example:
All this costs money and where do we get this extra money from but from the tax payers, who
Word family:
once again have to tighten their belts.
Nouns: benefit
Verbs: benefit
Adjectives: beneficial
bend /bend/
NOUN [C or U]

NOUN [C] give sb the benefit of the doubt

to choose to believe what someone tells you even though it may be wrong or a lie
drive/send sb round the bend INFORMAL

to make someone very angry, especially by continuing to do something annoying Dictionary example:
She says her train was late, so I suppose we'd better give her the benefit of the doubt.
Dictionary example:
This computer is driving me round the bend. Learner example:
Every time our parents tell us ".. have you thought about it, are you sure you are not making a
Learner example:
mistake?" we just answer "sure I have, no problem." Next time they do, let's give them the benefit
I could not work with a beginner as it would drive me round the bend if I was interrupted every
of the doubt and let's think twice about the subject.
few minutes and asked to elucidate to him/her something as easy as pie.
for sb's benefit
in order to help someone
beneath /bɪˈniːθ/
Dictionary example:
We bought the piano for the children's benefit.
PREPOSITION
Learner example:
Needless to say, I hope you take [all this] into consideration not only for Gustavo's benefit, but
NOT GOOD ENOUGH
also for the benefit of the astronaut training programme and the world.
If someone or something is beneath you, you think you are too important or from
too high a social class to spend time on them.
Dictionary example:
He thinks housework is beneath him.

75 76
 beside /bɪˈsaɪd/ NOUN

at best
PREPOSITION used to show that the most positive way of considering something is still not good
be beside yourself (with sth) Dictionary example:
to experience a powerful emotion At best, only 50 per cent of babies born at 24 weeks will survive.

Dictionary example: Learner example:

He was beside himself with rage. Then, due to the social standards, the old find themselves being abandoned and helpless. At best,
such people are hospitalized.
Learner example:
Spending one's spare time being beside oneself with anger scarcely ever makes holidays for the best
[enjoy]able. If something is for the best, it seems unpleasant now, but will improve a situation
beside the point in the future.
not important or not connected with what you are talking about Dictionary example:
Divorce is always painful, but it really was for the best.
Dictionary example:
The fact that he doesn't want to come is beside the point - he should have been invited. Learner example:
It's a kind of sad thing to think about but maybe it's for the best.

bring out the best in sb

best /best/
to cause someone's best qualities to show
Dictionary example:
ADJECTIVE
This chance to work with young people has really brought out the best in him.
your best bet Learner example:
Someone’s best bet is the action most likely to be successful. TV can be a baby-sitter, but such a relationship is not going to bring out the best in a child.

Dictionary example: at the best of times

If you want to get to the theater on time, your best bet is to get a cab.
used to show that something is not good when it is the best it can be
Learner example:
Dictionary example:
The international cuisine chef can whip up some delicious creations from time to time; but your
He's not exactly patient at the best of times.
best bet is to go for one of the delicious steaks served.
Learner example:
ADVERB
They knew that even at the best of times he looked unpleasant but now he was of [a] completely
different [appearance].
know best
to be the most suitable person to have responsibility and make important
decisions
bet /bet/
Dictionary example:
When it comes to dealing with my own son, I think I know best.
NOUN [C]
Learner example:
RISK
How true is that expression "Father knows best". If my father [was alive] today he would probably
be laughing his head off. ! when you risk money on the result of a game, competition, etc.

77 78
 Dictionary examples:
beyond /biˈjɒnd/
She won her bet.
He put a bet on Manchester United winning on Saturday.
PREPOSITION
Learner example:
A couple of betting shops attract many people, mostly men, who often come in a hurry to place a beyond belief
bet, some of them in their working uniform with a large apron. too bad, good, difficult, etc. to be real
your best bet Dictionary example:
the best decision or choice The evil of this man is beyond belief.

Dictionary example: Learner example:

Your best bet in terms of value would be the Regent Hotel. It was a piece of luck beyond belief that we could swap our apartments for the six months to
come.
Learner example:
The international cuisine chef can whip up some delicious creations from time to time; but your beyond dispute
best bet is to go for one of the delicious steaks served [there]. certain or certainly
a safe bet Dictionary examples:
something that you are certain will happen Her skill is beyond dispute.
He is beyond dispute the finest actor in Hollywood today.
Dictionary example:
Wheeler is a safe bet for a place on the team. Learner example:
It is beyond dispute that we owe a lot to the wise scientists who discovered 'electro-magnetism'.
Learner example:
Automatically, we think that black is a safe bet for any occasion. beyond your wildest dreams
bigger or better than anything you could imagine or hope for
Dictionary example:
better /ˈbet.ər/
The house was beyond my wildest dreams.

Learner example:
ADVERB
[It] was beyond my wildest dreams.
know better
beyond (sb's) reach
to have enough experience not to do something stupid or something that will not
not possible for someone to have
achieve anything
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example: With all this money we can buy things previously beyond our reach.
I thought she'd listen to me - I should have known better.
Learner example:
Learner example: She was always yearning for things beyond her reach.
Surely two grown-ups should have known better than to shout at each other at the top of their
lungs. ADVERB

TIME

continuing after a particular time or date

Dictionary example:
The strike looks set to continue into March and beyond.

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 Learner example: Learner example:
The fact of living longer allow[s] people to share part of their lives with their children, their As a Tea Company chairman, he buys his tea in Calcutta or Colombo, and generally bids at the
grandchildren and sometimes even one generation beyond. right price.

bias /ˈbaɪ.əs/ big /bɪg/

Word family:
Nouns: bias
ADJECTIVE (bigger, biggest)
Adjectives: biased, unbiased
in a big way INFORMAL

NOUN [C or U] used to say that someone or something does something to a large degree
when you support or oppose someone or something in an unfair way because you Dictionary example:
are influenced by your personal opinions They celebrate birthdays in a big way.

Dictionary examples: Learner example:

a bias towards/against private education Tourism helps Greece's national economy - which is not at its best - in a big way.
The news channel has been accused of bias in favour of the government.

Learner example:
It is necessary to get rid of all our previous bias when we go to a foreign country, to achieve a bind /baɪnd/
better understanding of the local culture.
VERB [T] (bound)

TIE
bid /bɪd/
to tie something together with string, rope, etc.

NOUN [C] Dictionary example:

His hands were bound behind his back.
ATTEMPT
Learner example:
an attempt to achieve something
Take this rope and bind yourselves together, so as not to lose someone.
Dictionary examples:
UNITE
a successful bid for re-election
The council has banned cars from the city centre in a bid to reduce pollution. to unite people

Learner example: Dictionary example:

In a bid to conceal my bewilderment, I greeted her and set about cleaning the house. Culture and language bind people together.

BUY
Learner example:
And even if people mostly cheer for athletes from their own country, it can be seen as a safe
an offer to pay a particular amount of money for something
outlet for nationalist feelings, that bind a country together without turning to racism, for example.
Dictionary example:
I made a bid of $150 for the painting.

VERB (bidding, bid)

to offer to pay an amount of money for something
Dictionary example:
They bid $500 million for the company.

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 bit /bɪt/ blackmail /ˈblæk.meɪl/

NOUN [C] NOUN [U]

when someone forces you to do something or to pay them money, by saying they
bits and pieces
will tell another person something that you want to keep secret
small things or jobs which are not connected or not very important
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example:
She was charged with blackmail.
We've packed most of it up now, there are just a few bits and pieces left.
Learner example:
Learner example:
She knows exactly how to handle him, seducing him, accusing him of ingratitude or using
So, it's memories that make us keep odd bits and pieces.
emotional blackmail.

VERB [T]

bite /baɪt/ to force someone to do something by using blackmail

Dictionary example:
NOUN [C] They used the photographs to blackmail her into spying for them.

a bite (to eat) Learner example:

a small meal It's all over, but she is blackmailing me.

Dictionary examples:
I just want to grab a bite to eat.
blame /bleɪm/
I had a bite at Laura's house.

Learner example:
VERB [T]
It all went smoothly until 2 o'clock when they stopped for a break and a bite to eat.
I don't blame him/them/you, etc.
used to say that you understand and accept the reason for what someone is doing
bitter /ˈbɪt.ər/
Dictionary example:
"I think I'll go home early." "I don't blame you - you look really tired."
ADJECTIVE

to/till/until the bitter end

bland /blænd/
If you do something to/till/until the bitter end, you continue it until it is finished,
although it is difficult and takes a long time.
ADJECTIVE
Dictionary example:
I was determined to go on until the bitter end. NO TASTE

Learner example: If food is bland, it does not have much taste.

We are willing to talk and find alternatives to the situation, but we are also ready to fight till the Dictionary example:
bitter end to stand for our rights. The soup was a bit bland.

Learner example:
In the evenings they usually attended boring dinner parties, where bland, soggy food was served,
and the other guests were at least 20 years older than her and rather snobbish and stiff.

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 BORING Learner example:
This may seem like a very bleak future for many young people today.
not interesting or exciting
Dictionary example: COLD

bland statements If a place is bleak, it is cold, empty and not attractive.

Learner example: Dictionary example:
Peeping through the viewer she focused her gaze on the bland face of the man outside. a bleak landscape

Learner example:
They lack basic training and experience and thus often get lost or hurt in bleak and isolated areas,
blank /blæŋk/ giving the mountain rescue teams a hard time.

ADJECTIVE
blend /blend/
NO FEELING

showing no feeling or understanding

NOUN [C]
Dictionary example: a combination of two or more things
a blank expression
Dictionary example:
Learner example: Their music is a blend of jazz and African rhythms.
The old woman froze, her blank gaze staring in Leila's direction.
Learner example:
I suppose this is a blend of entertainment and the darker sides of human nature, like envy or
curiosity.
blanket /ˈblæŋ.kɪt/

NOUN [C] blind /blaɪnd/

LAYER
Word family:
a thick layer of something Nouns: blindness
Adjectives: blind
Dictionary example:
a blanket of cloud/snow ADJECTIVE

Learner example:
be blind to sth
I do remember it rained heavily and the sky was covered with a blanket of grey.
to not notice something, or not want to notice something
Dictionary example:
bleak /bliːk/ Drivers who speed are often blind to the risks they cause.

Learner example:
ADJECTIVE Not only is she completely oblivious of his inner feelings and thoughts, but she also seems to be
blind to what is going on around her.
NO HOPE

If a situation is bleak, there is little or no hope for the future.

Dictionary example:
The future is looking bleak for small businesses struggling with debts.

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 blindness /ˈblaɪnd.nəs/ block /blɒk/

Word family:
NOUN [C]
Nouns: blindness
Adjectives: blind
STOP PROGRESS

NOUN [U] something that makes it difficult to move or make progress

NOT NOTICING Dictionary examples:

His personality is a major block to reaching an agreement.
the state of not noticing something, or not wanting to notice or understand it
Lack of money has been the main stumbling block.
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
My blindness to what was happening led me to make a bad decision.
Very often students are asked to present a certain subject, but the main stumbling block is that
Learner example: they are not given the knowledge of how to do it properly.
His mother and Mister Hooper, with their blindness and insensitivity, do not see what is going on
VERB [T]
between the two boys.

STOP PROGRESS

to stop something from happening or making progress

blink /blɪŋk/
Dictionary example:
The council has blocked plans for a new supermarket.
NOUN

in the blink of an eye

extremely quickly blood /blʌd/

Dictionary example: Word family:

In the blink of an eye, he was gone. Nouns: blood
Verbs: bleed
Learner example:
Adjectives: bloody
And for all those who keep nagging about losing their favourite regular programmes during such
an event, be patient: TV routine will be back into your living rooms in the blink of an eye. NOUN [U]

in cold blood
blister /ˈblɪs.tə / r in a cruel way, without showing any emotion
Dictionary example:
NOUN [C] He shot three policemen in cold blood.

a painful, raised area of skin with liquid inside, that you get if your skin has been Learner example:
rubbed or burned, or a similar area on a painted surface Returning to the story, when I arrived, I went directly to Hillton Avenue where I should have met
005, but when I arrived at the meeting point I found him lying on the floor with two shots in his
Dictionary example:
back; he had been murdered in cold blood.
I've got a blister on my toe.
FAMILY ORIGIN
Learner example:
Some people weren't really walking any more. The blisters and aching muscles gave them too the family or place that you come from
much stress.
Dictionary example:
I've got some Spanish blood in me.

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 Learner example:
blow /bləʊ/
I have a background in my blood which, I believe, explains my way of thinking: my mother is
Dutch and my father is half from Alsace, half from Hungary.
VERB (blew, blown)
make your blood run cold
If something makes your blood run cold, it frightens you very much. SOUND

[I or T] to make a sound by forcing air out of your mouth and through an instrument
Dictionary example:
I heard a tapping on the window which made my blood run cold. Dictionary examples:
Ann blew a few notes on the trumpet.
Learner example:
We were all waiting for the referee to blow his whistle.
This thought scared me and made my blood run cold.
Learner example:
make your blood boil
I had never played an instrument before, but when I put the flute to my mouth and blew, it was as
to make you extremely angry though I had played it all my life and that it had always been mine.
Dictionary example:
blow it/your chance(s) INFORMAL
The way they have treated those people makes my blood boil.
If you blow it or blow your chance, you lose an opportunity to do something by
Learner example: doing or saying the wrong thing.
Paul said something repulsive, with a cold light in his eyes, and it made her blood boil.
Dictionary examples:
your own flesh and blood I blew it when I criticized the way she ran the office.
a member of your family Tom blew his chances of getting the job by arriving late for the interview.

Dictionary example: Learner example:

I can't hate him - he's my own flesh and blood. I'm giving you one last chance. If you blow it, you'll be sent to an Institution which treats people
like you.
Learner example:
On the other hand, another problem old people have to face is a feeling of [not] being useful to blow your mind INFORMAL
society and what proves this is that they are put into old people's homes even by their own flesh If something blows your mind, you are very excited or surprised by it.
and blood.
Dictionary example:
There was one scene in the film that really blew my mind.

bloody /ˈblʌd.i/ Learner example:

'MOMO', written by Michael Ende, is a book that blew my mind as a child and as an adult, I have
Word family: read it many times, but the last time has been a while now.
Nouns: blood
Verbs: bleed NOUN [C]

Adjectives: bloody
HIT

ADJECTIVE a hard hit with a hand or a weapon

ANGER Dictionary example:

They think his death was caused by a blow to the head with an iron bar.
! used to express anger or to emphasize what you are saying in a slightly rude way
Learner example:
Dictionary example:
He was really starting to panic when he felt a hard blow to his head.
I can't find my bloody keys!

Learner example: BAD EVENT

'Rachel? Start the car!' the trench coat ordered. 'What?' 'Start the bloody car!' an unexpected event that has a damaging effect on someone or something

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 Dictionary example:
board /bɔːd/
Losing his job was a severe blow to his confidence.

Learner example:
NOUN
Douglas, due to his callousness or because it had been too great a blow for him, was unable to
understand or assimilate the fact, so he just went on, doing his duty to his country and his people across the board
as before. happening or having an effect on people at every level and in every area
Dictionary example:
The improvement has been across the board, with all divisions reporting increased profits.
blue /bluː/
Learner example:
Children in separate schools get on with things regardless of it being work for boys or girls, which
ADJECTIVE
can be quite positive especially in today's lifestyles where chores are done across the board.
SAD

INFORMAL sad
boast /bəʊst/
Dictionary example:
I was feeling blue.
VERB
Learner example:
Do you feel the need to dress, behave and consume the same products as your friends? Are you HAVE
the kind of person who go[es] shopping when you feel blue or a little morose? [T] If a place boasts something good, it has it.

Dictionary example:
New York boasts some of the best museums in the world.
blunt /blʌnt/
Learner example:
The park boasts a picturesque lake with swans and ducks and a walled formal garden.
ADJECTIVE

NOT SHARP

not sharp boat /bəʊt/

Dictionary example:
a blunt knife NOUN [C]

Learner example: rock the boat

Standing in front of me was a huge man whose skin was roughened by blunt razor blades. to do or say something that changes a situation in a way that causes problems
RUDE Dictionary example:
saying exactly what you think without caring about people's feelings They seemed very happy and I didn't want to rock the boat.

Dictionary example: Learner example:

a blunt letter But let's not rock the boat. Our preposterous cravings and wishes might become our [down]fall.

Learner example: be in the same boat

She knows what kind of questions the viewers want answered and asks them without being rude to be in the same unpleasant situation as other people
or blunt.
Dictionary example:
She complains that she doesn't have enough money, but we're all in the same boat.

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 Learner example:
boil /bɔɪl/
Unemployment and its consequences is still a major problem. Now we are in the same boat.
Word family:
miss the boat
Verbs: boil
to be too late to get what you want
Adjectives: boiled, boiling
Dictionary example:
VERB
I'm afraid you've missed the boat. All the concert tickets have been sold.

Learner example: make your blood boil

What if she never had another chance? What if she missed the boat? Overcome by the anxiety and to make you extremely angry
the lack of sleep, the first thing she did in the morning was to pick up two of her best poems
Dictionary example:
[and] put them in an envelope.
The way they have treated those people makes my blood boil.

Learner example:
Paul said something repulsive, with a cold light in his eyes, and it made her blood boil.
body /ˈbɒd.i/

NOUN [C]
bomber /ˈbɒm.ər/
GROUP
Word family:
[+ SINGULAR OR PLURAL VERB] an official group of people who work together Nouns: bomb, bomber, bombing
Dictionary example: Verbs: bomb
the sport's regulatory body
NOUN [C]

Learner example:
AIRCRAFT
This progress is also facilitated by companies and organisations that are represented in many
countries, institutions that tend to be controlled by centrally defined policies or a single governing ! an aircraft that drops bombs
body.
Dictionary example:
keep body and soul together He flew bombers in the war.

to be able to pay for your food, clothing and somewhere to live Learner example:
During the war... the terror of the German bombers, the sound of destruction all around, bombs
Dictionary example:
exploding, people crying and dying.
His wages are barely enough to keep body and soul together.

Learner example:
Not only does he keep body and soul together, but he is [o]n good terms with his wife.
bond /bɒnd/
body and soul
used to emphasize that someone does something with all their effort and energy VERB

Dictionary example: [I] to develop a strong relationship with someone

They entered into the relationship body and soul. Dictionary example:
Learner example: Physical contact helps a mother bond with her baby.
If nowadays women are, for [the] vast majority, working, it occurs to me that some of them are Learner example:
not willing to devote themselves body and soul to their work. Another aspect is the fact that it is far more easier to just spend money on your children than to
actually bond with them.

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 bone /bəʊn/ born /bɔːn/

NOUN [C or U] VERB

a bone of contention be born

something that people argue about If an idea is born, it starts to exist.
Dictionary example: Dictionary example:
Housework is a major bone of contention in our house. The idea for the business was born during a holiday in France.

Learner example: Learner example:

Another bone of contention over the issue is that of pension schemes for it can't be denied that The idea was born while he was having a bath!
solutions have to be found to raise funds.

bottom /ˈbɒt.əm/
book /bʊk/

NOUN
Word family:
Nouns: booking
the bottom line
Verbs: book
the most important fact in a situation
NOUN [C]
Dictionary example:
do sth by the book The bottom line is that people's health is at risk if they smoke.

to do something exactly as the rules tell you Learner example:

The bottom line is that the adults of today have to stop for a second and think about what they
Dictionary example:
are doing.
If you want to get permission for the building, you'll need to do everything by the book.

Learner example:
from top to bottom
The upper-class people always do things by the book, follow the rules and the conventions and completely
therefore are stand-offish and cold.
Dictionary example:
be in sb's good/bad books I've searched the house from top to bottom and still can't find it.

If you are in someone's good books, they are pleased with you, and if you are in Learner example:
their bad books, they are angry with you. Very often we can see someone in black, from top to bottom, or in white.

Dictionary example:
I'm in Mum's good books at the moment for passing my exams.
bounce /baʊnts/
Learner example:
She always admired him so much and wanted to be in his good books.
VERB
a book of stamps/tickets, etc.
bounce back PHRASAL VERB
a set of stamps, tickets, etc. that are fastened together inside a cover
EMAIL
Dictionary examples:
I bought a book of stamps. If an email bounces back, it is returned to you because the address is not correct
You can get a book of ten tickets for the ferry. or there is a computer problem.

95 96
 Dictionary example:
breadth /bretθ/
I tried to send you an email, but it bounced back.
Word family:
Nouns: breadth
bound /baʊnd/ Verbs: broaden
Adjectives: broad
Adverbs: broadly
ADJECTIVE

NOUN [U NO PLURAL]
bound up with sth
closely connected with something sb's breadth of experience/knowledge/interest, etc.
the great number of different things that someone has done, knows, is interested
Dictionary example:
A country's culture is bound up with its language and history. in, etc.

Learner example: Dictionary example:

It's just the way of the world, I will have to say, and convince myself that I am not as inextricably Her novels show her huge breadth of knowledge.
bound up with that particular diary. Learner example:
In my opinion, it is irresponsible to base our knowledge only on our experience and to overlook
the example of all those who, with their breadth of learning, made amazing innovations and
bow /bəʊ/ helped society.

the length and breadth of sth

NOUN [C]
in every part of a place
MUSIC Dictionary example:
a long, thin piece of wood with hair stretched between the ends, used to play They travelled the length and breadth of Scotland together.

some musical instruments Learner example:

It is the reason that we can easily see the foreigners wandering [the] length and breadth [of] the
Dictionary example:
museum being unaware of the origin of items they look at.
a violin bow

Learner example:
The feeling was, moreover, enhanced by his unique style, as for instance [with] the guitar solo on
break /breɪk/
"Dazed and confused", played with a violin bow.
Word family:
Nouns: break, outbreak
brass /brɑːs/ Verbs: break
Adjectives: breakable, broken

NOUN [U] VERB (broke, broken)

MUSIC BECOME KNOWN

the group of musical instruments made from brass [I or T] If news or a story breaks, or if someone breaks it, it becomes known by the

Dictionary example: public for the first time.

a brass band
Dictionary example:
Learner example: News of the scandal broke just before the election.
I liked it so much that I decided to become a brass band musician myself.

97 98
 break the news to sb Dictionary examples:

to tell someone about something unpleasant that has happened His big break came when he was offered a part in a TV series.
Meeting Tom was my lucky break.
Dictionary example:
Who's going to break the news to his wife?

Learner example: breakdown /ˈbreɪk.daʊn/

She broke the news to his wife Helen.

break free NOUN [C]

to suddenly escape or become separate from something

EXPLANATION

Dictionary example: a short explanation of the details of something

The prisoner broke free while the guards weren't looking.
Dictionary example:
break free I need a breakdown of the costs involved.
to escape from someone or something that is controlling you Learner example:
Dictionary example: The pie charts showing the breakdown of annual spending of the school take into account money
She tried to break free from the social conditioning of her upbringing. spent on insurance, teachers' salaries, furniture and equipment, resources (such as books), and
other workers' salaries.
Learner example:
I would like to revisit there one day as it's firmly connected to my ad[o]lescence, when I struggled
to break free from my peers, [and] tried to establish my own identity.
breath /breθ/
STORM
Word family:
[I] If a storm breaks, it starts suddenly.
Nouns: breath
Dictionary example: Verbs: breathe
The storm broke just as we reached home.
NOUN [U]
Learner example:
Suddenly the moon disappeared behind the clouds and, in a few moments, a violent storm broke. under your breath
If you say something under your breath, you say it very quietly so that other
WEATHER
people cannot hear it.
[I] If the weather breaks, it changes suddenly, and usually becomes worse.
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example: He was muttering curses under his breath.
The weather is due to break at the weekend.
Learner example:
break new ground "We must have taken a wrong turn somewhere..." he kept muttering under his breath.
to do something that is different to anything that has been done before
with bated breath
Dictionary example: in an excited or anxious way
Their research is really breaking new ground.
Dictionary example:
Learner example: I waited with bated breath as the results were read out.
Paul decided to break new ground in music no matter how long it took.
Learner example:
NOUN [C] Nevertheless, a huge number of scientists carrying out very useful research, [and] composers,
actors, [and] artists making us watch their creations with bated breath, do not earn [as much]
OPPORTUNITY
money as a lot of outstanding sportsmen do.
a lucky opportunity

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 a breath of fresh air Learner example:

someone or something that is new, different, and exciting They treat bribery as something natural - as it was in the last political system.

Dictionary example:
Having Eve around has been a breath of fresh air.
bridge /brɪdʒ/
Learner example:
The final suggestion is focused on building a leisure centre. Should this be everything the Town
NOUN [C]
Council has promised, it will bring a breath of fresh air.
CONNECTION
hold your breath
something that connects two groups, organizations, etc. and improves the
to wait for something to happen, often feeling anxious
relationship between them
Dictionary example:
While the leaders negotiated, the world held its breath. Dictionary example:
After the war they tried to build bridges with neighbouring countries.
Learner example:
They, the critics, the fans and friends and his wife, held their breath and crossed their fingers, Learner example:
hoping to once again hear his enchanting voice. It is difficult to prevent this but we must do our best to build bridges between countries.

breed /briːd/ bring /brɪŋ/

VERB (bred, bred) VERB [T] (brought, brought)

breed contempt/ignorance, etc. bring out the best in sb

to cause something to develop, especially something bad to cause someone's best qualities to show

Dictionary example: Dictionary example:

He believes that movies like this breed violence. This chance to work with young people has really brought out the best in him.

Learner example: Learner example:

The question arises: who is right - those who love and cherish history or those for whom the TV can be a baby-sitter, but such a relationship is not going to bring out the best in a child.
above-mentioned familiarity breeds contempt?
bring sth to light
If information about something bad is brought to light, it is discovered.

bribery /ˈbraɪ.b r.i/ ə Dictionary example:

The trial brought to light numerous contradictions in his story.
Word family:
Learner example:
Nouns: bribe, bribery
The evening investigation which was carried out by [the] mysterious Inspector brought all these
Verbs: bribe
facts to light.
NOUN [U]
bring a lump to your throat
when someone is offered money or a present so that they will do something,
to make you feel such strong emotion that you want to cry
usually something dishonest
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example: It was a very moving speech, and it brought a lump to my throat.
bribery and corruption
Learner example:
This devastating image brought a lump to John's throat.

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 brink /brɪŋk/ bronze /brɒnz/

NOUN NOUN

be on the brink of sth METAL

to be in a situation where something bad is going to happen very soon a shiny orange-brown metal
Dictionary example: Dictionary example:
The two countries are on the brink of war. a statue made from bronze

Learner example: Learner example:

By the end of the 21st century, Earth was on the brink of destruction. The atmosphere was Each single station in the centre is worth seeing: mosaics, massive statues made of bronze, huge
polluted, the seas were poisoned, the animals were just a distant memory. framed paintings.

ADJECTIVE

broadminded /ˌbrɔːdˈmaɪn.dɪd/ METAL

made of bronze
ADJECTIVE
Dictionary example:
willing to accept other people's behaviour and beliefs, especially sexual behaviour a bronze statue

Dictionary example: Learner example:

At seventy she was surprisingly broadminded. The water flowed from the mouth of a bronze dolphin to the small pond full of lily-pads and
reeds.
Learner example:
My father is not as broadminded as my mother but I love him with all my heart.
COLOUR

being the colour of bronze

broken /ˈbrəʊ.kən/ Dictionary example:

bronze skin
Word family:
Learner example:
Nouns: break, outbreak
The world was drenched in colours. It looked as if the autumn had taken all [the] colours of spring
Verbs: break
and softly blended them in richly intense shades of amber, bronze and purple.
Adjectives: breakable, broken

ADJECTIVE
bubble /ˈbʌb.l/
a broken home
a family in which the parents do not now live together
VERB [I]
Dictionary example:
Many of these children come from broken homes. LIQUID

If a liquid bubbles, balls of air or gas rise to its surface.

Learner example:
The development of the modern society has brought with it a growing number of broken homes, Dictionary example:
divorces and economic problems which have directly affected the parent-child relationship. The soup was bubbling on the stove.

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bundle /ˈbʌn.dl/ burial /ˈber.i.əl/

Word family:
NOUN
Nouns: burial
Verbs: bury
TIED GROUP

a number of things that are tied together NOUN [C or U]

Dictionary example: when a dead body is put into the ground

a bundle of letters/clothes Dictionary example:
Learner example: The burial took place on Monday.
It was a bundle of papers hanging out of a hole in the ceiling. Learner example:
After his burial, I would receive a book where all kinds of items were made explicit to me.
a bundle of energy/nerves INFORMAL

a very energetic/nervous person

Dictionary example: burn /bɜːn/
I was a bundle of nerves before the speech.
Word family:
Learner example:
Verbs: burn
When he began to be a bundle of nerves, he understood that he had to ask her [for] the truth.
Adjectives: burning

VERB (burnt or burned, burnt or burned)

bureaucracy /bjʊəˈrɒk.rə.si/
burn the midnight oil
to work late into the night
NOUN
Dictionary example:
RULES I had to burn the midnight oil to get the essay finished.
[U] complicated rules and processes used by an organization, especially when they
Learner example:
do not seem necessary My examinations were nearing and I was always burning the midnight oil.

Dictionary example:
government bureaucracy
burst /bɜːst/
Learner example:
It was difficult because the bureaucracy proved to be extremely slow and I was all on my own
suddenly. VERB [I or T] (burst, burst)

GOVERNMENT be bursting with confidence/joy, etc.

[C or U] a government or organization in which there are a lot of officials in a lot of to be full of an emotion or quality
departments Dictionary example:

Dictionary example: She was bursting with pride.

The country has a powerful bureaucracy. Learner example:

Learner example: And after, they feel as fit as a fiddle, bursting with energy to go back to work.

In any case, the Government and bureaucracy must play a leading role in the performance of the burst into flames
economy.
to suddenly start burning

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 Dictionary example:
business /ˈbɪz.nɪs/
The car plunged down a hill and burst into flames.

Learner example:
NOUN
When we turned it on, it burst into flames and before we could exti[n]guish it, the fire destroyed
my desk. mind your own business
used to tell someone in a rude way that you do not want them to ask about
something private
bury /ˈber.i/
Dictionary example:
Word family: I wish you'd just mind your own business.
Nouns: burial
Learner example:
Verbs: bury
Despite knowing that he was only doing what he thought was best for me, I couldn't stand him,

VERB [T]
and I often told him to mind his own business.

bury yourself in sth

to give all your attention to something butt /bʌt/

Dictionary example:
He buried himself in his work. VERB

Learner example: butt in PHRASAL VERB

Miss Kenton is clearly attracted to the butler but he is equally clearly terrified of intimacy and
to interrupt or join in a conversation or activity when the other people do not want
buries himself in his work.
you to
bury your face/head in sth
Dictionary example:
to move your face/head somewhere where it is hidden
The interviewer kept butting in and wouldn't let me answer the question.
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
She buried her face in her hands.
"Was it a big one, Granny?", the little girl butt[ed] in.
Learner example:
A seemingly courageous young man, who had stayed perfectly calm until that moment, dropped
to his knees, then buried his face in the scorching sand. buzz /bʌz/

NOUN
bush /bʊʃ/
EXCITEMENT

NOUN [C] [NO PLURAL] a feeling of excitement, energy, or pleasure

the bush Dictionary example:

He gets a real buzz from going to the gym.
wild parts of Australia or Africa where very few people live
Learner example:
Dictionary example:
The reading groups will then create a real buzz in the community in regard to reading.
He spent weeks wandering in the bush.
SOUND
Learner example:
For the first three days we were walking through different types of bush that changed like in a [C] a continuous sound like a bee makes
[kaleido]scope; the swampy, the dry, the barren.

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 Dictionary example: Dictionary example:
I could hear the buzz of a fly near my ear. She succeeded by virtue of hard work rather than talent.

Learner example: Learner example:

I was working when I started hearing a kind of buzz, that was getting louder and louder. However, you should take into consideration the expenses, which might be exorbitant by virtue of
the fact that you inten[d] to create places with a beautiful ambience and a wide range of comforts
VERB [I]
offered that will facilitate residents' lives.

SOUND by all means

to make a continuous noise like a bee something that you say when you are agreeing to let someone do something
Dictionary example: Dictionary example:
I can hear something buzzing. I have a copy of the report on my desk. By all means have a look at it.
Learner example: Learner example:
They are now sitting quietly at their desks in a classroom where you can hear the flies buzz. The kitchen utensils stay next to the sink. You can make use of them by all means.

ENERGY by the same token

to be full of activity and excitement in a similar way
Dictionary example: Dictionary example:
The crowd was buzzing with excitement. You have to let people know your plans in good time and, by the same token, they should give
you some advance warning.
Learner example:
Summer was getting into full swing and the city was buzzing with activity. Learner example:
Our college will only benefit from this event as long as it give[s] a nice and memorable
impression. By the same token, we should all be well prepared and visualise beforehand possible
by /baɪ/ manoeuvres that could appear, so that we can control the situation.

PREPOSITION

do sth by the book

to do something exactly as the rules tell you
Dictionary example:
If you want to get permission for the building, you'll need to do everything by the book.

Learner example:
The upper-class people always do things by the book, follow the rules and the conventions and
therefore are stand-offish and cold.

by any chance
used to ask in a polite way whether something is possible or true
Dictionary example:
You're not Spanish by any chance, are you?

Learner example:
I pick up the phone "Hello, Nick have you by any chance got, or seen, my diary?

by virtue of sth FORMAL

because of something

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 Learner example:
Had he known that his Majesty would be vexed, he would have never written such comical

C r[hy]mes, hardly calculated to [e]ndear himself to the King.

calf /kɑ:f/

cabin /ˈkæb.ɪn/
NOUN [C] (PLURAL calves)

NOUN [C] LEG

the back of your leg below your knee

SHIP

a small room to sleep in on a ship Dictionary example:

I pulled a muscle in my calf.
Dictionary example:
We had a cabin on the top deck.

Learner example: call /kɔːl/

I went to my cabin to have a little nap.

VERB

cake /keɪk/ call it a day

INFORMAL to stop doing something, especially working
NOUN [C or U] Dictionary example:
It's almost midnight - let's call it a day.
sell like hot cakes
to be bought quickly and in large numbers Learner example:
She decided to call it a day, so Meredith mustered all her courage and wrote a letter to him: "You
Dictionary example: are not good enough for me," she told him.
Their new game is selling like hot cakes.
call sb names
Learner example:
to use impolite or unpleasant words to describe someone
Books about how to remain young are selling like hot cakes.
Dictionary example:
He said the other children were calling him names.
calculate /ˈkæl.kjʊ.leɪt/ Learner example:
He had never called me names or told me off.
Word family:
Nouns: calculation, calculator
Verbs: calculate
capitalism /ˈkæp.ɪ.təl.ɪ.zəm/
VERB [T]
Word family:
be calculated to do sth Nouns: capitalism
to be intended to have a particular effect Adjectives: capitalist

Dictionary example:
His comments were calculated to embarrass the prime minister.

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NOUN [U] NOUN

a political and economic system in which industry is owned privately for profit and
WORRY
not by the state
[C] a feeling of worry
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example:
Modern capitalism has shaped the global economy.
He was sixteen years old and didn't have a care in the world.
Learner example:
Learner example:
Although living in the former DDR was almost like living in prison, the film shows the problem of
The world is your oyster and you do not have a care in the world.
unemployment and the negative results of capitalism.

career /kəˈrɪər/
capitalist /ˈkæp.ɪ.təl.ɪst/

Word family: NOUN [C]

Nouns: capitalism
Adjectives: capitalist TIME

the time that you spend doing a particular job

ADJECTIVE

relating to capitalism Dictionary example:

She began her acting career in TV commercials.
Dictionary example:
a capitalist society Learner example:
His tennis career was only a small introduction to his business career.
Learner example:
There will be important insights to have in exam[in]ing the ways Japan maintains its social
solidarity while prospering as a capitalist society.
carefree /ˈkeə.friː/

card /kɑːd/ ADJECTIVE

without any worries or problems

NOUN [C] Dictionary example:
a carefree childhood
be on the cards
to be likely to happen Learner example:
It reminded her of their far-away, carefree youth when they were energetic, healthy and full of
Dictionary example: hope.
Do you think marriage is on the cards?

cargo /ˈkɑː.gəʊ/
care /keər/

Word family: NOUN [C or U] (cargoes)

Nouns: care, carelessness goods that are carried in a vehicle
Verbs: care
Dictionary examples:
Adjectives: careful, careless, caring
a cargo of oil
Adverbs: carefully, carelessly
a cargo ship/plane

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 Learner example: Learner example:
The ships that pass through the Schelde usually carry cargo such as oil, and different vitally It is not something flashy or expensive but to me it is an object that carries great sentimental
important foods from abroad. value.

SUPPORT

to support the weight of something

carriage /ˈkær.ɪdʒ/
Dictionary example:
Is the ice thick enough to carry my weight?
NOUN [C]

Learner example:
WITH HORSE
My legs hardly managed to carry my weight as we began to enter.
a vehicle with wheels that is pulled by a horse
carry weight
Dictionary example:
to be considered important and effective in influencing someone
a horse and carriage
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
His opinions carry a lot of weight with the scientific community.
James Brown, the most brilliant detective of all time, was driving in a horse-drawn carriage
through the foggy London streets to his flat in Oxford Street. Learner example:
It has become increasingly important to strive for near perfection in every move they make, the
pursuit of excellence therefore carrying more weight than ever and leading to strenuous tr[ai]ning
program[me]s.
carrot /ˈkær.ət/

NOUN
carve /kɑːv/
REWARD

[C] INFORMAL something that is offered to someone in order to encourage them to do VERB [I or T]

something to make an object, a shape, or a pattern by cutting wood, stone, etc.

Dictionary example: Dictionary examples:

The carrot is the extra payment they will get if they finish the work on time. The statue was carved out of stone.
They had carved their initials into the tree.
Learner example:
Weiss['s] policy of dangling the carrot proved useful - he managed, literally, to hit two birds with Learner example:
one stone. Odd symbols have been carved on both sides of its square handle.

carry /ˈkær.i/ case /keɪs/

VERB [T] NOUN

HAVE ILLNESS

to have something as a part, quality, or result of something [C] an illness, or somebody with an illness

Dictionary examples: Dictionary example:

All cigarette advertising must carry a government health warning. 4,000 new cases of the disease are diagnosed every year.
Murder still carries the death penalty there.

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 Learner example:
cast /kɑːst/
Two years ago, Mr Slovac contacted us and told us that John had died of a severe case of malaria.

ARGUMENT VERB [T OFTEN PASSIVE]

[C] arguments, facts, or reasons that prove a particular opinion
ACTORS
Dictionary examples:
to choose an actor for a particular part in a film or play
There is a strong case for/against bringing in the new legislation.
He put the case for more funding very convincingly. Dictionary example:
She was given the opportunity to state her case. Why is he always cast as a criminal?

Learner example: Learner example:

But there are other reasons which help make a case for tourism. And this "universal force" of this book made [it] possible to already have two cinematographic
versions; the first, really similar to the book, casts Colin Firth as the main character, the second,
an American version of the book, changed the football passion [to] a baseball madness, showing
well how universal this story could be.
casserole /ˈkæs.ər.əʊl/
cast a/your vote
NOUN to vote

FOOD
Dictionary example:
Many people cast their votes for the opposition.
[C or U] a mixture of meat or beans with liquid and vegetables cooked for a long
time in the oven Learner example:
When the day of the General Elections came, no woman cast her vote [for] James and he lost his
Dictionary example: seat to a man from a minority party, not even the man representing the Labour Party.
a beef casserole
cast your mind back
Learner example:
to try to remember
The "Quaint and Cosy", which faces our town's main square, is a classy place with a hint of irony:
the atmosphere, quiet and relaxing, is what you need to taste a very special salmon [e]n croute, Dictionary example:
and a pork and orange casserole that eventually became the restaurant's second name. If you cast your mind back, you might recall that I never promised to go.

CONTAINER Learner example:

Thus, when I pick one of these stones, I cast my mind back to the specific place where I found it,
[C] (ALSO casserole dish) a large, heavy container with a lid, that is used for cooking
the person I was, the particular moment.
casseroles
cast a spell on sb
Dictionary example:
Bake the mixture in a casserole.
to seem to use magic to attract someone

Learner example: Dictionary example:

I remember going around the kitchen, looking for old used pans, casseroles and all kind of The city had cast a spell on me and I never wanted to leave.
utensils which could call the attention of the people passing by. Learner example:
Even objects that came indirectly into our possession may cast an emotional spell on us.

cast a spell on sb
to use magic to make something happen to someone
Dictionary example:
The witch cast a spell on her.

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 Learner example: Learner example:
The good fairy, taking pity upon Laura, prevented her from going on living without her prince - As films, books and documentaries show, it was a real disaster, not only because the ship sank,
which would have been too painful for her - by casting a spell upon the castle that put every one but also due to the high number of casualties.
of its inhabitants [in]to a deep, dreamless sleep.
HOSPITAL
cast doubt on sb/sth the part of a hospital where people go when they have been injured or have urgent
to make people feel uncertain about someone or something illnesses so that they can be treated immediately - the official name for this is
Dictionary examples: Accident and Emergency (A&E)
Witnesses have cast doubt on the suspect's innocence.
Dictionary example:
A leading scientist has cast doubts on government claims that the drug is safe.
Mark has been taken to casualty.
Learner example:
Learner example:
Wars lead to suffering, tears and [the] death of many people. They cast doubt on our humanity
It was so bad that I needed to be taken to casualty for my blood tests and X-rays.
and values, especially in countries where the right to live is the princip[al] one.

LIGHT

LITERARY to send light or shadow in a particular direction catastrophe /kəˈtæs.trə.fi/

Dictionary example:
The moon cast a white light into the room. NOUN [C or U]

an extremely bad event that causes a lot of suffering or destruction

Learner example:
The first blush of the morning was casting a yellow soft light over the landscape. Dictionary example:
After the drought, the country is facing environmental catastrophe.

Learner example:
casual /ˈkæʒ.ju.əl/ In Asian and African societies, where time is seen as a circle, rather than a straight line with [a]
definite beginning and end, the legacy of past generations is regarded with due respect as the
ADJECTIVE main source of wisdom and deliverance from natural catastrophes as well as everyday difficulties.

WORK

[ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] Casual work is not regular or fixed. catch /kætʃ/

Dictionary example:
casual labour/workers VERB (caught, caught)
Learner example: be/get caught
I am a registered nurse by profession and am a casual worker at Bankstown Hospital.
to be unable to avoid something unpleasant
Dictionary example:
I got caught in the rain.
casualty /ˈkæʒ.ju.əl.ti/
Learner example:
I must apologise for my lateness as I was caught in the bad weather.
NOUN

STICK
INJURED
[I or T] to stick somewhere, or to make something stick somewhere
someone who is injured or killed in an accident or war
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example:
My dress caught on the door handle as I was leaving.
Both sides in the conflict have promised to try to avoid civilian casualties.

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 Learner example: Dictionary example:
No sooner did I start bicycling before my slacks got caught in the chain and with a curse coming He's never given me any cause for concern.
from my lips I fell right into the neighbour's well trimmed shrubbery.
Learner example:
catch sight of sth Nowadays, the world is filled with fast food restaurants, making diseases like obesity a cause for

to see something suddenly, often only for a short time concern everywhere.

Dictionary example:
He caught sight of himself in the mirror.
caution /ˈkɔː.ʃən/
Learner example:
All we could see were people bursting into tears when they caught sight of his coffin. Word family:
Nouns: caution
catch sb's eye Verbs: caution
to get someone's attention by looking at them Adjectives: cautious

Dictionary example: NOUN

I tried to catch her eye, but she had already turned away.
throw caution to the wind
Learner example:
to take a risk
All of a sudden she caught my eye and smiled in a sad way.
Dictionary example:
catch sb's eye
I decided to throw caution to the wind and book a ticket to India.
to be attractive or different enough to be noticed by people
Learner example:
Dictionary example: They just threw caution to the wind, and did what they wanted.
It was the colour of his jacket that caught my eye.
VERB
Learner example:
Dear Sir, I am writing regarding your newly published article about nutrition, which immediately
[I or T] FORMAL to warn someone of something
caught my eye as I was reading your magazine. Dictionary example:
They were cautioned against buying shares in the company.
catch sb off guard
to surprise someone by doing something when they are not ready to deal with it Learner example:
This is a totally unnecessary situation to be in and if possible, people should be cautioned about
Dictionary example: getting into such a habit.
The journalist caught him off guard and he admitted to lying.

Learner example:
It caught me off guard. This grotesque image shattered the comfort of a languid Sunday afternoon ceiling /ˈsiː.lɪŋ/
and for a few seconds hurled me into a world of pain.

NOUN [C]

cause /kɔːz/ AMOUNT

a limit on the amount that can be paid for something

NOUN
Dictionary example:
They have set a ceiling on pay rises.
REASON FOR

[U] a reason to feel something or to behave in a particular way

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 central /ˈsen.trəl/ century /ˈsen.tʃər.i/

Word family:
NOUN [C]
Nouns: centre
Adjectives: central
the turn of the century
ADJECTIVE the start of a new century

IMPORTANT
Dictionary example:
He was born at the turn of the century.
main or most important
Dictionary examples:
a central character/figure certainty /ˈsɜː.tən.ti/
the central argument of the book
Her role is central to the film. Word family:
Nouns: certainty, uncertainty
Learner example:
Adjectives: certain, uncertain
As a central character, Piggy works both as a real boy and a symbol.
Adverbs: certainly

NOUN
centre /ˈsen.tər/
SURE THING

Word family: [C] something that is very likely to happen or cannot be doubted
Nouns: centre
Dictionary example:
Adjectives: central
There are no absolute certainties in life.
NOUN
Learner example:
be the centre of attention The Book is a Hitchcockian sequence of chases, shaken certainties, mistaken identities,
masquerades and escapes.
to receive more attention than anyone or anything else
Dictionary example:
She loves to be the centre of attention.
challenge /ˈtʃæl.ɪndʒ/
Learner example:
To sum it up, most celebrities love being the centre of attention and sometimes even ask for it. Word family:
Nouns: challenge
POLITICAL Verbs: challenge
[NO PLURAL] (ALSO the centre) a political position with opinions that are not extreme Adjectives: challenging

Dictionary example: NOUN

His political views are left of centre.

DISAGREEMENT

[C] an expression of disagreement with ideas, rules, or someone's authority

Dictionary example:
a challenge to the authority of the President

Learner example:
The one occasion in which Jack seems childish is when his challenge to Ralph's leadership fails
and he weeps with humil[i]ation.

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 Learner example:
champion /ˈtʃæm.pi.ən/
I pick up the phone "Hello, Nick have you by any chance got, or seen, my diary?
Word family:
No chance!/ Not a chance!
Nouns: champion, championship
used to emphasize that there is no possibility of something happening
NOUN [C]
Dictionary example:
SUPPORT "Do you think she'd go out with me?" "No chance!"

someone who supports, defends, or fights for a person, belief, or principle blow it/your chance(s) INFORMAL

Dictionary example: If you blow it or blow your chance, you lose an opportunity to do something by
a champion of human rights doing or saying the wrong thing.
Learner example: Dictionary examples:
What this argument attempts to show is that too much emphasis on them, perhaps accelerated by I blew it when I criticized the way she ran the office.
commercial interests, has let them act as if they were the champions of personal virtues. Tom blew his chances of getting the job by arriving late for the interview.

Learner example:
I'm giving you one last chance. If you blow it, you'll be sent to an Institution which treats people
chance /tʃɑːnts/ like you.

NOUN
chancellor /ˈtʃɑːn.səl.ər/
(the) chances are
it is likely
NOUN [C]
Dictionary examples:
Chances are that he'll refuse. GOVERNMENT

If we plan a picnic, the chances are that it'll rain. the leader of the government in some countries
Learner example: Dictionary example:
This was the case in London this summer, and with England's failing electricity system, chances the German chancellor
are that this winter we will experience a similar situation.
Learner example:
stand a chance Besides the point that our current government has become very much immovable during the last
to have a chance of success or of achieving something decade, Chancellor Kohl ought to know very well about Germany's historical development since he
had passed his exam in history.
Dictionary examples:
He stands a good chance of winning the election. MONEY

These kids don't stand a chance of getting an education. the person in the British government who makes decisions about taxes and
Learner example: government spending
If this measure were taken, the outcome would be of fundamental importance for the currently
Dictionary example:
unemployed because they will stand a chance of finding a job and making a living.
He became chancellor in 2010.
by any chance Learner example:
used to ask in a polite way whether something is possible or true [He] soon rose to be the First Secretary in the Department of Finance, directly under the
Chancellor of the Exchequer.
Dictionary example:
You're not Spanish by any chance, are you?

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 Dictionary example:
change /tʃeɪndʒ/
There is a small chapel in the grounds of the house.
Word family: Learner example:
Nouns: change On [one] occasion we were taken to a small chapel that was in such a state of dilapidation that it
Verbs: change was not worth climb[ing] the stairs.
Adjectives: unchanged, changeable

NOUN
character /ˈkær.ɪk.tər/
a change of heart
If you have a change of heart, you change your opinion or feelings about Word family:

something. Nouns: character, characteristic

Adjectives: characteristic
Dictionary example:
At first he said he wouldn't help us, but he seems to have had a change of heart. NOUN

Learner example: PERSON

The narrator didn't tell her big secret to Inder Lal and after a change of heart she decides to keep [C] INFORMAL a particular kind of person
the baby.
Dictionary example:
an unpleasant character

channel /ˈtʃæn. l/ ə
Learner example:
John was a gentle character, [rather] shy, but full of joy and happiness.

NOUN [C]

COMMUNICATION characteristic /ˌkær.ɪk.təˈrɪs.tɪk/

a way of communicating with people or getting something done
Word family:
Dictionary examples: Nouns: character, characteristic
a channel of communication Adjectives: characteristic
Please make your request through the proper channels.
ADJECTIVE
VERB
typical of someone or something
to use money or energy for a particular purpose
Dictionary examples:
Dictionary example: Grey stone is characteristic of buildings in that area.
We've channelled all our resources into this project. With characteristic generosity, she offered to pay for us all.
Learner example: Learner example:
In the same way that it shouldn't take the place of more important matters, there shouldn't be so But to be honest, food is the only feature which will stay as a characteristic aspect of a country.
much money channelled into it, especially when we want to see it as sport rather than business,
and when there are so many other much fairer ends for that money.

charge /tʃɑːdʒ/

chapel /ˈtʃæp.əl/
NOUN

NOUN [C] press charges

! a small church, or a room used as a church in a building to complain officially about someone in a court of law

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 Dictionary example: Dictionary example:
The family decided not to press charges against him. an act of charity

Learner example: Learner example:

He decided on the spot that if Paul was to return all the money he wouldn't press charges so he It is undeniable that nowadays the whole world is suffering [from] the lack of good personalit[y]
called his parents and asked them to find out where he was. models to follow. Models that [ar]e able to show the importance of charity, humility and other
qualities so old-fashioned in our age.

charisma /kəˈrɪz.mə/
charm /tʃɑːm/
Word family:
Nouns: charisma Word family:
Adjectives: charismatic Nouns: charm
Adjectives: charming
NOUN [U]

a natural power which some people have to influence or attract people NOUN

Dictionary example: LUCKY

He is a respected politician but he lacks charisma. [C] an object that you keep or wear because you believe that it is lucky
Learner example: Dictionary example:
I admire peop[l]e with heart and soul, with that real charisma which can only blossom in highly a lucky charm
intelligent and spiritual people - this is what we call `intense personality'.
Learner example:
Consequently, "the treasures" I took there were nothing but all the little gifts and lucky charms I
had received from my boyfriend and friends.
charismatic /ˌkær.ɪzˈmæt.ɪk/
VERB
Word family:
to attract someone or persuade someone to do something because of your charm
Nouns: charisma
Adjectives: charismatic Dictionary example:
We were charmed by his boyish manner.
ADJECTIVE

having a natural power to influence and attract people Learner example:

She arrived in time for the ball held that night, and everybody was charmed by her looks and
Dictionary example: manners.
Her mother was a very charismatic woman.

Learner example:
Some charismatic people have a great influence on others, and they are highly respected or chase /tʃeɪs/
praised.

VERB

charity /ˈtʃær.ə.ti/ TRY

[T] to try very hard to get something

NOUN Dictionary example:

There are hundreds of graduates chasing very few jobs.
KINDNESS

[U] kindness towards other people

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 Learner example: Learner example:
I was tired and for the first time I started to take notice [of] the smirks on peoples faces as I Bright colours are identified with cheerfulness and happiness and dark colours with sadness or
walked past them, the silent laughter and I saw myself through their eyes; I was an old fool, feeling down.
chasing a r[i]dic[u]lous, flimsy dream.

chest /tʃest/
cheer /tʃɪər/

NOUN [C]
Word family:
Nouns: cheerfulness
get sth off your chest INFORMAL
Verbs: cheer
to tell someone about something that you have been worried or angry about for a
Adjectives: cheerful
Adverbs: cheerfully long time
Dictionary example:
VERB [I]
Tell me what's wrong - you'll feel better if you get it off your chest.
cheer sb on or cheer on sb PHRASAL VERB
Learner example:
to shout loudly in order to encourage someone in a competition Chris is always caring and lends you his ear if there's something you need to get off your chest.

Dictionary example: BOX

The race was tough, but I could hear all my friends cheering me on.
a strong, usually wooden, container with a lid, used for keeping things in
Learner example:
Dictionary example:
People rush to the stadiums and gyms to cheer on their favourites or spend long hours in front of
a treasure chest
the TV with their fingers crossed hoping for a win.
Learner example:
NOUN
The woman opened a heavy wooden chest and produced the book, after trying to sweep off a little
a shout of approval or encouragement of the dirt.

Dictionary example:
His speech was drowned out by cheers.
chill /tʃɪl/
Learner example:
They were welcomed onto the stage in their home town by deafening cheers from their fans. Word family:
Nouns: chill
Adjectives: chilly
cheerfulness /ˈtʃɪə.fəl.nəs/
NOUN

Word family:
COLD
Nouns: cheerfulness
Verbs: cheer [NO PLURAL] a cold feeling
Adjectives: cheerful Dictionary example:
Adverbs: cheerfully There's a definite chill in the air.

NOUN [U]
FEAR
the state of being happy or bright and pleasant to look at [C] a sudden frightened feeling
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example:
His cheerfulness made us all feel better.
The scream sent a chill down my spine.

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 Learner example:
chronic /ˈkrɒn.ɪk/
A chill went down my spine.

ADJECTIVE

chip /tʃɪp/ A chronic illness or problem continues for a long time.

Dictionary examples:
NOUN [C] a chronic shortage of nurses
chronic back pain
have a chip on your shoulder INFORMAL
Learner example:
to blame other people for something bad that has happened to you and continue
The daily and nightly disturbance of our lives causes chronic fatigue and high levels of irritation
to feel angry about it among the people, thus creating a most unwanted situation which should be ended as soon as
Dictionary example: possible.
She's always had a real chip on her shoulder because she didn't go to university.

Learner example:
circle /ˈsɜː.kl
̩/
I suppose that I have a chip on my shoulder!

VERB
Word family:
Nouns: circle, circulation
chip in (sth) PHRASAL VERB Verbs: circle
INFORMAL If several people chip in, they each give money to pay for something Adjectives: circular

together. VERB

Dictionary example:
MOVE
We all chipped in to buy our teacher a present.
[I or T] to move in a circle, often around something
Learner example:
If you say it's on you they will offer to chip in and you can always say politely: "Sure, why not." Dictionary example:
Birds circled above the trees.

Learner example:
chop /tʃɒp/ Huge waves from the Atlantic were smash[ing] into the cliffs with a de[a]fening roar, while birds
circled the sky high above us.

VERB [T] (-pp-)

chop sth down or chop down sth PHRASAL VERB circuit /ˈsɜː.kɪt/
to cut through something to make it fall down
Dictionary example: NOUN [C]

We chopped down the old apple tree.

TRACK
Learner example: a path, route, or sports track that is shaped like a circle
We send people to chop down trees and to ext[rac]t materials such as metals so that we can
demonstrate our expensive possessions. Dictionary example:
There is a fitness circuit in the woods.

Learner example:
And so it was no wonder that I went to the Suzuka circuit where the F-1 Grand Prix was held,
which had already become one of the biggest events at that time.

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 ELECTRIC NOUN

a complete circle that an electric current travels around

BLOOD
Dictionary example: the movement of blood around your body
an electrical circuit
Dictionary example:
Learner example: Exercise improves your circulation.
Apparently there was a short circuit to the elevator circuit, as we were to learn later from the store
supervisor. Learner example:
This [is] a very unhealthy habit, because we could have some problems with our circulation and
EVENTS also we could suffer from pains in the joints.
a regular series of places or events that people involved in a particular activity go
NEWSPAPERS
to
the number of copies of a newspaper or magazine that are sold each day, week,
Dictionary example: etc.
the tennis circuit
Dictionary example:
Learner example: The paper's circulation has fallen recently.
Soon after, while he attended high school, he was already playing the New Jersey Club circuit,
already showing traces of his persist[e]nce. Learner example:
Being on top of the media world is something that has required hard work and compet[e]nce and
in a business where newspaper circulation depend[s] on the political profile of the paper, he is not
afraid of making a comment [on] current affairs.
circular /ˈsɜː.kjə.lə / r

Word family:
Nouns: circle, circulation civilian /sɪˈvɪl.i.ən/
Verbs: circle
Adjectives: circular Word family:
Nouns: civilization, civilian
ADJECTIVE Adjectives: civil

ARGUMENT NOUN [C]

used to describe an argument which keeps returning to the same points and is not someone who is not a member of a military organization or the police
effective Dictionary example:
Dictionary example: Several civilians were killed in the attack.
a circular argument/theory Learner example:
Twenty peple were killed in an ambush on a UN convoy transfer[r]ing injured civilians to the
country's central hospital.
circulation /ˌsɜː.kjəˈleɪ.ʃən/

Word family:
claim /kleɪm/
Nouns: circle, circulation
Verbs: circle
Adjectives: circular VERB

claim credit/responsibility/success, etc.

to say that you have done or achieved something

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 Dictionary example: Learner example:
No one has claimed responsibility for yesterday's bomb attack. From the very beginning their two characters clashed and the relationship had only been
deteriorating.

COLOUR
clap /klæp/
[I] If colours or styles clash, they do not look good together.

NOUN
Dictionary example:
You can't wear pink lipstick - it clashes with your dress.
a clap of thunder
Learner example:
a sudden, loud sound that is made by thunder She wore lemon green trousers and a pink top and she didn't seem to mind that those colours
Dictionary example: clashed.
We heard a clap of thunder.
EVENT

Learner example: [I] If two events clash, they happen at the same time so that you cannot go to them
Suddenly, I heard a loud clap of thunder.
both.
Dictionary example:
Emma's party clashes with my brother's wedding.
clarity /ˈklær.ə.ti/
NOUN [C]
Word family:
Nouns: clarification, clarity FIGHT
Verbs: clarify
a fight or argument
NOUN [U] Dictionary example:
the quality of being clear and easy to understand There were violent clashes between the police and demonstrators.

Dictionary example: Learner example:

She described the process with great clarity. Firstly, it has to be considered that Things fall apart is set in [the] 1890s and it portrays the clash
between white colonialists and the indigenous Igbo people.
Learner example:
Jonathon, the eldest, is like his mother (and for that matter, like his father too!) a verbally very DIFFERENCE
gifted person who already expresses himself with great clarity and a lot of understanding and
when ideas or qualities are very different, and this causes problems
afterthought as well as creativity.
Dictionary example:
a clash of personalities

clash /klæʃ/ Learner example:

Since people's material interests are similar, having competitiveness as the only measurement for
personal virtue only creates an endless competition that eventually will lead to a clash of interests.
VERB

FIGHT

[I] to fight or argue classical /ˈklæs.ɪ.kəl/

Dictionary examples:
Government troops clashed with rebel soldiers. ADJECTIVE

Many young people clash with their parents over what time they must be home at night.
TRADITIONAL

traditional in style

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 Dictionary example: Learner example:
classical and modern dance The owner, an almost illiterate woman, claimed to have come across the diary as she was cleaning
out the attic.
Learner example:
Marie discovered South Indian classical dance at the age of 30, which is quite late.

clear /klɪər/

classification /ˌklæs.ɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Verbs: clear
Word family:
Adjectives: clear, unclear
Nouns: classification
Adverbs: clearly
Verbs: classify
ADJECTIVE
NOUN [C or U]

the process of putting people or things into groups by their type, size, etc., or one crystal clear
of these groups very easy to understand
Dictionary example: Dictionary example:
the classification of plants She made it crystal clear that she was in charge.

Learner example: Learner example:

Cinema attendance between 1990 and the present, with projections to 2010, is reported with the They do learn something of course, but it is crystal clear that they need some help from you to
classification of four age groups: (i) 14-24 years old (ii) 25-34 years old (iii) 35-49 years old (iv) develop their ability, creativity, sensitivity and so on.
over 50 years old respectively.
VERB

clear the air

clean /kliːn/ If an argument or discussion clears the air, people feel less angry or upset after it.

Word family: Dictionary example:

Nouns: cleaner It was an unpleasant argument, but at least it cleared the air.
Adjectives: clean
Learner example:
ADJECTIVE I rushed into the room [to] cheer them up and clear the air, although I knew it was too late.

NOUN
NO CRIME

showing that you have not done anything illegal in the clear
Dictionary example: not in a difficult situation or having problems any more
a clean driving licence
Dictionary example:
Learner example: We have had money problems but we should be in the clear by next year.
Of course, it is a strain to portray a clean image and avoid scandals.
Learner example:
VERB [T]
"You're in the clear, you don't have to be afraid any more", it said.

ADVERB
clean sth out or clean out sth PHRASAL VERB

to take everything out of a room, car, container, etc. and clean the inside of it steer clear of sb/sth
Dictionary example: to avoid someone or something because they are unpleasant or dangerous
I cleaned out the fridge this morning.

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 Dictionary example: Dictionary example:
Steer clear of Tony this morning - he's in a bad mood. Suddenly everything clicked and I realized where I'd met him.

Learner example: Learner example:

Eating health[il]y doesn't mean starving, eating plants or steering clear of meat. Now it all clicked into place... Those flimsy excuses he gave her: "No, this Saturday I can't make
it."

SOUND
cliché /ˈkliː.ʃeɪ/
[I or T] to make a short, sharp sound, or to use something to make this sound
Word family:
Dictionary example:
Nouns: cliché
The door clicked shut behind him.
Adjectives: clichéd
Learner example:
NOUN [C] The back-door key clicked when I unlocked the door.
something that is said or done too often, so that it becomes boring or without
PEOPLE
meaning
[I] INFORMAL If two people click, they like each other immediately.
Dictionary example:
Her writing is full of clichés. Dictionary example:
We met at college and we just clicked.
Learner example:
Prejudices and clichés are part of our state of mind, they travel with us [and] we won't avoid them Learner example:

by going abroad. She went to a house party and they met there. They clicked immediately and the next day they
were calling each other or at least that['s] what my mum said to me.

clichéd /ˈkliː.ʃeɪd/
climate /ˈklaɪ.mɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: cliché
NOUN
Adjectives: clichéd
SITUATION
ADJECTIVE
[C] the situation, feelings, and opinions that exist at a particular time
said or done too often and therefore boring or without real meaning
Dictionary examples:
Dictionary example:
the political/social climate
He made some clichéd remark about the birth of his first child completely changing his life.
Terrorism creates a climate of fear.
Learner example:
Learner example:
Well, I do agree with this clichéd wording.
Hence the Narrator lives in a more peaceful period than Olivia's and only in this context could
Olivia's experiences be regarded as more stimulating because they are inevitably involved with the
unstable political climate.
click /klɪk/

VERB

IDEA

[I] INFORMAL to suddenly understand something

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 Learner example:
cling /klɪŋ/
That's how you should close the exhibition: with a question. How much further can Arnold go?

VERB [I] (clung) ADJECTIVE /kləʊs/

HOLD TIGHT CAREFUL

to hold someone or something tightly, especially because you are frightened [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] looking at or listening to someone or something very carefully

Dictionary examples: Dictionary examples:

She was found clinging to the ledge. On close inspection, you could see that the painting was a fake.
I clung on to his hand in the dark. Keep a close watch on the children.

Learner example: Learner example:

I [had] clung to my father ever since I was born. If the parents keep a close watch on their children's activities and friends and advi[s]e them what
is right or wrong, this will prevent them from indulging in bad activities.

clinical /ˈklɪn.ɪk.əl/
closed /kləʊzd/
Word family:
Nouns: clinic Word family:
Adjectives: clinical Nouns: closure
Verbs: close
ADJECTIVE Adjectives: closed

NO EMOTION ADJECTIVE

only considering facts and not influenced by feelings or emotions

NOT ACCEPTING IDEAS
Dictionary example: not wanting to accept new ideas, people, customs, etc.
a clinical approach/attitude
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
a closed mind
Nowadays in Sweden nurser[ie]s ("dagis") are common, but in the 1950s they were a new
invention."Kindergarten" was the somewhat clinical name. And clinical they were. Learner example:
But if we travel with a closed mind, we will be contrasting everything, always having in mind that
our things are the best.

close behind closed doors

privately and not in public
Word family:
Nouns: closure Dictionary example:
Verbs: close Most of the deals were done behind closed doors.
Adjectives: closed
Learner example:
VERB /kləʊz/ Decisions which affect the whole world are made behind closed doors and are top secret.

END

to end, or to end something

Dictionary example:
She closed the meeting with a short speech.

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 closure /ˈkləʊ.ʒər/ clumsiness /ˈklʌm.zi.nəs/

Word family: Word family:

Nouns: closure Nouns: clumsiness
Verbs: close Adjectives: clumsy
Adjectives: closed
NOUN [U]
NOUN the quality of being clumsy
when a business, organization, etc. stops operating
Dictionary example:
Dictionary examples: The accident was caused by her clumsiness.
factory closures
Learner example:
The company announced the closure of its Paris office.
Then I wanted to skip with her and the girls but my clumsiness made me flush and I left the rope
Learner example: and returned to my boys' games.
A supermarket with a multi-stor[e]y car park would lead to the closure of other smaller
supermarkets and shops like the greengrocer's and consequently many people would lose their
jobs. clutch /klʌtʃ/

VERB [T]
cloud /klaʊd/
to hold something tightly
Word family:
Dictionary example:
Nouns: cloud
She clutched a coin.
Verbs: cloud
Adjectives: cloudy Learner example:
It doesn't matter if you want to be an author, an actress clutching an Oscar or a farmer with a lot
NOUN of chickens.

be on cloud nine INFORMAL NOUN

to be extremely happy and excited
sb's/sth's clutches
Dictionary example:
If you are in someone or something's clutches, they control you, often in an evil
After I heard I'd got the job, I was on cloud nine!
way.
Learner example:
Dictionary example:
But now, after the promise in which both said "yes", she was on cloud nine.
Keep your children out of his clutches.
VERB
Learner example:
[T] to make someone confused, or make something harder to understand However one must admit that living longer and evading the clutches of death has always been one
of man's dreams.
Dictionary example:
to cloud someone's judgment/vision

Learner example:
coastline /ˈkəʊst.laɪn/
Having their judgment somewhat clouded by hormones should not take precedence over all other
concerns.
NOUN [C or U]

the part of the land along the edge of the sea

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 Dictionary example: UNDERSTAND
a rocky coastline
If someone is coherent, you can understand what they say.
Learner example:
Dictionary example:
These buildings, which haven't been looked after and maintained for many years, give the
She was so upset, she was barely coherent.
coastline around Land's End an almost ghostlike atmosphere.
Learner example:
Once she was fairly calm, Anne tried to get a coherent story out of Louise, but Louise simply burst
into tears afresh.
coherence /kəʊˈhɪə.rənts/

Word family:
Nouns: coherence coin /kɔɪn/
Adjectives: coherent

NOUN [U] VERB

to be the first person who uses a new word or phrase

CLEAR

the state of being clear and easy to understand Dictionary example:

The Czech playwright, Capek, coined the word 'robot'.
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
Her argument lacks any coherence.
S. Czernick coined a term for such type of poetry - authenticism.
SHARED BELIEFS/PURPOSE

the feeling that you share the beliefs or purpose of others in a group
coincide /ˌkəʊ.ɪnˈsaɪd/
Dictionary example:
There is no sense of coherence within the group.
Word family:
Learner example: Nouns: coincidence
Family gatherings can offer the individual a sense of warmth, of belonging and of coherence. Verbs: coincide

VERB [I]

coherent /kəʊˈhɪə.rənt/ HAPPEN TOGETHER

to happen at the same time as something else

Word family:
Nouns: coherence Dictionary example:
Adjectives: coherent The band's American tour coincided with the release of their second album.

ADJECTIVE Learner example:

This moment is of great significance for both characters and it coincides with the event which
CAREFUL THOUGHT happens in the house.
A coherent argument, plan, etc. is clear, and each part of it has been carefully
BE THE SAME
considered.
When people's opinions or ideas coincide, they are the same.
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example:
We need to put forward a coherent plan.
Luckily, our views coincided.
Learner example:
Learner example:
In addition to the achievement of high academic status and [a] coherent identity, young people
I have become curious to know more about different cultures, I have learnt to respect opinions
have to make friends, have love affairs and abide by social rules.
which may not coincide with mine.

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 cold /kəʊld/ CHARACTER

when someone is unfriendly or does not show their feelings

Word family:
Nouns: cold, coldness Dictionary example:
Adjectives: cold I was shocked by his father's coldness.

Learner example:
ADJECTIVE
Contrary to this experience, I had experienced my mother's coldness through the other episode.
in cold blood
in a cruel way, without showing any emotion
collapse /kəˈlæps/
Dictionary example:
He shot three policemen in cold blood.
VERB [I]
Learner example:
Returning to the story, when I arrived, I went directly to Hillton Avenue where I should have met FAIL
005, but when I arrived at the meeting point I found him lying on the floor with two shots in his
to fail to work or succeed
back; he had been murdered in cold blood.
Dictionary example:
NOUN The peace talks have collapsed.

make your blood run cold Learner example:

If something makes your blood run cold, it frightens you very much. So, in the long run, the whole social system may collapse due to people's longer life.

Dictionary example:
I heard a tapping on the window which made my blood run cold.
collect /kəˈlekt/
Learner example:
This thought scared me and made my blood run cold. Word family:
Nouns: collection, collector
Verbs: collect

coldness /ˈkəʊld.nəs/ VERB

Word family: collect yourself/your thoughts

Nouns: cold, coldness
to get control over your feelings and thoughts
Adjectives: cold
Dictionary example:
NOUN [U] I'll give you a moment to collect your thoughts.

TEMPERATURE Learner example:

the state of having a low temperature I had [...] about 20 minutes so it would be plenty of time to collect my thoughts and calm down.

Dictionary example:
I was distracted by the coldness of my feet.
colour /ˈkʌl.ər/
Learner example:
Firstly, there was an atmosphere of calm and happiness round: the ground was covered with Word family:
snow, so that it made your steps quiet and the whole town seemed asleep under its white coat; Nouns: colour
besides it was so cold that you could actually smell the coldness in the air and it made you feel Adjectives: colourful
strong...

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NOUN Learner example:
Another way of combating the problem is to create recreational centres in which unemployed
INTEREST people can spend their time.
[U] interesting or exciting qualities or parts

Dictionary example:
come /kʌm/
We added your story for a bit of local colour.

Learner example:
VERB [I] (came, come)
For an uncomplicated meal and a spot of local colour, choose the Lion's Arms at 15, Heather Lane.

SKIN
come to think of it
used to say that you have just thought of something
[U] the colour of a person's skin, which shows their race
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example:
Come to think of it, I've got two batteries that you can have upstairs.
I don't care what colour her boyfriend is.
Learner example:
Learner example:
Come to think of it, it really is quite difficult to say.
Since coming to England, I have been fortunate enough to meet so many people from all over the
world. At first you try to see [someone] as a typical example of the country she is from, but as you come to do sth
get to know her better, you do not think about her race or colour any longer: it is her personality
to start to do something or to reach a state after a period of time
and human qualities that you are attracted to.
Dictionary examples:
VERB [T] I have come to rely on acupuncture.
This place has come to be known as 'Pheasant Corner'.
AFFECT

to affect what someone does, says, or feels Learner example:

All the things she had been believing in until then had come to mean [no]thing, as gold turns into
Dictionary example: coal.
Her views are coloured by her own bad experiences.
come apart/off, etc.
to become separated or removed from something
combat /ˈkɒm.bæt/ Dictionary examples:
The book came apart in my hands.
NOUN [C or U] The handle came off.
My shoelaces have come undone.
! a fight, especially during a war
The door came open.
Dictionary example:
The aircraft was shot down in combat.
come into being
to start to exist
Learner example:
Gaza is accessible only by car and because of the terrorists setting ambushes against any car, it is Dictionary example:
very difficult to supply the villages round the combat zone with food and medication. The new law comes into being next month.

VERB [T] (combatting, combatted, combating, combated) Learner example:

Only with knowledge of the written word were villages able to organise themselves in larger forms
! to try to stop something unpleasant or harmful from happening or increasing
of government, leading from local to regional to national levels, [and] finally leading to
Dictionary example: transnational structures as they came into being mostly during the last 100 years.
new measures to combat the rise in crime

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 come to light Learner example:

If information about something bad comes to light, it is discovered. He made a comeback and what a comeback!

Dictionary example:
She knew that the fraud would eventually come to light.
comfort /ˈkʌm.fət/
Learner example:
Eventually, their "lia[is]on" comes to light and Leo blames himself for the disastrous outcome of Word family:
the events throughout his life. Nouns: comfort, discomfort
Verbs: comfort
come under fire Adjectives: comfortable, uncomfortable, comforting
to be criticized Adverbs: comfortably, uncomfortably

Dictionary example: NOUN

The government has come under fire for closing the hospital.
ENOUGH MONEY
come to the/sb's rescue
[U] when you have a pleasant life with enough money for everything that you need
to help someone who is in a difficult situation
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example: He can afford to retire and live in comfort for the rest of his life.
I forgot my purse but Anna came to the rescue and lent me some money.
Learner example:
take sth as it comes Even when people sympathise with them, they always bear in mind that they are often rich
to deal with something as it happens, without planning for it children, who live in comfort.

Dictionary example: FOR SADNESS

With an illness like this you just have to take every day as it comes.
[U] when you feel better after being worried or sad
Learner example:
Dictionary example:
We should, for once, put our [jea]lousy aside, start to appr[e]ciate what we have and take life as it
What she said brought me great comfort.
comes.
Learner example:
come to terms with sth If I had been a "bad boy" and rec[ei]ved a spanking I would seek comfort in my brothers or sister
to accept a sad situation and they would do the same.

Dictionary example: VERB [T]

He still hasn't come to terms with his brother's death.
to make someone feel better when they are anxious or sad
Learner example:
Dictionary example:
She had, at last, come to terms with her loss and although she still, deep in her heart, grieved for
The family of the dead are being comforted by friends.
Michael she now knew that she could move on.
Learner example:
He kept close to Sandra and comforted her, saying this was the only choice they had and that
comeback /ˈkʌm.bæk/ things would be fine.

NOUN [C]

a successful attempt to become powerful, important, or famous again

Dictionary example:
She's made a comeback with her first new album for twenty years.

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 Dictionary examples:
comfortable /ˈkʌmpf.tə.bl
̩/
The soldiers were under the command of a tough sergeant-major.
Word family: Jones was in command.
Nouns: comfort, discomfort Learner example:
Verbs: comfort Suddenly, [there] comes an insurrection of armed militia with generals in command.
Adjectives: comfortable, uncomfortable, comforting
Adverbs: comfortably, uncomfortably

ADJECTIVE commander /kəˈmɑːn.dər/

MONEY Word family:

having enough money for everything that you need Nouns: command, commander

Dictionary example: NOUN [C]

a comfortable retirement an officer who is in charge of a military operation, or an officer of middle rank in
Learner example: the navy
Certainly, there are part-time jobs, but they are mostly not [so] well-paid that it would be enough
Dictionary example:
for somebody to lead a comfortable life.
He was a naval commander.

Learner example:
The best part is when the commander forces the troops to kill themselves to prove their loyalty.
comforting /ˈkʌmpf.ə.tɪŋ/

Word family:
Nouns: comfort, discomfort commemorate /kəˈmem.ə.reɪt/
Verbs: comfort
Adjectives: comfortable, uncomfortable, comforting
VERB [T]
Adverbs: comfortably, uncomfortably
to do something to show you remember an important person or event in the past
ADJECTIVE with respect
making you feel better when you are anxious or sad
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example: a ceremony to commemorate the battle
He said a few comforting words.
Learner example:
Learner example: As requested I am submitting the following proposal in order to recommend Melina Merkouri as a
Furthermore, it is always very comforting to know that someone has the same or even worse famous person whose achievements should be commemorated.
problems than we do.

commence /kəˈmens/
command /kəˈmɑːnd/

VERB [I or T] FORMAL
Word family:
Nouns: command, commander to begin something

NOUN Dictionary examples:

Building work will commence in the autumn.
CONTROL Shall we let the meeting commence?
[U] control over someone or something and responsibility for them

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 Learner example: Dictionary example:
The sitting commenced and after just a quarter of an hour - as the members of the council were He committed himself to helping others.
familiar with the subject - a decision was made and with a solemn countenance the chairman
Learner example:
announced: "Let's give these eager young people the possibility [of] mak[ing] their dreams come
Doctor Gregorio Alvarez was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina in the early 1910s and graduated as
true!"
a doctor at an early age. [...] He worked his entire life [in] the public hospital in Neuquen, which
was the most developed city at that time, but he committed himself to exploration on a
permanent basis.
comment /ˈkɒm.ent/

NOUN [C] committed /kəˈmɪt.ɪd/

No comment. Word family:

used to say that you do not want to answer someone's question Nouns: commitment
Verbs: commit
Dictionary example:
Adjectives: committed
'Will you be standing for leader?' 'No comment.'
ADJECTIVE

loyal and willing to give your time and energy to something that you believe in
commercial /kəˈmɜː.ʃəl/
Dictionary examples:

Word family: a committed Christian

Nouns: commerce, commercial She's committed to the job.

Adjectives: commercial Learner example:

All in all, Mr Schmidt is a very committed and hard-working person.
ADJECTIVE

FOR PROFIT

making money from advertising common /ˈkɒm.ən/

Dictionary example: Word family:

commercial television Nouns: common

Learner example: Adjectives: common, uncommon

These days, in all commercial television, they show advertisement[s] in every hour of the day. Adverbs: commonly

ADJECTIVE

commit /kəˈmɪt/ (-tt-) find common ground

to find shared beliefs, interests or ideas
Word family:
Dictionary example:
Nouns: commitment
It's difficult for me to find any common ground with my dad.
Verbs: commit
Adjectives: committed Learner example:
The bottom line is we have to find some common ground and some balance between development
VERB [T]
and nature...

DECISION

to make a firm decision that you will do something

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 comparative /kəmˈpær.ə.tɪv/ compensate /ˈkɒm.pən.seɪt/

Word family:
VERB
Nouns: comparative, comparison
Verbs: compare
MAKE BETTER
Adjectives: comparable, comparative
[I or T] to reduce the bad effect of something, or make something bad become
Adverbs: comparatively
something good
ADJECTIVE
Dictionary example:
comparative comfort/freedom/silence, etc. Nothing will ever compensate for his lost childhood.
a situation which is comfortable/free/silent, etc. when compared to another Learner example:
situation or to what is usual Yet, it seems obvious that money cannot compensate for [a] lack of affection.

Dictionary example:
I enjoyed the comparative calm of his flat after the busy office.
complex /ˈkɒm.pleks/
Learner example:
Uruguay has exploited its comparative advantages orienting its economy towards tourism, Word family:
whereas Argentina has made use of the river to promote the export of domestic products. Nouns: complexity
Adjectives: complex

NOUN
compatible /kəmˈpæt.̩ ̩/
ə.bl
MENTAL

ADJECTIVE a mental problem which makes someone anxious or frightened about something

PEOPLE Dictionary example:

an inferiority complex
If people are compatible, they like each other and are happy to spend time
together. Learner example:
He began to feel like that character in "Psycho", afraid that the hotel manager would turn out to be
Dictionary examples:
some kind of maniac with an Oedipus complex.
After they got married, they soon found out that they weren't compatible.
My new job's going well, and my colleagues seem to be compatible.

Learner example: complexion /kəmˈplek.ʃən/

The personalities of my parents were very different but at the same time they were a very
compatible couple.
NOUN [C]
IDEAS
the colour and appearance of the skin on someone's face
compatible ideas or situations can exist together
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example: a clear complexion
Such policies are not compatible with democratic government.
Learner example:
Learner example: She had a fair complexion framed with red hair which reminded me of a witch.
My aim here is not to criticize this point of view but to show it is hardly compatible with the idea
of giving work less importance.

159 160
 Dictionary example:
complexity /kəmˈpleks.ə.ti/
My colleague told me I had a firm manner and I took it as a compliment.
Word family: Learner example:
Nouns: complexity I take that as a compliment, giving me hope to excel as well as he did.
Adjectives: complex
pay sb a compliment
NOUN [U]
to tell someone that you admire something about them
when something is complex
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example: He paid her several compliments about her painting.
a problem of great complexity
Learner example:
Learner example: His companions always pay him compliments on his [piano] playing.
Will this system of planting and exploiting new values, styles and icons actually collapse under its
own weight and complexity? with the compliments of sb FORMAL

used by someone to express good wishes when they give you something free, for
example in a restaurant
complication /ˌkɒm.plɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/
Dictionary example:
Please accept this champagne with the compliments of the manager.
Word family:
Nouns: complication Learner example:
Verbs: complicate The guest can also choose from a selection of wonderful desserts such as mousse au chocolat
Adjectives: complicated with fresh ras[p]berries before finishing his/her meal with a rose lique[u]r - with the compliments
of the house (and the bill).
NOUN [C]

MEDICAL PROBLEM

a new medical problem that develops when you are already ill complimentary /ˌkɒm.plɪˈmen.tər.i/

Dictionary example: Word family:

Eye problems can be a complication of diabetes. Nouns: compliment
Verbs: compliment
Learner example:
Adjectives: complimentary
Disregarding recommendations given by nutrition experts can pose a great threat to our
longevity, namely because of cardio-vascular complications. ADJECTIVE

PRAISING

compliment praising or expressing admiration for someone

Dictionary example:
Word family:
a complimentary report
Nouns: compliment
Verbs: compliment FREE
Adjectives: complimentary
given free, especially by a business
NOUN /ˈkɒm.plɪ.mənt/ Dictionary example:
a complimentary glass of wine
PRAISE

[C] something that you say or do to show praise or admiration for someone Learner example:
It may be easy to obtain complimentary copies from publishers without any cost to the library.

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 Learner example:
composition /ˌkɒm.pəˈzɪʃ.ən/
Sportsmen are usually under an enormous amount of pressure, because the slightest failure could
Word family: compromise their career.
Nouns: composer, composition
Verbs: compose
compulsive /kəmˈpʌl.sɪv/
NOUN

PARTS ADJECTIVE
[U] the parts, substances, etc. that something consists of
HABIT
Dictionary example: A compulsive habit is something that you do a lot because you want to so much
the composition of the atmosphere
that you cannot control yourself.
Learner example:
Dictionary example:
The eating procedure takes approx. 3 hrs, as each course is introduced by a detailed description
a compulsive eating disorder
of its preparation and composition.
Learner example:
ARRANGEMENT
However, the centre has a potential to affect shoppers, rendering them more compulsive.
[U] the way that people or things are arranged in a painting or photograph
INTERESTING
Dictionary example:
so interesting or exciting that you cannot stop reading, playing, or watching it
The composition of the painting was perfect.
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
This documentary about life in prison makes compulsive viewing.
The study of acting, directing, and generally speaking of the scene has always demanded a certain
degree of visual composition, a sense of image and of that which is immediately seen (or not
seen).
conceal /kənˈsiːl/
WRITING MUSIC

[U] the process or skill of writing music

VERB [T]

Dictionary example: to hide something

He taught composition at Yale.
Dictionary examples:
Learner example: The listening device was concealed in a pen.
He finished music composition at the University in Cracow, [and] he soon became the professor of She could barely conceal her irritation.
composition at the same school of music.
Learner example:
She had managed to conceal her dark secret from everybody.

compromise /ˈkɒm.prə.maɪz/

concede /kənˈsiːd/
VERB
Word family:
HARM Nouns: concession
[T] FORMAL to have a harmful effect on something Verbs: concede

Dictionary example:
The trial has been seriously compromised by sensational media coverage.

163 164
VERB Learner example:
I wonder what kind of person conceived this terrible and ignorant idea.
ADMIT
IMAGINE
to admit that something is true, even though you do not want to
[I or T] to be able to imagine something
Dictionary example:
Even the company chairman concedes that the results are disappointing. Dictionary example:
I cannot conceive of anything more horrible.
Learner example:
As a frequent user of the town library, I had to concede that the article was telling the truth. Learner example:
You cannot conceive of any other way of existence than the one you know.
GIVE
BABY
to allow someone to have something, even though you do not want to
[I or T] to become pregnant
Dictionary example:
The government will not concede to rebel demands. Dictionary example:
She had been trying for years, but never managed to conceive.
Learner example:
"It's wonderful, isn't it, how you always get what you pray for." This quote, Milly's reaction when Learner example:
her father concedes to buying her a horse, is a good illustration of her general attitude towards By then she had everything she could ask for but for some reason she did not conceive for 2
religion and life. years. [T]hen she conceived but had two miscarr[i]ages.

conceited /kənˈsiː.tɪd/ concentration /ˌkɒnt.sənˈtreɪ.ʃən/

Word family:
ADJECTIVE Nouns: concentration
too proud of yourself and your actions Verbs: concentrate

Dictionary example: NOUN

I find him very conceited.
LARGE AMOUNT
Learner example:
[C or U] a large number or amount of something in the same place
This is not to say that the successful person must be smug, conceited or bumptious; but he has to
be convinced of his own skills and abilities. Dictionary example:
high concentrations of minerals

Learner example:
conceive /kənˈsiːv/
Again, we may need to think about [the] implementation of more strict regulations related to the
concentration of toxic chemicals in exhausts.
Word family:
Nouns: concept, conception
Verbs: conceive
Adjectives: inconceivable conception /kənˈsep.ʃən/

VERB Word family:

Nouns: concept, conception
IDEA
Verbs: conceive
[T] to think of an idea or plan Adjectives: inconceivable

Dictionary example:
The original idea for the novel was conceived in Rome.

165 166
NOUN LOW PRICE

[C or U] an idea about what something is like or a way of understanding something a reduction in the price of a ticket for a particular group of people such as
students, people without a job, or old people
Dictionary example:
They have no conception of how ordinary people live. Dictionary example:
We offer concessions to students.
Learner example:
Therefore, unless we stretch the conception of personality to cover conformity with practice and Learner example:
social norms, economic decisions, and the choice of identities we aspire [to], the clothes that At the moment, people are not very motivated to use the public transport and only children,
people wear may not reflect their personality, as [this] can be conditioned by many contingencies. students and pensioners get a concession card.

concerned /kənˈsɜːnd/ conclusion /kənˈkluː.ʒən/

Word family: Word family:

Nouns: concern Nouns: conclusion
Verbs: concern Verbs: conclude
Adjectives: concerned Adjectives: conclusive
Adverbs: conclusively
ADJECTIVE

NOUN
AFFECTED

[NEVER BEFORE NOUN] involved in something or affected by it jump to conclusions

to guess the facts about a situation without having enough information
Dictionary example:
A letter will be sent out to everyone concerned. Dictionary example:
He saw them talking together and jumped to conclusions.
Learner example:
The amount of refund is to be negotiated with everyone concerned separately. Learner example:
I think, before jumping to conclusions, we should first try to anal[ys]e the situation.

END
concession /kənˈseʃ.ən/
[C] the final part of something
Word family:
Dictionary examples:
Nouns: concession
the dramatic conclusion of the film
Verbs: concede
The case should finally be brought to a conclusion this week.

NOUN [C] Learner example:

When it comes to the crunch, he is patient and persistent enough to carry a project to a successful
AGREEMENT
conclusion.
something that you agree to do or give to someone in order to end an argument
lead sb to a conclusion
Dictionary example:
to cause you to think that something is probably true
Both sides will have to make concessions.
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
So you thought I was leaving, did you? What led you to that conclusion?
Nevertheless, I still have the impression that some concessions have to be made and from
personal experience, I can say it is very different to base your choice on a single criterion. Learner example:
These results lead us to the conclusion that only people with "minds tough enough" will survive.

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 Learner example:
conclusive /kənˈkluː.sɪv/
In order to turn it into a feasible concept, this process of learning should be applied to concrete
Word family: situations.
Nouns: conclusion
Verbs: conclude
Adjectives: conclusive condemn /kənˈdem/
Adverbs: conclusively

ADJECTIVE VERB [T]

proving that something is true to say very strongly that you think something is wrong or very bad

Dictionary example: Dictionary example:

conclusive evidence/proof The Prime Minister was quick to condemn the terrorists.

Learner example: Learner example:

Although there is no conclusive evidence of the influence of food on people's behaviour, we can At first these needs were satisfied by different religions, but as we are living in a material world
observe certain patterns of beh[a]viour depending on what kind of food people eat. that does not care about spiritual things any more, we created our own idols whom we can look
at, judge, admire or condemn - celebrities.

conclusively /kənˈkluː.sɪv.li/
condition /kənˈdɪʃ.ən/
Word family:
Nouns: conclusion Word family:
Verbs: conclude Nouns: condition
Adjectives: conclusive Verbs: condition
Adverbs: conclusively Adjectives: unconditional

ADVERB VERB

in a way that proves that something is true to make a person or animal behave in a particular way by influencing the way they
think
Dictionary example:
It is possible to prove conclusively that he was at home at the time. Dictionary example:
The boys were conditioned to be aggressive.
Learner example:
This undeniable fact implies advantages that were unthinkable in the past, yet we cannot prove Learner example:
conclusively that the gains outweigh the losses. We are then conditioned, somehow, to choose among a restricted range of offers and products,
the ones they place before our very eyes on the telly.

concrete /ˈkɒŋ.kriːt/
conduct /kənˈdʌkt/

ADJECTIVE
Word family:
REAL
Nouns: conductor
Verbs: conduct
existing in a real form that can be seen or felt
VERB
Dictionary examples:
concrete achievements/actions conduct yourself
concrete objects
to behave in a particular way

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 Dictionary example:
conflict /ˈkɒn.flɪkt/
She conducted herself with great dignity.

Learner example:
NOUN [C or U]
The qualities I admire most in other people are, first of all, the ability to hide your own feelings -
being a little reserved - and at the same time the ability to conduct yourself in such a way so that a conflict of interest
other people are influenced by you. a situation where someone cannot make fair decisions because they are influenced
by something

confidence /ˈkɒn.fɪ.dənts/ Dictionary example:

She resigned from the committee because of a conflict of interest.
Word family:
Learner example:
Nouns: confidence
It could become a conflict of interest, but he never lets it.
Adjectives: confidential

NOUN [U]
confront /kənˈfrʌnt/
TRUST

trusting someone's ability or believing that something will produce good results Word family:
Nouns: confrontation
Dictionary example:
Verbs: confront
Kate's new to the job, but I've got every confidence in her.
VERB [T]
Learner example:
I have every confidence in your ability to reach a compromise. ACCUSE

in confidence to tell someone something, or show them something to try to make them admit
If you tell something to someone in confidence, you do not want them to tell they have done something wrong
anyone else. Dictionary example:
Confronted with the evidence, she broke down and confessed.
Dictionary example:
I'm sorry, she told me that in confidence. Learner example:
We had bills coming in our door, old ones which w[ere]n't paid and whenever I confronted him, he
Learner example:
told me he would take care of it.
His real name isn't Piggy but he told Ralph in confidence that they called him that in school
because of his appearance. be confronted by/with sth
to be in a difficult situation, or to be shown something which may cause
difficulties
confine /kənˈfaɪn/
Dictionary example:
We are confronted by the possibility of war.
VERB [T]
Learner example:
to prevent someone from leaving a place or to prevent something from spreading
Youngsters are confronted with a lot of difficulties and dangers and are often bound to collapse
Dictionary example: psychologically from the hard pressure on them.
He was confined to a prison cell for several days.
DEAL WITH
Learner example:
to see that a problem exists and try to deal with it
Being Portuguese, I was confined to this small rectangle until I was a 15-year-old boy.
Dictionary example:
First, they must confront their feelings of anger.

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 Learner example: Dictionary example:
His inability to confront Ethan's death, as well as his being too methodical, cause[s] his wife Sarah There is no evidence to connect him with the crime.
to reconsider their marriage.
Learner example:
Happiness should not be defined as material access, it should be connected with one of the most
basic human needs, love.
confrontation /ˌkɒn.frʌnˈteɪʃ n/ ə

Word family:
conscience /ˈkɒn.ʃəns/
Nouns: confrontation
Verbs: confront
Word family:
NOUN [C or U] Nouns: conscience
Adjectives: conscientious
a fight or argument
Dictionary example: NOUN

She witnessed a confrontation between the two men. [C or U] the part of you that makes you feel guilty when you have behaved badly

Learner example: Dictionary examples:

There, he finds himself in a direct confrontation with Captain Beatty, the head of the fire station, a guilty conscience
who represents everything that's evil, as he knows about books but still willingly destroys them. My conscience is clear because I've done nothing wrong.

Learner example:
Young people have pangs of conscience and are invariably hit by pestering anxiety but they
conjunction /kənˈdʒʌŋk.ʃən/ adamantly [refuse] to admit it.

NOUN [C]
conscious /ˈkɒn.tʃəs/
in conjunction with sth/sb
working, used, or happening with something or someone else Word family:
Nouns: consciousness
Dictionary example:
Adjectives: conscious, unconscious, self-conscious
Our librarians use their knowledge in conjunction with the computer network.
Adverbs: subconsciously, unconsciously
Learner example:
ADJECTIVE
Therefore if the banning of private cars takes place in conjunction with development in the public
transport system in that city, this whole development will [have] more advantages despite some
a conscious decision/choice/effort, etc.
slight difficulties at the start.
a decision/choice/effort, etc. that you make intentionally
Dictionary example:
connect /kəˈnekt/ Did you make a conscious decision to lose weight?

Learner example:
Word family:
The fairly recent possibilities of birth control allow you to make a conscious decision about having
Nouns: connection
children and you can postpone that decision until well after 30.
Verbs: connect

VERB

INVOLVE

[T] to see or show that two or more people or things are involved with each other

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 consecutive /kənˈsek.jʊ.tɪv/ VERB

THINK OF OTHERS
ADJECTIVE to care about or respect other people or their feelings or wishes
Consecutive events, numbers, or periods of time come one after the other.
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example: She never considers anyone but herself.
the third consecutive day of rain
Learner example:
Learner example: Firstly you should always consider other people in your group once you start working together in
Complaints from students have been increasing for the second consecutive year, tape players are a group.
repeatedly reported not fun[c]tioning.

consideration /kənˌsɪd.əˈreɪ.ʃən/
consensus /kənˈsen.səs/
Word family:
Nouns: consideration
NOUN [U NO PLURAL]
Verbs: consider, reconsider
when all the people in a group agree about something Adjectives: considerate, inconsiderate

Dictionary examples: NOUN

to reach a consensus
The general consensus is that we should wait and see what happens. KINDNESS

Learner example: [U] when you are kind to people or think about their feelings
In addition, as the general consensus is that young people enjoy communicating through radio
Dictionary example:
programmes, I suggest there is a time when messages sent by listeners are read.
They always treated me with consideration.

Learner example:
He is very friendly and sympathetic towards those who, like Ralph and the twins, treat him with
consent /kənˈsent/
consideration, accepting him as he is, in spite of his deficiencies as to his manual or hunting
abilities.
VERB [I]

to agree to do something, or to allow someone to do something

consistent /kənˈsɪs.tənt/
Dictionary example:
They eventually consented to let us enter.
Word family:
Learner example: Adjectives: consistent
Fascism is regarded as one of the worst manifestations of human nature, for it was not only a man Adverbs: consistently
or even a larger group of men who committed the crimes against mankind that will long remain in
ADJECTIVE
our minds, but a whole nation who consented in silence.

NOT CHANGING

always behaving or happening in a similar, usually positive, way

consider /kənˈsɪd.ər/
Dictionary example:
Word family: consistent effort/improvement
Nouns: consideration
Learner example:
Verbs: consider, reconsider
If you make a consistent effort you will improve your work at a very brisk pace.
Adjectives: considerate, inconsiderate

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 consistent with sth FORMAL constitution /ˌkɒn.stɪˈtjuː.ʃən/
having the same principles as something else, or agreeing with other facts
Word family:
Dictionary example:
Nouns: constitution
His account of events is entirely consistent with the video evidence.
Verbs: constitute
Learner example: Adjectives: constitutional
An accurate selection of these categories of people should be made by the producers so [as] to
NOUN [C]
offer to viewers the best possible models in a way which has to be consistent with the
programme's title. HEALTH

the state of someone's health

consistently /kənˈsɪs.tənt.li/ Dictionary example:

a strong/weak constitution
Word family:
Learner example:
Adjectives: consistent
Another obvious feature of his character is his physical constitution: he is rather weak and needs
Adverbs: consistently
glasses because he is short-sighted.
ADVERB

in a way that does not change, often a positive way

constitutional /ˌkɒn.stɪˈtjuː.ʃən.əl/
Dictionary examples:
He has consistently denied the rumours. Word family:
She performed consistently throughout the whole tournament. Nouns: constitution
Verbs: constitute
Learner example:
Adjectives: constitutional
It seems that international sports competitions have always tended to attract a great amount of
interest on the part of the media and have consistently been popular with sports fans the world ADJECTIVE
over.
relating to the constitution of a country
Dictionary example:
constant /ˈkɒnt.stənt/ a constitutional crisis

Learner example:
Word family:
Holidays should be a constitutional right of every worker, student and housewife in order to
Adjectives: constant
achieve a healthy, balanced life.
Adverbs: constantly

ADJECTIVE
constrain /kənˈstreɪn/
SAME LEVEL

staying at the same level Word family:

Nouns: constraint
Dictionary example:
Verbs: constrain
The temperature remained constant.
VERB [T]
Learner example:
Spain had the highest average number of children (2.2) in 1980. [T]his figure took a dip downward to control something by limiting it
to 1.6 in 1985, decreased steadily to 1.2 average number of children in 1995 and remained Dictionary examples:
relatively constant afterwards. regulations that constrain industry
I'm constrained by decisions made in the past.

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 Learner example: Learner example:
It must be acknowledged that he is a man constrained by an imposed marriage, which is going to We also plan to employ 2 graduate students from the psycholog[y] department in giving free
leave him without an heir. consultations to the children to help them cope with their concerns and worries.

constraint /kənˈstreɪnt/ consume /kənˈsjuːm/

Word family: Word family:

Nouns: constraint Nouns: consumer, consumption
Verbs: constrain Verbs: consume

NOUN [C] VERB [T]

something that limits what you can do

be consumed by/with sth
Dictionary examples: to have so much of a feeling that it affects everything you do
budget/financial constraints
Dictionary examples:
There are constraints on the medicines doctors can prescribe.
a dancer consumed by ambition
Learner example: He was consumed with jealousy.
Of course there are different preferences and priorities as well as constraints.
Learner example:
Therefore, we find ourselves unable to enjoy a pleasant meal without being consumed by the
deepest guilt.
consultation /ˌkɒn.səlˈteɪ.ʃən/

Word family:
Nouns: consultant, consultation contact /ˈkɒn.tækt/
Verbs: consult

NOUN
NOUN

EYE
DISCUSSING
[C] (ALSO contact lens) a small piece of plastic that you put on your eye to make you
[U] when you discuss something with someone in order to get their advice or
opinion about it see more clearly
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example:
I wear contacts.
After consultation with his lawyers, he decided to abandon the case.
Learner example:
Learner example:
"Thank you," Jason said with delight, "You must know I am almost blind without my contacts."
After full consideration and consultation of the three groups of people mentioned above, we come
to the result that charity workers should [have the opportunity] to present the work they are doing eye contact
on TV.
when people look at each other, for instance when they are talking to each other
MEETING
Dictionary example:
[C] a meeting to discuss something or to get advice There was very little eye contact between them.

Dictionary example: Learner example:

a medical consultation I tried to avoid having eye contact with people just because of this humility.

179 180
 contain /kənˈteɪn/ content

Word family: Word family:

Nouns: container Nouns: discontent
Verbs: contain Adjectives: content

VERB [T] NOUN [NO PLURAL] /ˈkɒn.tent/

EMOTION AMOUNT

to control your emotions the amount of a particular substance that something contains
Dictionary examples: Dictionary example:
He could barely contain his anger. Most soft drinks have a high sugar content.
I could not contain myself any longer.
Learner example:
Learner example: To sum up, I think to eat what is and has been considered healthy for ages, to focus on variety
Without being able to contain himself and helped by the alcohol in his blood, he shouted and rather than fat content and to do a lot of exercise is the best option.
danced and kissed everyone around him, acting in an exceptional way.

continental /ˌkɒn.tɪˈnen.təl/
contemplate /ˈkɒn.təm.pleɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: continent
VERB [T]
Adjectives: continental
to think about something for a long time or in a serious way
ADJECTIVE
Dictionary examples:
relating to a continent
I'm contemplating changing my name.
He even contemplated suicide. Dictionary example:
the continental US
Learner example:
While the popular girl gets very drunk at parties, the other one sits alone in her room, Learner example:
contemplating suicide. To us from continental Europe it comes as a surprise if we see people on the streets with naked
shoulders and naked legs at a temperature of 16 degrees celsius!

contempt /kənˈtempt/
continuity /ˌkɒn.tɪˈnjuː.ə.ti/

NOUN
Word family:
a strong feeling that you do not respect someone or something Nouns: continuity
Verbs: continue
Dictionary example:
Adjectives: continuous, continual
He has utter contempt for anyone with power.
Adverbs: continuously, continually
Learner example:
Being a compulsory subject at school, history inevitably arouses contempt, as anything mandatory NOUN [U]

[does]. the state of continuing for a long period of time without being changed or stopped
Dictionary example:
We are trying to provide continuity of care for these children.

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 Learner example: Learner example:
It is the young who demonstrate that there is a sense of continuity in a family, and that was what I We have contracted a famous lawyer who is ready to take the case [to] court if our demands are
was looking for. not [met] by the end of the year.

DISEASE

contraception /ˌkɒn.trəˈsep.ʃ n/ ə [T] FORMAL to get a serious disease

Dictionary example:
Word family:
She contracted malaria while living abroad.
Nouns: contraception, contraceptive
Learner example:
NOUN [U] We should be proud of ourselves that we are in a position to help and cure people who have
! methods that prevent a woman from becoming pregnant contracted very complex diseases.

Dictionary example:
What form of contraception do you use?
contradict /ˌkɒn.trəˈdɪkt/
Learner example:
Should the Church have taken a more pro-active role in educating its followers on matters related Word family:
to health care such as contraception, pregnancy and basic self care - perhaps we would not see Nouns: contradiction
such ap[p]alling numbers of [i]mpoverished large families living in [s]hanty towns. Verbs: contradict
Adjectives: contradictory

VERB
contraceptive /ˌkɒn.trəˈsep.tɪv/
DIFFERENT
Word family:
[T] If two things that are said or written about something contradict each other,
Nouns: contraception, contraceptive
they are so different that they cannot both be true.
NOUN [C]
Dictionary example:
! a drug or object that prevents a woman from becoming pregnant
His account of the accident contradicts the official government report.
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
They were not using contraceptives.
Although I strongly agree with you that people should enjoy their food I also think that you
Learner example: contradict yourself within your last statement.
The lack of contraceptives in her village (due to the religious pressure) in addition to the poor
availability of information result in Maria's almost inevitable pregnancy.
contradiction /ˌkɒn.trəˈdɪk.ʃən/

contract Word family:

Nouns: contradiction
Verbs: contradict
VERB /kənˈtrækt/ Adjectives: contradictory

AGREEMENT NOUN
[I or T] to make a legal agreement with someone to do work or to have work done [C] a big difference between two things that are said or written about the same
for you subject, or between what someone says and what they do
Dictionary example: Dictionary example:
He's been contracted to perform in five shows. There is a clear contradiction between what she says and what she does.

183 184
 Learner example: Learner example:
More often than not, however, such events will also give rise to all sorts of contradictions. Her pale expression contrasted with her long, dark hair that hung down beyond her shoulders.

COMPARE

[T] to compare two people or things in order to show the differences between them
contradictory /ˌkɒn.trəˈdɪk.t r.i/ ə

Dictionary example:
Word family:
If you contrast his early novels with his later work, you can see how his writing has developed.
Nouns: contradiction
Verbs: contradict Learner example:
Adjectives: contradictory Ruth Jhabvala's "Heat and Dust" describes the growing attraction of two British women to India in
two parallel stories skilfully interwoven to contrast two periods of time fifty years apart.
ADJECTIVE

If two statements about the same subject or two actions by the same person are
contradictory, they are very different. conversion /kənˈvɜː.ʒən/

Dictionary example:
Word family:
The witness statements were contradictory.
Nouns: conversion
Learner example: Verbs: convert
So parents need to be good role models and not behave in a contradictory way to what is being
NOUN [C or U]
taught at school.
when the appearance, form, or purpose of something is changed
Dictionary examples:
contrary /ˈkɒn.trər.i/ the country's conversion to democracy
Solar power is the conversion of the sun's energy into heat and electricity.

ADJECTIVE Learner example:

This 'magic' conversion of energy can be performed in several ways, which result in different
OPPOSITE degrees of 'dignity' or 'cleanness' for the resulting electrons, freely running through our cables.
opposite or very different
Dictionary example:
a contrary opinion/view convert /kənˈvɜːt/

Learner example: Word family:

It took them a week to conclude that, apparently, and as long as nobody came out with a contrary Nouns: conversion
theory to theirs, they were right. Verbs: convert

VERB [I or T]

contrast RELIGION

! to change to a new religion, belief, etc., or to make someone do this

VERB /kənˈtrɑːst/
Dictionary example:
DIFFERENCE When did he convert to Islam?

[I] If one thing contrasts with another, it is very different from it. Learner example:
Frederica converted to Catholicism and devoted her life to mentally ill children.
Dictionary example:
The sharpness of the lemons contrasts with the sweetness of the honey.

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 convict /kənˈvɪkt/ cookie /ˈkʊk.i/

Word family:
NOUN [C]
Nouns: conviction
Verbs: convict a piece of information stored on your computer which contains information about
all the Internet documents you have looked at
VERB [T]

to decide officially in a court of law that someone is guilty of a particular crime Dictionary example:
You need to enable cookies to use this website.
Dictionary example:
He was convicted of murder.

Learner example: cool /kuːl/

Consequently he was convicted of robbery and murder and was sentenced to 20 years in prison.
Word family:
Nouns: cool, coolness
Verbs: cool
conviction /kənˈvɪk.ʃ n/ ə
Adjectives: cool
Word family:
ADJECTIVE
Nouns: conviction
Verbs: convict UNFRIENDLY

NOUN [C or U]
unfriendly
Dictionary example:
CRIME
She was very cool towards us.
when someone is officially found to be guilty of a particular crime
Learner example:
Dictionary examples: I encouraged him to tell me what was going on and I could hardly believe [it] when he explained
He already had two convictions for burglary. the reason why he had been treating me in a cool manner.
The conviction of all three protesters caused anger in the local community.
keep a cool head
Learner example:
to remain calm in a difficult situation
Besides, she had no previous convictions so nobody believed that such a pretty, intel[l]igent and
polite woman could do any harm to anybody. Dictionary example:
To be successful in business, you need to keep a cool head in negotiations.
BELIEF
Learner example:
a strong opinion or belief
Kevin managed to keep a cool head and took over the navigation.
Dictionary examples:
religious/moral convictions NOUN

a deep/strong conviction
lose your cool
Learner example: to suddenly become very angry
In spite of the fact that I respect their convictions, I totally disagree with this viewpoint.
Dictionary example:
She lost her cool and started shouting.

187 188
 coolness /ˈkuːl.nəs/ core /kɔːr/

Word family:
NOUN
Nouns: cool, coolness
Verbs: cool
IMPORTANT PART
Adjectives: cool
[NO PLURAL] the most important part of a system or principle
NOUN [U]
Dictionary examples:
CALM core values
Better health care was at the core of the senator's campaign.
the quality of being calm
Learner example:
Dictionary example:
The aim of this paper is to respond to a call for proposals [from] a TV company which is planning
He was admired for his coolness under pressure.
to launch a programme called "Making the World a Better Place" and to select the group of people
Learner example: which represents the core idea of this programme.
Finally, a successful person should have [their] own style and opinion to distinguish from other
FRUIT
people, enough patience to wait for important opportunities, a certain coolness to "survive" critical
situations, and last but not least, a good deal of luck, which often decides whether you are [C] the hard, central part of certain fruits, such as apples, which contains the seeds
successful or not.
Dictionary example:
UNFRIENDLY Peel the apples and remove the cores.

the quality of being unfriendly Learner example:

So there it was, hidden in nature, occasionally trampled by a stray dog with no other companion
Dictionary example:
than old cans and apple cores.
He was a little insulted by her coolness towards him.

Learner example:
James eyed her with a mixture of contempt and admiration for her coolness.
corner /ˈkɔː.nər/

NOUN [C]
coral /ˈkɒr.əl/
around/round the corner
NOUN [U] going to happen soon
a hard, usually pink or white substance produced by a type of very small sea Dictionary example:
animal Christmas is round the corner and I still haven't bought any presents.

Dictionary example: Learner example:

a coral reef With the FIFA World Cup just around the corner, there certainly is a lot of excitement buzzing in
the air.
Learner example:
The main [attraction] of the place is scuba diving, due to the excellent visibility of the water and PLACE
the impressive coral reefs which surround the island.
a part of a larger area, often somewhere quiet or far away
Dictionary example:
He lives in a beautiful corner of northern California.

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 Learner example: NOUN [U]
Special buses and trams were allocated to give people a lift to the shopping centre practically
the job or process of listening to someone and giving them advice about their
from any corner of the city.
problems
a tight corner
Dictionary example:
a difficult situation a counselling service
Dictionary example: Learner example:
She had been in a tight corner before and had always managed to cope. As well as providing [a] speci[a]list counselling service by experienced social work[er]s, each
Learner example: member of the society needs to create [a] warm welcoming atmosphere for those who once were
It is a great pressure, requiring a lot of effort and sense of humour but does work in most cases, [rejected by] the society.
helping to find the best way out of a tight corner.

counsellor /ˈkaʊn.səl.ər/
corpse /kɔːps/
Word family:
Nouns: counselling, counsellor
NOUN [C]
NOUN [C]
a dead person's body
someone whose job is to listen to people and give them advice about their
Dictionary example:
problems
There were several corpses in the building.
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
I saw a counsellor to help me with my anxiety.
Evian and I just stood there and gazed at the corpse for a few hours.
Learner example:
It is a burden to society, which has to find a way to create jobs, to employ counsellors to help
problem unemployed and to watch out for the safety of the society.
corresponding /ˌkɒr.ɪˈspɒn.dɪŋ/

Word family:
Verbs: correspond count /kaʊnt/
Adjectives: corresponding
Word family:
ADJECTIVE [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN]
Verbs: count
similar or related Adjectives: countless

Dictionary example: VERB

Draw a line between the words with corresponding meanings.
CONSIDER
Learner example:
In terms of the consequences for society as a whole, an increase in life expectancy might pose [T] to think of someone or something in a particular way
problems if the percentage of old people increases without being accompanied by a Dictionary examples:
corresponding increase in the birth rate. She counted Tim as her closest friend.
You should count yourself lucky you weren't hurt.

Learner example:
counselling /ˈkaʊn.səl.ɪŋ/
In a way, I think I should count myself very lucky.

Word family:
Nouns: counselling, counsellor

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 BE ACCEPTED ADVERB

[I] to be accepted or allowed as part of something

be/run counter to sth
Dictionary example: to have the opposite effect to something else
I've been to sixteen different countries, but I only spent half an hour in Luxembourg, so that
Dictionary example:
doesn't really count.
The new road plans run counter to the government's aim of reducing pollution.
INCLUDE
Learner example:
[T] to include something or someone in a calculation The saying goes "money can't buy happiness". [H]owever, he seems to run counter to these tenets
since he leads quite a pleasant life.
Dictionary example:
There are 1500 people at my school, counting teachers.

Learner example:
country /ˈkʌn.tri/
It was not until I married Paul that I began to receive a bunch of telephone calls from my closest
relatives, not counting my mother because she had [already] become a part of our house.
NOUN
NOUN
the country
lose count
the people who live in a country
to forget how many of something there is
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example: The country was shocked by the President's decision.
I've lost count of the number of times she's arrived late.
Learner example:
Learner example: The country was partying for two weeks.
I lost count [of] how often I heard this sentence when I used to work for a drug company.

NUMBER
coup /kuː/
[C] when you count something, or the total number you get after counting

Dictionary example:
NOUN [C]
At the last count there were 410 club members.
! when a group of people suddenly takes control of a country using force
Learner example:
[At the] last count they still had 5 thousand dollars and one night to spend it. Dictionary example:
a military coup

Learner example:
counter /ˈkaʊn.tər/ The government of the country was formed three years ago after a military coup and is
constituted primarily by the nephews of General Tomba, who headed the rebellious troops during
the coup.
NOUN [C]

DISC

a small disc used in some games that are played on a board courage /ˈkʌr.ɪdʒ/

Dictionary example: Word family:

Move the counter forwards two squares. Nouns: courage
Adjectives: courageous

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NOUN [U] VERB [T]

pluck up (the) courage (to do sth) cover (sth) up or cover up (sth) PHRASAL VERB

to decide to do something that you were too frightened to do before to stop people from discovering the truth about something bad
Dictionary example: Dictionary example:
Gerhard finally plucked up the courage to ask Nicole for a date. She tried to cover up her mistakes.

Learner example: Learner example:

Although she had tried a lot she wasn't able to make any changes and it was that day she plucked Realizing too late that it was the wrong piece of music he was playing, he tried to cover it up, so
up courage and left home. the audience would not know he had made a mistake.

course /kɔːs/ crack /kræk/

NOUN VERB [I or T]

DEVELOPMENT crack down PHRASAL VERB

[NO PLURAL] the way something develops, usually over a long time to start dealing with bad or illegal behaviour in a more severe way
Dictionary example: Dictionary example:
Nuclear weapons have changed the course of modern history. Police are cracking down on crime in the area.

Learner example: Learner example:

Civilizations have appeared changing the course of history and they have also disappeared, but Introducing a totally new policy, dismissing the members of the parliament and cracking down on
they have all left something as a heritage or a legacy. the leftist underworld, he proved to be a person really dedicated [to] the country.

crack up PHRASAL VERB

INFORMAL to become mentally ill

courteous /ˈkɜː.ti.əs/
Dictionary example:
Word family: We're worried he'll crack up completely if he doesn't get help.
Nouns: courtesy
Adjectives: courteous Learner example:
Nevertheless, one must also bear in mind the fact that, since Douglas was overworked, Olivia had
ADJECTIVE a tedious, boring life and was about to crack up, when the Nawab came to res[c]ue her.
polite and showing respect
crack (sb) up PHRASAL VERB
Dictionary example: INFORMAL to laugh a lot or to make someone laugh a lot
We received a very courteous reply.
Dictionary example:
Learner example: His impressions of my Dad really crack me up.
The library staff deserve congratulations: they are all very courteous and helpful.
Learner example:
One film that I found hilariously funny was "Meet the Parents". Directed by Frank Oz, this film has
all the qualifications to make someone crack up.
cover /ˈkʌv.ə / r

NOUN
Word family:
Nouns: cover, coverage LINE
Verbs: cover, uncover [C] a line on the surface of something that is damaged

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 Dictionary example:
craving /ˈkreɪ.vɪŋ/
Several cups had cracks in them.

Learner example: Word family:

Behind the glass doors you could see a Chinese tea-set totally unsuitable for tea drinking as all Nouns: craving
the cups had cracks but I wasn't allowed to throw [it] away because it had been presented by some Verbs: crave
relative and that was enough to turn it into an everlasting treasure.
NOUN [C]

the crack of dawn a strong feeling that you want or need something
very early in the morning Dictionary example:
Dictionary example: She had a craving for chocolate.
He gets up at the crack of dawn. Learner example:
Learner example: It's a well-known fact that many women of all ages sometimes have a craving for chocolate.
From the crack of dawn until bed time citizens have to breathe all kinds of gas coming out of cars,
bikes or [factor]ies.
crawl /krɔːl/

crackdown /ˈkræk.daʊn/ VERB [I]

INSECT
NOUN [C]
If an insect crawls, it uses its legs to move.
when bad or illegal behaviour is dealt with in a very severe way, in order to stop it
happening Dictionary example:
There's an ant crawling up your leg.
Dictionary example:
The police are having a crackdown on speeding. Learner example:
She is sort of dusting off her legs and skirt. We can't actually see what is happening. We get there
to find out that tens of big red ants are crawling on to her.

crave /kreɪv/ be crawling with sb/sth

to be full of insects or people in a way that is unpleasant
Word family:
Nouns: craving Dictionary example:
Verbs: crave The kitchen's crawling with ants.

VERB [T]

to want something very much

craziness /ˈkreɪ.zi.nəs/
Dictionary example:
a child who craves affection Word family:
Nouns: craziness
Learner example: Adjectives: crazy
These people tend to forget the essence of man's heart, which craves only for love, and kindness,
and friendship, and loyalty. NOUN [U]

the state of being crazy

Dictionary example:
I couldn't stand the craziness of their household.

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 Learner example: Learner example:
My home might, for an outsider, give the feeling of complete disorder, not to say craziness but I It was Sunday, and everybody else was still sleeping: she crept down the stairs to check the
can assure you that it was not true at all. kitchen (could she have forgotten it on the shelf among the cookbooks?).

NOUN [C]

credibility /ˌkred.əˈbɪl.ə.ti/ UNPLEASANT

someone who you think is unpleasant

Word family:
Nouns: credibility Dictionary example:
Adjectives: incredible Her boss is a real creep.
Adverbs: incredibly
Learner example:
NOUN [U] I had no doubt that she was capable (and likely) to have done such a nasty thing. What a creep!

when someone can be believed and trusted

Dictionary example:
cricket /ˈkrɪk.ɪt/
This decision has damaged the President's credibility.

Learner example:
NOUN
The media source and its credibility play a major role in determining the objectivity and realistic
portrayal although there ha[ve] been cases where even mainstream publications have participated INSECT
in manipulative alterations.
[C] an insect that jumps and makes a noise by rubbing its wings together

Dictionary example:
We could hear the crickets in the grass.
credit /ˈkred.ɪt/
Learner example:
The distant chirping of crickets w[as] music to my ears.
NOUN

to sb's credit
If something is to someone's credit, they deserve praise for it. crisp /krɪsp/

Dictionary example:
To his credit, Bill never blamed her for the incident. ADJECTIVE

Learner example: MATERIAL

He also has good sportsmanship, to his credit.
Crisp cloth or paper money is clean and looks new, with no folds.
Dictionary example:
creep /kriːp/ a crisp linen shirt

Learner example:

VERB (crept) The first impression is that of quiet elegance with white table cloths, crisp napkins, lovely pastel
flowers on the tables and thick carpeting on the floors.
creep along/down/in/out, etc.
WEATHER
to move very quietly and carefully
Crisp weather is pleasantly cold and dry.
Dictionary example:
I crept out of the room. Dictionary example:
a crisp autumn day

199 200
 Learner example: Learner example:
It was one of these beautiful crisp September days when the woods are adorned in autumnal Wish me luck, Winnie," she sighed "keep your fingers crossed, please".
browns and golds.
cross sb's path
to meet someone, especially by accident
critical /ˈkrɪt.ɪ.k l/ ə
Dictionary example:
Mike has moved away and I doubt he'll ever cross my path again.
Word family:
Nouns: critic, criticism Learner example:

Verbs: criticize We are all socialised by our peers, family and other people who cross our path at one time or

Adjectives: critical another.

Adverbs: critically

ADJECTIVE
crude /kruːd/

OPINIONS

giving careful judgments and opinions on something ADJECTIVE

Dictionary example: WITHOUT SKILL

a critical study of Tennyson's work made or done in a simple way and without much skill
Learner example:
Dictionary example:
In fact, teachers and professors give us the opportunity to broaden our knowledge, sharpen our
a crude device/weapon
critical thought and in general to cultivate our mind and soul.
Learner example:
Glancing at the crude plan of the building I realised I ha[d] no choice but to search every room in
order to find the required documents.
cross /krɒs/
RUDE
Word family:
rude and offensive
Nouns: crossing
Verbs: cross Dictionary example:
a crude comment/remark
VERB
Learner example:
LINE/BORDER A necessary condition, of course, is a ban on crude words or meanings, as, funnier though such
[I or T] to travel over a border or line into a different area, country, etc. word may make programmes of this sort, they also render them inappropriate for younger
listeners.
Dictionary example:
They crossed from Albania into Greece.

Learner example: crumble /ˈkrʌm.bl/

It was when I was about to cross the U.S. border that I faced my greatest challenge.

keep your fingers crossed/ cross your fingers INFORMAL VERB

to hope that things will happen in the way that you want them to [I or T] to break into small pieces, or to make something break into small pieces

Dictionary examples: Dictionary example:

Let's keep our fingers crossed that she gets the job. Buildings crumbled as the earthquake struck.
We're crossing our fingers and hoping that the weather stays fine.

201 202
 Learner example: Learner example:
It's completely impossible to sleep under those circumstances: a horrible howling that is so loud It wasn't an easy decision to make. Melanie spent many nights crying her eyes out in bed and
you can't even hear yourself think; a house that trembles so fiercely you think it's going to trying to convince herself that she wasn't doing the right thing.
crumble any second in front of your very bulging eyes.
a shoulder to cry on
someone who gives you sympathy when you are upset
crush /krʌʃ/ Dictionary example:
I always had a shoulder to cry on.

VERB [T] Learner example:

to press something so hard that it is made flat or broken into pieces I am always there for her and I know I will always have a shoulder to cry on.

Dictionary example: NOUN [C]

Her car was crushed by a falling tree.
ANIMAL/BIRD
Learner example:
a sound that a particular animal or bird makes
Thus, in the last chapters, one notices that Ralph and Piggy have become insepara[ble] friends, a
friendship which is abruptly terminated by that huge rock that also crushes the conch. Dictionary example:
an eagle's cry
NOUN
Learner example:
CROWD Then one could carefully pick one's way through a lot of shallow ponds, which had been concealed
[NO PLURAL] a crowd of people forced to stand close together because there is not by the salty water before, and, accompa[ni]ed by cries of seagulls, climb Castle Rock.

enough room
Dictionary example:
crystal /ˈkrɪ.stəl/
Many people fell over in the crush.

LOVE NOUN

[C] INFORMAL a strong temporary feeling of love for someone

GLASS
Dictionary example: a type of high quality glass
Tim has a crush on Jennifer.
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
a crystal vase
He told me that one of his friends had a crush on me and wanted to know if I liked him.
Learner example:
The crystal vase is a gift from one of my mother's friends.

cry /kraɪ/ crystal clear

very easy to understand
VERB
Dictionary example:

cry your eyes out She made it crystal clear that she was in charge.

If someone cries their eyes out, they cry a lot about a problem or situation. Learner example:
They do learn something of course, but it is crystal clear that they need some help from you to
Dictionary example:
develop their ability, creativity, sensitivity and so on.
She cried her eyes out when he left her for another girl.

203 204
 cultivate /ˈkʌl.tɪ.veɪt/ cushion /ˈkʊʃ.ən/

Word family:
NOUN [C]
Nouns: cultivation
Verbs: cultivate
PROTECTION

VERB [T] something which protects you from possible problems

DEVELOP Dictionary example:

Overseas savings provide a cushion against tax rises at home.
to try to develop or improve something
Learner example:
Dictionary example:
The only answer for the Spanish situation is that families are acting as a cushion, by giving the
She has cultivated an image as a tough negotiator.
youngest in working age accommodation and help.
Learner example:
Moreover, students are not usually encouraged to attend art or drama classes and cultivate their
talents. custody /ˈkʌs.tə.di/

NOUN [U]
cunning /ˈkʌn.ɪŋ/
CHILD

ADJECTIVE the legal right to look after a child, especially when parents separate
clever at getting what you want, especially by tricking people Dictionary example:
Dictionary example: When they divorced, it was Nicola who won custody of their two children.
a cunning plan Learner example:
Learner example: My parents were fighting a long and tiring battle in court, over the custody of us children.
It was a result of a cunning plan they had la[i]d months ago.
PRISON

when someone is kept in prison, usually while they are waiting for a trial in court

curb /kɜːb/ Dictionary examples:

He is being held in custody in Los Angeles charged with assault.
He was taken into custody by Mexican authorities.
VERB [T]
Learner example:
to limit or control something
Not only was he badly injured during the following years, but he was [also] kept in custody by the
Dictionary example: Russians for about two years.
to curb crime/inflation

Learner example:
"If I become Prime Minister, the first issues on my political agenda will be to curb government cut /kʌt/
spending on armaments, to reorganise the bureaucratic system, to reduce the rate of
unemployment," he told me the last time I saw him.
VERB (cutting, cut, cut)

cut sth short or cut short sth

to have to stop doing something before it is finished

205 206
 Dictionary example:
They had to cut the holiday short when her mother was taken ill.

D
cutlery /ˈkʌt.lər.i/

NOUN [U] dare /deər/

knives, forks, and spoons
Dictionary example: VERB
Do we have enough cutlery for twelve people?
Don't you dare
Learner example:
INFORMAL used to tell someone strongly not to do something
There is no need to bring your own plates, cups or cutlery as you can use the ones you will find in
the kitchen. Dictionary example:
Don't you dare hit your sister!

Learner example:
cynical /ˈsɪn.ɪk.əl/ He had been standing on the exact spot when his friends had made him promise: "Don't you dare
forget me, I want letters from you promptly, understand!"

ADJECTIVE I dare say

believing that people are only interested in themselves and are not sincere (ALSO I daresay) used when you think that something is probably true or will
Dictionary example: probably happen
Many people have become cynical about politicians.
Dictionary example:
Learner example: I dare say she'll change her mind.
Consequently, we had better not jump to such cynical conclusions and enjoy the competition.
Learner example:
Invent machines that are beneficial, not harmful, and I dare say life will only get better.

dark /dɑːk/

Word family:
Nouns: dark, darkness
Adjectives: dark

NOUN

in the dark
not knowing about something because other people are not telling you
Dictionary example:
They kept us in the dark about their plans.

Learner example:
Peter had always kept her in the dark about the reason for their fight.

207 208
 dash /dæʃ/ VERB

dawn on sb PHRASAL VERB

NOUN If a fact dawns on you, you become aware of it after a period of not being aware of
AMOUNT
it.
[C] a small amount of something, often food Dictionary example:
It suddenly dawned on them that Mary had been lying.
Dictionary example:
Add a dash of milk to the sauce. Learner example:
Suddenly it dawned on him that the rumours about a malaria infestation spreading like wildfire in
Learner example:
this area must be true.
The beginners should add a dash of blackcurrant to the beer and taste the difference.

day /deɪ/
dated /ˈdeɪ.tɪd/
Word family:
Word family:
Nouns: day, midday
Nouns: date
Adjectives: daily
Verbs: date
Adverbs: daily
Adjectives: dated
NOUN
ADJECTIVE

not modern call it a day

INFORMAL to stop doing something, especially working
Dictionary example:
This film seems a bit dated today. Dictionary example:
It's almost midnight - let's call it a day.
Learner example:
The books are so old and dated that it is no longer possible to use them in the classroom. Learner example:
She decided to call it a day, so Meredith mustered all her courage and wrote a letter to him: "You
are not good enough for me," she told him.
dawn /dɔːn/
make sb's day
to make someone very happy
NOUN
Dictionary example:
the crack of dawn Go on, ask him to dance - it'll make his day!
very early in the morning Learner example:
Dictionary example: Thank you for returning a lost diary; you have made my day!
He gets up at the crack of dawn.

Learner example:
dazed /deɪzd/
From the crack of dawn until bed time citizens have to breathe all kinds of gas coming out of cars,
bikes or [factor]ies.
ADJECTIVE

not able to think clearly because you are shocked or have hit your head
Dictionary example:
a dazed expression

209 210
 Learner example: Learner example:
I looked at him with a dazed expression. The lights, the people, the atmosphere all created a dazzling spectacle where everyone was having
fun and singing together, even if they didn't really know the words.

BRIGHT
dazzle /ˈdæz.əl/
A dazzling light is so bright that you cannot see for a short time after looking at it.
Word family: Dictionary example:
Verbs: dazzle a dazzling white light
Adjectives: dazzling
Learner example:
VERB [T] Blinded by the dazzling lights of the interior of Luton Airport, I tried very hard not to panic.

EXTREMELY GOOD

If you are dazzled by someone or something, you think they are extremely good or
dead /ded/
exciting
Word family:
Dictionary example:
Nouns: death
I was dazzled by his intelligence and good looks.
Adjectives: dead, deadly
Learner example: Adverbs: dead, deadly
The unique, marvellous, awe-inspiring scene can only fill you with admiration and leave you
feeling stunned, dazzled by the wonders of nature. ADJECTIVE

LIGHT QUIET

If light dazzles someone, it makes them unable to see for a short time. INFORMAL If a place is dead, it is too quiet and nothing interesting is happening there.

Dictionary example: Dictionary example:

He was dazzled by the car's headlights. The town centre is dead after eight o'clock at night.

Learner example: Learner example:

Since it was the first live musical event I had been to, I was impressed by how loud the music was Jane was walking through the empty streets of New York. [...] The city was absolutely dead.
being played and dazzled by the lights.
COMPLETE

[ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] complete

dazzling /ˈdæz.lɪŋ/ Dictionary example:

We waited in dead silence as the votes were counted.
Word family:
Learner example:
Verbs: dazzle
When I finally [got] inside a terror took hold of me as there was only dead silence.
Adjectives: dazzling
BODY
ADJECTIVE
If part of your body is dead, you cannot feel it.
EXCITING
Dictionary example:
extremely good and exciting
My arm's gone dead.
Dictionary example:
drop dead
a dazzling display/performance
INFORMAL to die very suddenly
Dictionary example:
He just dropped dead in the middle of the show.

211 212
 Learner example: Learner example:
We can enjoy our longer lives because we don't have to work until we drop dead. She would have been trampled to death as the stampede of furious fans came over her.

put sb to death
to kill someone as a punishment
deaf /def/
Dictionary example:
She was put to death for her beliefs.
ADJECTIVE
Learner example:
fall on deaf ears He has become dangerous for Jack and must thus be eliminated, put to death.
If advice or a request falls on deaf ears, people ignore it.
a matter of life and/or death
Dictionary example:
a serious situation where people could die
Our pleas for help fell on deaf ears.
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
Getting water to these people is a matter of life and death.
His cry for help and for a more meaningful relationship between himself and Mildred invariably
fell on deaf ears. Learner example:
I told him it was a matter of life and death.

dear /dɪər/
debate /dɪˈbeɪt/

ADJECTIVE
VERB
dear to sb/sb's heart
[I or T] to discuss a subject in a formal way
If something is dear to someone or dear to their heart, it is very important to
them. Dictionary example:
These issues need to be debated openly.
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
The charity was very dear to his heart.
Homelessness is a worrying issue that is being debated by most of the developed countries'
Learner example: governments.
Among all the places I enjoyed visiting, the city of Singapore is especially dear to my heart.

decaffeinated /diːˈkæf.ɪˌneɪ.tɪd/
death /deθ/

Word family: ADJECTIVE

Nouns: death Decaffeinated tea or coffee is made by removing the caffeine.

Adjectives: dead, deadly
Dictionary example:
Adverbs: dead, deadly
Could I have a decaffeinated coffee, please?
NOUN [C or U]

to death
decay /dɪˈkeɪ/
until you die
Dictionary example: NOUN [U]
He was beaten to death by a gang of youths.
when something decays

213 214
 Dictionary example:
deceptive /dɪˈsep.tɪv/
Many of the buildings had fallen into decay.

Learner example: Word family:

Furthermore, by having tourism, the authorities of the country will be obliged to rest[ore] any Nouns: deception
monuments which have fallen into decay. Verbs: deceive
Adjectives: deceptive

ADJECTIVE
deceased /dɪˈsiːst/ If something is deceptive, it makes you believe something that is not true.
Dictionary example:
ADJECTIVE FORMAL
Appearances can be deceptive.

DEAD Learner example:

dead One should also remember another common, albeit wise phrase: appearances can be deceptive.

Dictionary example:
the deceased man's belongings
decide /dɪˈsaɪd/
Learner example:
A picture of a deceased family member brings back lots of memor[ies]. Word family:
Nouns: decision
NOUN [U]
Verbs: decide
Adjectives: decisive
the deceased
Adverbs: decisively
someone who has died
VERB
Dictionary example:
The police have not yet informed the family of the deceased. RESULT

Learner example: [T] to be the reason or situation that makes a particular result happen
The deceased was a 19-year-old girl who had run away from home some months ago.
Dictionary example:
This match will decide the tournament.

deception /dɪˈsep.ʃən/ Learner example:

At any rate, science will decide whether it is better to live longer.
Word family:
deciding factor
Nouns: deception
Verbs: deceive the thing that helps to make the final decision
Adjectives: deceptive
Dictionary example:
Cost was the deciding factor in choosing these builders.
NOUN [C or U]

when you make someone believe something that is not true Learner example:
Personally, I think the quality of teachers, school reputation and facilities should be the deciding
Dictionary example:
factor for parents [for] which schools their children should be educated in.
He was found guilty of obtaining money by deception.

Learner example:
On the other hand, his deception means that he betrayed his own nation.

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 Dictionary example:
decisively /dɪˈsaɪ.sɪv.li/
a dedicated news channel
Word family: Learner example:
Nouns: decision I require a 2 bedroomed flat with a dedicated parking space.
Verbs: decide
Adjectives: decisive
Adverbs: decisively
deduce /dɪˈdjuːs/
ADVERB
Word family:
in a decisive way
Nouns: deduction
Dictionary example: Verbs: deduce
We need to act decisively.
VERB [T]
Learner example:
to decide that something is true using the available information
Putting your foot down quickly and decisively before things really get out of hand seems sensible.
Dictionary example:
From the contents of his shopping basket, I deduced that he was single.

dedicate /ˈded.ɪ.keɪt/ Learner example:

Two important results are deduced from these figures: living standards in the U.K. have improved
Word family: dramatically over the last century, and women can be expected to live longer than men.
Nouns: dedication
Verbs: dedicate
Adjectives: dedicated
deduction /dɪˈdʌk.ʃən/
VERB
Word family:
dedicate sth to sb Nouns: deduction
to say that something you have made or done is to show your love or respect for Verbs: deduce

someone NOUN [C or U]

Dictionary example:
FACT
This book is dedicated to my daughter.
when you decide something using the available information
Learner example:
This story is dedicated to my sister to whom I can only feel deep admiration. Dictionary example:
I worked out the facts by a process of deduction.

Learner example:
dedicated /ˈded.ɪ.keɪ.tɪd/ My deductions obviously went further, and I found relie[f in] thinking that neither [was] the story
real nor [had] the lost diary even existed.
Word family:
Nouns: dedication
Verbs: dedicate
deem /diːm/
Adjectives: dedicated

ADJECTIVE
VERB [T] FORMAL

FOR PURPOSE to judge or consider something in a particular way

designed to be used for a particular purpose

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 Dictionary example: ADVERB
The book was deemed to be unsuitable for children.
go/run deep
Learner example:
If a feeling or a problem goes deep, it is very strong or serious and has existed for
Were it not for the fact that we regard our job as adequately paid and providing sufficient free
time, it could not be deemed a satisfactory one. a long time.
Dictionary example:
Hostility between the two nations runs deep.
deep /diːp/

Word family:
deepen /ˈdiː.pən/
Nouns: depth
Verbs: deepen Word family:
Adjectives: deep Nouns: depth
Adverbs: deeply Verbs: deepen
Adjectives: deep
ADJECTIVE
Adverbs: deeply
SERIOUS
VERB [I or T]
serious and difficult for most people to understand
WORSE/STRONGER
Dictionary example:
a deep and meaningful conversation to become worse or stronger, or to make something become worse or stronger

Learner example: Dictionary example:

I think we really need to go back to the classics to re[ce]ive something from the deep thinkers. The economic crisis has deepened.

deep in thought/conversation Learner example:

My frustration was deepened by the fact that the day before I had written in the diary some
giving all of your attention to what you are thinking or talking about, and not
libellous remarks concerning my parents.
noticing anything else
Dictionary example:
I noticed that Ali and Ben were deep in conversation. defective /dɪˈfek.tɪv/

Learner example:
Word family:
He was deep in thought, chewing on something brown and rectangular.
Nouns: defect
throw sb in at the deep end Adjectives: defective

to make someone start a new and difficult job or activity without helping them or ADJECTIVE
preparing them for it not in good condition or not working correctly
Dictionary example: Dictionary example:
My first job was to organise a huge conference - they really threw me in at the deep end! defective goods
Learner example: Learner example:
Sometimes we can be thrown in at the deep end and have qualms about making a decision. The electric instal[l]ations are defective, some locks are broken, and the ceil[ing] leaks. Under
these conditions, it's no wonder the library has no visitors.

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 Learner example:
defence /dɪˈfents/
Anaemia, protein deficiency and vitamin deficiency [are] common problem[s] in vegetarians.
Word family:
Nouns: defence, defender
Verbs: defend definitive /dɪˈfɪn.ə.tɪv/
Adjectives: defensive
Word family:
NOUN Nouns: definition
Verbs: define
the defence
Adjectives: definite, definitive
the lawyers in a court who work in support of the person who is accused of a
Adverbs: definitely, indefinitely
crime
ADJECTIVE
Dictionary examples:
certain, clear, and not likely to change
He was cross-examined by the defence.
a defence lawyer Dictionary example:
a definitive answer
Learner example:
One good turn deserves another so Anne decided to influence somehow [the] counsel for the Learner example:
defence. I know many people who offer easy and definitive answers to every question.

defensive /dɪˈfent.sɪv/ defy /dɪˈfaɪ/

Word family:
VERB [T]
Nouns: defence, defender
Verbs: defend to refuse to obey someone or something
Adjectives: defensive
Dictionary example:
ADJECTIVE Some of these children openly defy their teachers.

quick to protect yourself from being criticized Learner example:

Jack was the only one, or the most conspic[u]ous of all, to defy him.
Dictionary example:
He's very defensive about his weight. defy belief/description/explanation, etc.
Learner example: to be impossible to believe/describe/explain, etc.
And because the traveller's own value system is challenged, he reacts in a defensive way.
Dictionary example:
His attitude defies belief.

Learner example:
deficiency /dɪˈfɪʃ.ən.si/
The horror of th[ose] endless days, when the whole family was as if in suspension not knowing the
final diagnosis, defies any description.
NOUN [C or U]

NOT ENOUGH

when you do not have enough of something

Dictionary example:
a vitamin deficiency

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 Learner example:
degree /dɪˈgriː/
For instance, two weeks ago I had to go to Kiev to work as a translator with a delegation at the
Ukrainian Central Bank.
NOUN

a/some degree of sth

delicate /ˈdel.ɪ.kət/
a small level or amount of something
Dictionary examples:
ADJECTIVE
There was some degree of truth in what she said.
The plan involves a degree of risk, but it is worth trying. ATTRACTIVE

Learner example: having a thin, attractive shape

Nevertheless, some degree of freedom is obviously necessary for [the] healthy development of a
Dictionary example:
young individual.
delicate hands

Learner example:

delegate Suddenly a shadow moved among the trees and a surprisingly beautiful and delicate woman
walked towards me.
Word family:
Nouns: delegate, delegation
Verbs: delegate demolish /dɪˈmɒl.ɪʃ/

VERB [I or T] /ˈdel.ɪ.geɪt/
to give someone else part of your work or some of your responsibilities VERB [T]

Dictionary example: PROVE WRONG

He needs to learn to delegate or he'll never get everything done. to show that an idea or argument is wrong
Learner example: Dictionary example:
Let me call him Mr. X. His success is based on various qualities of modern leadership: he He completely demolished my argument.
delegates as much responsibility as possible to subordinates and gives them all competence to
carry out their tasks.

demonstrate /ˈdem.ən.streɪt/

delegation /ˌdel.ɪˈgeɪ.ʃən/ Word family:

Nouns: demonstration
Word family: Verbs: demonstrate
Nouns: delegate, delegation
Verbs: delegate VERB

NOUN [C] EXPRESS

a group of people who have been chosen to represent a much larger group of [T] to express or show that you have a feeling, quality, or ability
people
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example: He has demonstrated a genuine interest in the project.
a delegation of Chinese officials
Learner example:
As a result, he does not allow himself to demonstrate any emotion apart from anger.

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 Learner example:
denial /dɪˈnaɪ.əl/
A picture depicts an image that allows us different feelings, depending on the moment and the
Word family: sensations we experienced while the picture was shot.
Nouns: denial
Verbs: deny
Adjectives: undeniable deposit /dɪˈpɒ.zɪt/
Adverbs: undeniably

NOUN [C or U] NOUN [C]

when you say that something is not true

SUBSTANCE

Dictionary example: a layer of a substance that has developed from a natural or chemical process
a denial of his guilt
Dictionary example:
Learner example: deposits of iron ore
Although everyone past forty claims to be reli[e]ved not to be twenty anymore, most of them miss
Learner example:
the excitement of the days when everything was less serious, when fun was [a] top priority and
When these foods are taken in excess quantities, the digestive system converts the bits that are
responsibilities lost somewhere close to denial.
useful to the body and the rest are stored as fat deposits in different parts of the body.

dependence /dɪˈpen.dənts/
depressed /dɪˈprest/
Word family:
Word family:
Nouns: independence, dependence
Nouns: depression
Verbs: depend
Adjectives: depressed, depressing
Adjectives: dependent, independent
Adverbs: independently ADJECTIVE

NOUN [U]
ECONOMY
when you need someone or something all the time in order to exist or continue A depressed country, area, or economy does not have enough jobs or business
Dictionary example: activity.
Our society needs to reduce its dependence on the car.
Dictionary example:
Learner example: an economically depressed area
The dependence on oil is a menace because oil reserves will disappear and because at this time
Learner example:
we have no other invention to replace it.
Our area is getting closer to a depressed area rather than a peaceful and nice one.

depict /dɪˈpɪkt/
depression /dɪˈpreʃ.ən/

VERB [T] Word family:

to represent someone or something in a picture or story Nouns: depression
Adjectives: depressed, depressing
Dictionary example:
The cartoon depicts the president as a vampire.

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NOUN [C or U] out of your depth
not having the knowledge, experience, or skills to deal with a particular subject or
ECONOMY
situation
a time when there is not much business activity
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example:
When they start talking about philosophy, I'm completely out of my depth.
The stock market crash marked the start of a severe depression.
Learner example:
Learner example:
It was my first day of school. What I can remember is that I really felt out of my depth: my parents
We are just coming out of a financial depression, and companies have had to lay off thousands of
were so happy that I couldn't succeed in telling them that I was terribly frightened and that [the
people.
only] thing that I wanted was my doll.

deprivation /ˌdep.rɪˈveɪ.ʃən/
derive /dɪˈraɪv/

Word family:
Nouns: deprivation VERB
Verbs: deprive
Adjectives: deprived derive comfort/pleasure, etc. from sth
to get a positive feeling or advantage from someone or something
NOUN [C or U]
Dictionary example:
the state of not having enough of something
I derive great pleasure from gardening.
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
sleep deprivation
Last but not least, it is a fact that people derive pleasure from being in a position to have the
Learner example: things they desire and can afford to buy.
Often it has been seen that children suffering from extreme deprivation in their childhood can
become deviant as they grow up.

descend /dɪˈsend/

depth /depθ/ Word family:

Nouns: descendant
Word family: Verbs: descend
Nouns: depth
VERB [I or T] FORMAL
Verbs: deepen
Adjectives: deep
be descended from sb/sth PHRASAL VERB
Adverbs: deeply
to be related to a person or creature that lived a long time ago
NOUN
Dictionary example:
AMOUNT Her father is descended from Greek royalty.

[U] how much someone knows or feels about something

Dictionary example: descendant /dɪˈsend.ənt/

She was amazed at the depth of his knowledge.
Word family:
Learner example:
Nouns: descendant
More and more people seem to take refuge in the depth of his philosophy now.
Verbs: descend

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NOUN [C] desperation /ˌdes.pəˈreɪ.ʃən/
someone who is related to someone who lived a long time ago
Word family:
Dictionary example: Nouns: despair, desperation
She is a descendant of Queen Victoria. Adjectives: desperate
Learner example: Adverbs: desperately
Someone born poor in the country will never have a chance to heighten his social status, and
NOUN [U]
generations later, his descendants will be poor as well.
the state of being desperate
Dictionary example:
desired /dɪˈzaɪəd/ I was overcome by a sense of desperation.

Learner example:
Word family:
Many are driven to desperation and turn to stealing to survive.
Nouns: desire
Verbs: desire
Adjectives: desirable, desired, undesirable
detached /dɪˈtætʃt/
ADJECTIVE

the desired effect/result/shape, etc. ADJECTIVE

the effect/result/shape, etc. that is wanted

NOT EMOTIONAL
Dictionary example: If someone is detached, they do not feel involved with someone or emotional
Her medicine seems to have had the desired effect.
about something.
Learner example:
Dictionary example:
The sentence had had the desired effect of calming down the clients.
As a nurse, I see some very distressing things, but I try to stay detached.

Learner example:
Whereas Olivia was very much attracted by and interested in India's mysteries, Douglas had a
desperate /ˈdes.p r.ət/ə

much more detached view of India.

Word family:
Nouns: despair, desperation
Adjectives: desperate deterrent /dɪˈter.ənt/
Adverbs: desperately

ADJECTIVE NOUN [C]

something that stops people doing something because they are afraid of what will
SERIOUS
happen if they do
A desperate situation is very serious or bad.
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example:
They've installed a security camera as a deterrent to thieves.
The economy is in a really desperate situation.
Learner example:
Learner example:
I also think that the assistance that the state provides acts as a deterrent in the sense that, in
In desperate situations one may even think that our only task in this world is to face and try to
Britain for example, the income support or family credit can actually be higher than what some
overcome everyday problems.
people can earn in a week of hard work: so, what is the point of working?

229 230
 detrimental /ˌdet.rɪˈmen.təl/ develop /dɪˈvel.əp/

Word family:
ADJECTIVE
Nouns: development, developer, redevelopment
harmful or damaging Verbs: develop, redevelop
Adjectives: developed, developing, underdeveloped, undeveloped
Dictionary example:
a detrimental effect VERB

Learner example:
HAPPEN
The truth is that the situation [in] which we now find ourselves due to the industrialisation of
countries has reached crisis point and will probably have a detrimental effect on the environment [I] to start to happen or exist
in the years to come. Dictionary example:
Further problems may develop if you do not deal with this now.

Learner example:
devastating /ˈdev.ə.steɪ.tɪŋ/
But it's not only financial problems which can develop as a result of more people living longer in a
society.
Word family:
Nouns: devastation
Adjectives: devastated, devastating
developer /dɪˈvel.ə.pər/
ADJECTIVE

Word family:
DESTROYING
Nouns: development, developer, redevelopment
causing a lot of damage or destruction Verbs: develop, redevelop
Adjectives: developed, developing, underdeveloped, undeveloped
Dictionary example:
The fire has had a devastating effect on the local wildlife. NOUN [C]

Learner example:
LAND
We are all aware of the devastating impact that factories have on the environment, not to mention
the cars whose numbers multipl[y] day-by-day. someone who buys land or buildings to improve them and sell them for more
money
Dictionary example:
devastation /ˌdev.əˈsteɪ.ʃən/ All the land was bought up by developers.

Word family: Learner example:

Nouns: devastation In some cities these days, a lot of building developers bought spaces above some shops to either
Adjectives: devastated, devastating develop [them] as a business or develop them as flats.

NOUN [U]

serious damage caused by a violent event development /dɪˈvel.əp.mənt/

Dictionary example:
Word family:
The tornado has already left a trail of devastation through four states from Nebraska to Missouri.
Nouns: development, developer, redevelopment
Learner example: Verbs: develop, redevelop
As you might know, this is one of the few green areas that has survived the devastation suffered Adjectives: developed, developing, underdeveloped, undeveloped
by our town during the past five years.

231 232
NOUN Dictionary example:
She devised a plan to make money.
START
Learner example:
[U] when something starts to happen or exist We need to devise an interactive internet language programme by reinforcing our computer
Dictionary example: facility and replenishing necessary items.
Smoking encourages the development of cancer.

Learner example:
diagnose /ˈdaɪ.əg.nəʊz/
The aims taken into account [i]n the establishment of the "Health fund" are varied and cover
different areas such as the education of the general public on the issues of health itself, [and] the
Word family:
threat posed by the development of cancer and Aids, etc.
Nouns: diagnosis
Verbs: diagnose

device /dɪˈvaɪs/ VERB [T]

to say what is wrong with someone who is ill

NOUN [C] Dictionary example:
She was diagnosed with/as having cancer last year.
leave someone to their own devices
Learner example:
to leave someone to do what they want to do
I wasn't prepared at all when my parents sat me down to tell me that my mother had been
Dictionary example: diagnosed with cancer.
With both parents out at work, the kids were often left to their own devices.

Learner example:
The moment teenagers leave school, they are left to their own devices. diagnosis /ˌdaɪ.əgˈnəʊ.sɪs/

Word family:
Nouns: diagnosis
devil /ˈdev. l/ ə
Verbs: diagnose

NOUN [C or U] (diagnoses)
NOUN [C]
when a doctor says what is wrong with someone who is ill
BADLY-BEHAVED PERSON
Dictionary example:
! INFORMAL someone who behaves badly
What's the diagnosis?
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
He's an absolute devil!
Lung cancer was the diagnosis.
Learner example:
It must be with my younger brother, that little devil, Diana thought, so she went to his room and
opened every drawer, but she could find nothing. dialect /ˈdaɪ.ə.lekt/

NOUN [C or U]
devise /dɪˈvaɪz/
a form of a language that people speak in a particular part of a country
Dictionary example:
VERB [T]
They're speaking a local dialect.
to design or invent something such as a system, plan, or piece of equipment

233 234
 Learner example: VERB [T]
Mrs Haefele, the owner and cook of this inn, serves the meals personally and if you are lucky, you
to cut food into small, square pieces
[may] understand a bit of her Swabian dialect.
Dictionary example:
diced onions

dialogue /ˈdaɪ.ə.lɒg/ Learner example:

There are trays of cut lettuce, leaf lettuce, cut tomato, diced tomato, all kinds of relishes, cheese
with bacon spread, barbecue, or whatever you like.
NOUN [C or U]

DISCUSSION

a formal discussion between countries or groups of people die /daɪ/

Dictionary example:
We need to enter into a dialogue with these people. VERB [I] (dying, died, died)

Learner example: die down PHRASAL VERB

The way I see it, history has proven that authority without dialogue leads to rebellion, and I do not
If something, especially noise or excitement, dies down, it gradually becomes less
see rebellion as a way to improvement, but as a symbol of failure.
loud or strong until it stops.
Dictionary example:
diarrhoea /ˌdaɪəˈrɪə/ She waited for the laughter to die down before she spoke.

Learner example:
NOUN [U] Even the best materials wouldn't be able to avoid the deafening noise which does not ever die
down.
an illness in which your solid waste is more liquid than usual, and comes out of
your body more often
Dictionary example: difference /ˈdɪf.ər.ənts/
She has got diarrhoea.
Word family:
Learner example:
Nouns: difference, indifference
He is completely different from Ralph; he is fat, has asthma, diarrhoea, and suffers from acute
Verbs: differ, differentiate
shortsight[e]dness.
Adjectives: different, indifferent
Adverbs: differently

dice /daɪs/ NOUN

DISAGREEMENT
NOUN [C] (dice)
[C] a disagreement or different opinion
a small object with six equal square sides, each with between one and six spots on
Dictionary example:
it, used in games
They must try to resolve their differences peacefully.
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
Roll the dice to see who starts the game.
Caroline and her husband had had an argument last week, but as he was going to be away for a
Learner example: few days, they had finally settled their differences.
The dice were rolling and my luck was [in].

235 236
 Learner example:
differentiate /ˌdɪf.ərˈen.ʃi.eɪt/
This includes a feeling of self satisfaction, happiness, honour, respect and dignity.
Word family:
beneath your dignity
Nouns: difference, indifference
If it is beneath your dignity to do something, you think you are too important or
Verbs: differ, differentiate
Adjectives: different, indifferent from too high a class to do it.
Adverbs: differently Dictionary example:
She felt that it was beneath her dignity to wear a name badge.
VERB

Learner example:
MAKE DIFFERENT
He thought it was beneath his dignity to talk about his master's decisions and ideas.
[T] to make someone or something different

Dictionary example:
We need to differentiate ourselves from the competition. dim /dɪm/

Learner example:
Consumerism is reflected through this need, leading to a non-stop purchasing of products and ADJECTIVE

services which will differentiate us from the mass.

NOT BRIGHT

not bright or clear

dignified /ˈdɪɡ.nɪ.faɪd/ Dictionary example:
He could hardly see her in the dim light.
Word family:
Nouns: dignity Learner example:
Adjectives: dignified As well as such drawbacks, the lighting is too dim to browse around and some light tubes are
permanently off.
ADJECTIVE
a dim memory/recollection, etc.
calm, serious, and behaving in a way that makes people respect you
when you can remember something slightly, but not very well
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example:
a quiet, dignified woman
I have a dim memory of meeting her at a party.
Learner example:
Learner example:
In the book "The remains of the day" we get to know the very dignified butler, Stevens, and his
I really regret having lost it for now I have only dim recollections of my past.
relationship with Miss Kenton.

VERB [I or T] (-mm-)
to become less bright, or to make something become less bright
dignity /ˈdɪg.nə.ti/
Dictionary example:
Word family: He dimmed the lights and turned up the music.
Nouns: dignity
Learner example:
Adjectives: dignified
The light was carefully dimmed by the waiter as they order[ed] their food: they both chose their
NOUN [U] special enchiladas.

calm and serious behaviour that makes people respect you

Dictionary example:
He behaved with great dignity and courage.

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 diplomacy /dɪˈpləʊ.mə.si/ diplomatically /ˌdɪp.ləˈmæt.ɪ.kli/

Word family: Word family:

Nouns: diplomat, diplomacy Nouns: diplomat, diplomacy
Adjectives: diplomatic Adjectives: diplomatic
Adverbs: diplomatically Adverbs: diplomatically

NOUN [U] ADVERB

in a way that deals well with people without upsetting them

COUNTRIES

dealing with the relationships between governments Dictionary example:

He phrased his question very diplomatically.
Dictionary example:
international diplomacy Learner example:
Even though this issue is usually settled diplomatically, there still remains [a] considerable amount
Learner example: of criticism to be faced.
I studied International Relations and Diplomacy.

PEOPLE

skill in dealing with people well and not upsetting them direction /daɪˈrek.ʃən/

Dictionary example: Word family:

She showed great tact and diplomacy in the meeting. Nouns: direction, directions, director
Verbs: direct
Learner example:
Adjectives: direct, indirect
And if a dispute ar[ose], he managed to solve it with great diplomacy and with the result that
Adverbs: directly, indirectly
nobody in the end felt offended.
NOUN

DEVELOPMENT
diplomatic /ˌdɪp.ləˈmæt.ɪk/
[C] the way that someone or something changes or develops
Word family:
Dictionary example:
Nouns: diplomat, diplomacy
Our careers have gone in very different directions.
Adjectives: diplomatic
Adverbs: diplomatically Learner example:
At school and at home young people are supposed to take responsibility for their actions and
ADJECTIVE
choose a direction for their life.

PEOPLE

good at dealing with people without upsetting them

disadvantage /ˌdɪs.ədˈvɑːn.tɪdʒ/
Dictionary example:
That's a very diplomatic answer. Word family:
Nouns: advantage, disadvantage
Learner example:
Adjectives: disadvantaged
We may have to be diplomatic and tactful, but we also must be honest and firm.
NOUN [C]

at a disadvantage
having problems that other people do not have

239 240
 Dictionary example: Learner example:
Being shy puts him at a disadvantage. Had not the memory of my friend Sherlock Holmes been spoilt by so many people since his death,
in 1917, I would never have disclosed the following events.
Learner example:
There would otherwise be no option for such children who would then be at a disadvantage and
possibly engage in destructive behaviour.
discomfort /dɪˈskʌm.fət/

Word family:
disc /dɪsk/
Nouns: comfort, discomfort
Verbs: comfort
NOUN [C] Adjectives: comfortable, uncomfortable, comforting
Adverbs: comfortably, uncomfortably
BACK
NOUN
a piece of cartilage between the bones in your back
Dictionary example: PAIN

a slipped disc [U] slight pain

Learner example: Dictionary example:

As a matter of fact, living off sports is rather precarious, as you cannot predict when, due to a You may feel some discomfort for a few days.
torn ligament or a slipped disc, you will be doomed to sink in[to] oblivion.
Learner example:
As we live longer, the natural weakening of our bodies causes us increasing discomfort and pain,
restricting our abilities.
discipline /ˈdɪs.ə.plɪn/
MENTAL FEELING

NOUN
[U] when you feel slightly embarrassed or anxious

Dictionary example:
KNOWLEDGE
I could see that the talk of divorce was causing her some discomfort.
[C] FORMAL a particular subject of study
Learner example:
Dictionary example: A feeling of discomfort is emerging in society, where the homeless feel upset and the rich feel
the scientific disciplines guilty for spending their money [o]n luxurious things.
Learner example:
Amongst the newly employed, people with a background in education score the highest with 79%,
almost 20% more than the other two disciplines. discourage /dɪˈskʌr.ɪdʒ/

Word family:
Nouns: encouragement
disclose /dɪsˈkləʊz/
Verbs: discourage, encourage
Adjectives: encouraging
VERB [T] FORMAL
VERB [T]
to give new or secret information to someone
PREVENT
Dictionary example:
He refused to disclose details of the report. to try to prevent something from happening
Dictionary example:
a campaign to discourage smoking

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 Learner example: Dictionary example:
The truth their argument holds is overshadowed by the deteriorating conditions of living in the Police dogs are very good at discriminating between different smells.
cities where frequent police patrols or stricter laws don't seem to discourage thefts.
Learner example:
Needless to say, it is essential to discriminate between the freedom of choice the child is given
and lack of control on the part of the youngster's parents; the latter, for obvious reasons, should
discreet /dɪˈskriːt/ be penalised and avoided at all costs.

Word family:
Nouns: discretion
disgrace /dɪsˈgreɪs/
Adjectives: discreet

ADJECTIVE
NOUN
careful not to cause embarrassment or attract too much attention
be a disgrace to sb/sth
Dictionary example:
to be so bad or unacceptable that you make people stop respecting a particular
Can I trust you to be discreet?
group, activity, etc.
Learner example:
Though he seems to keep an eye on us, he is very discreet and never impinges on our privacy. Dictionary example:
You are a disgrace to your profession.

Learner example:
discretion /dɪˈskreʃ.ən/ It's a disgrace to mankind!

Word family:
Nouns: discretion
disguise /dɪsˈgaɪz/
Adjectives: discreet

NOUN [U]
VERB [T]
when someone is careful not to cause embarrassment or attract too much
HIDE
attention, especially by keeping something secret
to hide something such as a feeling or opinion
Dictionary example:
You can rely on my discretion. Dictionary example:
She couldn't disguise her disappointment.
Learner example:
Don't you realise that Stevens is the personification of dignity and duty and discretion? Learner example:
She started as [a] secretary, carefully disguising her talent and energy, just to land the job.

discriminate /dɪˈskrɪm.ɪ.neɪt/
disgust /dɪsˈgʌst/
Word family:
Nouns: discrimination Word family:
Verbs: discriminate Nouns: disgust
Adjectives: disgusting, disgusted
VERB [I]
NOUN [U]
NOTICE
a very strong feeling of dislike or disapproval
to notice a difference between two things

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 Dictionary example:
disorder /dɪˈsɔː.dər/
She walked out in disgust.

Learner example: Word family:

But even real game lovers regularly express their disgust about the lack of interest with which Nouns: order, disorder
many heavily overpaid players hang around [o]n the field during a match.
NOUN

NOT ORGANIZED

disillusioned /ˌdɪs.ɪˈluː.ʒənd/ [U] when things are untidy or confused and not organized

Dictionary example:
ADJECTIVE His financial affairs are in complete disorder.
feeling disappointed because something is not as good as you thought it was
Learner example:
Dictionary example: My home might, [to] an outsider, give the feeling of complete disorder, not to say craziness, but I
She says she's disillusioned with the music business. can assure you that it was not true at all.

Learner example:
They were disappointed and disillusioned.
display /dɪˈspleɪ/

disloyal /ˌdɪˈslɔɪ.əl/ NOUN

Word family: a display of affection/anger, etc.

Nouns: loyalty when someone behaves in a way that shows they have a particular feeling or
Adjectives: loyal, disloyal attitude
ADJECTIVE Dictionary example:
not loyal or not supporting someone who you should support The politicians shook hands in a display of unity for the media.

Dictionary example: Learner example:

I don't want to be disloyal to my friend. That is the reason why Charles is annoyed by her occasional urgent displays of affection.

Learner example: VERB

These stories always have a happy ending: those who are faithful and reliable are rewarded but
FEELING
those who cause pain or are disloyal are punished.
[T] to show how you feel by your expression or behaviour

Dictionary example:
dismay /dɪˈsmeɪ/ He never displayed any interest in girls.

Learner example:
NOUN [U] The above feeling demonstrates about Okonkwo his constant anxiety to demonstrate - he and his
a feeling of unhappiness and disappointment son - constant manliness and [t]o not display any feeling of love, gentle[ne]ss and support even to
his own children.
Dictionary example:
To our dismay, it started raining.

Learner example:
Much to our dismay, we could not find either his mother or his father.

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 disposable /dɪˈspəʊ.zə.bl
̩/ disposition /ˌdɪs.pəˈzɪʃ.ən/

Word family:
NOUN [C]
Nouns: disposal
Verbs: dispose the type of character someone has
Adjectives: disposable
Dictionary example:
ADJECTIVE a cheerful/nervous disposition

intended to be used only once and then thrown away Learner example:
She is a really special girl with personal values and a really sweet disposition.
Dictionary example:
a disposable camera/razor

Learner example: dispute

One drawback is the usage of disposable knives, forks and plates, which shouldn't be used
nowadays. Word family:
Nouns: dispute
Verbs: dispute
disposable income /dɪˌspəʊ.zə.bl
̩ˈɪŋ.kʌm/ Adjectives: indisputable

NOUN [C or U] /ˈdɪ.spjuːt/
NOUN [C or U]
DISAGREEMENT
the amount of money that you have available to spend after tax, rent and other
a disagreement, especially one that lasts a long time
basic things that you must pay
Dictionary examples:
Dictionary example:
A man stabbed his neighbour in a dispute over noise.
Most of our customers have a large disposable income.
The unions are in dispute with management over pay.
Learner example:
Learner example:
It's true that people have more disposable income than ever, but surprisingly, people also have
In former times these territorial and religious disputes resulted in a decrease [in] population.
more debts.
beyond dispute
certain or certainly
disposed /dɪˈspəʊzd/
Dictionary examples:
Her skill is beyond dispute.
ADJECTIVE FORMAL He is beyond dispute the finest actor in Hollywood today.

be disposed to do sth Learner example:

to be willing or likely to do something It is beyond dispute that we owe a lot to the wise scientists who discovered 'electro-magnetism'.

Dictionary example: VERB [T] /dɪsˈpjuːt/

I tried to tell her but she didn't seem disposed to listen. to disagree with something someone says
Learner example: Dictionary example:
In my opinion, it is very important to make young children respect rules strictly, but, on the other I'm not disputing that the drug has benefits.
hand, I would always be disposed to explain the rules of society to my children as they grow
Learner example:
older.
Nobody disputes nowadays the importance of learning another language and the advantages that
this knowledge provides in adult life.

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 Learner example:
disqualify /dɪˈskwɒl.ɪ.faɪ/
Also, frequent conflicts in their family environment or complacenc[y] and indifference [towards]
Word family: their parents are severe enough reasons, which lead them to drug or alcohol abuse and disruptive
Nouns: qualification or even rebellious behaviour.
Verbs: qualify, disqualify
Adjectives: qualified, unqualified
dissolve /dɪˈzɒlv/
VERB [T]

to stop someone from being in a competition or doing some other activity because
VERB
they have done something wrong
BECOME LIQUID
Dictionary example:
She was disqualified from the race after a drugs test. [I or T] If a solid dissolves, it becomes part of a liquid, and if you dissolve it, you

Learner example: make it become part of a liquid.

Also a member wh[o] is not paying the contributions to the SOE club will be disqualified from it. Dictionary example:
Dissolve two teaspoons of yeast in warm water.

disrespectful /ˌdɪs.rɪˈspekt.fəl/
distant /ˈdɪs.tənt/
Word family:
Nouns: respect, disrespect Word family:
Verbs: respect Nouns: distance
Adjectives: respectable, respected, disrespectful, respectful Adjectives: distant
Adverbs: respectfully
ADJECTIVE
ADJECTIVE

being rude and not showing any respect RELATIVE

A distant relative is not very closely related to you.

Dictionary example:
Don't be disrespectful to your mother. Dictionary example:
a distant cousin
Learner example:
She really missed him despite his disrespectful behaviour. Learner example:
Sometimes it's difficult to welcome a distant cousin who we've never heard of before, even though
our mother remembers him perfectly.

disruptive /dɪsˈrʌp.tɪv/

Word family: distinct /dɪˈstɪŋkt/

Nouns: disruption
Verbs: disrupt Word family:
Adjectives: disruptive Nouns: distinction
Adjectives: distinct, distinctive
ADJECTIVE

causing problems that interrupt something and stop it continuing as it should ADJECTIVE

Dictionary example: HEAR/SEE

disruptive behaviour easy to hear, see, or smell

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 Dictionary example:
disturb /dɪˈstɜːb/
The voices gradually became louder and more distinct.

Learner example: Word family:

On these occasions it is quite possible to distinguish a distinct smell of kerosene. Nouns: disturbance
Verbs: disturb
Adjectives: disturbed, disturbing

distinction /dɪˈstɪŋk.ʃ n/ ə
VERB [T]

Word family: UPSET

Nouns: distinction to make someone feel anxious or upset
Adjectives: distinct, distinctive
Dictionary example:
NOUN Some scenes are violent and may disturb younger viewers.

QUALITY Learner example:

Listening to the radio yesterday whilst cleaning, I happened to hear a few statements made by
[U] a quality or fact that makes someone or something special or different
people my age concerning their attitude to work. What disturbed me, and made me stop cleaning
Dictionary examples: all together, was when one of them said, quote: "I want to earn lots of money - that's all I care
wines of distinction about," end quote.
He has the distinction of being the youngest player in the World Cup finals.

Learner example:
In the car park of one of those fiercely emerging companies, cars are not only a way of moving disturbance /dɪˈstɜː.bənts/
[around], but a sign of distinction.
Word family:
Nouns: disturbance
Verbs: disturb
distress /dɪˈstres/
Adjectives: disturbed, disturbing

Word family: NOUN

Nouns: distress
Adjectives: distressing, distressed FIGHTING

[C] when people fight or shout

NOUN [U]
Dictionary example:
DANGER
A man was shot during a disturbance in King Street.
when someone or something is in danger and needs help
Learner example:
Dictionary example: Social disturbances are also a result of unemployment.
a ship in distress

Learner example:
Let's start this process by helping and caring [for] the people in distress and providing them [with] disturbed /dɪˈstɜːbd/
what we can.
Word family:
Nouns: disturbance
Verbs: disturb
Adjectives: disturbed, disturbing

251 252
ADJECTIVE divert /daɪˈvɜːt/
not thinking or behaving normally because of mental or emotional problems
Dictionary example: VERB [T]
He is a very disturbed child.
CHANGE ROUTE
Learner example:
to send someone or something somewhere different from where they were
James tore at his neatly trimmed hair, revealing how disturbed he was.
expecting to go
Dictionary examples:
disturbing /dɪˈstɜː.bɪŋ/ The plane was diverted to Stansted because of engine trouble.
The police were diverting traffic away from the town.
Word family:
Learner example:
Nouns: disturbance
There are certainly easy solutions to this problem, e.g., the night traffic could be diverted to the
Verbs: disturb
airport in Vennes as there are no houses nearby.
Adjectives: disturbed, disturbing

ADJECTIVE

unpleasant in a way that makes people feel anxious or upset DNA /ˌdiː.enˈeɪ/

Dictionary example:
disturbing images NOUN [U]

ABBREVIATION FOR deoxyribonucleic acid; a chemical in the cells of living things which
Learner example:
Still, I find Edmund's character disturbing and I do not believe that his background alone could contains genetic information
have created such an evil human being. Dictionary example:
DNA evidence led to her arrest.

Learner example:
dive /daɪv/
In the end the DNA test showed that they weren't blood related and therefore they could get
married and have children without having the whole neighbourhood gossiping about them.
Word family:
Nouns: diver, diving
Verbs: dive
do /duː/
VERB [I]

Word family:
dive into sth PHRASAL VERB
Verbs: do, overdo
to start doing something suddenly and energetically, often without stopping to
think VERB (did, done)

Dictionary example: do the job

Unfortunately, I had dived into the discussion without being fully informed. If something does the job, it is suitable for a particular purpose.
Learner example: Dictionary example:
Firstly, it is possible for me to dive into a whole new world - personally, socially and Here, this knife should do the job.
professionally - without losing myself.
Learner example:
Allow them to bring home friends and therefore develop social skills. In my opinion, that should
do the job.

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 do sb/sth justice; do justice to sb/sth dominance /ˈdɒm.ɪ.nənts/
to show the best or real qualities of something or someone
Word family:
Dictionary example:
Nouns: dominance, domination
This postcard doesn't do justice to the wonderful scenery.
Verbs: dominate
Learner example: Adjectives: dominant, predominant
No words can do justice to the indignation that I feel. Adverbs: predominantly

can't/couldn't very well do sth NOUN [U]

used to say that something is not a suitable or practical thing to do power, influence, and control

Dictionary example: Dictionary example:

I couldn't very well tell her while he was there. the company's dominance in the software industry

Learner example: Learner example:

I couldn't very well tell her that without my diaries, I'd be lost and not know who I was. In conclusion, the choice of favourite leisure activities has undergone significant changes for 17 to
25 year olds in Europe over a 20 year period, with the new dominance of an emerging computer
make do (with) games-playing generation at the expense of outdoor activities.
to accept something that is less good than you would like
Dictionary example:
If we can't get a bigger room we'll have to make do with this. dominant /ˈdɒm.ɪ.nənt/

Learner example: Word family:

Very calmly, he said "I am not going to put up with this. You might say that I am being too Nouns: dominance, domination
emotional, overreacting, whatever. But I will not come back until my piano has been returned. And Verbs: dominate
let me make very clear that I will not make do with another instrument." Adjectives: dominant, predominant
Adverbs: predominantly
do the trick
If something does the trick, it solves a problem or has the result you want. ADJECTIVE

Dictionary example: STRONG

If I've got a headache, a couple of aspirins usually do the trick.
strongest and wanting to take control
Learner example:
Dictionary example:
Using aromatherapy oil and scented candles always did the trick when she wanted to relax.
a dominant older brother

Learner example:
dole /dəʊl/ He was a very dominant boy and I was afraid of him.

VERB
donor /ˈdəʊ.nər/
dole sth out PHRASAL VERB
Word family:
to give something, especially money, to several people or in large amounts
Nouns: donation, donor
Dictionary example: Verbs: donate
I've had to dole out nearly $500 this month.

Learner example:
But still, doling out money does not make the people that receive it happy.

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NOUN [C] door /dɔːr/

BLOOD/ORGANS

someone who gives some of their blood or part of their body to be used for NOUN [C]

medical purposes behind closed doors

Dictionary example: privately and not in public
She is a regular blood donor.
Dictionary example:
Learner example: Most of the deals were done behind closed doors.
In this group we can include responsible authorities, sympathetic doctors, organ donors, good
Learner example:
teachers and many other unknown people who devote their lives to a generous cause.
Decisions which affect the whole world are made behind closed doors and are top secret.
MONEY/GOODS

someone who gives money or goods to a person or organization that needs help
doorway /ˈdɔː.weɪ/
Dictionary example:
Ten thousand dollars was given by an anonymous donor.
NOUN [C]
Learner example:
an entrance to a building or room through a door
Private donors raised some funds to prevent the hospital from closure.
Dictionary example:
She waited in the doorway while I ran back inside.
doom /duːm/ Learner example:
They sleep in doorways and beg in the street.
NOUN [U]

death, destruction, and other unpleasant events that cannot be avoided

dot /dɒt/
Dictionary example:
a horrible sense of doom
NOUN
Learner example:
Men were not only humans but warriors who represented the army of immortals whose fate was to on the dot
defend the Earth from the evil spirits of doom. at that exact time
doom and gloom Dictionary example:
unhappiness and feeling no hope for the future We have to leave at 7.30 on the dot.

Dictionary example: Learner example:

Life's not all doom and gloom, you know. He gave him an address and told him to be there at six on the dot.

Learner example:
To sum up, experts can stop their doom and gloom statements about our uncertain future and
the possible global crisis. doubt /daʊt/

Word family:
Nouns: doubt
Verbs: doubt
Adjectives: doubtful, undoubted
Adverbs: undoubtedly

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NOUN [C or U] Dictionary example:
If you leave the course now, all your hard work will go down the drain.
cast doubt on sth
Learner example:
to make something seem uncertain
All those evening conversations and the investment of 100,000 yen went down the drain, I
Dictionary example: thought.
Witnesses have cast doubt on the suspect's innocence.
ADJECTIVE
Learner example:
Wars lead to suffering, tears and [the] death of many people.They cast doubt on our humanity and down and out
values, especially in countries where the right to live is the princip[al] one. having no money, no luck and no opportunities

beyond/without a/the shadow of a doubt Dictionary example:

If something is true beyond a shadow of a doubt, it is certainly true. Nobody loves you when you're down and out.

Learner example:
Dictionary example:
The neglect of social security as a vital point in state policies leaves homeless people down and
He stole the money, without a shadow of a doubt.
out, with little chance for improving their bleak prospects.
Learner example:
It is beyond the shadow of a doubt that Douglas does not offer her this kind of life. be down in the dumps INFORMAL

to be unhappy
Dictionary example:
down /daʊn/ He looks a bit down in the dumps.

Learner example:
ADVERB She felt happy when I was down in the dumps or in a fix and kept on being jealous of me
concerning trivial matters.
be down to sb
to be someone's responsibility or decision
Dictionary example: downhill /ˌdaʊnˈhɪl/
I've done all I can now, the rest is down to you.

Learner example: ADVERB

It is down to us to prevent homelessness.
TOWARDS BOTTOM
down under
towards the bottom of a hill or slope
Australia, or in Australia
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example: It's so much easier cycling downhill.
She was born in Scotland, but she's been living down under for 22 years.
Learner example:
Learner example: Skiing downhill in deep snow is the most rewarding experience.
Last year a good friend of mine and I went to Australia. After a couple of days of doing some
sightseeing and sunbathing on bea[u]tiful sandy beaches, we decided that we need[ed] to get go downhill
something more out of our stay down under. to gradually become worse

PREPOSITION Dictionary example:

After his wife died, his health started to go downhill.
down the drain INFORMAL
Learner example:
If money or work goes down the drain, it is wasted.
He had been going downhill in the last few days and so his death came as no surprise.

259 260
 downward /ˈdaʊn.wəd/ drain /dreɪn/

ADJECTIVE VERB

a downward spiral REMOVE LIQUID

a situation which is getting worse very quickly, and which is difficult to control [T] to remove the liquid from something, usually by pouring it away or allowing it

Dictionary example: to flow away

After his death, the family went into a downward spiral. Dictionary examples:
Learner example: Drain the pasta and add the sauce.
Unemployment is one of the major problems of our society. It is the first step of a downward We drained the pond and filled it with fresh water.
spiral. Learner example:
Peter the Great ordered the swampy lands to be drained.

FLOW AWAY
drag /dræg/
[I] If something drains, liquid flows away or out of it.

VERB (-gg-) Dictionary example:

Don't bother drying the pans - just leave them to drain.
drag sb along/out/to, etc.
Learner example:
to make someone go somewhere they do not want to go
The sink doesn't drain, which is a major problem for me.
Dictionary examples:
REDUCE
She dragged me to the shops to look at shoes.
I have to drag myself out of bed every morning. [I or T] to reduce or cause something to reduce

Learner example: Dictionary example:

When she first saw him, speaking his radical views at some sort of political meeting she had been The long war had drained the resources of both countries.
dragged along to by a friend, she was at first scared but later enchanted.
Learner example:
TIME These people drain government funds that can be used to deal with unemployment.

[I] to continue for too much time in a boring way MAKE TIRED

Dictionary examples: [T] to make someone very tired

The afternoon really seemed to drag.
Dictionary example:
The negotiations dragged on for months.
The long journey drained him.
Learner example:
Learner example:
The afternoon dragged on interminably, and I suddenly felt like going out.
Especially when you've had a hard day at work, when the constant high temperature drains the
energy from you, or when you're not feeling well because of any other reason, you need that
comforting phone call from your best friend more than ever.

NOUN [C]

FOR WATER

a pipe or hole that takes away waste liquids or water

Dictionary example:
She poured the dirty water down the drain.

261 262
 Learner example: draw a comparison/distinction
I wish to put forward some ideas, which I think can help: checking the area and surroundings, to say that there is a similarity or difference between two things
making sure there is no garbage lying around; cleaning the fallen leaves etc. from the drains.
Dictionary example:
a drain on sth We need to draw a distinction between criticism and insults.
something that uses or wastes a lot of money or energy
Learner example:
Dictionary example: A country sh[ould] not be visited only to enable the tourist to draw a comparison between his
Keeping these people in prison is a huge drain on government finances. country and the foreign one.

Learner example: draw the line (at sth)

This need results in an ever-increasing drain on [the] country's resources. If someone says they know where to draw the line, they are talking about knowing
down the drain INFORMAL at what point an activity or situation becomes unacceptable because it is wrong or
If money or work goes down the drain, it is wasted. too extreme

Dictionary example: Dictionary example:

If you leave the course now, all your hard work will go down the drain. I swear a lot but even I draw the line at certain words.

Learner example: Learner example:

All those evening conversations and the investment of 100,000 yen went down the drain, I A mistake is a mistake, people say. But in my opinion rape is not the same as shoplifting. So
thought. where do you draw the line?

draw /drɔː/ dread /dred/

Word family: Word family:

Nouns: drawing Verbs: dread
Verbs: draw Adjectives: dreadful

VERB (drew, drawn) VERB [T]

to feel worried or frightened about something that has not happened yet
draw sth/sb across/back/over, etc.
to pull something or someone gently in a particular direction Dictionary examples:
I'm dreading the first day at my new school.
Dictionary example: I dread seeing him again.
He took her hand and drew her towards him.
Learner example:
Learner example: You could go through life regretting the past and dreading the future, and become a grump[y] old
As she drew me into the house she would tell me a story about Dari's absence and [the] newly- man, or you could take it all as it comes, and enjoy every single moment.
born puppies of Dari's, almost whispering into my ears as my eyes welled up with tears.
I dread to think
draw to a close/end
used to say that you do not want to think about something because it is too
to be almost finished
worrying
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example:
At last the concert drew to a close.
I dread to think what could have happened if we hadn't been wearing seat belts.
Learner example:
Learner example:
As the dinner drew to an end, our weariness became all too clear.
I dread to think what has happened to it since the day my younger brother left it in a park.

263 264
 Dictionary example:
dream /driːm/
He drifted into acting after university.

Learner example:
NOUN [C]
But once Stevens had noticed their working relationship was slowly drifting into a kind of love
beyond your wildest dreams affair, he proposed to stop these evening meetings on account of their being not useful in a
bigger or better than anything you could imagine or hope for professional sense any more.

Dictionary example:
The house was beyond my wildest dreams.
drive /draɪv/
Learner example:
[It] was beyond my wildest dreams. Word family:
Nouns: drive, driver
not/never in your wildest dreams Verbs: drive
used to say that something is better than anything you could imagine or hope for
VERB (drove, driven)
Dictionary example:
Never in my wildest dreams had I thought I would be offered a starring role in Hollywood. MAKE WORK

Learner example: [T] to provide the power or energy that makes someone or something work

Not even in my wildest dreams could I have imagined that finding a diary was to have such Dictionary example:
fortunate consequences for me. She was driven by greed and ambition.

VERB [I or T] (dreamed or dreamt, dreamed or dreamt) Learner example:

On the other hand, we are reassured by large international corporations that everything is under
wouldn't dream of doing sth control, but it is common knowledge that these capitalistic monsters are [so] driven by greed for
used to say that you would not do something because you think it is wrong or silly money and power that they would say anything to calm down the public.

Dictionary example:
I wouldn't dream of asking him for money.
drop /drɒp/
Learner example:
Many people wouldn't dream of spending hours in a kitchen preparing a complex meal.
VERB (-pp-)

drop it/the subject

drift /drɪft/
to stop talking about something, especially because it is annoying or upsetting
someone
VERB [I]
Dictionary example:
drift across/down/towards, etc. I don't want to talk about it any more - let's drop the subject.
to be moved slowly somewhere by currents of wind or water
drop dead
Dictionary example: INFORMAL to die very suddenly
Smoke drifted across the rooftops.
Dictionary example:
Learner example: He just dropped dead in the middle of the show.
As the clouds drifted past it, the light slowly returned.
Learner example:
SITUATION We can enjoy our longer lives because we don't have to work until we drop dead.
to get into a situation or job without having any particular plan

265 266
NOUN Dictionary example:
His writing is always so dry and dull.
a drop in the ocean
Learner example:
a very small amount compared to the amount needed
Facts and dates are dry and empty if teachers are not able to bring them to life.
Dictionary example:
VERB [I or T]
My letter of protest was just a drop in the ocean.

Learner example: dry up PHRASAL VERB

Naturally it is a drop in the ocean, but we can hope that the others will imitate our behaviour. If a supply of something dries up, it ends.
Dictionary example:
The work dried up and he went out of business.
drought /draʊt/
Learner example:
Nevertheless we must consider that a society with many [people] over sixty has its problems, such
NOUN [C or U] as retirement funds which [have] dried up.
a long period when there is no rain and people do not have enough water
Dictionary example:
A severe drought ruined the crops. dubious /ˈdjuː.bi.əs/

Learner example:
We have wars, revolutions, political unrest, famine, drought, pollution, etc. Some of our problems ADJECTIVE

are difficult to solve.

NOT TRUE

thought not to be completely true, honest, or legal

drown /draʊn/ Dictionary examples:
dubious evidence
a man with a dubious reputation
VERB
Learner example:
COVER He was blackmailed, his children were twice kidnapped and his wife was badly injured in
If a loud noise drowns the sound of something else, it prevents that sound from mysterious and dubious circumstances.
being heard.
DOUBTING
Dictionary example: not certain that something is good or true
His voice was drowned out by the traffic.
Dictionary example:
Learner example: He's dubious about the benefits of acupuncture.
It is furthermore impossible to listen to music as it is drowned by the noise.
Learner example:
As far as entertainers are concerned, I am rather dubious about their contribution to a better
world.
dry /draɪ/

ADJECTIVE (drier, driest or dryer, dryest)

BORING

If a book, talk, or subject is dry, it is not interesting.

267 268
 duck /dʌk/ dump /dʌmp/

NOUN [C] VERB

be (like) water off a duck's back dump sth on/in/down, etc.

If criticisms, insults, etc. are like water off a duck's back to you, they do not affect to put something somewhere quickly and carelessly
you at all. Dictionary example:
Dictionary example: Henri dumped his bag on the table and went upstairs.
She calls him lazy and useless, but it's like water off a duck's back. Learner example:
Learner example: Annabel dumped her school bag on the floor and threw herself onto her bed.
The main lesson I have learned is by looking at some people who have lived alone for most of
END RELATIONSHIP
their life and faced with neither contradiction nor argument, they stay in their ivory tower, so sure
of their opinions that whatever you say is like water off a duck's back. INFORMAL to suddenly end a romantic relationship
Dictionary example:
If he's so awful, why don't you just dump him?
due /djuː/
Learner example:
I had just been dumped by a guy I thought I was in love with.
ADJECTIVE
NOUN [C] (ALSO UK tip)
DESERVE
UNTIDY PLACE
Something that is due to you is something that is owed to you or something you
INFORMAL a place that is dirty and untidy
deserve.
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example:
His room is a dump.
He didn't get the praise and recognition that was due to him.
be down in the dumps INFORMAL
Learner example:
Slowly she walked into the living room, knowing that a big apology was due [to her]. to be unhappy
Dictionary example:
BEHAVIOUR
He looks a bit down in the dumps.
[ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] FORMAL correct and suitable
Learner example:
Dictionary example: She felt happy when I was down in the dumps or in a fix and kept on being jealous of me
He was fined for driving without due care and attention. concerning trivial matters.
Learner example:
However, we should take due care not to make wrong assumptions and be prejudicial to others as
a consequence. dynamic /daɪˈnæm.ɪk/

ADJECTIVE

CHANGING

continuously changing or moving

Dictionary example:
a dynamic economy

269 270
Learner example:
Consequently, the country has a less dynamic economy.

ear /ɪər/

NOUN [C]

play sth by ear

to play a piece of music by remembering the notes
Dictionary example:
She plays all the songs by ear.

Learner example:
As the years went by, she found it hard to cope with her slow headway in classical piano and her
endlessly unfinished songs played by ear.

play it by ear
to decide how to deal with a situation as it develops
Dictionary example:
I'm not sure what to tell Dad - I'll just have to play it by ear.

Learner example:
On the way to Cambridge, I had made up my mind to play it by ear.

fall on deaf ears

If advice or a request falls on deaf ears, people ignore it.
Dictionary example:
Our pleas for help fell on deaf ears.

Learner example:
His cry for help and for a more meaningful relationship between himself and Mildred invariably
fell on deaf ears.

early /ˈɜː.li/ (earlier, earliest)

ADJECTIVE

early on
in the first stage or part of something
Dictionary example:
I lost interest quite early on in the book.

271 272
 Learner example:
easily /ˈiː.zɪ.li/
What luck that I found such a yardstick early on in my childhood.
Word family:
at the earliest
Nouns: ease
used after a time or date to show that something will not happen before then
Adjectives: easy, uneasy
Dictionary example: Adverbs: easily, easy
Building will not begin until July at the earliest.
ADVERB

easily the best/worst/biggest, etc.

earn /ɜːn/ certainly the best/worst/biggest, etc.

Word family: Dictionary example:

Nouns: earnings It was easily the biggest dog I have ever seen.
Verbs: earn Learner example:
In conclusion, the percentage of newly employed make up easily the biggest proportion of UK
VERB
university students [that] graduated in 2001.
DESERVE

[T] to get something that you deserve because of your work, qualities, etc.
eccentric /ɪkˈsen.trɪk/
Dictionary example:
As a teacher you have to earn the respect of your students.
ADJECTIVE
Learner example:
behaving in a strange and unusual way
Okonkwu was totally different. He was very disciplined and focussed. [...] He wanted to earn the
respect of his society. Dictionary examples:
an eccentric professor
eccentric behaviour
ease /iːz/ Learner example:
Celebrities become eccentric to the point of godlike insanity.
Word family:
Nouns: ease
Adjectives: easy, uneasy
Adverbs: easily, easy echo /ˈe.kəʊ/

NOUN [U]
VERB (echoing, echoed)
ill at ease
SOUND
not relaxed and feeling anxious
[I] If a sound echoes, or a place echoes with a sound, you hear the sound again
Dictionary example:
because you are in a large, empty space.
I always felt very ill at ease in his company.
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
Their voices echoed around the room.
I was a bit annoyed, or rather, ill at ease at first; but his kindness soon made me feel relaxed in
his company. Learner example:
Our cheer of delight united with the neighing of the horses and the din of the hens still echoes in
my ears.

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 REPEAT educated /ˈed.jʊ.keɪ.tɪd/
[T] to repeat something that someone else has said because you agree with it or to
Word family:
express similar ideas or feelings to someone else
Nouns: education
Dictionary examples: Verbs: educate
This report echoes some of the earlier research I've read. Adjectives: educated, educational
Her feelings are echoed by other parents in the same situation.
ADJECTIVE
Learner example:
I find myself echoing many of the points you have raised. an educated guess
a guess that is probably correct because you have enough knowledge about
NOUN [C] (echoes)
something
SOUND
Dictionary example:
a sound that you hear more than once because you are in a big, empty space I know you don't have the exact figures with you, but make an educated guess.

Dictionary example: Learner example:

I could hear the echo of the bell. If we make an educated guess, we will probably suppose that this tendency will continue [for] the

Learner example: next few years and that there will be a time when we won't be able to do anything without

You can always hear the echo of a bell. medicines.

edge /edʒ/ effect /ɪˈfekt/

Word family:
NOUN [C] Nouns: effect, effectiveness
Adjectives: effective
have the edge on/over sb/sth Adverbs: effectively
to be slightly better than someone or something else
NOUN
Dictionary example:
When it comes to food, I think France still has the edge over most countries. in effect
Learner example:
used to say what the real situation is
The majority of people tend to believe that those who live in big cities have the edge over the Dictionary example:
others. This means, in effect, that the plan has been scrapped.

be on edge Learner example:

to be nervous or worried However, if the government increases the amount of money they pay to the unemployed, that in
effect means higher taxes for the citizens which will cause strikes and various other problems.
Dictionary example:
Sorry for shouting - I'm a bit on edge today. come/go into effect
Learner example:
to start being used
I was consequently on edge all the time and was not able to have fun as much as the others did. Dictionary example:
New food safety rules come into effect on Monday.

Learner example:
For a case in point consider London - ask any Londoner who lived in this city before this ban came
into effect.

275 276
 effectively /ɪˈfek.tɪv.li/ elaborate /ɪˈlæb.ə.rət/

Word family:
ADJECTIVE
Nouns: effect, effectiveness
Adjectives: effective complicated, detailed, or made carefully from many parts
Adverbs: effectively
Dictionary examples:
ADVERB an elaborate system/scheme
an elaborate design
REALLY
Learner example:
used when you describe what the real result of a situation is A nurse was standing nearby, adjusting an intravenous vial suspended by an elaborate array of
Dictionary example: tubes.
His illness effectively ended his career.

Learner example:
elapse /ɪˈlæps/
We have to remember that the Spanish language is becoming increasingly important, especially in
countries like [the] US, where it is effectively THE second language of communication.
VERB [I] FORMAL

If time elapses, it passes.

effort /ˈef.ət/
Dictionary example:
Two years have elapsed since the attack.
NOUN
Learner example:
be an effort Two weeks elapsed and, not receiving any message from the music shop, I had to confess to my
mother my new expenses, because I was starting my classes and the postman could arrive at any
to be difficult, tiring or boring to do
moment.
Dictionary examples:
After his accident, walking was an effort.
Sometimes, just getting out of bed in the morning is an effort.
elated /ɪˈleɪ.tɪd/
Learner example:
It was a bit of an effort but actually such a small thing for him to do.
ADJECTIVE

extremely happy and excited

egg /eg/ Dictionary example:

We were elated by/at the news.

NOUN Learner example:

When the show was over and I staggered from the scene I found myself in some kind of rose-
a nest egg tinted daze, elated by the sheer joy that, at least for me, only music can bring.
a sum of money that has been saved or kept for a specific purpose
Dictionary example:
She used her nest egg to buy a really good piano.

Learner example:
She was the only heir of a rich family and her husband, who died ten years ago, le[f]t her a
sizeable nest egg.

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 elder /ˈel.dər/ elimination /ɪˌlɪm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/

Word family:
NOUN
Nouns: elimination
Verbs: eliminate
your elders
people older than you NOUN [U]

Dictionary example: when you eliminate someone or something

I was taught to respect my elders.
Dictionary examples:
Learner example: the elimination of disease/pain
Little can our elders do to enlighten us if they are chained to a machine to keep on breathing. their elimination from the competition

Learner example:
Investments, education, birth control, political stability, jobs - all of these factors will contribute
electric /ɪˈlek.trɪk/ to [the] elimination of homelessness.

Word family:
Nouns: electrician, electricity
else /els/
Adjectives: electric, electrical

ADJECTIVE
ADVERB

EXCITING
or else
full of excitement and emotion used to compare two different things or situations
Dictionary example: Dictionary example:
The atmosphere backstage was electric. He talks to her all the time, or else he completely ignores her.

Learner example:
Naturally Olivia's leaving affects Douglas, though not as strongly as one could have expected or
element /ˈel.ɪ.mənt/
else he simply does not show it.

NOUN [C]

elusive /ɪˈluː.sɪv/
an element of sth
a small amount of an emotion or quality
ADJECTIVE
Dictionary example:
difficult to describe, find, achieve, or remember
There's an element of truth in what she says.
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
The answers to these questions remain as elusive as ever.
I think the reason why I loved Marseille so much was because it brought an element of insecurity
and danger into my life. Learner example:
Nowadays, the picture of a clean environment seems to be an elusive goal moving ever further
from us.

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 Dictionary example:
embarrass /ɪmˈbær.əs/
a passionate embrace
Word family: Learner example:
Nouns: embarrassment He took the baby home, nevertheless, and tried to learn how to deal with that quiet, funny-faced
Verbs: embarrass girl, who didn't seem to ask for anything but kisses and embraces.
Adjectives: embarrassed, embarrassing

VERB [T]

to make someone feel ashamed or shy eminent /ˈem.ɪ.nənt/

Dictionary example:
ADJECTIVE
My dad's always embarrassing me in front of my friends.
famous, respected, or important
Learner example:
He didn't deliberately l[i]e to them and he comes to the conclusion that revealing the truth would Dictionary example:
have embarrassed them. an eminent historian

Learner example:
Last year I was awarded a trip abroad with one of the most eminent professors of our University.
embody /ɪmˈbɒd.i/

VERB [T] emit /ɪˈmɪt/

to represent an idea or quality exactly
Word family:
Dictionary example: Nouns: emission
He embodies the values of hard work and fair play. Verbs: emit

Learner example: VERB [T] (emitting, emitted)

The triffids, an aggressive and dangerous species, a serious threat to the existence of mankind,
to send out gas, heat, light, etc. into the air
embody the author's fear of what could be the result of genetic mutation.
Dictionary example:
The machine emits a high-pitched sound when you press the button.

embrace /ɪmˈbreɪs/ Learner example:

All the vehicles and factories emit fumes, which cause grave diseases such as cancer.

VERB

HOLD empathy /ˈem.pə.θi/

If you embrace someone, you put your arms around them, and if two people
embrace, they put their arms around each other. NOUN [U]

Dictionary example: the ability to imagine what it must be like to be in someone's situation
She embraced him warmly.
Dictionary example:
Learner example: He lacks empathy.
Prior to this fulfilling statement, the elderly couple had been sitting in their GP's waiting room,
Learner example:
nervously embracing each other.
I developed my intercultural skills by joining forces with foreign vice presidents to solve common
NOUN [C] problems and thus acquired skills such as empathy with other cultures, commitment to a common
goal and tolerance.
when you put your arms around someone

281 282
 empirical /ɪmˈpɪr.ɪ.kəl/ to/till/until the bitter end
If you do something to/till/until the bitter end, you continue it until it is finished,
ADJECTIVE FORMAL
although it is difficult and takes a long time.

based on experience or scientific experiments and not only on ideas Dictionary example:
I was determined to go on until the bitter end.
Dictionary example:
empirical evidence Learner example:
We are willing to talk and find alternatives to the situation, but we are also ready to fight till the
Learner example:
bitter end to stand for our rights.
Nevertheless, empirical evidence confirms the importance of food in a country's culture.
odds and ends
INFORMAL a group of small objects of different types which are not valuable or
end /end/ important

Word family: Dictionary example:

Nouns: end, ending I use this box to keep odds and ends in.
Verbs: end
a means to an end
Adjectives: endless
something that you do because it will help you to achieve something else
NOUN
Dictionary example:
not be the end of the world I didn't particularly like the job - it was just a means to an end.

If something is not the end of the world, it will not cause very serious problems. Learner example:
Major international sports competitions can either be understood as a means to an end or an end
Dictionary example:
in their own right.
It won't be the end of the world if I don't get the job.
the tail end of sth
be at/reach the end of your tether
the last part of something
to be so tired, annoyed, or worried by something that you do not feel that you can
deal with it Dictionary example:
the tail end of the eighties
Dictionary example:
By the time the plumber arrived, I was at the end of my tether. Learner example:
Both Olivia's and the narrator's stories show India at crucial times of its history: at the tail end of
Learner example:
the "Raj" and at the [initial] stage of a modern and independent country.
But when eventually Charles reaches the end of his tether and opts for the final solution, thus
becoming for ever free, I think he is also subconsciously telling his mother: -"This is how I punish
you for what you did to me and for what you allowed others to do to me: you shall have to live
with my death for the rest of your life!" endeavour /ɪnˈdev.ər/

throw sb in at the deep end

NOUN [C or U]
to make someone start a new and difficult job or activity without helping them or
an attempt to do something
preparing them for it
Dictionary examples:
Dictionary example:
In spite of our best endeavours, it has proven impossible to contact her.
My first job was to organise a huge conference - they really threw me in at the deep end!
Getting to the South Pole was an amazing example of human endeavour.
Learner example:
Learner example:
Sometimes we can be thrown in at the deep end and have qualms about making a decision.
No endeavour seems to be too great for him to achieve, no hurdle too high to overcome.

283 284
 endorse /ɪnˈdɔːs/ engage /ɪnˈgeɪdʒ/

VERB [T] FORMAL VERB [T] FORMAL

to say publicly that you support a person, product or action

engage in sth PHRASAL VERB
Dictionary example: to take part in something
The idea was endorsed by a majority of members.
Dictionary example:
Learner example: The two sides have agreed to engage in talks.
There is a dichotomy arising: on the one hand, they have an effect on the personal and national
level, whilst on the other, an impressive profit-making enterprise has been built, mainly in the Learner example:
media and the area of sportswear endorsed by sports heroes. Quite to the contrary, advocates and opponents of these happenings have engaged in a hot
debate concerning their "true" value.

endow /ɪnˈdaʊ/
engrossed /ɪnˈgrəʊst/

VERB [T] FORMAL

ADJECTIVE
be endowed with sth giving all your attention to something
to have a particular quality or characteristic
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example: He was so engrossed in what he was doing that he didn't hear the bell.
The country is richly endowed with natural resources.
Learner example:
Learner example: Youngsters these days are so engrossed in their studies that they do not have much free time to
That some people should have been lucky enough to have been endowed with the talent to write enjoy themselves or make use of the above ways of entertainment.
such music, and that some others should have had the gift of voices to sing it, truly leaves me
very humble.

enjoy /ɪnˈdʒɔɪ/

endurance /ɪnˈdjʊə.rənts/ Word family:

Nouns: enjoyment
Word family: Verbs: enjoy
Nouns: endurance Adjectives: enjoyable
Verbs: endure
VERB [T]
NOUN [U]
GOOD SITUATION
the ability to keep doing something difficult, unpleasant, or painful for a long time
FORMAL to have or experience something good such as success
Dictionary example:
a race to test athletes' endurance Dictionary example:
His play enjoyed great success on Broadway.
Learner example:
What's more, athletes need endurance. Learner example:
Before they can enjoy the flowers of success they have [to] endure [the] unbearable bitterness of
failure.

285 286
 enough /ɪˈnʌf/ entity /ˈen.tɪ.ti/

ADVERB NOUN [C]

something which exists apart from other things

sure enough
as expected Dictionary example:
They want the area recognized as a separate political entity.
Dictionary example:
He said the book was on his desk, and sure enough, there it was. Learner example:
Even if these qualities are also quite useful in team sports, where the whole team works as an
Learner example:
entity, a spirit of co-operation and teamwork is also needed in order to achieve the effective
And sure enough, these challenging problems come unsolicited most of the time.
coexistence of all the players of the team.

enquiry (UK ALSO inquiry) /ɪnˈkwaɪə.ri/ entrance /ˈen.trənts/

Word family: Word family:

Nouns: enquiry Nouns: entrance, entry
Verbs: enquire Verbs: enter

NOUN NOUN

OFFICIAL PROCESS COMING IN

[C] an official process to discover the facts about something bad that has happened [C] when someone comes into or goes into a place, especially in a way that makes

Dictionary example: people notice them

The hospital is holding an enquiry into the accident.
Dictionary example:
The whole room went quiet when he made his entrance.

Learner example:
enterprise /ˈen.tə.praɪz/
Or, you could imagine yourself prancing about in your Ferrari, Lotus, Lamborg[h]ini, basic
limousine, whatever, in the heart of the town, going to a party where everybody who is anybody is
NOUN there, and the means of transportation would be by helicopter or by boat, to avoid traffic and, at
the same time, to make an outstanding entrance.
PLAN

[C] a difficult and important plan

Dictionary example: envy /ˈen.vi/

Putting on the concert will be a joint enterprise between the two schools.

Learner example: NOUN [U]

She succeeded in whatever enterprises she undertook all [through] her life and even the death of
be the envy of sb
her husband did not prevent her from carrying on.
to be liked and wanted by someone
Dictionary example:
Her new office was the envy of the whole company.

Learner example:
I enjoy being the envy of my friends as I take it out of its case and show it off.

287 288
 (be) green with envy VERB

to wish very much that you had something that another person has
REMOVE
Dictionary example: [I or T] If soil, stone, etc. erodes or is eroded, it is gradually damaged and removed
Sam's got a job in the south of France and we're all green with envy!
by the sea, rain, or wind.
Learner example:
Dictionary example:
The more successful players' salary makes the others green with envy.
The coastline is slowly being eroded by the sea.

Learner example:
equate /ɪˈkweɪt/ The areas of Sayago - in the Spanish province of Zamora - and Tras-os-Montes, in Portugal, are
joined by a natural border: the river Duero and the rocky canyon that has been eroded for millions
Word family: of years by the action of the water.
Nouns: equation
DESTROY
Verbs: equate
[T] FORMAL to gradually destroy a good quality or situation
VERB [T]
Dictionary example:
to consider one thing to be the same as or equal to another thing
Reports of corruption have eroded people's confidence in the police.
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
Many people equate wealth with happiness.
Competition can erode a child's confidence.
Learner example:
Because we live in a capitalist world where the notions of good life and happiness are largely, if
not solely, equated with material prosperity, to achieve them requires the above listed qualities. erosion /ɪˈrəʊ.ʒən/

Word family:
eradicate /ɪˈræd.ɪ.keɪt/ Nouns: erosion
Verbs: erode

VERB [T] FORMAL NOUN [U]

to destroy or completely get rid of something such as a social problem or a

NEGATIVE EFFECT
disease
when a good quality or situation is gradually destroyed
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example:
The government claims to be doing all it can to eradicate corruption.
There has been a gradual erosion of confidence in the government.
Learner example:
Learner example:
Homelessness is not going to be eradicated unless we acknowledge that it is not anything else but
For one [thing], shopping can cause an erosion in family values. Children now tend to give more
a symptom of the imperfection of the society in which we live.
importance to material things.

erode /ɪˈrəʊd/
error /ˈer.ər/
Word family:
Nouns: erosion NOUN [C or U]
Verbs: erode
margin of error
the amount by which a calculation can be wrong but still produce a good result

289 290
 Dictionary example: Dictionary example:
a margin of error of 5 percent Nothing that goes on in this office escapes her attention.

Learner example: Learner example:

It might be true that what is considered to be healthy or unhealthy changes over time, however, It has hardly escaped the attention of anyone that the football World Cup is coming up, and it
[as] science progresses the margin of error becomes smaller, and experts are then able to have a seems that virtually everybody has something to say about this event or about international sports
more accurate and precise say on all matters, including health. competitions in general.

trial and error NOUN

a way of learning the best way to do something by trying different methods

a narrow escape
Dictionary example: If you have a narrow escape, you only just avoid danger.
There aren't any instructions with it - it's just a matter of trial and error.
Dictionary example:
Learner example: He had a narrow escape when a falling tree crushed his car.
If you don't know the past, you're liable to live through it again as instead of deriving the lessons
from someone else's experiences, you'll have to learn them the hard way, by trial and error. Learner example:
Ralph will have a narrow escape: he is saved by the arrival of a ship which has at last come to
rescue them all.

erupt /ɪˈrʌpt/

essence /ˈes.əns/
VERB [I]

If a volcano erupts, it suddenly throws out smoke, fire, and melted rocks. Word family:
Nouns: essence
Dictionary example:
Adjectives: essential
The volcano erupted last year.
Adverbs: essentially
Learner example:
NOUN
Earth can easily be seen as a volcano which can suddenly erupt.
BASIC QUALITY

the basic or most important idea or quality of something

escape /ɪˈskeɪp/
Dictionary example:
The essence of his argument is that we should not eat meat.
VERB
Learner example:
FORGET But growth is in the essence of every living being, and it is a part of the educational process, as

[T] If something such as a name escapes you, you cannot remember it. the child grows older, that parents learn to "let go".

Dictionary example: in essence

The name of her book escapes me at the moment. used to emphasize the most important idea or quality of something
Learner example: Dictionary example:
My first teacher was an elderly woman (her name escapes me now), who had worked in that school In essence, its purpose is to contain information.
for many years.
Learner example:
NOT NOTICE In essence, homelessness means that you don't have a home and because of this you are living on
the streets.
[T] If something escapes your notice or attention, you do not notice or see it.

291 292
 essential /ɪˈsen.tʃəl/ ethic /ˈeθ.ɪk/

Word family: Word family:

Nouns: essence Nouns: ethic
Adjectives: essential Adjectives: ethical, unethical
Adverbs: essentially
NOUN
ADJECTIVE
ethics
BASIC ideas and beliefs about what type of behaviour is morally right and wrong
the most basic and important
Dictionary examples:
Dictionary example: a code of ethics
There's one essential point I think you've forgotten. the ethics of genetic engineering

Learner example: Learner example:

There is an essential difference between Germans from Germany and native Germans from By experiencing difficult situations in life, they become wiser and they never forget their values
abroad. and ethics.
[NO PLURAL] a belief or idea that influences the way you think or behave

Dictionary example:
establish /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/
He has a very strong work ethic.

Word family: Learner example:

Nouns: establishment Though I am no longer a bel[ie]ver, I agree with the whole religious ethic, and I shall transmit it to
Verbs: establish my children.

VERB [T OFTEN PASSIVE]

DECIDE ethical /ˈeθ.ɪ.kəl/

to decide something
Word family:
Dictionary example: Nouns: ethic
Our first step must be to establish priorities for the weeks ahead. Adjectives: ethical, unethical

Learner example: ADJECTIVE

As well as this, parents have to establish clear guidelines in relation to expenditure.
RIGHT/WRONG
DISCOVER
relating to what is right or wrong
to find out information or prove something
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example: The book raises some serious ethical questions.
The police are trying to establish how he died.
Learner example:
Learner example: In spite of this, I am not in favour of euthanasia and I even think that mercy killing holds severe
In summary, it is difficult to establish how people cho[o]se to buy what they buy. ethical problems.

GOOD

morally correct and good

Dictionary example:
He dealt with this case in a completely professional and ethical manner.

293 294
 Learner example: ADJECTIVE [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN]
It's not so much a problem of funds now, for I and my husband earn our living easily, but the
happening or existing at the end of a process or period of time
question [of] how to bring across those moral and ethical values I believe in, namely reliability,
honesty, self-confidence, to a certain degree endurance and discipline, paired with friendly and Dictionary example:
polite manners. the eventual winner of the competition

Learner example:
Finally, the most important consequence - and in some way quite a perverse one - is that setting
event /ɪˈvent/ the island on fire leads to the boys' eventual rescue; so, pure destruction here means [c]atharsis
(speaking in terms of drama).
Word family:
Nouns: event
Adjectives: eventful, uneventful
ever /ˈev.ər/
NOUN [C]

ADVERB
turn of events
the way in which a situation develops, especially a sudden or unexpected change ever such a
Dictionary example: a very
We were all shocked by this tragic turn of events.
Dictionary example:
Learner example: She's ever such a good dancer.
She was not prepared for such an unexpected turn of events!
Learner example:
The psychiatrist was a very nice young girl that helped me ever such a lot.

eventful /ɪˈvent.fəl/ ever-changing/growing/increasing, etc.

always changing/growing/increasing, etc.
Word family:
Dictionary example:
Nouns: event
We live in an ever-changing world.
Adjectives: eventful, uneventful
Learner example:
ADJECTIVE
In our ever-changing society, in the affluent cities of the Western world, life moves at such a fast
full of interesting or important events pace that parents are the reflection and the result of our times, the cogs of a large, rather

Dictionary example: uncontrollable wheel.

a very eventful day/journey

Learner example:
every /ˈev.ri/
She informed me of her exciting and eventful life in London in her letters, which made me decide
to follow suit in order to study English.
DETERMINER

every so often
eventual /ɪˈven.tʃu.əl/
sometimes, but not often
Word family: Dictionary example:
Adjectives: eventual He went into town every so often to buy supplies.
Adverbs: eventually
Learner example:
Elizabeth and others visited her every so often until [one] day she left them.

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 every other day/week, etc. example /ɪgˈzɑːm.pl
̩/
happening one day/week, etc. but not the next
Word family:
Dictionary example:
Nouns: example
Alice goes to the gym every other day.
Verbs: exemplify
Learner example:
NOUN [C]
The rubbish is collected every other day, which is quite often.
a/the prime example
a very good example of something
evidence /ˈev.ɪ.dənts/
Dictionary example:
Word family: This is a prime example of what happens when communication is poor.
Nouns: evidence Learner example:
Adjectives: evident In this context in the analyses of Piggy's character, it strikes me as a first spontaneous impression
Adverbs: evidently that he personifies the typical proper schoolboy who will later on undoubtedly grow up to be the
prime example of a good and responsible citizen.
NOUN [U]

LAW

information that is given or objects that are shown in a court of law to help to excel /ɪkˈsel/
prove if someone has committed a crime
Word family:
Dictionary example: Verbs: excel
He was arrested despite the lack of evidence against him. Adjectives: excellent

Learner example: VERB [I] FORMAL (excelling, excelled)

My new neighbour murdered his wife and although the circumstan[t]i[a]l evidence against him was
enormous, the case was dismissed because of the lack of some clinching piece of evidence. BE GOOD

to be very good at something

Dictionary example:
examine /ɪgˈzæm.ɪn/
Paula always excelled in languages at school.

Word family: Learner example:

Nouns: exam, examination, examiner If a school is successful, it will provide opportunities for the child to excel in other areas such as
Verbs: examine the creative arts, like music, dance, painting and drama, and also sports.

VERB [T] excel yourself

to do something better than you usually do
TEST

FORMAL to test someone to see how much they know or how well they can do Dictionary example:
The British team have excelled themselves this year to reach the finals.
something
Learner example:
Dictionary example:
As far as the acting is concerned, the interaction between the lead actors is amazing while
You'll be examined in three main areas: speaking, listening, and reading comprehension.
Catherine Zeta Jones excels herself in the highly demanding role of the client.
Learner example:
Be prepared, not only in the [areas] you will be examined in.

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 exception /ɪkˈsep.ʃən/ NOUN /ɪkˈses/

Word family:
do sth to excess
Nouns: exception to do something too much
Adjectives: exceptional
Dictionary example:
Adverbs: exceptionally
He occasionally has a beer, but he never drinks to excess.
NOUN [C or U] Learner example:
We eat and drink to excess only to face the consequences later on.
take exception to sth FORMAL

to be annoyed or insulted by something

Dictionary example: exclaim /ɪksˈkleɪm/
He took exception to being asked to sweep the floor.

Learner example: VERB [I or T]

I hope you will not take exception to my words, but I think that this course of action is rather to say something suddenly and loudly because you are surprised, annoyed,
foolish and illogical.
excited, etc.
Dictionary example:
exceptional /ɪkˈsep.ʃən.əl/ "How terrible!" she exclaimed.

Learner example:
Word family:
Then he would exclaim, "What a wonderful selection," with a robust laugh.
Nouns: exception
Adjectives: exceptional
Adverbs: exceptionally
exclusive /ɪkˈskluː.sɪv/
ADJECTIVE
Word family:
UNUSUAL Verbs: exclude
very unusual and not likely to happen very often Adjectives: exclusive
Adverbs: exclusively
Dictionary example:
Visitors are only allowed in exceptional circumstances. ADJECTIVE

Learner example: exclusive of sth

However, there are always some exceptional circumstances in which they fail to understand what
not including something
is appropriate for them.
Dictionary example:
The price of the meal is exclusive of drinks.

excess Learner example:

Preferred areas are [mainly] in North, North West, South East and South West London with a
Word family: budget of £800 per month exclusive of Council Tax and Bills.
Nouns: excess
Verbs: exceed
Adjectives: excess, excessive

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 Dictionary example:
execute /ˈek.sɪ.kjuːt/
The cadets are out on military exercises.

Learner example:
VERB [T]
I am not opposed to military exercises, but such a noisy activity cannot be tolerated in a world in
KILL which environmental protection should be promoted by everybody, [including] the army.

! to kill someone as a legal punishment

VERB

Dictionary example:
USE
He was executed for murder.
[T] FORMAL to use a power, right, or ability
Learner example:
She might even have had some cruel aspects in her personality for she did not hesitate to execute Dictionary example:
traitors. You should always exercise your right to vote.

DO
Learner example:
However, if you believe that nothing can be done, I have to inform you that we will exercise our
to do something, such as follow a plan or order
legal rights and take action against you.
Dictionary example:
to execute a deal/plan

Learner example: exhibit /ɪgˈzɪb.ɪt/

When he controls the work of the other staff members, he wants to find out [whether] they
Word family:
executed their duties perfectly.
Nouns: exhibition, exhibit
Verbs: exhibit

exemplify /ɪgˈzem.plɪ.faɪ/ VERB

Word family: SHOW FEELINGS

Nouns: example to show a feeling, quality, or ability

Verbs: exemplify
Dictionary example:
VERB [T] FORMAL The crew exhibited great courage when the plane crashed.
to be or give a typical example of something Learner example:
I consider my father a successful man because he exhibits all the qualities I've mentioned above.
Dictionary example:
This painting perfectly exemplifies the naturalistic style which was so popular at the time.

Learner example:
exile /ˈek.saɪl/
Okonkwo serves to exemplify to the reader the consequences that the Igbo people were suffering.

NOUN

exercise /ˈek.sə.saɪz/ when someone has to leave their home and live in another country, often for
political reasons
NOUN Dictionary examples:
He spent the war years in exile in New York.
MILITARY
The King was forced into exile.
[C] a set of actions that a group of soldiers do to practise their skills

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 Learner example: VERB [I] /ɪkˈsper.ə.ment/
In the exhibition I would like to depict the years he has spent in exile in India, a neighbouring
country of Tibet. DO TESTS

to do an experiment
Dictionary example:
expenditure /ɪkˈspen.dɪ.tʃər/
Experimenting on mice can give us an idea of the effect of the disease in humans.

Word family: Learner example:

Nouns: expense, expenditure, expenses Firstly, scientists are the best contributors [for a] better world around us being smarter and hard-
Adjectives: expensive, inexpensive working, gaining knowledge and experimenting in laborato[ries].

NOUN [U] FORMAL

the total amount of money that a government or person spends

experimental /ɪkˌsper.ɪˈmen.təl/
Dictionary example:
The government's annual expenditure on arms has been reduced. Word family:
Nouns: experiment
Learner example: Verbs: experiment
First of all, and it is the most obvious solution, government expenditure on subsidies for [the] Adjectives: experimental
homeless should increase.
ADJECTIVE

relating to tests, especially scientific ones

expense /ɪkˈspents/
Dictionary example:
The two scientists used very different experimental methods.
Word family:
Nouns: expense, expenditure, expenses Learner example:
Adjectives: expensive, inexpensive But in my opinion this is no excuse to discard the findings of numerous well-educated
nutritionist[s] and food specialists who devote long [h]ours to researching the eating habits of the
NOUN [C or U]
people of the world, who sift through data from times gone by to find out about our predecessors'
habits and who build and test hypotheses in strictly controlled experimental conditions.
at sb's expense
in order to make someone look stupid
Dictionary example: expire /ɪkˈspaɪər/
Stop making jokes at my expense.

Learner example: VERB [I]

But despite his intellectual superiority, Piggy was subject to derision because of his physical
If a legal document or agreement expires, you can no longer use it.
outward appearance and the group of boys played jokes at his expense.
Dictionary example:
Your contract expired six months ago.

experiment Learner example:

My rental contract expired last month and I wanted to find a bigger place, which I am delighted to
Word family:
say I did.
Nouns: experiment
Verbs: experiment
Adjectives: experimental

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 Learner example:
explicit /ɪkˈsplɪs.ɪt/
Moreover, there are some explosive issues that give them food for thought, such as the
environmental pollution, and the poverty.
ADJECTIVE
NOUN [C]
CLEAR a substance or piece of equipment that can cause explosions
clear and exact
Dictionary example:
Dictionary examples: He was caught smuggling explosives into the building.
She was very explicit about her plans.
Learner example:
He made no explicit references to Tess.
It was in this background of events that Riyaz Mohammed drove a van loaded with a thousand
Learner example: kilos of explosives into the US embassy compound in Nairobi, Kenya, causing the deaths of
Rules have to be explicit and well explained so that they [can] be strictly followed. hundreds of Kenyans and dozens of American citizens.

SHOWING SEX

! showing or talking about sex or violence in a very detailed way

expressive /ɪkˈspres.ɪv/
Dictionary example:
an explicit film Word family:
Nouns: expression
Learner example: Verbs: express
One is not supposed to watch explicit movies under the age of 16 [nor] drink alcohol under the Adjectives: expressive
age of 18.
ADJECTIVE

showing your feelings

explosive /ɪkˈspləʊ.sɪv/
Dictionary examples:
expressive language
Word family:
a very expressive face
Nouns: explosion, explosive
Verbs: explode Learner example:
Adjectives: explosive Ann was a beautiful girl with wonderful hair and expressive brown eyes.

ADJECTIVE

EQUIPMENT exquisite /ɪkˈskwɪz.ɪt/

An explosive substance or piece of equipment can cause explosions.
ADJECTIVE
Dictionary examples:
The explosive device was hidden in a suitcase. very beautiful or perfect
an explosive mixture of oil vapour and oxygen
Dictionary example:
Learner example: a garden of exquisite flowers
The small piece of an explosive material caused chaos in the streets of London.
Learner example:
SITUATION On the forefinger of my left hand they can see the most exquisite diamond ring that they ever did
see.
An explosive situation or subject causes strong feelings, and may make people
angry or violent.
Dictionary example:
a highly explosive political issue

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 extend /ɪkˈstend/ extreme /ɪkˈstriːm/

Word family: Word family:

Nouns: extension, extent Nouns: extremist
Verbs: extend Adjectives: extreme
Adjectives: extensive Adverbs: extremely

VERB ADJECTIVE

extend from/into/over, etc. OPINIONS

to continue or stretch over a particular area of land or period of time having such strong opinions or beliefs that most people cannot agree with you
Dictionary examples: Dictionary examples:
a mountain range that extends down the Italian peninsula extreme views
Will the building work extend into next week? the extreme right/left

Learner example:
Consequently, I can now express my disagreement [with] both articles, mostly because of the
extent /ɪkˈstent/ extreme opinions they [cont]ain.

Word family:
Nouns: extension, extent
Verbs: extend extremist /ɪkˈstriː.mɪst/
Adjectives: extensive
Word family:
NOUN [NO PLURAL] Nouns: extremist
Adjectives: extreme
the extent to which Adverbs: extremely
the degree to which something happens or is likely to happen
NOUN [C]
Dictionary example:
! someone who has such strong opinions or beliefs that most people cannot agree
The research should show the extent to which these changes are being implemented.
with them
Learner example:
Dictionary example:
Several factors determine the extent to which a person's character may influence our own
political/religious extremists
opinions and even our way of life, such as the time spent with that particular person, or the
importance that figure has in our li[v]es. Learner example:
Be[ar]ing in mind all these strict rules my children have to follow they seem to be bound to
become anarchic extremists.
extravagant /ɪkˈstræv.ə.gənt/

eye /aɪ/
ADJECTIVE

costing too much, or spending a lot more money than you need to
NOUN [C]
Dictionary example:
the extravagant lifestyle of a movie star catch sb's eye
Learner example: to get someone's attention by looking at them
In some extreme cases, young people are known to have extravagant lifestyles and wasteful Dictionary example:
spending habits. I tried to catch her eye, but she had already turned away.

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 Learner example: eye contact
All of a sudden she caught my eye and smiled in a sad way. when people look at each other, for instance when they are talking to each other
catch sb's eye Dictionary example:
to be attractive or different enough to be noticed by people There was very little eye contact between them.

Dictionary example: Learner example:

It was the colour of his jacket that caught my eye. I tried to avoid having eye contact with people just because of this humility.

Learner example: keep your eyes open (for sb/sth)

Dear Sir, I am writing regarding your newly published article about nutrition, which immediately to watch carefully for someone or something
caught my eye as I was reading your magazine.
Dictionary example:
see eye to eye (with sb) Keep your eyes open for anything unusual.
If two people see eye to eye, they agree with each other.
Learner example:
Dictionary example: It has helped us identify and successfully combat many a nutritional hazard, keeping our eyes
Our teachers don't always see eye to eye with the headmaster. open to immoderate consumption of some substances and its effects.

Learner example: the naked eye

Although I agree with some of the statements given by the young people, I do not see eye to eye If something can be seen by the naked eye, it is big enough to be seen without
with all of their viewpoints.
special equipment.
keep your eyes peeled (for sb/sth)
Dictionary example:
to watch carefully for someone or something These bugs are so tiny you cannot see them with the naked eye.
Dictionary example: in your mind's eye
Keep your eyes peeled, he should be here any minute.
in your imagination or memory
Learner example:
Dictionary example:
Ever since, I try to keep my eyes peeled for anything similar.
In my mind's eye, she remains a little girl of six although she's actually a grown woman.
cry your eyes out
Learner example:
If someone cries their eyes out, they cry a lot about a problem or situation. He sees her in his mind's eye, running around barefoot, laughing and squealing, wading in the
Dictionary example: water and running back out, screaming, trying to get away from the breaking waves.
She cried her eyes out when he left her for another girl. roll your eyes
Learner example: DISAPPROVING to move your eyes so that they are looking up, usually to show surprise
It wasn't an easy decision to make. Melanie spent many nights crying her eyes out in bed and or disapproval
trying to convince herself that she wasn't doing the right thing.
Dictionary example:
in the blink of an eye When I asked her when she thought the building work would be finished, she just rolled her eyes.
extremely quickly
Learner example:
Dictionary example: This attitude is obvious when, for instance, shop assistan[ts] show no patience for the slower
In the blink of an eye, he was gone. reaction of elderl[y] [people]; when nobody offers a seat to an older person in [an] overcrowded
tube; when we roll our eyes about older people's desire for quiet, etc.
Learner example:
And for all those who keep nagging about losing their favourite regular programmes during such
an event, be patient: TV routine will be back into your living rooms in the blink of an eye.

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 Dictionary example:
On the face of it, it seems like a bargain, but I bet there are hidden costs.

F Learner example:
On the face of it, both sides have valid arguments, and it's a difficult balancing act to manage.

in the face of sth

while having to deal with a difficult situation or problem
fabric /ˈfæb.rɪk/
Dictionary example:
She refused to leave him, in the face of increasing pressure from friends and family.
NOUN
Learner example:
the fabric of sth No doubt, it was rather difficult to like Enid X. She was hardly likely to arouse sympathy in
the basic way in which a society or other social group is organized anybody even in the face of death.

Dictionary example: fly in the face of SLIGHTLY FORMAL

The family is part of the fabric of society. to be the opposite of what is usual or accepted
Learner example: Dictionary example:
You cannot infringe individual liberties and ban the purchase of cars - it would go against the very These recommendations fly in the face of previous advice on safe limits of consumption.
fabric of modern society.
Learner example:
But when we have a look outside our wonderful world, we can easily see that this argument flies in
the face of the facts.
face /feɪs/
a slap in the face
Word family:
something someone does that insults or upsets you
Nouns: face
Verbs: face Dictionary example:
Adjectives: facial After all that hard work, losing my job was a real slap in the face.

NOUN
Learner example:
My father noticed that and decided it was high time to take me down a peg or two. He used to
lose face work as a volunteer in hospital for children dying for cancer. One day, he took me there. It was
to become less respected by others because of something you did like a slap in the face - suddenly I saw a different world. It was a bleak world, without smiles and
happy faces.
Dictionary example:
The party has lost face with the public by abandoning their original policy on education. VERB

Learner example: let's face it

However, many popular people like Pierce Brosnan managed to keep their lives out of the press
something that you say before you say something that is unpleasant but true
and yet be present to meet public demand without losing face.
Dictionary example:
keep a straight face Let's face it, none of us are getting any younger.
to manage to stop yourself from smiling or laughing
Learner example:
Dictionary example: Let's face it, a life with [no] physical and mental exercise is something none of us relishes.
I can never play jokes on people because I can't keep a straight face.

on the face of it
used when you are describing how a situation seems on the surface

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 facial /ˈfeɪ.ʃəl/ faint /feɪnt/

Word family:
ADJECTIVE
Nouns: face
Verbs: face
feel faint
Adjectives: facial
to feel very weak and as if you might fall down
ADJECTIVE
Dictionary example:
of or on the face Seeing all the blood made me feel faint.

Dictionary example: Learner example:

facial expressions/hair Starting to feel faint, Fred quickly roused himself and ran out of the hotel as quickly as he could.

Learner example: not have the faintest idea

I can still recall the doctor's facial expression when he announced the exciting news [to me].
used to emphasize that you do not know something
Dictionary example:
factor /ˈfæk.tər/ I haven't the faintest idea what you're talking about.

Learner example:
NOUN [C]
Some twenty years ago, when I left my parents' home to go and live on my own, I was [given] four
mugs. By whom? I haven't the faintest idea.
deciding factor
the thing that helps to make the final decision
fair /feər/
Dictionary example:
Cost was the deciding factor in choosing these builders.
Word family:
Learner example: Nouns: fairness
Personally, I think the quality of teachers, school reputation and facilities should be the deciding Adjectives: fair, unfair
factor for parents [for] which schools their children should be educated in. Adverbs: fairly, unfairly

ADJECTIVE

fail /feɪl/ a fair amount/distance/size, etc.

quite a large amount, distance, size, etc.
Word family:
Nouns: failure Dictionary example:
Verbs: fail There's still a fair bit of work to be done on the house.

VERB
Learner example:
Of course it is important to find a job we enjoy and which leaves us a fair amount of free time, but
I fail to see/understand it is equally important to find a job that pays the bills, especially nowadays.
used to say that you do not accept something
fair play
Dictionary example: behaviour that is fair, honest, and does not take advantage of people
I fail to see why you cannot work on a Sunday.
Dictionary example:
Learner example: The public needs to feel a sense of fair play from the government.
I fail to understand why they still refuse to use this media; it could possibly be the main solution
Learner example:
to the present problems [in] the library.
He still believes in justice or just the rule of fair play.

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 Dictionary example:
faithful /ˈfeɪθ.fəl/
He said he was a doctor, but we soon realized he was a fake.
Word family: Learner example:
Nouns: faith So, after all he was a fake!
Adjectives: faithful
Adverbs: faithfully VERB [T]

ADJECTIVE COPY

to copy something in order to deceive people

RELATIONSHIP

If your husband, wife, or partner is faithful, they do not have a sexual relationship Dictionary example:
The documents had been faked.
with anyone else.
Learner example:
Dictionary examples:
People liked it so much that another author, using the [pseudonym] of "Arellaneda", faked
a faithful husband
Cervante's novel by writing a second part.
They remained faithful to each other throughout their long marriage.

Learner example: PRETEND

Making a commitment to be faithful to another, and to love a person for the rest of your life is no to pretend that something has happened when it has not or to pretend to have a
small thing. feeling that you do not have
NOT CHANGED Dictionary examples:
not changing any of the original details, facts, style, etc. They faked illness to avoid having to work.
He said he was feeling sick, but he was just faking it.
Dictionary example:
Does the film adaptation stay faithful to the novel? Learner example:
This situation lasted about two years until Caroline had a great idea: they would fake their death
Learner example: and run away to live a quiet life on a secret island they would have bought under an alias.
Working with deconstruction in music, he remained faithful to his main motto: Be yourself,
express yourself, never repeat or imitate.

fall /fɔːl/

fake /feɪk/
VERB [I] (fell, fallen)

NOUN [C] darkness/night falls LITERARY

used to say that it is becoming dark

COPY

a copy of something that is intended to look real or valuable and deceive people Dictionary example:
When darkness fell, I began to feel worried.
Dictionary example:
Experts say that the painting is a fake. Learner example:
He greeted the worms and the slugs, and as darkness fell he retired to the shelter he had built for
Learner example: the night.
Many of the pictures taken are fakes.
BE DEFEATED
PERSON
to be defeated and start to be controlled by a different leader
someone who pretends to have particular skills or qualities so that they can
Dictionary example:
deceive people or get their admiration
In 1453 the city fell to the Turks.

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BECOME WORSE Dictionary example:
Sales for the first half of this year fell just short of the target.
to become worse, or start to be in a bad situation or condition
Learner example:
Dictionary examples:
Furthermore, it cannot be denied that public transport falls short of the target set during the
Education standards are continuing to fall.
planning process.
Empty for 30 years, the building had fallen into ruin.

Learner example: fall short of sth

This impressive, massive 18th-century building which accommodated the Town Hall until recently to fail to achieve something
(5 years ago) has now fallen into disuse.
Dictionary examples:
HANG DOWN His behaviour falls short of what we expect.
She just fell short of the grades she needed.
to hang down
Learner example:
Dictionary example:
This routine was really wearing me out, but, I didn't want to fall short of my parents' expectations.
Her long blonde hair fell softly over her shoulders.

Learner example:
She had gorgeous black hair falling down her back, a creamy complexion and a figure models familiarize /fəˈmɪl.iər.aɪz/
dream of.
Word family:
fall on deaf ears
Verbs: familiarize
If advice or a request falls on deaf ears, people ignore it. Adjectives: familiar, unfamiliar
Dictionary example:
VERB (ALSO UK familiarise)
Our pleas for help fell on deaf ears.

Learner example: familiarize sb/yourself with sth

His cry for help and for a more meaningful relationship between himself and Mildred invariably to teach someone more about something new, or try to understand more about it
fell on deaf ears. yourself

fall into place Dictionary example:

When events or details that you did not understand before fall into place, they We spent a few minutes familiarizing ourselves with the day's schedule.

become easy to understand. Learner example:

The presenter should be acting as a teenager in order to familiarise the youth of the area with the
Dictionary example:
programme immediately.
When Jo told me she had a twin sister, everything fell into place.

fall prey to sth

to be hurt or deceived by something or someone bad famine /ˈfæm.ɪn/

Dictionary example:
He fell prey to a gang of criminals pretending to be council officials. NOUN [C or U]

Learner example: when people living in a particular area do not have enough food for a long time
As young people do not have experience in living independently in society and are not fully aware causing suffering and death
of social problems such as drugs and violence, they may easily fall prey to adults who would like
Dictionary example:
to exploit them.
The floods were followed by a terrible famine.
fall short of sth Learner example:
to not reach a particular level, but only by a small amount Pictures of the famine in Africa or the defor[e]station of the Amazon raise important issues for
humanity as a whole, urging us to be more active citizens.

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 Learner example:
fanatic /fəˈnæt.ɪk/
Far from asking you to close the airport, which would be quite an irrational request, I am
suggesting that you should take some action to improve the situation.
NOUN [C]
go so far as to do sth
someone whose interest in something or enthusiasm for something is extreme
to take the extreme action of doing something
Dictionary examples:
a religious fanatic Dictionary example:
fitness/exercise fanatics He even went so far as to stop her using the telephone.

Learner example: Learner example:

This can give way to fanatics, religious or politic[al], who may easily influence the frustrated Our present course of action may go so far as to cause irrevers[i]ble damage not only to our
masses into doing something they would under other circumstances refrain from. planet but also to the people living upon [it].

go too far
to behave in a way that upsets or annoys other people
fancy /ˈfænt.si/
Dictionary example:
He's said some stupid things in the past, but this time he's gone too far.
VERB [T]
Learner example:
SURPRISE Lucia let her speak and calmly said: "You really have gone too far this time."
used at the beginning of a sentence to show that you are surprised or shocked by
few and far between
something
not happening or existing very often
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example:
Fancy seeing you here!
Opportunities like this are few and far between.
Learner example:
Learner example:
Fancy meeting a man who looked like an ancient knight!
Jobs in those days were few and far between and for a number of years he was alternating
between temporary jobs and unemployment benefit.

far /fɑː / r be far removed from sth

to be very different from something

ADVERB (farther, farthest or further, furthest) Dictionary example:

The princess's world was far removed from reality.
so far so good INFORMAL
Learner example:
used to say that something has gone well until now
It is the same problem with planned excursions to street markets in Asia, souks in Arabia or even
Dictionary example: tribes that are far removed from industrialized life in Papua New Guinea or the rainforest of Brazil.
It's the first time I've done any decorating, but so far so good.
ADJECTIVE [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN]
Learner example:
So far so good, only no one told us they held this point of view before the actual christening took the far left/right
place. used to describe political groups whose opinions are very extreme
far from doing sth Dictionary example:
certainly not doing something He belongs to a far right group.

Dictionary example:
Far from being pleased, he was embarrassed by the praise.

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 faraway /ˌfɑː.rəˈweɪ/ fast asleep
completely asleep
ADJECTIVE Dictionary example:
I looked into her room but she was still fast asleep.
LONG DISTANCE
Learner example:
[ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] LITERARY a long distance away
Karen's grandson walks into the room to find her fast asleep on her favourite chair.
Dictionary example:
the fast lane
faraway places
the busy and exciting way of life that a successful person has
Learner example:
They trans[port] me to faraway places and to a magic world. Dictionary example:
Fed up with life in the fast lane, Jack gave up his job and moved to the countryside.
a faraway look/expression
Learner example:
an expression on someone's face that shows that they are not thinking about what
Finally, should you ask why people are not happier than before, the answer is that nowadays they
is happening around them spend more hours on work than before, because modern life is mostly a life in the fast lane.
Dictionary example:
thick and fast
He had a faraway look in his eyes.
quickly and in large numbers
Learner example:
Dictionary example:
But her most noticeable feature[s] are her large [brown] eyes and her happy smile. Yet, sometimes
Calls were coming in thick and fast by the end of the programme.
you could see a faraway look in her eyes.

fault /fɒlt/
fast /fɑːst/

Word family:
ADJECTIVE Nouns: fault
Adjectives: faulty, faultless
a fast track (to sth)
NOUN
a very quick way of achieving or dealing with something
Dictionary example: find fault with sb/sth
These intensive courses claim to offer a fast track to wealth and success. to criticize someone or something, especially without good reasons
Learner example: Dictionary example:
If I ever found a job which lives up to these expectations, I would consider myself on [a] fast track She was always finding fault with our work.
already.
Learner example:
ADVERB Sometimes I take offence at their trying to find fault with me and I am not allowed to answer back.

FIRMLY

in a firm or tight way faultless /ˈfɔːlt.ləs/

Dictionary example:
Word family:
He tried to get away, but she held him fast.
Nouns: fault
Learner example: Adjectives: faulty, faultless
Thankfully, there are those who still cling to such age-old values as personal contentment and
growth, regarding them as the anchors which hold happiness fast.

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ADJECTIVE ADJECTIVE

perfect, or without any mistakes

CONDITIONS
Dictionary example: making something more likely to be successful
a faultless performance
Dictionary example:
Learner example: We had favourable weather conditions for the sailing competition.
Children also need to be taught that parents are not faultless and the best way to teach a child to
apologise is by doing it oneself after having treated the child [unfairly]. Learner example:
As far as bringing up my own children is concerned, I would like to follow my mother in the
above-mentioned aspects (I feel I had a rare opportunity to be raised in extremely favourable
conditions).
favour /ˈfeɪ.vər/

Word family:
Nouns: favour, favourite favourite /ˈfeɪ.vrət/
Verbs: favour
Adjectives: favourable, favourite, unfavourable Word family:
Nouns: favour, favourite
NOUN Verbs: favour
Adjectives: favourable, favourite, unfavourable
in favour of sb/sth
If you refuse or get rid of someone or something in favour of someone or NOUN [C]

something else, you choose them instead.

LIKELY TO WIN

Dictionary example: the person, animal or thing that is most likely to win a competition
They dropped him from the team in favour of a much younger player.
Dictionary examples:
Learner example: The Dallas Cowboys are now favourites to win.
The city council should revise the airport project [... and] change the current location of the Her novel was the favourite to win the prize, but the judges chose differently.
airport in favour of a more isolated area.

VERB [T]
fear /fɪər/
to choose or prefer one possibility
Dictionary example: Word family:
These are the running shoes favoured by marathon runners. Nouns: fear
Verbs: fear
Learner example:
Adjectives: fearful, fearless
This development probably would not be really favoured by individuals either, as most people use
their own car to do the shopping mostly and just to go on their daily business. NOUN [C or U]

for fear of sth/doing sth

favourable /ˈfeɪ.v r.ə.bl

̩/
ə because you are worried about something/doing something
Dictionary example:
Word family: I didn't want to move for fear of waking her up.
Nouns: favour, favourite
Verbs: favour Learner example:
Adjectives: favourable, favourite, unfavourable No one dared to turn around for fear of being bitterly disappointed.

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VERB [T] feast /fiːst/

fear the worst

to worry that something very bad will happen or that something very bad has VERB

happened feast on sth PHRASAL VERB

Dictionary example: to eat a lot of food and enjoy it very much

When there was no sign of the children, the rescuers feared the worst.
Dictionary example:
Learner example: We feasted on fried chicken, ice cream, and chocolate cake.
Her parents had been quar[re]lling constantly now for almost half [a] year, and she feared the
Learner example:
worst.
Some people think that travelling entails feasting on typical food and buying lots of clothes.

fearful /ˈfɪə.fəl/
feat /fiːt/
Word family:
Nouns: fear NOUN [C]
Verbs: fear
an act or achievement that shows great skill or strength
Adjectives: fearful, fearless
Dictionary example:
ADJECTIVE
The Eiffel Tower is a remarkable feat of engineering.
frightened or worried
Learner example:
Dictionary example: It can be argued that, on this level, sport is close to becoming a form of art but it is undoubtedly a
Many women are fearful of travelling alone. feat of strength just to have qualified [in] an event of this kind.

Learner example: be no mean feat

My mother is a very fearful person and when I was playing with other children in the sea I could
used when you want to emphasize that an act or achievement is very difficult
not stand [it] when she interrupted our game all the time with the same words: "Do not do that
and do not do this, it is to[o] dangerous." Dictionary example:
Learning to ski at 60 is no mean feat!

Learner example:
fearless /ˈfɪə.ləs/ There was an interesting discussion about whether it was harder or easier for them to enter the
world of cinema, given their famous names. Both said that it was no mean feat because people
Word family: were more demanding as [to] their abilities.
Nouns: fear
Verbs: fear
Adjectives: fearful, fearless
feature /ˈfiː.tʃər/
ADJECTIVE

not frightened of anything NOUN [C]

Dictionary example:
NEWSPAPER
a fearless fighter
a special article in a newspaper or magazine, or a special television programme
Learner example:
Dictionary example:
It is something which associates [i]n my mind with extreme, fearless guys who tend to live on the
a double-page feature on global warming
edge of life, always searching for new strong feelings and a 'dose of adrenaline'.

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 Learner example:
fend /fend/
As a regular reader of the student magazine 'Uni', I read with particular interest last week's feature
on political thrillers.
VERB

fend for yourself PHRASAL VERB

feeble /ˈfiː.bl/
to take care of yourself without help
Dictionary example:
ADJECTIVE
When you go away to college, you have to learn to fend for yourself.
WEAK
Learner example:
extremely weak For such people to be able to provide for their families and fend for themselves, they have to work
irrespective of how they do the job.
Dictionary example:
She became too feeble to get out of bed.

Learner example:
fertile /ˈfɜː.taɪl/
Most of the times, the owner is a decrepit and feeble old man, who can hardly hear you, but who
can be a magnificent narrator.
ADJECTIVE
NOT GOOD
Fertile land or soil produces a lot of healthy plants.
not very good or effective
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example: They settled in the fertile river valleys.
a feeble argument/excuse
Learner example:
Learner example: We had an enormous backyard with the most fertile soil where we grew all sorts of vegetables.
Some of the passengers began to pray under their breath, in a feeble attempt to suppress their
panic.

fever /ˈfiː.vər/

feel /fiːl/
NOUN

Word family:
EXCITEMENT
Nouns: feeling
Verbs: feel [U] when people are very excited about something

VERB (felt, felt) Dictionary example:

Election fever has gripped the nation.
feel faint
Learner example:
to feel very weak and as if you might fall down It was then when they started to build enormous buildings and skyscrapers all around. The
Dictionary example: "building fever" had started.
Seeing all the blood made me feel faint.

Learner example:
Starting to feel faint, Fred quickly roused himself and ran out of the hotel as quickly as he could.

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 Dictionary examples:
few /fjuː/
a gas/oil field
The upper part of the volcano is a vast field of black lava.
DETERMINER; ADJECTIVE; PRONOUN They searched for meteorites on the frozen ice fields of Antarctica.

few and far between Learner example:

not happening or existing very often Our tour took also us to see the lower fields; from where the tour bus stops [to] the end of the
lava fields, which is in the sea, it takes about t[h]irty minutes walking.
Dictionary example:
Opportunities like this are few and far between.

Learner example: figure /ˈfɪg.ər/

Jobs in those days were few and far between and for a number of years he was alternating
between temporary jobs and unemployment benefit.
NOUN [C]

single/double, etc. figures

fictional /ˈfɪk.ʃən.əl/ numbers from 0 to 9/numbers from 10 to 99, etc.

Word family: Dictionary example:

Nouns: fiction I don't know exactly how many times the train has been late this month, but it's certainly in
Adjectives: fictional double figures.

ADJECTIVE VERB

existing only in fiction THINK

Dictionary example: [T] to decide something after thinking about it

a fictional character
Dictionary example:
Learner example: I figured that it was time to tell her the truth.
What he is especially known and admired [for] are his fictional but memorable characters, which
Learner example:
became almost archetypes in literature.
Everything around us is constantly cutting down on budget, leaving fewer and less attractive work
places, so I figure the best way to actually obtain a job is to go after something you're truly
passionate about.
field /fiːld/

NOUN fill /fɪl/

IN RACE/BUSINESS
VERB
[NO PLURAL] the people who are competing in a race, activity, or business

Dictionary example: fill a need/gap/demand

We lead the field in genetic research. to provide something that people need or want

Learner example: Dictionary example:

Brian Moore leads the field with a style that can only be called immaculate. The new nursery is really filling a need.

CONTAINING SUBSTANCE Learner example:

I had nearly finished my study and had an idea to start a small software company, filling a gap in
[C] an area of land covered with or containing a lot of a particular substance
the market that was overlooked by the larger I.T. companies.

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 Dictionary example:
film /fɪlm/
a coffee filter

Learner example:
NOUN
Finally, the governments of all countries should implement heavy pecuniary punishments to the
LAYER factory owners who do not use special filters on their chimneys or on their waste systems.

[NO PLURAL] a thin layer of something on a surface

Dictionary example:
final /ˈfaɪ.nəl/
A thick film of dust covered the furniture.

Learner example: Word family:

The walls were covered with a thin film of water. Nouns: final
Adjectives: final
Adverbs: finally

filter /ˈfɪl.tə / r
ADJECTIVE [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN]

NO MORE DISCUSSION
VERB
If a decision, agreement, or answer is final, it will not be changed or discussed any
[T] to pass a liquid or gas through a piece of equipment in order to remove solid
more.
pieces or other substances
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example: The committee's decision is final.
The water was filtered to remove any impurities.
Learner example:
Learner example: It was the sort of statement that you know is final, and Mr. Cameron perceived this.
The sun's rays, filtered through the black lenses, seemed harmless.

filter down/in/through, etc.

to gradually appear find /faɪnd/

Dictionary example:
The sunlight filtered through the bedroom curtains. VERB [T] (found, found)

Learner example: find fault with sb/sth

Outside, the moonlight filtered through the leaves of the roadside trees like a sheet of burnished to criticize someone or something, especially without good reasons
silver.
Dictionary example:
filter down/through/out, etc. She was always finding fault with our work.
to gradually become known Learner example:
Dictionary example: Sometimes I take offence at their trying to find fault with me and I am not allowed to answer back.
News is filtering in of an earthquake in Mexico.
find common ground
Learner example: to find shared beliefs, interests or ideas
At first I didn't realise what Nicole was saying, because she spoke French. Then the message
Dictionary example:
slowly filtered down - Pregnant.
It's difficult for me to find any common ground with my dad.
NOUN [C]
Learner example:
a piece of equipment that you pass a liquid or gas through in order to remove The bottom line is we have to find some common ground and some balance between development
particular substances and nature...

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 Learner example:
fine /faɪn/
It wouldn't be clever to hire people who are completely ignora[nt] about music and they must
Word family: constantly keep their finger on the pulse of [the] music industry.
Adjectives: fine
Adverbs: finely
fingertip /ˈfɪŋ.gə.tɪp/
ADJECTIVE

THIN NOUN [C]

thin or made of very small pieces
at your fingertips
Dictionary examples: If you have something at your fingertips, you can get it and use it very easily.
fine, brown hair
fine sand Dictionary example:
He had all the information needed at his fingertips.
Learner example:
They got their hands on some anthrax bacteria, grew them in petri dishes and with all her Learner example:
knowledge in biology managed to make anthrax spores. Her friends ground the clumps of spores An Internet connection literally means having the world at your fingertips.
into fine particles.

finite /ˈfaɪ.naɪt/
finger /ˈfɪŋ.gər/
Word family:
Adjectives: finite, infinite
NOUN [C] Adverbs: infinitely

keep your fingers crossed/ cross your fingers INFORMAL ADJECTIVE

to hope that things will happen in the way that you want them to having a limit or end
Dictionary examples: Dictionary example:
Let's keep our fingers crossed that she gets the job. We only have a finite amount of time to complete this task.
We're crossing our fingers and hoping that the weather stays fine.
Learner example:
Learner example: Some analysts suggest that the price increase is due to the facts that petrol is a finite resource
Wish me luck, Winnie," she sighed "keep your fingers crossed, please". which could become unavailable in the next 20-30 years.

put your finger on sth

to understand exactly why a situation is the way it is
fire /faɪər/
Dictionary example:
Something was wrong, but I couldn't put my finger on it.
NOUN
Learner example:
Something sinister about the picture, he felt, but he couldn't put his finger on what made him SHOOTING

[think this]. [U] the shooting of guns and other weapons

have/keep your finger on the pulse Dictionary example:

to be/stay familiar with the most recent changes or improvements The soldiers opened fire.

Dictionary example: Learner example:

The situation changes daily, so you've got to keep your finger on the pulse. Suddenly, one of the thieves opened fire.

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 come under fire firm /fɜːm/
to be criticized
Word family:
Dictionary example:
Adjectives: firm
The government has come under fire for closing the hospital.
Adverbs: firmly
set fire to sth; set sth on fire
ADJECTIVE
to make something start burning, usually to cause damage
STRICT
Dictionary example:
Enemy troops set fire to the village.
strict and making certain that people do what you want
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
You've got to be firm with children.
At this point nothing made sense anymore, so I just watched while Jake set the car on fire.
Learner example:
play with fire
Being an officer, my father was rather firm with my sister and me.
to be involved in an activity that could be dangerous
STRONG
Dictionary example:
We're playing with fire if we continue with genetic modification of our food. strong and tight

Learner example: Dictionary example:

Stop playing with fire or World War 3 might come in [the] shape of a nuclear war. a firm handshake/grip

Learner example:
VERB
Of course there will be moments where you have to mark out a border to the child by a firm grip
fire sb's imagination on his arm or a slap on his bottom, but it shouldn't have to happen very often.

to make someone very excited or interested in something

Dictionary example:
first /fɜːst/
His paintings really fired my imagination.

Learner example: Word family:

The newspaper article on education that I read really fired my imagination and urged me to think Nouns: first
about the points raised. Adjectives: first
Adverbs: first, firstly

ADVERB
fireplace /ˈfaɪə.pleɪs/
put sb/sth first
to consider someone or something to be the most important thing
NOUN [C]

a space in the wall of a room where you can have a fire, or the structure around Dictionary example:

this space Most couples put their children first when sorting out their problems.

Learner example:
Dictionary example:
On the other hand, we forget about our personality and the worth that we have as individuals; we
There was a large fireplace in the living room.
put our wishes first, [rather] than what we really need in life.
Learner example:
They were sitting in front of the fireplace, in a tiny cottage. NOUN

be a first
to be something that has never happened before

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 Dictionary example: Learner example:
Man walking on the moon was a first in space history. Dozens of eyes were fixed on the sun-burnt, leaden coloured face of the guide, beaming with
anticipation.

fist /fɪst/
flair /fleər/

NOUN [C]

a hand closed into a ball with the fingers and thumb curled tightly together NOUN

Dictionary example: STYLE

He banged his fist down angrily on the table. [U] when you do something in an exciting and interesting way
Learner example: Dictionary example:
He slammed his fists against the door and yelled out several times but to no response. He played with great imagination and flair.

Learner example:
If I must describe the service I should say that it is superb: the gentle waiters serve with flair as if
fit /fɪt/
it was a culinary cabaret.

Word family:
Nouns: fitness
Adjectives: fit flame /fleɪm/

ADJECTIVE (fitter, fittest)

NOUN [C]
do sth as you see/think fit
burst into flames
to do something that you feel is the right thing to do, although other people might
to suddenly start burning
disapprove
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example:
The car plunged down a hill and burst into flames.
You must spend the money as you see fit.
Learner example:
Learner example:
When we turned it on, it burst into flames and before we could exti[n]guish it, the fire destroyed
Do as you think fit!
my desk.

fixed /fɪkst/
flash /flæʃ/
Word family:
Verbs: fix VERB
Adjectives: fixed
APPEAR
ADJECTIVE
[I or T] (ALSO flash up) to appear for a short time, or to make something appear for a
EYES short time
If your eyes are fixed on something, you are looking at it continuously.
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example: An icon flashed up on the screen.
I kept my eyes fixed on his face.

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 flash by/past/through, etc. Learner example:

to move somewhere fast Another way of increasing the reader's interest is the par[al]lelism of both stories and the
flashbacks she is always giving us to explain Olivia's experiences.
Dictionary examples:
The motorcycle flashed past us and around the corner.
The image flashed across my screen.
flat /flæt/
Learner example:
But one day an idea flashed through her mind. Word family:
Verbs: flatten
NOUN Adjectives: flat
Adverbs: flat
in a flash
INFORMAL immediately, or very quickly ADJECTIVE (flatter, flattest)

Dictionary example: WITHOUT GAS

I'll be back in a flash. If a drink is flat, it does not contain enough bubbles of gas.
Learner example:
Dictionary example:
He took it and, in a flash, he came up to the surface.
This lemonade is flat.
SUDDEN EXPERIENCE

[C] a sudden experience of something such as a feeling or idea

flatten /ˈflæt.ən/
Dictionary examples:
a flash of anger Word family:
I had a flash of inspiration. Verbs: flatten
Adjectives: flat
Adverbs: flat
flashback /ˈflæʃ.bæk/
VERB [I or T]

to become flat or to make something become flat

NOUN [C]
Dictionary example:
MEMORY Roll out the dough into balls and flatten them slightly.
when you suddenly remember something that happened in the past, often Learner example:
something bad Another thing they accomplished was to stop people cutting [down] trees because they wanted to
flatten [the] land.
Dictionary example:
She suffered from flashbacks for years after the accident.

Learner example: flavour /ˈfleɪ.vər/

Margaret started to remember, yes; a sudden flashback brought her to the twenties, when she was
still her mamma's little girl, all innocence and curls.
NOUN
STORY
QUALITY
part of a film or book that goes back in time to something that happened before
the main story began [NO PLURAL] a particular quality or style that something has

Dictionary example: Dictionary example:

There are several flashbacks to the character's childhood. London has a very international flavour.

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 Learner example: Dictionary example:
People of different colours, smells, and cultures, musicians, funny shows on the pavement for a Large thorns dug into my flesh.
pound, hippies, homeless people doing hairwraps, tat[t]ooing tourists' limbs, selling earrings...
Learner example:
there, you could live a hundred experiences without moving an inch and you could go back home
It smelled of rotting flesh.
with a real flavour of the Festival.
your own flesh and blood
a member of your family
flawed /flɔːd/
Dictionary example:

Word family: I can't hate him - he's my own flesh and blood.

Nouns: flaw Learner example:

Adjectives: flawed, flawless On the other hand, another problem old people have to face is a feeling of [not] being useful to
society and what proves this is that they are put into old people's homes even by their own flesh
ADJECTIVE
and blood.
not perfect, or containing mistakes
Dictionary examples:
Diamonds are still valuable, even when they are flawed. flexible /ˈflek.sə.bl
̩/
His argument is deeply flawed.
Word family:
Learner example:
Nouns: flexibility
Some people see society as it stands today as inherently flawed, an amorphous group of people
Adjectives: flexible
who follow and worship anyone that gives them pleasure and empty dreams of perfection.
ADJECTIVE

ABLE TO BEND
flawless /ˈflɔː.ləs/
able to bend or to be bent easily
Word family:
Dictionary examples:
Nouns: flaw
The cover is made of flexible plastic.
Adjectives: flawed, flawless
Dancers and gymnasts need to be very flexible.
ADJECTIVE Learner example:
with no mistakes or bad characteristics Another physical [requirement] is a flexible body. Flexibility and agility will be crucial factor[s] [in]
whether you will succeed or not.
Dictionary example:
a flawless complexion

Learner example: flick /flɪk/

All in all, it is a classic comedy with memorable dialog[ue] and flawless performances.

VERB

flesh /fleʃ/ flick through sth PHRASAL VERB

to look quickly at the pages of a magazine, book, etc.

NOUN [U]
Dictionary example:
BODY I was just flicking through a magazine.

the soft part of a person's or animal's body between the skin and bones

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 Learner example:
floppy /ˈflɒp.i/
Last week I happened to flick through a classical music magazine and was lucky enough to see an
ad [saying that] the artist, or the pianist-conductor, would be performing all Beethoven's
symphonies and piano concertos with the orchestra from next January. ADJECTIVE

soft and loose or hanging down loosely

Dictionary example:
flight /flaɪt/ a floppy hat

Word family: Learner example:

Nouns: flight That puppy was the cutest thing: [a] tiny body, with floppy ears, a curious wet nose that wanted to
Verbs: fly sniff everything on its way, and huge cheerful eyes.

NOUN [C]

a flight of stairs/steps flourish /ˈflʌr.ɪʃ/

a set of stairs
VERB
Dictionary example:
The lift was broken so we had to climb six flights of stairs. [I] to grow or develop well

Learner example: Dictionary example:

He still blamed himself for hit[t]ing his little girl and making her fall down a flight of stairs and The company soon began to flourish under his expert management.
injuring her spine.
Learner example:
If parents try to understand why their children act the way they do and treat them with love and
affection, then teenagers will flourish like flowers in the spring sunshine!
flood /flʌd/

VERB [I or T] flow /fləʊ/

be flooded with sth PHRASAL VERB Word family:

to receive so many letters, telephone calls, etc. that you cannot deal with them Nouns: flow
Verbs: flow, overflow
Dictionary example:
We were flooded with calls from worried parents. NOUN [NO PLURAL]

Learner example: go with the flow INFORMAL

Soon he was being hired again and once word spread that the musician had returned, he was
to do or accept what other people are doing because it is the easiest thing to do
flooded with bookings.
Dictionary example:
NOUN [C]
Just relax and go with the flow!

AMOUNT Learner example:

a large number or amount of things or people that arrive at the same time At this stage of her progress towards knowing herself better she has accepted that life is a
mu[dd]le and that to a certain extent one has to go with the flow.
Dictionary example:
a flood of letters/calls

Learner example:
The sea of familiar faces brought a flood of memories rushing back.

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 Dictionary example:
fluctuate /ˈflʌk.tʃu.eɪt/
There was plenty to do, and the time flew.

Learner example:
VERB [I]
But you have to enjoy it because time flies, and you will be old before you know it!
to keep changing, especially in level or amount
TAKE/SEND
Dictionary example:
Oil prices have fluctuated wildly in recent weeks. [T] to take or send people or goods somewhere by aircraft

Learner example: Dictionary example:

About 60% of people aged between 35-49 like[d] going to [the] cinema at least once a year in She was flown to hospital by helicopter.
1990 and the percentages grew steadily to 1996, but afterwards, it fluctuated a bit.
Learner example:
All supplies are flown in daily from Paris in order to ensure the highest quality available.

fluid /ˈfluː.ɪd/ fly in the face of SLIGHTLY FORMAL

to be the opposite of what is usual or accepted

NOUN [C or U] Dictionary example:

a liquid These recommendations fly in the face of previous advice on safe limits of consumption.

Learner example:
Dictionary examples:
But when we have a look outside our wonderful world, we can easily see that this argument flies in
cleaning fluid
the face of the facts.
Drink plenty of fluids.

Learner example:
Healthy eating habits consist of lots of fruit and vegetables, calcium-rich products such as milk or
focus /ˈfəʊ.kəs/
cheese and plenty of fluid[s].

ADJECTIVE
NOUN
smooth and continuous [U] when you give special attention to something
Dictionary example:
Dictionary examples:
fluid movements
Their main focus must be on reducing crime.
Learner example: The media focus on politicians' private lives switches the attention away from the real issues.
The third-person narration is fluid and delicate and enables us to gradually discover the
Learner example:
characters' personalities and their reactions to the situations they are involved in.
The focus on their careers make[s] them forget about their co-workers, which creates a harsh and
cold work environment.

fly /flaɪ/
follow /ˈfɒl.əʊ/
Word family:
Nouns: flight
Word family:
Verbs: fly
Nouns: following, follower

VERB (flew, flown) Verbs: follow

Adjectives: following
TIME

[I] If time flies, it passes very quickly.

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VERB Dictionary example:
a follower of Jesus
it follows that
Learner example:
used to say that if one thing is true, another thing will also be true
Having been a devoted follower of the GDR's political system and having spent the collaps[e] of
Dictionary example: this very system in a coma in hospital, once she wakes up, Christane has to be sheltered from the
He's big, but it doesn't follow that he's strong. new developments.

Learner example:
It follows that they too do not have enough time.
foot /fʊt/ (PLURAL feet)
follow sb's example/lead
to copy someone's behaviour or ideas
NOUN [C]
Dictionary example:
You should follow Meg's example and tidy your room.
put your foot down
to tell someone in a strong way that they must do something or must stop doing
Learner example:
something
Thus they are encouraged to follow their example and change their character for ever.
Dictionary example:
follow in sb's footsteps
I decided to put my foot down with my staff and insist that they do not send personal emails in
to do the same job or the same things in your life as someone else, especially a work time.
member of your family
Learner example:
Dictionary example: Finally, I would like to appeal to other readers of the 'Cyprus Weekly', who might even be living
He followed in his father's footsteps and became an actor. near my area, to put your foot down and apply any pressure you can on people who can do
something about the situation.
Learner example:
Her step-granddaughter gets fascinated with Olivia's story and this fascination draws her to India put your foot in it
to follow in her footsteps.
to say something silly or embarrassing, without intending to
follow suit Dictionary example:
to do the same as someone else has just done I really put my foot in it with your mum - I didn't know she was a teacher herself.

Dictionary example: Learner example:

If other shops lower their prices, we will have to follow suit. I had really put my foot in it by telling Richard that it would better for him not to come to the
party.
Learner example:
Bitten by a insurmountable curiosity she goes to India to [find out] about her and she even follows get off/start on the wrong foot
suit: she ends up [in] the Himalay[a]s driven by a strong desire to know more.
to start a relationship or activity badly
Dictionary example:
He got off on the wrong foot with my parents by arriving late.
follower /ˈfɒl.əʊ.ər/
Learner example:
Word family: One of the greatest pleasure[s] of reading "The Remains of the Day" would be to see the gradual
Nouns: following, follower development of the relationship between Stevens and Miss Kenton. From the beginning, they get
Verbs: follow off on the wrong foot.
Adjectives: following
get/rise to your feet
NOUN [C]
to stand up after you have been sitting
someone who believes in a particular person or set of ideas

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 Dictionary example: Dictionary example:
The audience rose to their feet. We bought the piano for the children's benefit.

Learner example: Learner example:

The capacity crowd rose to their feet to cheer Dylan and his band; since then I understood why his Needless to say, I hope you take [all this] into consideration not only for Gustavo's benefit, but
fans worship him like a god. also for the benefit of the astronaut training programme and the world.

put your feet up for the best

to relax, especially by sitting with your feet supported above the ground If something is for the best, it seems unpleasant now, but will improve a situation
Dictionary example:
in the future.
Put your feet up for half an hour before the kids get home. Dictionary example:
Learner example: Divorce is always painful, but it really was for the best.
You have done your work and now you can put your feet up. Learner example:
It's a kind of sad thing to think about but maybe it's for the best.

for fear of sth/doing sth

footstep /ˈfʊt.step/
because you are worried about something/doing something

NOUN Dictionary example:

I didn't want to move for fear of waking her up.
follow in sb's footsteps
Learner example:
to do the same job or the same things in your life as someone else, especially a No one dared to turn around for fear of being bitterly disappointed.
member of your family
for one thing
Dictionary example:
used to give a reason for something
He followed in his father's footsteps and became an actor.
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
You can't give Amy that shirt - for one thing it's too small for her.
Her step-granddaughter gets fascinated with Olivia's story and this fascination draws her to India
to follow in her footsteps. Learner example:
Well, for one thing, you cannot spy on your subjects 24 hours a day - they would not allow it, and
it would be prohibitively expensive.

for /fɔːr/

force /fɔːs/
PREPOSITION

Word family:
for all
Nouns: force
despite
Verbs: force
Dictionary example: Adjectives: forceful
For all her qualifications, she's useless at the job.
NOUN
Learner example:
For all of his desire to be strong, Okonkwo is haunted [by] fear. INFLUENCE

[C or U] power and influence, or a person or thing that has it

for sb's benefit
in order to help someone Dictionary example:
the forces of good/evil

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 Learner example:
forceful /ˈfɔːs.fəl/
Each boy is a battleground where the forces of confusion wage war on the forces of good.
Word family:
a force to be reckoned with
Nouns: force
a very powerful person or organization
Verbs: force
Dictionary example: Adjectives: forceful
His Dad is a force to be reckoned with.
ADJECTIVE
Learner example: expressing opinions strongly and demanding attention or action
No longer a remote, backward, unimportant country, it became a force to be reckoned with in
Europe. Dictionary example:
a forceful manner/personality
join forces
Learner example:
When two people or groups join forces, they act or work together.
But she was a forceful woman who knew how to deal with her problems.
Dictionary example:
She joined forces with her sister-in-law to set up a restaurant.

Learner example: foreign /ˈfɒr.ən/

The second proposal is that we join forces with Green Peace in picketing the refinery, this of
Word family:
course is up to the individual members.
Nouns: foreigner
in/into force Adjectives: foreign
If a law, rule, etc. is in force, it is being used, and if it comes into force, it starts to
ADJECTIVE
be used.
be foreign to sb
Dictionary example:
to be something you know nothing about or do not understand
The new law came into force in April.
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
The concept of loyalty is completely foreign to him.
Perhaps with the coming of the millen[n]ium, new laws would come into force and less corruption
would do people a lot of good and perhaps the dream of a better and blooming future would Learner example:
become [a] reality with peace all over the planet. But, vulgarity was foreign to his nature and he seemed to be merely a shy man.

VERB [T]

USE POWER foremost /ˈfɔː.məʊst/

to use physical strength or effort to make something move or open
Dictionary examples: ADJECTIVE FORMAL

Move your leg up gently when you're doing this exercise, but don't force it. most important
If you force the zip, it'll break.
Dictionary example:
She forced the window open.
He's one of the country's foremost experts on military law.
Learner example:
Learner example:
They forced the door, entered the house and found Mary under the effect of drugs and h[er]
At the beginning of Lord of the flies we find out [about] one of the main characters, whose
boyfriend on the floor dead.
foremost feature is the fact that he is "different from the other boys".

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 Dictionary example:
foreseeable /fɔːˈsiː.ə.bl
̩/
I forget when we last saw him.
Word family: Learner example:
Verbs: foresee At one of those family gatherings in our house - I forget what the precise occasion was, because it
Adjectives: foreseeable, unforeseen is quite some time ago - all of us were sitting round the big square table in our dining room and
enjoying the delicious cakes that my mother had prepared the day before, while we exchanged the
ADJECTIVE
latest news.
for/in the foreseeable future
as far in the future as you can imagine
forgiveness /fəˈgɪv.nəs/
Dictionary example:
Prices will remain high for the foreseeable future.
Word family:
Learner example: Nouns: forgiveness
But in my view these same jobs will find themselves subjected to the same pressures and thus will Verbs: forgive
have the same destiny in the foreseeable future.
NOUN [U]

when you forgive someone for something they have done

forgery /ˈfɔː.dʒər.i/ Dictionary example:

They begged her for forgiveness.

NOUN Learner example:

She gave me a panicked look of abashment and begged for my forgiveness.
COPY

[C] an illegal copy of a document, painting, etc.

Dictionary example: form /fɔːm/

The passport was clearly a forgery.
Word family:
CRIME Nouns: form, formation, transformation
Verbs: form, transform
[U] the crime of making an illegal copy of something

Dictionary example: NOUN [C]

The doctor was convicted on two charges of forgery.

be on (good) form
Learner example: If someone is in form or on form, they are feeling or performing well, and if they
Frank remembered his dark past, when he commit[t]ed forgery. are off form they are not feeling or performing well.
Dictionary example:
Harry was on good form last night.
forget /fəˈget/ (forgetting, forgot, forgotten)
VERB
Word family:
Verbs: forget SHAPE
Adjectives: unforgettable [I or T] to take or to make something take a particular shape

VERB Dictionary examples:

Hold hands and form a circle.
I forget
Form the dough into little balls.
used instead of 'I have forgotten'

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 Learner example: Learner example:
The girl's mother had baked the biggest cake the little girl had ever seen and covered it with a lot The cave had the most incredible ice formation I had ever seen.
of cream and 10 candles [which] formed a heart in the middle.

form an opinion/impression, etc.

formidable /fɔːˈmɪd.ə.bl
̩/
to begin to have a particular opinion or idea about something because of the
information you have
ADJECTIVE
Dictionary example:
I formed the opinion that I was not really welcome there any more. POWERFUL

Learner example: strong, powerful, and a bit frightening

Young people are at the mercy of several ide[o]logical spectrums that dominate them and prevent Dictionary example:
them from forming an objective opinion. a formidable woman

BE Learner example:
[T] to be the thing talked about or be part of it I suppose that this optimism supports her formidable pioneer-spirit and energy.

Dictionary examples: DIFFICULT

The Alps form a natural barrier between Italy and Switzerland. difficult and needing a lot of effort or thought
Her diary forms the basis of the book.
Dictionary example:
Learner example: a formidable task
Someone tried to drink the water that had formed a puddle [o]n the ground but ended up with a
mouthful of moist yellow-tinted mud. Learner example:
You could feel like a fish out of water whenever you are with your colleagues or find yourself out
of place and being depressed when faced with formidable tasks which are not appealing to you at
all.
formation /fɔːˈmeɪ.ʃ n/ ə

Word family:
Nouns: form, formation, transformation formulate /ˈfɔː.mjə.leɪt/
Verbs: form, transform

VERB [T]
NOUN

PLAN
DEVELOPMENT

the development of something into a particular thing or shape to develop all the details of a plan for doing something
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example:
They formulated a plan to save the company.
the formation of a crystal

Learner example: Learner example:

Having discussed this matter, we formulated three basic suggestions and we [e]valuated the
Due to the heat from the sun, the sea water evaporates and this leads to the formation of clouds
as the water condenses as it gets higher. advantages of each of them.

SAY
SHAPE

when something has a particular shape or things are arranged in a particular way to say what you think or feel after thinking carefully

Dictionary examples: Dictionary example:

rock/cloud formations to formulate an answer/reply

The planes flew overhead in formation.

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 Learner example:
foundation /faʊnˈdeɪ.ʃən/
Montag is now thinking by himself and realises that he is able to formulate his own opinion.
Word family:
Nouns: foundation, founder
foul /faʊl/ Verbs: found

NOUN
ADJECTIVE
IDEA
BAD
[C] the idea or principle that something is based on
very bad or unpleasant
Dictionary example:
Dictionary examples: Jefferson's document formed the foundation of a new nation.
foul weather
Learner example:
She's in a foul mood.
Love, understanding and respect will be the foundation of [the] upbringing of my children.
Learner example:
It rea[p]peared only in moments of distraction and served exclusively to increase her foul mood. be without foundation; have no foundation
FORMAL If something is without foundation, there is no proof that it is true.
NOUN [C]
Dictionary example:
something that someone does in a sport that is not allowed by the rules
The allegations are completely without foundation.
Dictionary example:
He was sent off for a vicious foul on Cooper.

Learner example: founder /ˈfaʊn.dər/

If that happen[s], the referee has the right to interrupt the game by blowing his whistle and saying
that that team has committed a foul. Word family:
Nouns: foundation, founder
Verbs: found

found /faʊnd/ NOUN [C]

someone who establishes an organization, movement, etc.

Word family:
Nouns: foundation, founder Dictionary example:
Verbs: found She was one of the founders of the women's movement.

VERB [T] Learner example:

Moreover, this widely recognised person is not only known as a founder of Microsoft, the richest
BASE man on the planet, but also as someone who decided to give almost a half of his money to a
to base something on a set of ideas or beliefs charity and this may help many people suffering from diseases.

Dictionary example:
a society founded on principles of equality
fraction /ˈfræk.ʃən/
Learner example:
While Piggy is holding the conch, the symbol of a human community, founded on discussion,
NOUN [C]
agreement and rules, and speaking up to Jack, Roger sets the rock in motion which destroys Piggy
and his conch. a very small number or amount
Dictionary example:
a fraction of a second

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 Learner example:
fragrant /ˈfreɪ.grənt/
Both of them hit the wall almost at the same time but, against Hall's prediction, Popou was better
by a fraction of a second. Word family:
Nouns: fragrance
Adjectives: fragrant
fragile /ˈfrædʒ.aɪl/
ADJECTIVE

with a pleasant smell

ADJECTIVE
Dictionary example:
BREAK fragrant flowers
easily broken, damaged, or destroyed Learner example:
Dictionary examples: From his terrace you can see the marvellous sea of Dublin Bay and appreciate the fragrant odour
a fragile china cup of the beautiful flowers that embellish the place.
a fragile economy

Learner example:
frail /freɪl/
The majority of these countries still have a very fragile economy.

PERSON
ADJECTIVE
physically or emotionally weak
not strong or healthy
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example:
a fragile little girl
a frail old lady
Learner example:
Learner example:
She seemed to be so fragile with an everlasting smile on her face.
Looking at her, she was frail and looked confused.

fragrance /ˈfreɪ.grənts/
frame /freɪm/

Word family:
Nouns: fragrance NOUN [C]
Adjectives: fragrant
frame of mind
NOUN [C or U]
the way someone feels at a particular time
a pleasant smell
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example: She was in a much more positive frame of mind today.
the delicate fragrance of roses
Learner example:
Learner example: Naturally, these are more difficult factors to cope with for older people, but it just happens to
We were inundated with the fresh air, an untold fragrance mixed with the warm breeze and the anyone if you're not in the right frame of mind.
unique-styled buildings.

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 framework /ˈfreɪm.wɜːk/ NOUN

CRIME
NOUN [C]
[U] when someone does something illegal in order to get money
a system of rules, ideas, or beliefs that is used to plan or decide something
Dictionary example:
Dictionary examples: credit card fraud
a legal framework for resolving disputes
Learner example:
the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages
Michael was completely speechless when he realized that Claire had all the proof of the fraud he
Learner example: had [committed].
They were all trying to do their best in the rigid framework of the existing system (one of them
even succeeded in making the difference). TRICK

[C] someone or something that deceives people by pretending to be someone or

something that they are not
frantic /ˈfræn.tɪk/
Dictionary example:
She claimed to be a journalist, but she was just a fraud.
ADJECTIVE
Learner example:
FAST
My marriage was a fraud, a case of b[i]gamy.

done in a fast and excited way and not calm or organized

Dictionary example: fraudulent /ˈfrɔːd.jə.lənt/
a frantic search
Word family:
Learner example:
Nouns: fraud
Fred started to shiver as frantic images of the past flashed through his mind.
Adjectives: fraudulent
WORRIED
ADJECTIVE FORMAL
very worried or frightened
dishonest and illegal
Dictionary examples:
Dictionary example:
frantic calls for help
fraudulent insurance claims
I got home to find Joe frantic with worry.
Learner example:
Learner example:
This vice increases more and more as fanatics spend more money for sport-related topics, and so,
Donna's mother had heard her frantic shouts, and now said soothingly: "Have you forgotten Elaine
most valuable players become more expensive and then they begin to be involved in cheating and
has spent the night at her friend's house?"
fraudulent activities.

fraud /frɔːd/
free /friː/
Word family:
Word family:
Nouns: fraud
Nouns: freedom
Adjectives: fraudulent
Adjectives: free
Adverbs: freely

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ADJECTIVE frenzy /ˈfren.zi/

a free hand
permission to make your own decisions about how you want to do something NOUN [U NO PLURAL]

when you are so excited, nervous, or anxious that you cannot control what you are
Dictionary example:
The students were given a free hand as far as designing their product was concerned.
doing

Learner example: Dictionary example:

But unlike my parents, I wouldn't give my children a free hand in solving their problems. She hit him in a frenzy of rage.

Learner example:
ADVERB
For the next thirty-two hours, a frenzy took hold of the house.
break free
to suddenly escape or become separate from something
fresh /freʃ/
Dictionary example:
The prisoner broke free while the guards weren't looking.
ADJECTIVE
break free
to escape from someone or something that is controlling you SKIN

Fresh skin looks healthy.

Dictionary example:
She tried to break free from the social conditioning of her upbringing. Dictionary example:
a fresh complexion
Learner example:
I would like to revisit there one day as it's firmly connected to my ad[o]lescence, when I struggled Learner example:
to break free from my peers, [and] tried to establish my own identity. Her eyes were blue and she had a beautiful fresh complexion.

fresh water
water from lakes, rivers, etc. that has no salt in it
freedom /ˈfriː.dəm/
Dictionary example:
Word family: These fish live in fresh water.
Nouns: freedom
Adjectives: free Learner example:
Adverbs: freely You find stunning white beaches, clear, fresh water lakes, isolated tropic islands, reef, rainforests,
buzzing cities, challenging mountain range, bush, outback - and the desert.
NOUN [C or U]
a breath of fresh air
freedom from sth someone or something that is new, different, and exciting
a situation in which you are not suffering because of something unpleasant or
Dictionary example:
harmful Having Eve around has been a breath of fresh air.
Dictionary example: Learner example:
freedom from fear/poverty The final suggestion is focused on building a leisure centre. Should this be everything the Town
Learner example: Council has promised, it will bring a breath of fresh air.
Despite our modern medicine and the progress it has made within the last century, there is no
guarantee of freedom from disease or freedom from illness.

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 fringe /frɪndʒ/ front /frʌnt/

NOUN [C] NOUN

HAIR back to front

hair that is cut short and straight at the top of someone's face with the back part of something where the front should be

Dictionary example: Dictionary example:

Her fringe was nearly in her eyes. You've got your trousers on back to front.

Learner example: Learner example:

She had [a] long fringe over her forehead that almost covered her pale blue eyes. Therefore, the government needs to cut expenditure and as a result of this, health faciliti[es] will
only be accessible for rich people. Then we are back to front.
EDGE

the outside edge of an area, group, or subject and not the main part
Dictionary examples: frontier /frʌnˈtɪər/
the southern fringe of the city
the radical fringe of the party NOUN

Learner example:
BETWEEN COUNTRIES
He is on the fringe of society.
a line or border between two countries
ADJECTIVE [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN]
Dictionary example:
not belonging to the main part of a group, activity, or subject
They placed guards on the frontier.
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
fringe politics/theatre
He took it and escaped towards the German frontier.
Learner example:
the frontiers of sth
Unfortunately it seems to have won "new" currency in view of the latest events directed against
foreigners, minorities and fringe groups. the limits of what is known or what has been done before in an area of knowledge
or activity
Dictionary example:
from /frɒm/ the frontiers of science and technology

Learner example:
PREPOSITION Introduction: throughout history, scientists, artists and other people tried hard to push back the
frontiers of knowledge, in order to succeed in making [or] creating something that all humankind
from top to bottom
will ben[e]fit from somehow.
completely
Dictionary example:
I've searched the house from top to bottom and still can't find it. frown /fraʊn/

Learner example:
Very often we can see someone in black, from top to bottom, or in white. VERB [I]

SHOW ANGER

to make your face show that you are annoyed or worried by moving your eyebrows

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 Dictionary example:
fulfilling /fʊlˈfɪl.ɪŋ/
She frowned when I mentioned his name.

Learner example: Word family:

She looked at him and frowned, strange, but he smiled back. Nouns: fulfilment
Verbs: fulfil
NOUN [C] Adjectives: fulfilling
the expression on your face when you frown
ADJECTIVE
Dictionary example: If something is fulfilling, it satisfies you and makes you happy.
He looked at me with a puzzled frown.
Dictionary example:
Learner example: a fulfilling job
If you are truly devoted to your health, logic thus dictates that you will be sitting at the dinner
table with an empty plate - and certainly a frown on your face. Learner example:
But the choice of a fulfilling job is an important factor because most people spend 8 or 9 hours
working every day and doing something that you don't like for long can be a problem.

fruit /fruːt/

Word family: fulfilment /fʊlˈfɪl.mənt/

Nouns: fruit
Adjectives: fruitful Word family:
Nouns: fulfilment
NOUN [C or U] Verbs: fulfil
Adjectives: fulfilling
bear fruit
If something that someone does bears fruit, it produces successful results. NOUN [U]

Dictionary example: PLEASURE

Our decision is just beginning to bear fruit. a feeling of pleasure because you are receiving or achieving what you want
Learner example: Dictionary example:
Although a new hotel and conference centre would greatly improve the image of our town, I I hope that you'll find happiness and fulfilment in your life together.
consider it a costly investment that might not bear fruit.
Learner example:
the fruit(s) of sth Personally, I firmly believe that a certain degree of compromise should be reached, and that work
the good result of someone's work or actions should combine both economical and emotional stability, and only in that way will we find true
fulfilment through work.
Dictionary example:
This book is the fruit of 15 years' research. SOMETHING DONE

Learner example: when someone does something necessary or something that they have wanted or
People work very hard to obtain their salaries or wages, so after earning their salaries they need to promised to do
enjoy the fruits of their hard labour and shopping is one way of doing that.
Dictionary example:
Being here is the fulfilment of a lifelong ambition.

Learner example:
Today's human[s] travel the earth for holidays, going from exotic to esoteric vacation spots to
soothe body and mind, or in fulfilment of a business need.

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 full /fʊl/ fundamentally /ˌfʌn.dəˈmen.təl .i/

Word family: Word family:

Adjectives: full Adjectives: fundamental
Adverbs: fully Adverbs: fundamentally

ADJECTIVE ADVERB

in a basic and important way

be full of yourself
to think that you are very important or clever Dictionary examples:
Nothing has fundamentally changed.
Dictionary example:
I still believe that people are fundamentally good.
She's been very full of herself since she won that prize.
Learner example:
Learner example:
Japanese gardens are fundamentally different from those designed in Europe.
There is a thing which I consider very important for the upbringing of my own children - to
"teach" them to be coherent and to think [of] the "others" because if you are full of yourself, you
are blind and you can't see what is happening around you.
further /ˈfɜː.ðər/
have your hands full
to be very busy VERB [T]

Dictionary example: to make something develop or become more successful

Shelley has her hands full with three kids under 5.
Dictionary example:
Learner example: He'll do anything to further his career.
This very fact made my father work as a slave, as he was the only breadwinner at home, my
Learner example:
mother having her hands full with us four.
This could be because some of [the] Education graduates were already in [the] education field and
pursuing a graduate course was a means of furthering their career or knowledge.

fundamental /ˌfʌn.dəˈmen.təl/

Word family: fury /ˈfjʊə.ri/

Adjectives: fundamental
Word family:
Adverbs: fundamentally
Nouns: fury
ADJECTIVE Adjectives: furious
Adverbs: furiously
relating to the most important or main part of something
Dictionary examples: NOUN [U NO PLURAL]

a fundamental change/difference extreme anger

Training is fundamental to success.
Dictionary example:
Learner example: He could hardly control his fury.
However I liked it a lot because music is fundamental to me.
Learner example:
Never had John felt such fury and hate before.

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 Learner example:
fussy /ˈfʌs.i/
But in my view these same jobs will find themselves subjected to the same pressures and thus will
Word family: have the same destiny in the foreseeable future.
Nouns: fuss
Adjectives: fussy

ADJECTIVE

NOT LIKING

only liking particular things and very difficult to please

Dictionary example:
She's a very fussy eater.

Learner example:
When visiting a foreign country it may be difficult not to be fussy about food as well, and again,
that is because of habits.

CAREFUL

too careful about unimportant details

Dictionary example:
He's very fussy about keeping his car clean.

Learner example:
And this importance of presentation and almost fussy preciseness are reflected in our tradition.

future /ˈfjuː.tʃər/

NOUN

WHAT WILL HAPPEN

[C] what will happen to someone or something in the time that is to come

Dictionary examples:
We need to discuss the future of the company.
Torn apart by war, this country now faces a very uncertain future.

Learner example:
If there weren't any charity workers, a lot of disabled and poor people would face a very uncertain
future.

for/in the foreseeable future

as far in the future as you can imagine
Dictionary example:
Prices will remain high for the foreseeable future.

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 Learner example:
In fact on the first night they almost gambled it all away, but John got lucky at the last minute and

G won 25 thousand dollars.

NOUN [C]

a risk that you take that something will succeed

Dictionary example:
gain /geɪn/
Buying this place was a big gamble, but it seems to have paid off.

Learner example:
VERB
Racing along the corridor I took a gamble and rushed for the lord's office, where the documents
were likely to be.
nothing ventured, nothing gained
used to say that it is worth trying something, even if you may not succeed
Dictionary example: game /geɪm/
It will be quite expensive ... still, nothing ventured nothing gained!

Learner example: NOUN [C]

It was a demanding task to prepare it but nothing ventured nothing gained.
play games
NOUN [C or U]
to not deal with a situation seriously or honestly
SOMETHING OBTAINED Dictionary example:
when you get something useful or positive Someone's life is in danger here - we're not playing games.

Dictionary examples: Learner example:

financial/personal gain I couldn't possibly get all that money together, and the kidnappers were not playing games.
There are huge gains in terms of the number of lives saved.

Learner example:
Maybe changing the attitudes of the younger generation as to the true aim of education could gang /gæŋ/
help in the future, teaching them that education is desirable to broaden the mind, to make us
better people, not simply a means of financial gain, [and] of acquiring status in society by means NOUN [C]
of a socially acceptable job.
FRIENDS

INFORMAL a group of young friends

gamble /ˈgæm.bl/
Dictionary example:
I'm going camping with Holly and the rest of the gang.
Word family:
Nouns: gambling, gamble Learner example:
Verbs: gamble A whole gang of us decided to go on an excursion, as we did once a month.

VERB [I or T]

RISK MONEY

! to risk money on the result of a game, race, or competition

Dictionary example:
He gambled away all of her savings.

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 gap /gæp/ gaze /geɪz/

NOUN [C] NOUN [NO PLURAL]

a long look at someone or something

a gap in the market
an opportunity for a product or service that does not already exist Dictionary example:
a steady/watchful gaze
Dictionary example:
There's a gap in the market for a good fish shop. Learner example:
For a moment, he had this empty gaze of someone who is in trouble and who has to find a
Learner example:
solution.
I had nearly finished my study and had an idea to start a small software company, filling a gap in
the market that was overlooked by the larger I.T. companies.

genius /ˈdʒiː.ni.əs/

gasp /gɑːsp/
NOUN

VERB [I] QUALITY

[U] the quality of being extremely intelligent or extremely good at doing something
MAKE NOISE

to make a noise by suddenly breathing in because you are shocked or surprised Dictionary example:
Einstein's genius
Dictionary example:
She gasped in horror as the car spun out of control. Learner example:
Nothing is more common than unrewarded genius and mis[used] talents.
Learner example:
I gasped with astonishment at the juggler's dexterity.

BREATHE WITH DIFFICULTY germ /dʒɜːm/

to breathe loudly and with difficulty trying to get more air
Dictionary example: NOUN

He clutched his heart, gasping for breath.

the germ of sth
Learner example: the beginning of something
They danced until they were so tired that they fell to the ground, still laughing and gasping for air.
Dictionary example:
NOUN [C] the germ of a brilliant idea
the noise that someone makes when they gasp Learner example:
Dictionary example: Going back to the scene at More's home, we now understand why this is the germ of the
a gasp of surprise subsequent development of the play.

Learner example:
His gasp startled the other sleeping tourists & they all crawled and stumbled onto their feet.
gesture /ˈdʒes.tʃər/

VERB [I]

to point at something or express something using your hand, arm, or head

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 Dictionary example: get your own back (on sb)
He gestured towards the window. to do something unpleasant to someone because they have done something
Learner example: unpleasant to you
She gestured to the hall's expensive Persian carpets and the extensive collection of French
Dictionary example:
Impressionists hanging on the walls.
I got my own back by putting a frog in her bed.

Learner example:
get /get/ There, Kingshaw has the opportunity to get his own back by pushing Hooper down the wall, but
he doesn't dare because he is not as cruel as Hooper.

VERB (getting, got, got) Don't get me wrong INFORMAL

used when you do not want someone to think that you do not like someone or
get your act together INFORMAL
something
to organize your activities so that you can make progress
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example:
Don't get me wrong, I like her, but she can be very annoying.
She's so disorganized - I wish she'd get her act together.
Learner example:
Learner example:
Don't get me wrong, I love my aunts, I really do, but not as houseguests.
He was determined to get his act together and try to find a solution to his problem.
get moving INFORMAL
get sth off your chest INFORMAL
to hurry
to tell someone about something that you have been worried or angry about for a
long time Dictionary example:
We're leaving in five minutes, so get moving!
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
Tell me what's wrong - you'll feel better if you get it off your chest.
"Oh, look at the time, we must get moving!"
Learner example:
Chris is always caring and lends you his ear if there's something you need to get off your chest. get a move on INFORMAL

to hurry
get you nowhere
If something gets you nowhere, it does not help you to succeed. Dictionary example:
Come on, get a move on!
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
Bad manners will get you nowhere.
'All the lights will be switched off in 28 minut[e]s, so I have to get a move on' I said to myself, as I
Learner example: started to write on a new piece of paper.
As this is a loophole in [the] law system, it's creating a conflict between house-owners and
squatters and getting them nowhere. get out of hand
to become difficult to control
get sth over (and done) with
to do something difficult or unpleasant as soon as you can so that you do not have Dictionary example:
It was the end of term and the children were getting a little out of hand.
to worry about it any more
Learner example:
Dictionary example:
A few solutions can prevent this problem from getting out of hand.
I got all my apologies over and done with at the beginning of the meeting.
get the hang of sth
Learner example:
Not to mention that he knew that he had to get his degree over and done with before he started INFORMAL to learn how to do something, especially if it is not obvious or simple
making serious decisions.

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 Dictionary example:
give /gɪv/
I've never used one of these before. - Don't worry, you'll soon get the hang of it.

Learner example:
VERB [T] (gave, given)
It was quite hard to get the hang of it, as I didn't have any knowledge of English.
give rise to sth
get underway
to cause something
to begin
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example:
The bacteria live in the human body but do not give rise to any symptoms.
The film festival gets underway on 11th July.
Learner example:
get the picture INFORMAL
That visit gave rise to a fruitful discussion in which various opinions were voiced and here are
used to say that someone understands a situation some comments on them.

Dictionary example: give vent to

Oh right, I get the picture.
to express strong anger or another strong feeling
Learner example:
Dictionary example:
If you use a photograph though, you can be sure that everyone will get the picture (pun intended)
He gave vent to the frustration that had been building up inside him.
and pro[b]ably remember the person you're talking about next time they see him.
Learner example:
It's a great fallacy that giving vent to our emotion will be a solution to the problem itself and will
lead to anything at all.
giant /ˈdʒaɪ.ənt/
give way to sth
NOUN [C] to change into something else

ORGANIZATION Dictionary example:

Her excitement quickly gave way to horror.
a very large and important company or organization
Learner example:
Dictionary example:
This friendship gave way to love, but it was a really difficult situation, after all she was the
a media/software giant
Managing Director's daughter.
Learner example:
In less than 15 years Bill Gates has built up his own company from scratch and turned it into a
give way
computer giant. If something gives way, it falls because it is not strong enough to support the
weight on top of it.
Dictionary example:
giggle /ˈgɪg.l/ Suddenly the ground gave way under me.

Learner example:
VERB [I] Fred's voice trailed off as he felt his legs give way beneath him.
to laugh in a nervous or silly way
give sb a hard time
Dictionary example: to criticize someone and make them feel guilty about something they have done
She started giggling and couldn't stop.
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
Ever since I missed the goal, the other players have been giving me a hard time.
Clara, a thin woman in her late fifties, giggled and her usually so flabby lips trembled as she did
so. Learner example:
I'm not saying that I wasn't normal or anything, I just gave my family a hard time sometimes.

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 glare /gleər/ glow /gləʊ/

NOUN NOUN [NO PLURAL]

LIGHT LIGHT

[U] strong, bright light that hurts your eyes a soft, warm light

Dictionary example: Dictionary example:

I get a lot of glare from my computer screen. the warm glow of the moon

Learner example: Learner example:

As often as not, pressing the switch gave no result or yielded the glare of a naked bulb. The sun was setting, leaving a pink glow on everything it touched and the air smelled like fresh-
cut grass.
LOOK
SKIN
[C] a long, angry look
when your face feels or appears warm and healthy
Dictionary example:
She gave me an angry glare. Dictionary example:
Sam's face had lost its rosy glow.
Learner example:
His glare [said] everything; she was the worst thing that had ever happened to the school. Learner example:
After about three weeks of using this product by Morway Company, you will notice that your face
VERB [I] looks softer and has a natural healthy glow.
to look at someone in an angry way
VERB [I]
Dictionary example:
to produce a soft, warm light
She glared at him and stormed out of the room.
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
toys which glow in the dark
You open the door and "Surprise!!": [it's] your mother and father, who ha[ve] just arrived from the
country to spend the weekend with you. You glare at your mother, imagining that. Learner example:
You can safely invest [i]n juggling equipment that glows in the dark, has flashing lights - or even
that is set afire before starting to juggle [with] it.

globe /gləʊb/ to have a warm and healthy appearance

Dictionary example:
Word family:
Her eyes were bright and her cheeks were glowing.
Nouns: globalization, globe
Adjectives: global Learner example:
Adverbs: globally While the tourists were getting dressed, Ingrid, a tall middle-aged woman, checked the humidity
of her armpits and that reminded her of the sentence: "Horses sweat, men perspire, women glow."
NOUN
glow with happiness/pride,etc.
the globe to feel very happy, proud, etc.
the world
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example: Glowing with pride, she showed me her painting.
This event is being watched by 200 million people around the globe.
Learner example:
Learner example: I never use it, of course, but just knowing I possess it makes me glow with happiness.
He has given numerous speeches around the globe, in which he always captivated the audience.

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 glue /gluː/ go downhill
to gradually become worse
NOUN [U] Dictionary example:
a substance used to stick things together After his wife died, his health started to go downhill.

Dictionary example: Learner example:

Put a bit of glue on both edges and hold them together. He had been going downhill in the last few days and so his death came as no surprise.

Learner example: go overboard INFORMAL

On the contrary, sometimes, with the help of our teachers, we had to fix them using "emergency" to do something too much, or to be too excited about something
solutions and materials, such as sellotape and glue.
Dictionary example:
VERB [T] (glueing, gluing, glued) I think people go overboard with presents at Christmas.

Learner example:
STICK
While no one should restrict their eating habits to the point eating is no longer a pleasure, but
to stick something to something else with glue
rather a chore, it is important not to go overboard, completely disregarding the advice of nutrition
Dictionary example: experts.
Do you think you can glue this vase back together?
go out of your way to do sth
Learner example: to try very hard to do something pleasant for someone
That is why my father glued and nailed the back of it so nobody could ever open the frame.
Dictionary example:
He went out of his way to make us feel welcome.

go /gəʊ/ go through the motions

to do something because you are expected to do it and not because you want to
VERB (going, went, gone) Dictionary example:
These days when we go out, I feel as though he's just going through the motions.
SOUND/MOVEMENT

[I or T] to make a particular sound or movement Learner example:

She went through the motions of every-day-life without enthusiasm.
Dictionary examples:
A cat goes 'Miaow'. go so far as to do sth
"Your dog's behaving oddly!" - "He goes like that when he wants some food." to take the extreme action of doing something

WORKING Dictionary example:

[I] to work in the right way He even went so far as to stop her using the telephone.

Learner example:
Dictionary example:
Our present course of action may go so far as to cause irrevers[i]ble damage not only to our
Did you get the car going?
planet but also to the people living upon [it].
to go
go too far
If there is a particular amount of time to go, that time remains.
to behave in a way that upsets or annoys other people
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example:
There are only two weeks of term to go.
He's said some stupid things in the past, but this time he's gone too far.
Learner example:
Learner example:
Right now this example is very realistic, and as I have just been told there is only 15 min to go, my
Lucia let her speak and calmly said: "You really have gone too far this time."
stress level, I have to admit, is too high.

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 go with the flow INFORMAL Dictionary example:

to do or accept what other people are doing because it is the easiest thing to do The doctor says it is touch and go whether Mary will recover.

Learner example:
Dictionary example:
The idea of earning a lot certainly appeals to me but it's touch and go whether the job may bring a
Just relax and go with the flow!
lot of money right from the start.
Learner example:
At this stage of her progress towards knowing herself better she has accepted that life is a
mu[dd]le and that to a certain extent one has to go with the flow.
good /gʊd/
go against the grain
Word family:
If something goes against the grain, you would not normally do it because it would
Nouns: good, goodness
be unusual or morally wrong. Adjectives: good
Dictionary example:
ADJECTIVE (better, best)
It goes against the grain to throw all this food away.

Learner example:
a good 20 minutes/30 miles, etc.
She tries to dodge George because she is afraid of admitting the fact that she loves him. It simply not less than 20 minutes/30 miles, etc. and probably a bit more
goes against the grain.
Dictionary example:
go through the roof It's a good half an hour's walk to the station from here.

If the level of something, especially a price, goes through the roof, it increases Learner example:
very quickly. The Arts and Social science field also has a good 21% of graduates in further study.

Dictionary example: it's a good job

The price of corn has gone through the roof recently. If it is a good job that something happened, it is lucky that it happened.
Learner example: Dictionary example:
Try extreme sports and feel your adrenaline levels going through the roof! It's a good job that Jo was there to help you.

be still going strong Learner example:

continuing to be successful or healthy after a long time It's a good job that I didn't cry.

Dictionary examples: so far so good INFORMAL

The club was set up in 1987, and it's still going strong. used to say that something has gone well until now
He's 93 and still going strong!
Dictionary example:
Learner example: It's the first time I've done any decorating, but so far so good.
I am proud of him and happy that he is still going strong.
Learner example:
NOUN [C] (PLURAL goes) So far so good, only no one told us they held this point of view before the actual christening took
place.
make a go of sth
to try to make something succeed, usually by working hard be in good taste
to be acceptable in a way that will not upset or anger people
Dictionary example:
They're determined to make a go of their business. Dictionary example:
His speech was in good taste.
touch and go
Learner example:
used to describe a situation that is uncertain
I therefore t[h]ought that it would be in good taste to write about two of them.

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NOUN [U] NOUN [U]

MORALLY RIGHT POLITENESS

what people think is morally right the quality of being pleasantly polite
Dictionary example: Dictionary example:
Children don't always understand the difference between good and bad. He had the grace to apologize for his mistake the next day.

Learner example: VERB [T]

From a symbolic point of view, the whole book features the conflict between good and evil,
When a person or object graces a place or thing, they make it more attractive.
between reason and primary brutal p[as]sions such as savageness and lust for blood.
Dictionary example:
do sb a/the world of good INFORMAL
Her face has graced the covers of magazines across the world.
to make someone feel much happier or healthier
Learner example:
Dictionary example: The cover is graced with the flower after which it is named, an enormous, virgin white magnolia.
That swim has done me a world of good.

Learner example:
I feel a year abroad would do her a world of good in letting her care for children, learn to speak graceful /ˈgreɪs.fəl/
English properly, and see life from different aspects.
Word family:
Nouns: grace
Verbs: grace
goodness /ˈgʊd.nəs/
Adjectives: graceful

Word family: ADJECTIVE

Nouns: good, goodness
Adjectives: good POLITE

behaving in a polite and pleasant way

NOUN

[U] the quality of being good Dictionary example:

She accepted his criticism in a very graceful manner.
Dictionary example:
She believes in the goodness of human nature. Learner example:
I believe that people who have civil and graceful manners and who refrain from being too assertive
Learner example: end up being more successful and powerful than those who try to exert authority at any given
Soon after their marriage, Kinga gained a [reputation for] being [a] saint, for her virginity, modesty moment.
and goodness.

grain /greɪn/
grace /greɪs/

Word family: NOUN

Nouns: grace
SEED
Verbs: grace
Adjectives: graceful a seed or seeds from types of grass which are eaten as food
Dictionary example:
grains of wheat/rice

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 Learner example:
grasp /grɑːsp/
One [solution] is [to] invent some kind of medicine, little pieces like a grain of rice, which feed a
person, i.e. by just eating one piece, the person won't need to eat [any]thing else [for] the rest of
the day. VERB [T]

PIECE grasp the nettle

a very small piece of something to take action immediately in order to deal with an unpleasant situation

Dictionary example: Dictionary example:

a grain of sand/sugar I've been putting off tackling the problem for too long and I think it's time to grasp the nettle.

Learner example: Learner example:

She smiled again, absent-minded[ly], and wiped away a grain of dust from the lid of the piano. Now we are going to grasp the nettle and we are not going to give up easily.

QUALITY NOUN [NO PLURAL]

a very small amount of a quality

UNDERSTAND

Dictionary example: when you understand something

There isn't a grain of truth in her story.
Dictionary example:
Learner example: He has a good grasp of of English grammar.
In my humble opinion, both these views contain a grain of truth, and at the same time they are
Learner example:
fundamentally wrong.
Computers are an essential part of our modern lives and I am sure I would need to have a good
go against the grain grasp of the Microsoft tools to progress in my career.
If something goes against the grain, you would not normally do it because it would
HOLD
be unusual or morally wrong.
when you hold onto someone or something
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example:
It goes against the grain to throw all this food away.
I tried to pull him out but he slipped from my grasp.
Learner example:
ACHIEVE
She tries to dodge George because she is afraid of admitting the fact that she loves him. It simply
goes against the grain. the ability to obtain or achieve something
Dictionary example:
Victory is within our grasp.
grammatical /grəˈmæt.ɪk.əl/
Learner example:
Word family: Although immortality is still beyond our grasp, prolonged life is a well-known fact.
Nouns: grammar
Adjectives: grammatical
green /griːn/
ADJECTIVE

relating to grammar, or obeying the rules of grammar

ADJECTIVE
Dictionary examples:
grammatical rules (be) green with envy
a grammatical sentence to wish very much that you had something that another person has
Learner example: Dictionary example:
It was strange, because in the text there were some grammatical errors. Sam's got a job in the south of France and we're all green with envy!

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 Learner example: Dictionary example:
The more successful players' salary makes the others green with envy. grim industrial regions

Learner example:
This was a particularly gloomy and grim place.
greet /griːt/

Word family:
grin /grɪn/
Nouns: greeting
Verbs: greet
VERB [I] (grinning, grinned)
VERB [T]

SMILE
REACT
to smile a big smile
to react to something in a particular way
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example:
He grinned at me from the doorway.
His story was greeted with shrieks of laughter.
Learner example:
Learner example:
He stood up, approached me in his once corduroy trousers, grinned and poked his tongue out at
The return of the musician, who [was] once famous in the world, was greeted with joy.
me.

grin and bear it

grim /grɪm/ to accept an unpleasant or difficult situation because there is nothing you can do
to improve it
ADJECTIVE (grimmer, grimmest) Dictionary example:
I hate my job, but I'm just going to have to grin and bear it for a while.
BAD

worrying and bad Learner example:

As I couldn't simply get up and go away, I just had to grin and bear it for a little while longer.
Dictionary examples:
grim news NOUN [C]

The future looks grim. a big smile

Learner example: Dictionary example:
A person should realise that no matter how grim the future seems to be there is always light at She had a big grin on her face.
the end of the tunnel.
Learner example:
SERIOUS No sooner had he entered the restaurant than he was greated with broad grins and friendly hugs.
sad and serious
Dictionary example:
grip /grɪp/
a grim expression

Learner example: Word family:

They gaped at it with surprise, but slowly the grim faces were replaced with smiles and laughter. Nouns: grip
Verbs: grip
UNPLEASANT Adjectives: gripping
A grim place is ugly and unpleasant.

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VERB [T] (-pp-) Learner example:
Afterwards, with a wild groan, he dropped down to the ground.
EMOTION

When an emotion grips you, you feel it very strongly.

ground /graʊnd/
Dictionary example:
He was gripped by fear.
NOUN
Learner example:
But when she found out, a cold fe[e]ling of shock gripped her.
stand your ground
INTEREST to refuse to change your opinion or move your position despite attempts to make
to keep someone's attention completely you

Dictionary example: Dictionary example:

This trial has gripped the whole nation. They tried to make me accept a lower wage, but I stood my ground.

Learner example: Learner example:

I was gazing at the stage and was completely gripped by the music. She said she would stand her ground. In fact, she hoped that after the first flush of infatuation
was over, Francis would come [to] long for his former love.
NOUN [NO PLURAL]
break new ground
come/get to grips with sth to do something that is different to anything that has been done before
to understand and deal with a problem or situation
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example: Their research is really breaking new ground.
It's a difficult subject to get to grips with.
Learner example:
Learner example: Paul decided to break new ground in music no matter how long it took.
As a result, they are daily faced with tight schedules and they have to come to grips with the
demanding work they have to prepare for school. find common ground
to find shared beliefs, interests or ideas
Dictionary example:
groan /grəʊn/ It's difficult for me to find any common ground with my dad.

Learner example:
VERB [I] The bottom line is we have to find some common ground and some balance between development
to make a long, low sound such as when expressing pain, unhappiness, etc. and nature...

Dictionary example:
He collapsed, groaning with pain.
grounds /graʊndz/
Learner example:
He was breathing but he was uncons[c]ious; he moaned and groaned, but he did not have any
NOUN [PLURAL]
obvious signs of injuries.

NOUN [C] REASON

a long, low sound such as one expressing pain, unhappiness, etc. a reason, cause or argument

Dictionary example: Dictionary example:

I could hear his groans from behind the door. He resigned on medical grounds.

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 Learner example: Dictionary example:
I would like to mention some of the events in the novel which prove Stevens's loyalty and at the Companies were warned to be on their guard for suspicious packages.
same time make him seem irritating especially out of a modern point of view: the dismissal of the
Learner example:
two Jewish maids on purely racial grounds.
However, we should be on guard, so as not to let the things escape our control.
LAND
let your guard down
the land around and belonging to a particular building or organization
to relax when you should be careful or ready to deal with something
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example:
We strolled around the hospital grounds.
He's worried that if he lets his guard down that his staff will start to become lazy.
Learner example:
Learner example:
The visitors feel molested, since they can either not visit the famous sights without being asked
That of course will go against anything Stevens has ever done and he never lets his guard down.
for money or they are even advised not to leave the hotel grounds in order not to be robbed.

guess /ges/
guarantee /ˌgær.ənˈtiː/

NOUN [C]
NOUN [C or U]

an educated guess
PROMISE
a guess that is probably correct because you have enough knowledge about
a promise that something will be done or will happen
something
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example:
There's no guarantee that it actually works.
I know you don't have the exact figures with you, but make an educated guess.
Learner example:
Learner example:
They are the ones who are hit most by any economic deterioration or crisis, and there is no
If we make an educated guess, we will probably suppose that this tendency will continue [for] the
guarantee that they will not end up living in the streets.
next few years and that there will be a time when we won't be able to do anything without
medicines.

guard /gɑːd/

gulf /gʌlf/
NOUN

catch sb off guard NOUN [C]

to surprise someone by doing something when they are not ready to deal with it an important difference between the opinions or situations of two groups of
people
Dictionary example:
The journalist caught him off guard and he admitted to lying. Dictionary example:
There is a growing gulf between the rich and the poor.
Learner example:
It caught me off guard. This grotesque image shattered the comfort of a languid Sunday afternoon Learner example:
and for a few seconds hurled me into a world of pain. While Mrs Kingshaw simplifies and trivialises her son's fears, she increases the gulf between them.

be on (your) guard
to be ready to deal with something difficult that might happen

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 guts /gʌts/

NOUN [PLURAL] INFORMAL

H
ORGANS

the organs inside a person's or animal's body

Dictionary example: hail /heɪl/
Its guts were spilled all over the road.
NOUN [U]
Learner example:
The walls were covered in blood and their guts were spilled all over the place. small hard balls of ice which fall from the sky like rain
Dictionary example:
Hail was drumming against the windows.

Learner example:
In the past, a very cold winter and hail would destroy the crops and kill hundreds of families; and,
moreover, people had little protection against the attacks of wild animals.

VERB

CALL

to call or wave to someone to get their attention

Dictionary example:
She stepped into the road and hailed a taxi.

Learner example:
If you see a car or a bus or some other vehicle, just hail them and ask for help.

ICE

If it hails, small, hard pieces of frozen rain fall from the sky.
Dictionary example:
It was hailing.

hair /heər/

NOUN

let your hair down INFORMAL

to relax and enjoy yourself

Dictionary example:
I'd love to see Clare let her hair down for once.

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 Learner example: in hand
Holidays indeed, represent the perfect and fundamental escapism from everyday life: we are free being worked on or dealt with now
to let our hair down and savour the pure taste of idleness.
Dictionary example:
Despite the pressures we are determined to get on with the job in hand.

hand /hænd/ Learner example:

Miss Kenton keeps asking Stevens whether everything is in hand and whether her help is required.
Word family:
Nouns: hand, handful get/gain the upper hand
to get into a stronger position than someone else so that you are controlling a
NOUN [C]
situation
with your bare hands Dictionary example:
without using a weapon or tool Government troops are gradually gaining the upper hand over the rebels.

Dictionary example: Learner example:

He strangled the dog with his bare hands. He knew that Hooper had got the upper hand and that there was no escape.

Learner example: get out of hand

I learned how to milk a cow, with my bare hands.
to become difficult to control
on hand or to hand
Dictionary example:
near to someone or something, and ready to help or be used when necessary It was the end of term and the children were getting a little out of hand.

Dictionary example: Learner example:

Extra supplies will be on hand, should they be needed. A few solutions can prevent this problem from getting out of hand.

Learner example: a free hand

From their point of view, they can always have you on hand whenever they need help, which is the
permission to make your own decisions about how you want to do something
most important part in their formative years.
Dictionary example:
at the hands of sb The students were given a free hand as far as designing their product was concerned.
If you suffer at the hands of someone, they hurt you or treat you badly.
Learner example:
Dictionary example: But unlike my parents, I wouldn't give my children a free hand in solving their problems.
She suffered terribly at the hands of her classmates.
have your hands full
Learner example:
to be very busy
She felt abandoned and the loss of Mark's friends at the hands of their old nemesis in the local
election had left him with fewer activities for the municipality. Dictionary example:
Shelley has her hands full with three kids under 5.
get/lay your hands on sth
to find something Learner example:
This very fact made my father work as a slave, as he was the only breadwinner at home, my
Dictionary example: mother having her hands full with us four.
Do you know where I can lay my hands on a pair of scissors?
take the law into your own hands
Learner example:
to do something illegal in order to punish someone because you know that the law
And as long as we remain unable to distinguish between needs and desires, amassing material
possessions to gratify our fleeting caprices or alleviate our frustrations, we are bound to be
will not punish that person
trapped in the illusion that only by laying our hands on the desired goods can we obtain Dictionary example:
happiness and peace of mind. The police did nothing about the thefts, so they took the law into their own hands.

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 Learner example:
handy /ˈhæn.di/
Therefore, locals are scared to death, leading to their taking the law into their own hands.

VERB [T] ADJECTIVE

you have to hand it to sb INFORMAL

USEFUL
used when you want to show that you admire someone useful or easy to use
Dictionary example: Dictionary example:
You have to hand it to Mick, he's done a good job on that kitchen. a handy container/tool
Learner example: Learner example:
She had saved the bu[si]ness, and of course everybody knew it. Begrudgingly they'd had to hand it Such a possession may be something they use all the time, like a fountain pen for a writer, or a
to her. handy camera for a photographer, and they have become "dependent" on them.

come in handy INFORMAL

handle /ˈhæn.dl
̩/ to be useful at some time in the future
Dictionary example:
VERB [T] Don't throw those jars away - they might come in handy.

Learner example:
TOUCH
There's a washer and a dryer in the basement. I'm sure they'll come in handy with your new
to touch, hold, or pick up something bundle of joy and the rest of your lovely bunch.
Dictionary example:
NEAR
You must wash your hands before handling food.
near to a place
Learner example:
In India, people tend to handle food with their hands, I have been told most people eat without Dictionary example:
cutlery. It's a nice house and it's handy for the station.

Learner example:
Moreover, Suita is handy for shopping and leisure, which also makes our town attractive.
handsome /ˈhæn.səm/

ADJECTIVE hang /hæŋ/

a handsome profit/sum, etc.

VERB
a large amount of money
IN AIR
Dictionary example:
They made a handsome profit on the sale of their house. [I] to stay in the air for a long time

Learner example: Dictionary example:

Secondly, from an economic stand-point, it is generally believed that international sports events Thick fog hung over the town.
only serve as a means for TV companies to monopolise entertainment while turning a handsome
Learner example:
profit.
The smog hangs over the cities like a deadly cloud, resulting [in] many health problems like
pulmonary d[i]seases and cancer.

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NOUN harmless /ˈhɑːm.ləs/

get the hang of sth Word family:

INFORMAL to learn how to do something, especially if it is not obvious or simple Nouns: harm
Verbs: harm
Dictionary example:
Adjectives: harmful, harmless
I've never used one of these before. - Don't worry, you'll soon get the hang of it.

Learner example: ADJECTIVE

It was quite hard to get the hang of it, as I didn't have any knowledge of English.
NOT UPSETTING

not likely to shock or upset people or to cause problems

hard /hɑːd/ Dictionary examples:

Their jokes seemed harmless enough.
Peter might look a bit fierce, but actually he's fairly harmless.
ADJECTIVE
Learner example:
do/learn sth the hard way He seemed harmless enough so I decided to take a nap. Suddenly I heard a strange noise and I
to do or learn something by experiencing a lot of problems or difficulty was terrified to hear his loud voice booming in my ear.

Dictionary example:
I learned the hard way that training every single day is not the best way to get fit.
harmony /ˈhɑː.mə.ni/
Learner example:
If you don't know the past, you're liable to live through it again as instead of deriving the lessons
from someone else's experiences, you'll have to learn them the hard way, by trial and error. NOUN

be hard on sb MUSIC

to make someone unhappy by causing them problems [C or U] a pleasant sound in music, made by playing or singing a group of different

Dictionary example: notes together

Our divorce has been particularly hard on the children. Dictionary examples:
Learner example: The choir sang in perfect harmony.
Also it was hard on our family only seeing my father late at night being tired or for a weekend, if Their voices produced beautiful harmonies.
he was not on a business-trip. Learner example:
Having some singing knowledge myself, I can say their performance was excellent: the tune was
give sb a hard time
maintained all through the concert, the r[hyth]m was also carefully kept and the[y] sounded in
to criticize someone and make them feel guilty about something they have done
perfect harmony.
Dictionary example:
Ever since I missed the goal, the other players have been giving me a hard time.

Learner example: harshly /ˈhɑːʃ.li/

I'm not saying that I wasn't normal or anything, I just gave my family a hard time sometimes.
Word family:
Adjectives: harsh
Adverbs: harshly

ADVERB

in a harsh way

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 Dictionary example: VERB [T]
I thought she'd been treated rather harshly.
have sb do sth
Learner example:
to arrange for someone to do something
The public television is harshly criticised for joining the commercial flow of the private stations
and targeting large audiences, instead of presenting more ambitious programmes of high quality. Dictionary examples:
If you wait, I'll have someone collect it for you.
I'll have my secretary call her this afternoon.
haul /hɔːl/ Learner example:
I would like to request you, as a manager, to either have someone fix the problem with the
VERB [T] microwave or simply replace it.

to pull something somewhere slowly and with difficulty have it in for sb

Dictionary example: to dislike someone and want to cause problems for them
They hauled the piano into the living room.
Dictionary example:
Learner example: She really has it in for me - I don't know what I've done to offend her.
"When I'm finished, you can jump whenever you like. Remember to hold on to each other, and
Learner example:
we'll haul you up when it's all over."
Only then did she realise that somebody had it in for her.
NOUN
not have the faintest idea
AMOUNT used to emphasize that you do not know something
an amount of something that has been stolen or that is owned illegally Dictionary example:
I haven't the faintest idea what you're talking about.
Dictionary example:
a haul of arms/drugs Learner example:
Some twenty years ago, when I left my parents' home to go and live on my own, I was [given] four
Learner example:
mugs. By whom? I haven't the faintest idea.
Because of the loud noise of the running engine, she wasn't aware of the man behind her
grabbing the smaller bag and turning round ready to escape with his haul.

hazardous /ˈhæz.ə.dəs/

have /hæv/ (had, had)

Word family:
Nouns: hazard
MODAL VERB Adjectives: hazardous

have (got) to do/be sth ADJECTIVE

used to say that you feel certain that something is true or will happen dangerous

Dictionary examples: Dictionary example:

Interest rates have to come down at some point. hazardous chemicals
There's (=there has) got to be a better way of doing this.
Learner example:
Learner example: They are faced with hazardous chemical reactions when trying to gain new knowledge and
There has to be a solution to this. therefore people should be very grateful to them.

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 Learner example:
head /hed/
As for the new homes for local people it seems to be that it will be of particular importance to
Word family: homeless people, who will feel that they have a roof over their head without having to pay
Nouns: head, heading anything.
Verbs: head
VERB

NOUN [C]
head off PHRASAL VERB

keep a cool head to start a journey or leave a place

to remain calm in a difficult situation
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example: We'll head off after lunch.
To be successful in business, you need to keep a cool head in negotiations.
Learner example:
Learner example: I grabbed my rucksack and walking stick and headed off too, even though I didn't trust the leader
Kevin managed to keep a cool head and took over the navigation. - but what could I do?

keep your head above water

to have just enough money to live or to continue a business healthy /ˈhel.θi/
Dictionary example:
Word family:
With extra income from private sponsorship, the club is just about managing to keep its head
Nouns: health
above water.
Adjectives: healthy, unhealthy
Learner example:
I also started to realise how much she had on her plate, how very little help she had and how, at ADJECTIVE

times, she had to struggle just like me to keep her head above water.
SUCCESSFUL
laugh/shout/scream, etc. your head off successful and strong
to laugh/shout/scream, etc. very much and very loudly
Dictionary examples:
Dictionary example: a healthy economy
When she saw the gun, she started screaming her head off. The future for independent bookshops doesn't look very healthy.

Learner example: Learner example:

Other pupils were laughing their heads off as she went. Still, these investments are needed, as they are essential for a healthy economy.

FRONT/TOP

the front or top part of something

heap /hiːp/
Dictionary example:
Who is that at the head of the table?
NOUN

Learner example:
PILE
There, at the head of the q[u]eue, her uncle with his two daughters waited for her.
an untidy pile of things
a roof over your head
Dictionary example:
somewhere to live
a heap of rubbish
Dictionary example:
He took me in when I didn't have a roof over my head.

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 Learner example: lose heart
Her mother was often out and Sue had nobody to share her thoughts with except for a[n] old red to stop believing that you can succeed
diary with a lock. She kept it in her bedroom under the heap of old toys nobody cared for any
more. Dictionary example:
Don't lose heart, there'll be plenty more chances for promotion.
heaps of sth INFORMAL
Learner example:
a lot of something
In that way, we learn to deal with our problems and not to lose heart.
Dictionary example:
a change of heart
He's got heaps of money.
If you have a change of heart, you change your opinion or feelings about
Learner example:
something.
Apart from that, my overseas stay has made m[e] believe that children who are brought up in
families that do not have heaps of money are prepared for their life as an adult in a way that Dictionary example:
people who have always had money may never understand. At first he said he wouldn't help us, but he seems to have had a change of heart.

Learner example:
The narrator didn't tell her big secret to Inder Lal and after a change of heart she decides to keep
heart /hɑːt/ the baby.

dear to sb/sb's heart

NOUN
If something is dear to someone or dear to their heart, it is very important to
at heart them.
used to say what someone is really like Dictionary example:
Dictionary example: The charity was very dear to his heart.
I'm just a kid at heart. Learner example:
Learner example: Among all the places I enjoyed visiting, the city of Singapore is especially dear to my heart.
I also thought that she was brave at heart.

open your heart

heavy /ˈhev.i/
to tell someone your secret thoughts and feelings
Word family:
Dictionary example:
Adjectives: heavy
That night, she opened her heart to me and I think that's when I fell in love with her.
Adverbs: heavily
Learner example:
It is during this excessively dramatic conversation that George opening up his heart, tells her ADJECTIVE

about his interpretation of her unhappiness with Cecil.

FORCE
take sth to heart using a lot of force
If you take criticism or advice to heart, you think about it seriously, often because
Dictionary examples:
it upsets you a heavy blow
Dictionary example: heavy breathing
Don't take it to heart - he was only joking about your hair. Learner example:
Learner example: Every time planes from your airport fly overhead he imagines the horrors of the war he's lived
I hope you will take my advi[c]e to heart. through and experiences [...] distress in [the] form of his palms sweating, heavy breathing, and
increased pulse and heart beat.

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 height /haɪt/ like hell INFORMAL

! very much
Word family:
Dictionary example:
Nouns: height
It's raining like hell out there.
Adjectives: high
Adverbs: highly Learner example:
Soon it will be dark, and still pouring down like hell.
NOUN [C or U]

the height of sth

the strongest, most important or most successful part of something heritage /ˈher.ə.tɪdʒ/

Dictionary example:
I met him when he was at the height of his fame. NOUN [U]

the buildings, paintings, customs, etc. which are important in a culture or society
Learner example:
At the height of his success, he was told [he had] cancer and he had to interrupt his career, but because they have existed for a long time
only to come back some years later to show off his best. Dictionary example:
our architectural/cultural heritage

Learner example:
heir /eər/
We have already created a list of possible destinations with rich cultural heritage.

NOUN [C]

a person who will have the legal right to someone's money and possessions when hesitation /ˌhez.ɪˈteɪ.ʃən/
they die
Word family:
Dictionary example: Nouns: hesitation
He is the heir to a huge fortune. Verbs: hesitate
Learner example:
NOUN
The new will stated that Emma was the sole heir and inheritor of the property and money of her
[C or U] when you pause before doing something, especially because you are
father.
nervous or not certain
Dictionary example:
hell /hel/ After a moment's hesitation, he unlocked the door.

Learner example:
NOUN [U] Despite being a two-dimensional character, Mrs Kingshaw's existence aids in the flow of events as
she forces Charles into committing suicide without the slightest hesitation.
a/one hell of a INFORMAL

! used to say that someone or something is very good, big, etc.

Dictionary examples: hierarchical /ˌhaɪəˈrɑː.kɪk.əl/

a hell of a noise
He's one hell of a tennis player. Word family:
Nouns: hierarchy
Learner example: Adjectives: hierarchical
Secondly, I particularly appreciated the length of classes confined to some 5 hours a day, which
offered the possibility [of] study[ing] at length on your own and a hell of a lot of time to spare.

411 412
ADJECTIVE highly /ˈhaɪ.li/
using a system that arranges things according to their importance
Word family:
Dictionary example: Nouns: height
The company has a very hierarchical structure. Adjectives: high
Learner example: Adverbs: highly
On the other hand, being too submissive will not help you in going up in a hierarchical structure.
ADVERB

to speak/think highly of sb/sth

hierarchy /ˈhaɪə.rɑː.ki/ to have or express a very good opinion of someone or something

Word family: Dictionary example:

Nouns: hierarchy The course is very highly thought of.
Adjectives: hierarchical Learner example:
This in itself would speak highly of the school and will attract many candidates and parents.
NOUN [C]

a system or organization in which people or things are arranged according to their

importance
high-profile /ˌhaɪˈprəʊ.faɪl/
Dictionary example:
There is a very strict hierarchy where I work.
ADJECTIVE
Learner example: A high-profile person or event is known about by a lot of people and receives a lot
It is well known that clothes used to reflect the position that each individual had in the social
of attention from television, newspapers, etc.
hierarchy of our societies.
Dictionary example:
a high-profile campaign/case

high /haɪ/ Learner example:

This is the main significant reason [why] sportsmen and sportswomen are now considered as
Word family: high-profile celebrities.
Nouns: height
Adjectives: high
Adverbs: highly
hinder /ˈhɪn.dər/
ADJECTIVE

VERB [T]
DRUGS

! If someone is high, they are behaving in an unusual way because they have taken
to make it difficult to do something or for something to develop

an illegal drug. Dictionary example:

His performance at the Olympics was hindered by a knee injury.
Dictionary example:
The whole band seemed to be high on drugs. Learner example:
Nothing, however, could hinder him from gaining more power and money.
Learner example:
As he was in that enormous garden covering himself with leaves lying on his back, he realised that
he didn't want to watch the end of the Universe there in that place, but because he was so high on
drugs he didn't even realise that he could simply stand up and go home.

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 Learner example:
hint /hɪnt/
They, the critics, the fans and friends and his wife, held their breath and crossed their fingers,
hoping to once again hear his enchanting voice.
NOUN [C]
hold your own
a hint of sth to be as successful as other people or things
a small amount of something
Dictionary example:
Dictionary example: Alison could always hold her own in political debates.
There was a hint of anger in her voice.
Learner example:
Learner example: An average IT company in the UK is only 30% female so it is vital to be comfortable in the
The sky was leaden and overcast and there was a hint of drizzle in the air. company of so many men, and to be able to hold your own against them in meetings and
discussions.

not hold water

hit /hɪt/
If you say that an argument doesn't hold water, you mean that it can't possibly be
true.
VERB [T] (hitting, hit, hit)
Dictionary example:
THINK I'm sorry, but what you are suggesting just doesn't hold water!
INFORMAL If an idea or thought hits you, you suddenly think of it. Learner example:
Dictionary example: It remains to us to prove that the opinions of some scientists are far-fetched and don't hold
The idea for the book hit me in the middle of the night. water.

Learner example: NOUN

I climbed out of the shower, staggered into my room and then it hit me! "My diary! For crying out
loud, that's it!"
a hold on/over sth/sb
power or control over something or someone
hit the roof INFORMAL
Dictionary example:
to become very angry and start shouting
Their company has a strong hold on the computer market.
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
If I'm late again he'll hit the roof.
They send the money directly to his father and now have a hold on Chen.
Learner example:
Be careful, if you make too much noise he'll hit the roof.

hollow /ˈhɒl.əʊ/

hold /həʊld/
ADJECTIVE

VERB [T] (held, held) NOTHING INSIDE

having a hole or empty space inside

hold your breath
Dictionary example:
to wait for something to happen, often feeling anxious
a hollow shell/tube
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
While the leaders negotiated, the world held its breath.
He had taken the dark red leather-bound book to his hideout in the forest, an old oak tree with a
hollow trunk, where he used to play alone.

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 WITHOUT MEANING NOUN [U]

without meaning or real feeling the state of being homeless

Dictionary examples: Dictionary example:
a hollow victory The government is trying to tackle homelessness.
a hollow laugh
Learner example:
Learner example: Unemployment is a major problem today and it leads more and more people on[to] the path of
These celebrities tend to encourage a lifestyle that, at first, may be extremely appealing, specially poverty and homelessness.
to children and teenagers, but it is nothing [more] than pure hollow hedonism.

ring hollow
honesty /ˈɒn.ə.sti/
If something someone says rings hollow, it does not sound true or sincere.
Dictionary example: Word family:
He said he was pleased, but his words rang hollow. Nouns: dishonesty, honesty
Adjectives: dishonest, honest
Learner example: Adverbs: honestly, dishonestly
Everything rang hollow to her, so she decided to follow him in order to understand what had
happened and her fiancé became so friendly and understanding. NOUN [U]

in all honesty
used when you are saying what you really think or feel about something
home /həʊm/
Dictionary example:
Word family: In all honesty, I'd rather not go.
Nouns: home, homeless, homelessness
Adjectives: homeless Learner example:
Adverbs: home It is easy to say that government funding should be raised to make classes smaller and materials
more relevant, but in all honesty, Danish schools are working very well indeed.
NOUN

a broken home
hop /hɒp/
a family in which the parents do not now live together
Dictionary example:
VERB [I] (hopping, hopped)
Many of these children come from broken homes.
ONE FOOT
Learner example:
The development of the modern society has brought with it a growing number of broken homes, to jump on one foot or to move about in this way
divorces and economic problems which have directly affected the parent-child relationship.
Dictionary example:
He hopped across the room.

Learner example:
homelessness /ˈhəʊm.ləs.nəs/
He was not to be able to stand still and seemed to be hopping and leaping with his violin while
Word family: playing.
Nouns: home, homeless, homelessness
ANIMAL
Adjectives: homeless
Adverbs: home
If a small animal, bird, or insect hops, it moves by jumping on all of its feet at the
same time.

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 Dictionary example:
hopelessly /ˈhəʊp.ləs.li/
Rabbits were hopping across the field.

Learner example: Word family:

I advise a quite different restaurant, in a more peaceful area; it is a pavil[i]on facing Monstsouris Nouns: hope
garden, where you can see birds hopping and flying through the tre[e]s, and swans on the lake. Verbs: hope
Adjectives: hopeful, hopeless
Adverbs: hopefully, hopelessly

hope /həʊp/ ADVERB

extremely, or in a way that makes you lose hope

Word family:
Nouns: hope Dictionary examples:
Verbs: hope hopelessly lost
Adjectives: hopeful, hopeless They met at university and fell hopelessly in love.
Adverbs: hopefully, hopelessly
Learner example:
NOUN [C or U] It's never easy to be young and hopelessly in love.

sb's best/last/only hope

the best/last/only person or thing that can help you and make you succeed horizon /həˈraɪ.zən/
Dictionary example:
Word family:
Doctors say his only hope is a transplant.
Nouns: horizon
Learner example: Adjectives: horizontal
My spirits sank at the same time [as] the water, our last hope of survival, did.
NOUN

[C] the line in the distance where the sky seems to touch the land or sea

hopeful /ˈhəʊp.fəl/ Dictionary example:

We could see a large ship on the horizon.
Word family:
Nouns: hope Learner example:
Verbs: hope The view from here is also very beautiful and I remember that when I looked out over the sea, I
Adjectives: hopeful, hopeless could see the boats dotted around between the bay and the horizon.
Adverbs: hopefully, hopelessly

ADJECTIVE
horn /hɔːn/
GOOD THING WILL HAPPEN

If something is hopeful, it gives you reason to believe that what you want to NOUN [C]

happen will happen.

MUSIC
Dictionary example: a curved musical instrument that you blow into to make a sound
There are hopeful signs that she will make a full recovery.
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
He blew his horn.
The hopeful atmosphere darkened somewhat.
Learner example:
At last, when the first notes came out of the or[c]hestra, a spotlight showed the enormous figure
of Ludwig van Mill strolling in the forest, blowing his horn and grinning at the trees.

419 420
 horrified /ˈhɒr.ɪ.faɪdˈhɔːr.ə.fɑɪd/ hostage /ˈhɒs.tɪdʒ/

Word family:
NOUN
Nouns: horror
Adjectives: horrified, horrifying
PERSON

ADJECTIVE [C] someone who is kept as a prisoner and may be hurt or killed in order to force
very shocked other people to do something

Dictionary example: Dictionary example:

When I told him all the money was gone, he was absolutely horrified. Three hostages died in the attack.

Learner example: Learner example:

When we arrived at the Riverside Lodge I was horrified to find out that there were no ramps in the The most extraordinary bond, however, develops between two of the hostages, namely Mr.
building. Hosokawa himself and the American opera singer Roxanne Coss.

take/hold sb hostage
to catch or keep someone as a prisoner
horrifying /ˈhɒr.ɪ.faɪ.ɪŋ/
Dictionary example:
Word family: Two tourists were held hostage by terrorists.
Nouns: horror
Learner example:
Adjectives: horrified, horrifying
At the party, however, things take an unexpected turn when all the visitors are taken hostage by a
ADJECTIVE group of terrorists.
extremely shocking
Dictionary example:
hostility /hɒsˈtɪl.ə.ti/
She sustained horrifying injuries in the attack.

Learner example: Word family:

Evading his unknown captors he is faced with a horrifying proposition. Nouns: hostility
Adjectives: hostile

NOUN
host /həʊst/
[U] unfriendly, angry behaviour that shows that you dislike someone

Dictionary example:
NOUN [C]
hostility towards outsiders
TELEVISION
Learner example:
someone who introduces the guests on a radio or television programme As Edmund's cruelty and hostility towards Charles intensified, and Charles' attempts to escape
failed, his unhappiness increased, which led to his ultimate self-destruction.
Dictionary example:
a talk show host

Learner example:
hour /aʊər/
For a lot of youngsters some television hosts are regarded as role models because they are
famous and do not seem to have problems with anything at all. Word family:
Nouns: hour
Adjectives: hourly
Adverbs: hourly

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NOUN [C] how /haʊ/

the early/small hours

the hours between midnight and the time that the sun rises ADVERB

Dictionary example: How strange/stupid/weird, etc. is that?

I usually wake up in the early hours. said to mean that something is strange/stupid, etc.
Learner example: Dictionary example:
After the firework display, villagers start dancing again until the early hours. I found my keys in the fridge - how stupid is that?

Learner example:
The best thing is that my current rent is only 2/3 of the old flat and the landlord is paying the
house
facility bills and council tax for me. How good is that?

Word family:
Nouns: house, housing
Verbs: house however /ˌhaʊˈev.ər/

NOUN [C] /haʊs/ (PLURAL houses)

CONJUNCTION
THEATRE in whatever way
the people watching a performance or the area where they sit
Dictionary examples:
Dictionary example: However you look at it, it's still a mess.
The actors played to a full house. You can do it however you like, it really doesn't matter.

VERB [T] /haʊz/ Learner example:

However you do it, the important part is that you relax.
PROVIDE SPACE

to provide space for something

hum /hʌm/
Dictionary example:
The museum houses a huge collection of paintings.
VERB [I or T] (-mm-)
Learner example:
Her study houses a really huge collection of books on history, architecture, [and] geography of the to sing without opening your mouth
places we have been to.
Dictionary example:

GIVE HOME
She walked around the house, humming a song.

to give a person or animal a place to live Learner example:

Secretly, when nobody can hear them, they hum a little tune or whistle a melody, their faces
Dictionary example:
beam, and their hearts grow warm.
This development will house over 100 families.

Learner example:
In short, if more emphasis is put on social skills and benefits become easier to obtain, then human /ˈhjuː.mən/
homelessness could be reduced - except for the persons who cannot be housed because of their
deviant behaviour. Word family:
Adjectives: human, inhuman

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ADJECTIVE BEING HUMAN

the condition of being human

be only human
to not be perfect Dictionary example:
War robs these people of their humanity.
Dictionary example:
Of course Tom makes mistakes - he's only human. Learner example:
At last they will be back home, but they are sure that nobody could give them again that humanity
Learner example:
that the war took away.
In theory, it is easy to say "We should learn from the mistakes of the past" but is it easy to do so in
practice? Many people would say "No" to this question, as we are only human.

humble /ˈhʌm.bl/

humanitarian /hjuːˌmæn.ɪˈteə.ri.ən/
ADJECTIVE
Word family:
NOT PROUD
Nouns: humanity
Adjectives: humanitarian not proud or not believing that you are important

ADJECTIVE Dictionary example:

He's very humble about his success.
connected with improving people's lives and reducing suffering
Learner example:
Dictionary example:
I am aware that this may be perceived by some people as a naive point of view, as such humble
The UN is sending humanitarian aid to the refugees.
values are becoming less and less popular in today's materialistic world.
Learner example:
POOR
Indeed, the conflicts in the Balkans are so deeply rooted and complex that they can be likened to
a political quagmire: once you go in, a withdrawal of humanitarian aid and military forces poor or of a low social rank
becomes difficult to undertake.
Dictionary example:
She rose from humble beginnings to become Prime Minister.

Learner example:
humanity /hjuːˈmæn.ə.ti/
As a result of it, he never forgot his humble origins in a small region of Spain.
Word family:
in my humble opinion
Nouns: humanity
used to give your opinion about something, often when you are sure you are right
Adjectives: humanitarian
Dictionary example:
NOUN [U]
In my humble opinion, that's the wrong decision.
KINDNESS Learner example:
kindness and sympathy towards others In my humble opinion, there's no such thing as a uniform celebrity, good, bad or otherwise.

Dictionary example:
Mother Teresa was famous for her compassion and humanity.
humiliated /hjuːˈmɪl.i.eɪ.tɪd/
Learner example:
When he sees Faber's intelligence and humanity, he is once more convinced of the fact that books Word family:
are a good thing and that they should be preserved rather than destroyed and he decides to fight Nouns: humility
for this. Adjectives: humiliated, humiliating

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ADJECTIVE humour /ˈhjuː.mər/
made to feel stupid or ashamed
Word family:
Dictionary example: Nouns: humour
She felt completely humiliated. Adjectives: humorous
Learner example:
NOUN
Never again in my life have I felt so miserable and humiliated.
MOOD

FORMAL the way you are feeling, or your mood

humiliating /hjuːˈmɪl.i.eɪ.tɪŋ/
Dictionary example:
Word family: good humour
Nouns: humility Learner example:
Adjectives: humiliated, humiliating My mother was the tenderest and the most amiable mother one could have and my father was the
man I mostly "loved", thanks to his good humour and his gentle manner.
ADJECTIVE

making you feel stupid or ashamed

Dictionary example: hungry /ˈhʌŋ.gri/
a humiliating defeat
Word family:
Learner example:
Nouns: hunger
How humiliating it had been to have her parental abilities questioned.
Adjectives: hungry

ADJECTIVE

humility /hjuːˈmɪl.ə.ti/
be hungry for sth
Word family: to have a strong wish for something
Nouns: humility
Dictionary example:
Adjectives: humiliated, humiliating
The journalists were hungry for more details of the accident.
NOUN [U]
Learner example:
the quality of not being proud or not thinking that you are better than other I am always fascinated with people who are well-educated and do not stop being hungry for
people information.

Dictionary example:
Try to show a little humility.
hygienic /haɪˈdʒe.nɪk/
Learner example:
This growing shopping mania is also said to create an increasingly materialistic society; hence, Word family:
our children grow up forgetting the basic values of life - simplicity, integrity, humility and plain Nouns: hygiene
hard work. Adjectives: hygienic

ADJECTIVE

very clean, so that bacteria cannot spread

Dictionary example:
hygienic conditions

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 Learner example:
hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθ.ə.sɪs/
That was not only extremely uncomfortable, but also inconvenient and not very hygienic.

NOUN [C] (PLURAL hypotheses)

hypocrisy /hɪˈpɒk.rə.si/ a suggested explanation for something which has not yet been proved to be true
Dictionary example:
Word family:
They are investigating the hypothesis that obesity may be caused by a virus.
Nouns: hypocrisy
Adjectives: hypocritical Learner example:
The first impression that comes to my mind is that when you live longer, you gain more
NOUN [U]
experience and wisdom, which you can convey to your children, therefore the society becomes
when someone pretends to believe something that they do not really believe or more experienced, responsible etc. (unfortunately, [real life] does not back up this hypothesis).
that is the opposite of what they do or say at another time
Dictionary example:
I can't stand their hypocrisy - they say they care about the poor but then they go home and drink
champagne.

Learner example:
I would recommend Hartley's novel to people who would like to see the world once more from the
point of view of a child: a world too strange, too full of hypocrisy and egotism to be understood
by a boy.

hypocritical /ˌhɪp.əʊˈkrɪt.ɪ.kəl/

Word family:
Nouns: hypocrisy
Adjectives: hypocritical

ADJECTIVE

Hypocritical people pretend to believe things that they do not really believe or that
are the opposite of what they do or say at another time.
Dictionary example:
Having told Tom that he should not accept any money from her, it would be rather hypocritical if I
did.

Learner example:
One unique thought haunted her: go away from the environment she was living in and which she
couldn't stand: the four-hour teas, the incessant discussions about Mrs X who was pregnant and
Mr X who had lost his fortune in a game, the hypocritical smiles, the narrow-minded people
blinded by money... all those details which enraged Lucy.

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 Learner example:
Many of us sit there with watery eyes, as we're moved by the idea of unification, equality and

I brotherhood among the different nations of the world.

not have the faintest idea

used to emphasize that you do not know something
Dictionary example:
iceberg /ˈaɪs.bɜːɡ/ I haven't the faintest idea what you're talking about.

Learner example:
NOUN [C]
Some twenty years ago, when I left my parents' home to go and live on my own, I was [given] four
mugs. By whom? I haven't the faintest idea.
be the tip of the iceberg
to be a small part of a very big problem
Dictionary example: idle /ˈaɪ.dl/
We've corrected a few errors, but they're just the tip of the iceberg.

Learner example: ADJECTIVE

I'm not used to such behaviour but that was the tip of the iceberg.
LAZY

lazy and not willing to work

icily /ˈaɪs.ə.li/
Dictionary example:
He knows what has to be done, he's just bone idle.
Word family:
Nouns: ice Learner example:
Adjectives: icy This last point is important because, though happy when a boy, I remember I was sometimes idle
Adverbs: icily and I guess I could have [done] much more.

ADVERB NOT SERIOUS

in an unfriendly way or without showing any emotion [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] not serious or having no real purpose

Dictionary example: Dictionary examples:

'I won't ask you again,' she said icily. idle gossip
This is no idle threat.
Learner example:
No sooner had she picked the phone up than she heard Mr Jones' voice icily asking her to go to Learner example:
his office. However, as soon as it became a plan of action rather than an idle thought, it began to grow on
her.

idea /aɪˈdɪə/
idol /ˈaɪ.dəl/

NOUN
NOUN [C]
the idea of sth
the principle of something GOD

a picture or object that people pray to as part of their religion

Dictionary example:
We all admire the idea of dignity.

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 Dictionary example:
illiterate /ɪˈlɪt.ər.ət/
They worshipped huge stone idols.

Learner example: Word family:

Buddha idols stand in row[s] protected by glass cases. Nouns: literature
Adjectives: literary, illiterate, literate

ADJECTIVE
ignorance /ˈɪg.nər.ənts/ not able to read or write
Word family: Dictionary example:
Nouns: ignorance Most of the children are illiterate.
Verbs: ignore
Learner example:
Adjectives: ignorant
It is well known that many European charity workers travel to developing countries in order to
NOUN [U] educate illiterate children or to rebuild ruined villages.

when someone does not have enough knowledge, understanding, or information

about something
illusion /ɪˈluː.ʒən/
Dictionary examples:
There is widespread ignorance about how disease spreads.
NOUN
I was shocked by her total ignorance of world history.

Learner example: FALSE IDEA

However, living in ignorance about the history and the origins of things that one is surrounded [C or U] an idea or belief that is not true
with is like showing disrespect to those who helped to create the modern world as it is known
today. Dictionary examples:
He had no illusions about his talents as a singer.
We are not under any illusion - we know the work is dangerous.

ignorant /ˈɪg.nər.ənt/ Learner example:

Just one detail turning out to be not as expected or not perfect is often enough to shatter their
Word family: illusions and cause arguing.
Nouns: ignorance
Verbs: ignore DIFFERENT

Adjectives: ignorant [C] something that is not really what it seems to be

ADJECTIVE Dictionary example:

not having enough knowledge, understanding, or information about something There is a large mirror at one end to create the illusion of more space.

Learner example:
Dictionary example:
This architectural solution creates an illusion of space, one may feel as inside a vast hall.
He was a newcomer to Formula One and ignorant of many of the circuits.

Learner example:
It is often claimed by scientists that people's modern lifestyle has resulted in this plight our world
illustration /ˌɪl.əˈstreɪ.ʃən/
is facing and that unfortunately people are either ignorant of it or indifferent.
Word family:
Nouns: illustration
Verbs: illustrate

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NOUN [C or U] imitation /ˌɪm.ɪˈteɪ.ʃən/

EXPLAIN
Word family:
an example that explains or proves something Nouns: imitation
Verbs: imitate
Dictionary examples:
This delay is a perfect illustration of why we need a new computer system. NOUN
A couple of examples are included, by way of illustration.
[C] a copy of something that is made to look like the real thing
Learner example:
Dictionary examples:
This quote, Milly's reaction when her father concedes to buying her a horse, is a good illustration
It wasn't a genuine Gucci handbag, just a cheap imitation.
of her general attitude towards religion and life.
imitation leather/fur

Learner example:
image /ˈɪm.ɪdʒ/ The word spread out so fast that the vast majority of people ended up purchasing genuine
Versace jeans or even cheap imitations just to catch up with the fashion.

NOUN

IDEA immature /ˌɪm.əˈtjʊər/

[C] a picture in your mind or an idea of how someone or something is

Word family:
Dictionary examples: Adjectives: mature, immature
I have an image in my mind of the way I want the garden to look.
ADJECTIVE
Whenever I hear this song, it conjures up images of Caribbean beaches.
not behaving in a way which is as wise and calm as people expect from someone
Learner example:
your age
It conjures up images of brightly lit and decorated malls, big stores, little stores proudly showing
off their wares. Dictionary example:
Some of the boys are quite immature for their age.

Learner example:
imagination /ɪˌmædʒ.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/ You might regard me as an immature, seventeen-year-old girl for I like decorating my diary.

Word family:
Nouns: imagination
imminent /ˈɪm.ɪ.nənt/
Verbs: imagine
Adjectives: imaginary, imaginative
ADJECTIVE
NOUN
coming or happening very soon
fire sb's imagination
Dictionary example:
to make someone very excited or interested in something imminent danger
Dictionary example: Learner example:
His paintings really fired my imagination. Therefore, I would kindly ask you to raise an appeal through your newspaper and draw attention
Learner example: to this imminent issue.
The newspaper article on education that I read really fired my imagination and urged me to think
about the points raised.

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 Dictionary example:
immortal /ɪˈmɔː.təl/
Eating healthily will help to improve your immune system.
Word family: Learner example:
Nouns: mortality When you have lupus, your immune system produces anti-bodies against your own vital organs.
Adjectives: immortal

ADJECTIVE
impact /ˈɪm.pækt/
LIFE

living or lasting forever

NOUN [C USUALLY NO PLURAL OR U]
Dictionary example:
HITTING
an immortal soul
the force or action of one object hitting another
Learner example:
Biotechnology seems to be the key to all the yet unsolved problems humans are facing. It might Dictionary examples:
even make us immortal. The impact of the crash reduced the car to a third of its original length.
The bullet explodes on impact.
MEMORY

famous or remembered for a very long time

Dictionary example: impatience /ɪmˈpeɪ.ʃənts/
Then he uttered the immortal line - "My name is Bond".
Word family:
Learner example: Nouns: patience, impatience
In the immortal words of the bard "... if music be the food of love....... play on!" Adjectives: impatient, patient
Adverbs: impatiently, patiently

NOUN [U]
immune /ɪˈmjuːn/
when someone is impatient

ADJECTIVE Dictionary example:

His impatience was obvious.
not affected by a particular type of behaviour or emotion
Learner example:
Dictionary example:
She remained silent for a while, taking no notice of my growing impatience.
He is immune to flattery.

Learner example:
Bad news on the other hand is so common that in order to cope with it, we simply ignore it - we
imperative /ɪmˈper.ə.tɪv/
have become immune to bad news and television, radio stations and newspapers are aware of it.

ADJECTIVE

immune system /ɪˈmjuːnˌsɪs.təm/ FORMAL When an action or process is imperative, it is extremely important that it
happens or is done.

NOUN [NO PLURAL] Dictionary example:

the cells and tissues in the body which make it able to protect itself against It is imperative (that) I speak with him at once.

infection Learner example:

It is imperative, however, for people to alter their lifestyle and their attitudes towards the
environment.

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 implementation /ˌɪm.plɪ.menˈteɪ.ʃən/ implicit /ɪmˈplɪs.ɪt/

Word family: Word family:

Nouns: implementation Nouns: implication
Verbs: implement Verbs: imply
Adjectives: implicit
NOUN [U]

when a plan or system is put into operation ADJECTIVE

suggested but