CONTINGENCY SELECTION
Since contingency analysis process involves the prediction of the effect of individual
contingency cases, the above process becomes very tedious and time consuming when the
power system network is large. In order to alleviate the above problem contingency screening
or contingency selection process is used. Practically it is found that all the possible outages
does not cause the overloads or under voltage in the other power system equipments. The
process of identifying the contingencies that actually leads to the violation of the operational
limits is known as contingency selection. The contingencies are selected by calculating a kind
of severity indices known as Performance Indices (PI) [1]. These indices are calculated using
the conventional power flow algorithms for individual contingencies in an off line mode.
Based on the values obtained the contingencies are ranked in a manner where the highest
value of PI is ranked first. The analysis is then done starting from the contingency that is
ranked one and is continued till no severe contingencies are found. There are two kind of
performance index which are of great use, these are active power performance index (PIP)
and reactive power performance index (PIV). PIP reflects the violation of line active power
flow and is given by eq.2.6.
If n is a large number, the PI will be a small number if all flows are within limit, and it will be
large if one or more lines are overloaded. Here the value of n has been kept unity. The value
of maximum power flow in each line is calculated using the formula
Another performance index parameter which is used is reactive power performance index
corresponding to bus voltage magnitude violations. It mathematically given by eq.2.8
For calculation of PIV it is required to know the maximum and minimum voltage limits,
generally a margin of + 5% is kept for assigning the limits i.e, 1.05 P.U. for 14
maximum and 0.95 P.U. for minimum. It is to be noted that the above performance indices is
useful for performing the contingency selection for line contingencies only. To obtain the
value of PI for each contingency the lines in the bus system are being numbered as per
convenience, then a particular transmission line at a time is simulated for outage condition
and the individual power flows and the bus voltages are being calculated with the help of fast
decoupled load flow solution.
ALGORITHM FOR CONTINGENCY ANALYSIS USING FAST DECOUPLED
LOAD FLOW
The algorithm steps for contingency analysis using fast decoupled load flow solution are
given as follows: Step 1: Read the given system line data and bus data. Step 2: Set the
counter to zero before simulating a line contingency. Step 3: Simulate a line contingency.
Step 4: Calculate the active power flow for in the remaining lines and the maximum power
flow PMax using eq.2.7. Step 5: Calculate the active power performance index PIP which
give the indication of active power limit violation using eq.2.6. Step 6: Calculate the voltages
at all the load buses following the line contingency. Step 7: Calculate the reactive power
performance index PIV which gives the voltage limit violation at all the load buses due to a
line contingency using eq.2.8. Step 8: Check if this is the last line outage to be simulated; if
not the step (3) to (7) is computed till last line of the bus system is reached. Step 9: The
contingencies are ranked once the whole above process is computed as per the values of the
performance indices obtained. Step 10: Do the power flow analysis of the most severe
contingency case and print the results The flow chart of the algorithm is shown in Fig. 2.4.
