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ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND SIMULATION LAB

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ACADEMIC YEAR 2011-2012

II B.Tech II SEMESTER

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PREFACE

The significance of the Electrical Circuits and Simulation Lab is renowned in the
various fields of engineering applications. For an Electrical Engineer, it is
obligatory to have the practical ideas about the Electrical Circuits and Simulation.
By this perspective we have introduced a Laboratory manual cum Observation for
Electrical Circuits and Simulation.

The manual uses the plan, cogent and simple language to explain the fundamental
aspects of Electrical Circuits and Simulation in practical. The manual prepared
very carefully with our level best. It gives all the steps in executing an experiment.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is one of life’s simple pleasures to say thank you for all the help

that one has extended their support. I wish to acknowledge and appreciate

Assoc Prof J Bangarraju, P PrabhuDass, K Srinivasa Raju and G Suresh Raju

for their sincere efforts made towards developing the Electrical Circuits and

Simulation lab manual. I wish to thank students for their suggestions which

are considered while preparing the lab manuals.

I am extremely indebted to Sri. Col Dr. T. S. Surendra, Principal

and Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVRIT for

his valuable inputs and sincere support to complete the work.

Specifically, I am grateful to the Management for their constant

advocacy and incitement.

Finally, I would again like to thank the entire faculty in the

Department and those people who directly or indirectly helped in successful

completion of this work.

Prof. N. BHOOPAL

HOD-EEE

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GUIDELINES TO WRITE YOUR OBSERVATION BOOK

1. Experiment Title, Aim, Apparatus, Procedure should be on right side.

2. Circuit diagrams, Model graphs, Observations table, Calculations table should be left side.
3. Theoretical and model calculations can be any side as per your convenience.
4. Result should always be in the ending.
5. You all are advised to leave sufficient no of pages between experiments for theoretical or model
calculations purpose.

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LAB CODE

1. Students should report to the concerned labs as per the time table schedule.
2. Students who turn up late to the labs will in no case be permitted to perform the
experiment scheduled for the day.
3. After completion of the experiment, certification of the concerned staff in-charge in the
observation book is necessary.
4. Students should bring a note book of about 100 pages and should enter the
readings/observations into the note book while performing the experiment.
5. The record of observations along with the detailed experimental procedure of the
experiment performed in the immediate last session should be submitted and certified by
the staff member in-charge.
6. Not more than three students in a group are permitted to perform the experiment on a
setup.
7. The group-wise division made in the beginning should be adhered to, and no mix up of
student among different groups will be permitted later.
8. The components required pertaining to the experiment should be collected from stores in-
charge after duly filling in the requisition form.
9. When the experiment is completed, students should disconnect the setup made by them,
and should return all the components/instruments taken for the purpose.
10. Any damage of the equipment or burn-out of components will be viewed seriously either
by putting penalty or by dismissing the total group of students from the lab for the
semester/year.
11. Students should be present in the labs for the total scheduled duration.
12. Students are required to prepare thoroughly to perform the experiment before coming to
Laboratory.
13. Procedure sheets/data sheets provided to the students’ groups should be maintained
neatly and to be returned after the experiment.

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JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL

UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD
II Year B.Tech. EEE-II Semester L T/P/D C
0 -/3/- 2

(54603)ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS & SIMULATION LAB

PART-A: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
1) Thevinin’s and Norton’s and Maximum Power Transfer theorems.
2) Superposition theorem and RMS value of complex wave.
3) Verification of compensation theorem.
4) Reciprocity and Millman’s theorems
5) Locus diagram of RL & RC series circuits.
6) Series and Parallel resonance.
7) Determination of self and mutual inductances and co efficient of coupling.
8) Z and Y Parameters.
9) Transmission and hybrid parameters.
10) Measurement of Active power for Star and Delta connected balanced loads
11) Measurement of Reactive power for Star and Delta connected balanced loads.
12) Measurement of 3-phase power by two watt meter method for unbalanced loads.

PART-B: PSPICE SIMULATION

1) Simulation of dc circuits
2) DC Transient response
3) Mesh analysis
4) Nodal analysis
NOTE:
• PSPICE Software Package is necessary.
• Eight experiments are to be conducted from PART-A and any two from PART-B

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INDEX

PART-A: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS PG.No

1 Thevinin’s and Norton’s and Maximum Power Transfer theorems. 1
2 Superposition theorem and RMS value of complex wave. 10
3 Verification of compensation theorem. 15
4 Reciprocity and Millman’s theorems. 17
5 Locus diagram of RL & RC series circuits. 20
6 Series and Parallel resonance. 24

7 Determination of self and mutual inductances and co efficient of 29

coupling.
8 Z and Y Parameters. 32
9 Transmission and hybrid parameters. 36

10 Measurement of Active power for Star and Delta connected balanced 40

loads.
11 Measurement of Reactive power for Star and Delta connected 44
balanced loads.
PART-B : PSPICE SIMULATION

1 Simulation of DC Circuits. 47

2 DC Transient response. 48

3 Mesh Analysis. 54

4 Nodal Analysis. 57

ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS

1. Time response of first order for RC & RL Circuits. 59

2. Verification of KVL and KCL. 62

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1. THEVENIN’S , NORTON’S THEOREM AND MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER

THEOREM.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS FOR THEVININ AND NORTON’S:-

R1 R3

+
A
+

+ _
R2
Vs
RL

Fig-1(Original circuit)

R1 R3

_
R2 DM
RL

Fig-2 (Finding Rth)

R1 R3

₊
+

_
+ R2 V Vth
Vs
_ ₋

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Fig-3 (Finding Vth)

R1 R3

₊
A
₋
+

+ R2
Vs
_
RL

Fig-3 (Finding IL)

R1 R3

₊
+

_
+ R2 A Isc
Vs
_ ₋

Fig-4 (Finding Isc)

Rth RL
₊ ₋
A
S

+
+

+
Vth V
_
-

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Fig-5 Circuit diagram for Thevenin’s equivalent circuit.

+ -
A

+
RL
IN A
RN
-

Fig-5 Circuit diagram for Norton’s equivalent circuit.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM:-

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1. THEVENIN’S , NORTON’S THEOREM AND MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER

THEOREM.

AIM: Experimental determination of Thevenin’s and Norton’s equivalent circuits and

verifying theoretically and practically and To verify maximum power transfer theorem
theoretically and practically.
.

APPARATUS:

S.No Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

THEORY:

STATEMENT OF THEVENIN’S THEOREM:

Any two terminal linear bilateral network containing of energy sources and impedances can be
replaced with an equivalent circuit consisting of voltage source Vth in series with an impedance, Zth.,
where Vth is the open circuit voltage between the load terminals and Zth is the impedance measured
between the terminals with all the energy sources replaced by their internal impedances.

STATEMENT OF NORTON’S THEOREM:

Any two terminal linear bilateral network containing of energy sources and impedances can be
replaced with an equivalent circuit consisting of current source IN in parallel with an admittance, YN.,
where IN is the short circuit current through the load terminals and YN is the admittance measured
between the terminals with all the energy sources replaced by their internal admittance.

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CALCULATIONS FOR THEVENIN’S AND NORTON’S THEOREMS:-

(i) For Rth- As for the circuit diagram, fig-2, Resisters R1 and R2 are in parallel so effective

Resistance Rp = R1 × R2 ÷ R1 + R2 Ω.

Then Rp is in series with R3, so Rth = Rp +R3 Ω.

(ii) For Vth - As for the circuit diagram, fig-3, Resisters R1 and R2 are in series so total

Resistance R = R1 + R2 Ω. (R3 Will not play any roll because of open circuit.)

Total current of the circuit I = Vs ÷ R Amp.

The current I will flow through R1 and R2 because of series connection.

Then open circuit voltage Vth = I× R2 Volts.

(iii) For IL- As for the circuit diagram, fig-1, Resisters R3 and RL are in series so effective

Resistance Rse = R3 +RL Ω.

Then Rse is in parallel with R2 so effective

Resistance Rp = Rse × R2 ÷ Rse + R2 Ω.

Then Rp is in series to R1 resistance so total Resistance R = Rp + R1 Ω.

Total current of the circuit I = Vs ÷ R Amp .

Total current of the circuit I is divided in to two paths after R1 resistance

So the current through RL resistance branch

IL =( Total current) I × opposite resistance ÷ total Resistance --Amp

(iv) For Isc or IN - As for the circuit diagram, fig-4, Resisters R2 and R3 are in parallel so effective

Resistance Rp = R2× R3 ÷ R2 + R3 Ω.

Then Rp is in series to R1 resistance so total Resistance R = Rp + R1 Ω.

Total current of the circuit I = Vs ÷ R Amp.

Total current of the circuit I is divided in to two paths after R1 resistance

So the current through R3 resistance branch

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Isc =( Total current) I × opposite resistance ÷ total Resistance –Amp.

Tabulation-

Rth Vth IL Isc or IN

Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical

Thevenin’s equalent circuit. Norton’s equalent circuit.

IL’’
I L’
Theoretical Practical
Theoretical Practical

STATEMENT FOR MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM:

It states that the maximum power is transferred from the source to the load, when the load
resistance is equal to the source resistance.
THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:

PROCEDURE:

Make the connections as shown in fig (1).

By varying RL in steps, note down the reading of ammeter IL in each step.

Connect the circuit as shown in fig (2), measure the effective resistance Rth.

with the help of digital multimeter.

Calculate power delivered to load PL in each step.

Draw a graph PL Vs RL and find the RL corresponding to maximum power from it.

Verify that RL corresponding to maximum power from the graph is equal to the Rth( which is nothing but
source resistance RS).

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MODEL GRAPH

PL

Pm

RL corresponding to Pm RL

OBSERVATIONS:

Tabular column:

Theoretical values Practical values

S.No RL

IL PL= IL2RL IL PL= IL2RL

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid making loose connections.

2. Readings should be taken carefully with out parallax error.

3. Avoid series connection of voltmeters and parallel connection ammeters.

RESULT: Verified theoretically and practically Load current by using Thevinin’s and Norton’s theorems
and also verified Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

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2. SUPER POSITION THEOREM AND RMS VALUE OF COMPLEX WAVE:-

Circuit Diagram of Super Position Theorem:-

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Circuit Diagram of RMS value of complex wave.

230 115
DPST
Ph

1- Φ (0-50)V
V
230V MI
50 Hz
AC
Supply

100Ω/5A

N Variac
CRO 1Φ-
3KVA, 230V/ (0-
Transformer

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2. SUPER POSITION THEOREM AND RMS VALUE OF COMPLEX WAVE:-

AIM: Verification of Superposition theorem and To experimentally determine the RMS value of
a complex wave.

APPARATUS:

S.No Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

THEORY:

SUPERPOSITION THEOREM STATEMENT

In any linear bilateral network containing two or more energy sources the response at any
element is equivalent to the algebraic sum of the responses caused by the individual sources.

i.e. While considering the effect of individual sources, the other ideal voltage
sources and ideal current sources in the network are replaced by short circuit and open
circuit across the terminals. This theorem is valid only for linear systems.

PROCEDURE:

SUPERPOSITION THEOREM:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig (1)

2. Current through load resistor is noted as IX by applying both the voltages V1 and

V2 through RPS.

3. Make the supply voltage V2 short circuited and apply V1 as shown in fig (2) and note down the current
through load resistor as IY.

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4. Make the supply voltageV1 short circuited and apply V2 as shown in fig (3) and note down the current
through load resistor as IZ.

5. Now verify that IX = IY + IZ theoretically and practically which proves Superposition

Theorem

Procedure:-

1). Connect the circuit as for the fig (1).

2). Switch on the AC supply and observe the wave form in the C R O.
3). Take the wave form on tracing paper and draw it on the graph paper.
4). By dividing the time period of the wave form into equal intervals,
note down the voltage and time at each interval.
5). Calculate the form factor, Peak factor and RMS value.

Observations:

When both the sources are acting: fig (1) When V1 source alone is
acting: fig (2)
Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical

V1 V2 IX IX V1 V2 IZ IZ

When V2 source alone is acting: fig (3)

V1 V2 Theoretically
Practical I

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Observations from the graph:-

S.No Voltage(v) Time(t)

Model Calculations:-

Average value= v1+v2+---------vn÷n.

R M S Value=√ v12+v22+----------vn2÷n.

Expected graph:-

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid making loose connections.

2. Readings should be taken carefully with out parallax error.

3. Avoid series connection of voltmeters and parallel connection ammeters.

RESULT: - Verified Superposition theorem and determined the RMS voltage of a complex
wave.

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3. VERIFICATION OF COMPENSATION THEOREM.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR VERIFICATION OF COMPENSATION THEOREM:-

+
+ A -

220v
_ RL

+
+ A -

220v _
RL+ΔR

RL
+
A +
- VC=I2 ΔR
_

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3. VERIFICATION OF COMPENSATION THEOREM

Aim:-To verify Compensation theorem theoretically and practically.

Apparatus Required:
S.No Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

THEORY:-Compensation theorem states that in a linear network any impedance Z that carries a current
‘I’ can be replaced by a voltage source with emf V=IZ with zero internal impedance. Similarly if the
voltage across impedance V, then it can be replaced by a current source I=V/Z.

Procedures:-
• Connect the circuit as in the fig (1).
• Switch on the power supply and note down the readings of ammeter (I1).
• Connect the circuit as in the fig (2) with increase value of resistance.
• Switch on the power supply and note down the readings of ammeter (I2).
• Connect the circuit as in the fig (3)
• Switch on the power supply and note apply compensated voltage Vc=-I2 ΔR
and note down the readings of ammeter (I3 ).

Result:-Verified Compensation Theorem Theoretically and Practically.

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4. RECIPROCITY THEOREM, MILLMAN’S THEOREM.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR MILLMAN’S THEORM:-

+ +
VS
_

D Dmm(Req)

Req

+
+
+ A
Veq -
v Veq
_
+ + RL
-
_

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4. VERIFICATION OF RECIPROCITY AND MILLMAN’S THEOREMS.

Aim:- To verify Reciprocity and Millman’s theorems theoretically and practically.

Apparatus:-
S.No Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

THEORY:-

Reciprocity theorem:- In a linear bilateral single source network if voltage at any point in the network
produces a current at same other point in the network , the same votage at other point produces same
current at the first point in that net work.

Millman’s theorem:- Consider the N no of voltage sources (V1,V2-------Vn) having a series

impedance(Z1,Z2-------Zn) are connected parallel as shown according to Millman’s theorem all the
voltage source of the current can be represented as a single voltage can be in series with the impedance
.

Veq=(V1G1+V2G2+V3G3)/(G1+G2+G3)

Req=1/(G1+G2+G3)

Procedure:-

Reciprocity theorem-
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig (1)

2. From fig (2) of Superposition theorem note down I2=IY.

3. Now interchange the source and ammeter as in fig (4).

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4. Note down the ammeter reading as I1.

5. Now verify that Vs/ I1 = Vs/ I2 theoretically and practically which proves reciprocity

theorem.

TABULAR COLUMN OF RECIPROCITY THEOREM:

Before interchanging the sources: fig (1)

Theoretical values Practical values

Vs I2 Vs/ I2 I2 Vs/ I2

After interchanging the sources: fig (4)

Theoretical values Practical values

Vs I1 Vs/ I1 I1 Vs/ I1

Millman’s theorem:-

• Connect the circuit as in the fig (1).

• Set the supply voltage as shown in circuit diagram.
• Note the reading ammeter (I2).
• Connect the circuit as in the fig (2). Note the reading of voltmeter (veg).
• Connect the circuit as in the fig (3) measure the equivalent resistance as Reg with
help of multi meter.
• Connect the circuit as in the fig (4), Apply (veg). From source, see Reg value.
• Note the reading of Ammeter as (I12).
• Now verify IL= I1L Thus the Millman’s therem is verified.

Result:- Verified Reciprocity & Millman’s theorems theoretically and practically.

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5. LOCUS DIAGRAMS OF RL AND RC SERIES CICUITS.

CIRCUIT FOR CURRENT LOCUS DIAGRAM FOR CAPACITIVE CIRCUIT:-

(0-2.5)A
5A, 150V, UPF
DPST MI
P M L
A
V 100Ω/5A
C

1- Φ (0-300V
V
230V MI)
50 Hz
AC
Suppl
y

N Variac
3KVA, 230V/ (0-
Fig -

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF CURRENT LOCUS DIAGRAM FOR INDUCTIVE CIRCUIT:-

(0-2.5)A
5A, 150V,UPF
DPST MI
P M L
A
V 100Ω/5A
C

1- Φ (0-300V
V
230V MI)
50 Hz
AC
Suppl
y

N Variac
3KVA, 230V/ (0- Fig -

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Model graph:-

15 14
16
13

12

11

xΩy y/r X6=0

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5. LOCUS DIAGRAMS OF RL AND RC SERIES CICUITS.

AIM:-To draw the current locus of RL and RC circuits with L & C variables respectively.

APPARATUS:-

S.No Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

PROCEDURE: -

RC circuit with ’C’ varying

1. All connections are made as per circuit diagram.

2. Rheostat is kept in maximum position. The capacitor varied step by step.
3. The corresponding ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings are noted. ZcosΦ is constant. The
locus diagram is a semi circle of a diagram V/R.
RL Circuit with ’L’ varying

1. All Connections are made as per circuit diagram.

2. Rheostat is kept in maximum position. The inductor is varied step by step.
3. The corresponding ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings are noted. ZcosΦ is constant. The
locus diagram is a semi circle of a diagram V/R.

Graph: A graph is drawn between ICosΦ & I SinΦ which given the current locus diagram of RL circuit.
The locus diagram is a semi circle with diameter V/XL.

Multiplication factor for wattmeter =

((Connected voltage X Connected current)/(Full scale reading of wattmeter)) X Cos Φ

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Observations:

RL Circuits with L as variable:-

S.No V I W Z=V/I CosΦ=W/VI sinΦ ZcosΦ I CosΦ I SinΦ

RC Circuits with C as variable:-

S.No V I W Z=V/I CosΦ=W/VI sinΦ ZcosΦ I CosΦ I SinΦ

RESULT:- Current locus of “RL”and“RC” Circuits with “l” and “C” variables are drawn.

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6. SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF SERIES RESONANCE:

Is

Function
A
generato

Fig-1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF PARALLEL RESONANCE:

Ip

A
Function
generato

Fig-2

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6. SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE

AIM: To verify resonant frequency, bandwidth & quality factor of RLC series and parallel

Resonant circuits.

APPARATUS:

S.No Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity

1.

2.

3.

THEORY:

In a series RLC circuit. The current lags behind or leads the applied voltage
depending upon the values of XL and Xc. XL causes the total current to lag behind the applied
voltage while Xc causes the total current to lead the applied voltage.When XL > Xc the circuit is
predominantly inductive, and when XL < Xc the circuit is predominantly capacitive. In the series
RLC circuit resonance may be produced by varying the frequency keeping L and C constant.
Otherwise resonance may be produced by varying either L or C for fixed frequency .Parallel
resonance occurs when XL = Xc. when XL = Xc the two branch currents are equal in magnitude
and 180 deg out of phase with each other .Hence two currents cancel each other and net current
is zero.

PROCEDURE:

SERIES RESONANCE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the fig (1)

2. Apply a fixed voltage through function generator to the circuit.

3. The frequency of the signal is varied in steps and note down corresponding ammeter reading as Is.

observe that current is maximum at resonant frequency.

4. Draw a graph between frequency f and current Is .Mark Resonant frequency and

Current at half power frequencies.

f0
Q =
f 2 − f1

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5. Find Bandwidth = (f2-f1.) & Quality factor from graph.

6. Compare practical values of resonant frequency, Q-factor and Bandwidth with theoretical values.

PARALLEL RESONANCE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the fig (2)

2. Apply a fixed voltage through function generator to the circuit.

3. The frequency of the signal is varied in steps and note down corresponding ammeter reading as Is.
Observe that current is minimum at resonant frequency.

4. Draw a graph between frequency f and current Is .Mark resonant frequency and

current at half power frequencies.

f0
Q =
5. Find Bandwidth = (f2-f1.) & Quality factor from graph. f 2 − f1

6. Compare practical values of resonant frequency, Q-factor and Bandwidth with theoretical values.

MODEL GRAPH:
IS
I max

I max
2

OBSERVATIONS: f1 fo f2 f

series resonance

S.No. Frequency Current(Is)

(f)

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MODEL GRAPH: Parallel resonance

IP

2I min

I min

f1 fo f2 f

OBSERVATIONS Parallel resonance:

S.No. Current(Is)
Frequency (f)

RESULT TABLE:

Series Resonance Parallel Resonance

Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical

Resonant frequency

Bandwidth

Q-factor

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PRECAUTIONS:

1. Avoid making loose connections.

2. Readings should be taken carefully without parallax error.

3. Avoid series connection of voltmeters and parallel connection ammeters.

RESULT: Resonant frequency, Bandwidth and Quality factor of R L C Series and parallel resonant circuits
are calculated.

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7. Determination of self, Mutual Inductances and Coefficient of coupling.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

(0-2)A 2A, 150V, 60W, LPF 115VV 230VV

DPST MI
Ph M L
A
V
C

1- Φ (0-150)V
V V
230V MI
50 Hz AC
Supply

N Variac
1 Φ -Transformer
3KVA, 230V/ (0-270)V
7. 3KVA, 230V/ 115V
Fig -1 To find L1

(0-2)A 2A,300V, 60W, LPF

230V 115VV
DPST MI
Ph M L
A
V
C

1- Φ (0-300)V V
V
230V MI (0-300V)MI
50 Hz AC
Supply

N Variac
1 Φ -Transformer
3KVA, 230V/ (0-270)V
3KVA, 230V/ 115V
Fig -2 To find L2, M,K

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Determination of self, Mutual Inductances and Coefficient of coupling.

AIM:- To determine the self mutual induction of coupled circuit and to find coefficient coupling.

Apparatus:-

S.No Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity

1.

2.

3.

Procedure:

1. To find the inductance of coil-1:

a) All the connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

b) To determine L, the resistance R1 of coil is neglected.
c) The Supply voltage is given and the reading of the voltmeter and ammeter are noted
L1= x/2 Πf
when X1=V1/I1.

2. To find Self inductance of coil – 2:

a) The determine L2 remove the connections by interchanging the windings as per the circuit diagram
II. The voltage given and by varying dimmer stat required voltage is applied to coil and the readings of
ammeter and voltmeter are noted.
L2 = X2 / 2 Πf, X2 = V2/I2

3. To find mutual inductance:

a) All the connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

b) The supply voltage is given by varying the dimmer stat and the reading of a ammeter and
voltmeter are noted.

M = -1/2[X3/2 Πf – (L1+L2)]

Where X3 = V3 / I3

Coefficient of coupling K= M/sqrt(L1L2)

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OBSEVATION TABLE:-

S.No V1 V2 Wi Io COSФ= Wi/ V1* Io Iµ=IoSINФo

S.No V1 V2 Wi I0 COSФ= Wi/ V1* Io Iµ=IoSINФo

Result: Experimentally calculated Self and Mutual Inductances of the Coil.

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8. Z and Y Parameters.

Circuit Diagram Z and Y PARAMETERS

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

₊
Vs2
+

+ R2
Vs1 ₋
_

Fig-1

CALCULATION OF Z11 AND Z21:-

I1
₊
+

R2 VV V2
Vs1
_ ₋

Fig-2

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CALCULATION OF Z22 AND Z12 :-

A
- +
I2
+ ₊
+
+
+
V1 V R2
V2
_ ₋

Fig-3

CALCULATION OF Y11 AND Y21 :-

I1
₊
+

+ R2 AV I2
Vs1
_ ₋

Fig-4

CALCULATION OF Y22 AND Y12 :-

A
- +
I2
+ ₊
+
+
+
I1 A R2
V2
_ ₋

Fig-5

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8. Z and Y PARAMETERS

AIM: To obtain experimentally Z parameters and Y parameters of a given two port network.

APPARATUS:

S.No Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity

PROCEDURE:

1. Open Circuiting Output Terminals (I2 = 0):

Connections are made as per the circuit diagram shown in fig (2). Output terminals are kept Open via
a voltmeter. Supply is given to input port. Note the readings of ammeter as I1 and Voltmeter as V2.
2. Short circuiting output terminals (V2 = 0):

Connections are made as per the circuit diagram shown in fig (4). Output terminals are short circuited
via an ammeter. Supply is given to input port. Note the readings of ammeters as I1 and I2.

3. Open circuiting input terminals (I1 = 0):

Connections are made as per the circuit diagram shown in fig (3). Input terminals are kept open via an
voltmeter. Supply is given to output terminals. Note the readings of ammeter as I2 and voltmeter as V1.
4. Short circuiting input terminals (V1=0):
Connections are made as per the circuit diagram shown in fig (5). Input terminals are short circuited
via an ammeter. Supply is given to output port. Note the readings of ammeters as I1 and I2.
4. Calculate Z, Y Parameters values.

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OBSERVATIONS:

When I1=0 When I2=0

V1 I2 V2 V1 I1 V2
S.No. S.No.

When V1=0 When V2=0

I2 I1 V2 V1 I1 I2
S.No. S.No.

RESULT TABLE:

Z Parameters Y Parameters

Z11 Z12 Z21 Z22 Y11 Y12 Y21 Y22

Theoretical

Practical

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid making loose connections.
2. Readings should be taken carefully without parallax error.
3. Avoid series connection of voltmeters and parallel connection ammeters.
RESULT: Experimentally Determined Z and Y Parameters of Two Port Networks

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9. ABCD and h-Parameters.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

₊
Vs2
+

+ R2
Vs1 ₋
_

Fig-1

CALCULATION OF A AND C:-

I1
₊
+

R2 VV V2
Vs1
_ ₋

Fig-2

CALCULATION OF B AND D :-

I1
₊
+

+ R2 AV I2
Vs1
_ ₋

Fig-3

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CALCULATION OF h11 AND h21 :-

I1
₊
+

+ R2 AV I2
Vs1
_ ₋

Fig-4

CALCULATION OF h12 AND h22 :-

IA
2
+ - + ₊
+
+
+
V1 V R2
V2
_ ₋

Fig-5

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9. ABCD AND HYBRID PARAMETERS

AIM: To obtain experimentally ABCD parameters and Hybrid parameters of a given two port network.

APPARATUS:

S.No Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity

PROCEDURE:

1. To find A and C Parameters (I2 = 0):

Connections are made as per the circuit diagram shown in fig (2). Output terminals are kept Open via
a voltmeter. Supply is given to input port. Note the readings of ammeter as V1 and Voltmeter as V2.
2. To find B and D Parameters (V2 = 0):

Connections are made as per the circuit diagram shown in fig (3). Output terminals are short circuited
via an ammeter. Supply is given to input port. Note the readings of ammeters as I1 and V2.

3. To find h11 and h21 (V2 = 0):

Connections are made as per the circuit diagram shown in fig (4). Output terminals are short
circuited via an ammeter. Supply is given to input port. Note the readings of ammeters as I1 and V1.
4. To find h12 and h22 (I1 = 0):
Connections are made as per the circuit diagram shown in fig (5).Input terminals current is zero.
Supply is given to input port. Note the readings of ammeters as I1, V1
and I2.

5. ABCD, Hybrid parameters using formulae and verify them with theoretical values.

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OBSERVATIONS:

When I1=0 When I2=0

V1 I2 V2 V1 I1 V2
S.No. S.No.

When V1=0 When V2=0

I2 I1 V2 V1 I1 I2
S.No. S.No.

RESULT TABLE:

ABCD Parameters Hybrid Parameters

A B C D h11 h12 h21 h22

Theoretical

Practical

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid making loose connections.
2. Readings should be taken carefully without parallax error.
3. Avoid series connection of voltmeters and parallel connection ammeters.
RESULT: Experimentally Determined ABCD and h-parameters

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10.MEASUREMENT OF ACTIVE POWER FOR STAR AND DELTA

CONNECTED NETWORK

Circuit for Star connected network:

(0-20)A 600V, 20A, UPF

MI M
W1
L
R A

C V 110Ω

(0-600)V
V
MI

110Ω

110Ω
Y

C V

B M L
W2
600V, 20A, UPF

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Circuit for Delta connected network:

(0-20)A 600V, 20A, UPF

MI W1
M L
R A

C V
73Ω 73Ω

(0-600)V
V
MI

73Ω
Y

C V

B M L
W2
600V, 20A, UPF

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10. MEASUREMENT OF ACTIVE POWER FOR STAR AND DELTA CONNECTED NETWORK

Aim: To measure the active power for the given star and delta network.

Apparatus:

S.No Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity

1 Wattmeter 0-10A/600V MI 2
2 Rheostats 0-200 ohms Wire wound 3
3 Connecting wires - - As per the
requirement

Theory:

A three phase balanced voltage is applied on a balanced three phase load when the current in
each of the phase lags by an angle Φ behind corresponding phase voltages. Current through
current coil of w1=Ir, current through current coil of W2=IB, while potential difference across
voltage coil of W1=VRN-VYN=VRY(line voltage), and the potential difference across voltage coil
of W2= VRN-VYN=VBY.

Also , phase difference between IR and VRY is (300+ Φ).While that between
IB and VBY is (300- Φ).

Thus reading on wattmeter W1 is given by W1=VRYIYCos(300+ Φ)

While reading on wattmeter W2 is given by W2=VBYIBCos(300- Φ)

Since the load is balanced, |IR|=|IY|=|IB|=I and |VRY|=|VBY|=VL

W1=VLICos(300+ Φ)

W2=VLICos(300- Φ).

Thus total power P is given by

W= W1 +W2 = VLICos(300+ Φ) + VLICos(300- Φ)

= VLI[Cos(300+ Φ) + Cos(300- Φ)]

= [√3/2 *2Cos Φ]VLI

= √3VLICos Φ.

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Procedure:

(Star connection):

1) Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.

2) Ammeter is connected in series with wattmeter whose other end is connected to one of
the loads of the balanced loads.
3) The Y-phase is directly connected to one of the nodes of the 3-ph supply.
4) A wattmeter is connected across R-phase & Y-phase as shown in fig. The extreme of B-
phase is connected to the third terminal of the balanced 3-ph load.
5) Another wattmeter is connected across Y & B phase, the extreme of B-phase is connected
to the third terminal of the balanced three phases load.
6) Verify the connections before switching on the 3-ph power supply.

(Delta connection):

1) Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.

2) Ammeter is connected in series with wattmeter whose other end is connected to one of
the loads of the balanced loads.
3) The Y-phase is directly connected to one of the nodes of the 3-ph supply.
4) A wattmeter is connected across Y & B phase, the extreme of B-phase is connected to the
third terminal of the balanced 3-ph load.
5) Another wattmeter is connected across R & Yphase, the extreme of R-phase is connected
to the third terminal of the balanced three phases load.
6) Verify the connections before switching on the 3-ph power supply.

Precautions:

1. Avoid making loose connections.

2. Readings should be taken carefully without parallax error.

Result: Calculated Active and Reactive Powers for Star and Delta Networks

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11. Measurement of 3- Ф Reactive Power using 1- Ф Wattmeter

Circuit Diagram:-Measurement of 3- Ф Reactive Power using 1- Ф Wattmeter

M L
3-
R A
Fuse 10A Ф
C V I

V D

Y U

2 C
1
T

I
B
V

L
N
O
3 Φ –Auto Transformer

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11.Measurement of 3- Ф Reactive Power using 1- Ф Wattmeter

Aim:- Measurement of Reactive power of an 3- Ф balanced inductance load using one 1- Ф
Wattmeter.

Apparatus:-

S.NO Equipment Range Type Quantity

01
02
03
04
05
06
07

Theory:-

For the measurement of reactive power in balanced 3-Ф circuit only a single Dynamometer
type wattmeter is required.

The current coil is connected in series with load and the pressure coil is connected across
the remaining two phase.

Let the current through current coil be Iph & potential appliance across the pressure coil

be “V”

VI=VY-VB=√3 VPH.

This potential VI is leading R by 90oα IR by hence wattmeter reading indicates.

WI=√3 VPH IPH. Cos (-90o+Ѳ)= =√3 VPH IPH sin Ѳ

Total reactive power (Q) obtained by Multiplying the wattmeter reading with =(-√3)i.e Q=√3 WI

Procedure:-

1) Connect the apparatus as shown as circuit diagram.

2) Vary the auto transformer and set it to rated voltage.

3) Now Vary the 3-Ф balanced load gradually.

4) Note down the reading of voltmeter, Ammeter & Wattmeter.

5) Calculate theoretical and Practical values of reactive power from the given formula.

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Precautions:-

1) Avoid lose connections.

2) Avoid parallax errors.

Result:-
The measurement of 3- Ф Reactive power using 1-Ф Wattmeter has been clone and
theoretical & practical values has been compared.

Observation Table:-

S.No W1 W2 Volts P=√3* W1 S=√3VI Ѳ=tan-1(Q/P) Q=√3VI sin Ѳ Q=√S2-P2 I(Amps)

Result:- Reactive Power is Calculated by using Single Wattmeter Method

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1. Simulation of DC Circuit using PSPICE

Aim:- To calculate current 6Ω branch using PSPICE simulation theoretically and practically.

Apparatus:- PSPICE Software.

Program:-

Vs 1 0 DC 50V

R1 1 2 30

R2 2 0 10

R3 2 3 20

R4 3 0 80

R5 3 0 6

.OP

.END

Result:-Branch current is calculated by using Simulation

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2(a). Transient Response For PULSE INPUT

Circuit Diagram:-

C=10µF
R=2Ω L=50mH

₋
+

+
V1
∫

V1(V)

220V

1. t(ms)

-220V TR Pulse width Tf

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2(a). Transient Response for PULSE INPUT

Aim:- To find transient parametric analysis of a given RLC Circuit for pulse input.

Apparatus:- PSPICE Software.

Program:-

V1 1 0 PULSE (-220V 220V 0 2ns 2ns 50 ns 100ns)

R 1 2 2

L 2 3 50mH

C 3 0 10uH

. tran 1 Us 4uS

. plot tran v(3) V(1)

. probe

. End

Out put

Node voltages are node 1 0V

2 0V

3 0V

Currents 1) 0Amps

2 0Amps

Result: - Transient Response of RLC Circuit is observed for pulse input

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2(b). Transient Response for Sinusoidal Input

Circuit Diagram:-

C=10µF
R=2Ω L=50mH

₋
+

+
V1
∫

20 Sinwt

Model Graph:-

+20V

-20V

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2(b). Transient Response for Sinusoidal Input

Aim:- To find transient parametric analysis of a given RLC Circuit for sinusoidal signal.

Apparatus:- PSPICE Software.

Program:-

V1 1 0 SIN (0 20V 10KHZ)

R 1 2 2

L 2 3 50mH

C 3 0 10uF

. tran 1uS 200uS

. plot tran v(3) V(1)

. probe

. End

Out put

Node voltages 1 0V

2 0V

3 0V

Currents 1 0Amps

2 0Amps

Result: - Transient Response of RLC Circuit is observed for Sinusoidal input

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2(c). Transient Response For LINEAR INPUT

Circuit Diagram:-

C=10µF
R=2Ω L=50mH

₋
+

+
V1
∫

V1(V)

20V

-20V

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2. Transient Response for LINEAR INPUT

Aim:- To find transient parametric analysis of a given RLC Circuit with step input.

Apparatus:- PSPICE Software.

Program:-

V1 1 0 PWL (0 0 1ns 1V 2n1 w)

R 1 2 2

L 2 3 50mH

C 3 0 10uH

. tran 1us 400uS

. plot tran v(3) V(1)

. probe

. End

Out put

Node voltages 1 0V

2 0V

3 0V

Currents 1 0Amps

2 0Amps

Result: - Transient Response of RLC Circuit is observed for Linear input

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3. MESH ANALYSIS.

Circuit Diagram:-

R450Ω V4=0V R3800Ω V3=0V

3
4 5

+ R1 1K R2=200Ω
IS
V1
_ 7 6 50mA
20v + +
V2=0V V5=OV
_ -

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3. MESH ANALYSIS.
AIM:-To find the node voltages, voltages, branch currents of a given circuit using mesh
analysis by PSPICE Software.

Apparatus:- PSPICE Software.

Program:-

V1 1 0 DC 20

V2 7 0 DC 0

V3 5 3 DC 0

V4 4 2 DC 0

V5 6 0 DC 0

IS 0 3 50

R1 2 7 1K

R2 3 6 200

R3 2 5 800

R4 1 4 500

.OP

.END

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Out put

Node voltages voltage source current

1. 20.000 v3 -1.500 E -02

2. 12.5000 VX 1.250 E -02

3. 10.5000 Vy 2.500 E -03

4. 12.5000 V3 5.250 E -02

5. 10.5000 VA 1.500 E -02

6. 0.0000

7. 0.0000

The total power dissipation 3.00 E -01Watts.

Result: - Current and Voltage across the each branch is calculated by using Mesh
Analysis

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4. NODAL ANALYSIS.

Circuit Diagram:-

R1=10Ω R2 =16Ω R3=6 Ω

2 3
1 4

+ R4 12k R2=8 Ω +
V1
V2
_
30v -

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4. NODAL ANALYSIS.

AIM:-To find the node voltages, branch currents of a given circuit using nodal analysis by
PSPICE Software, and to verify them with theoretical values?

Apparatus:- PSPICE Software.

Program:- V1 1 0 DC 30

V2 4 0 DC 15

R1 1 2 10

R2 2 3 16

R3 3 4 6

R4 2 0 12

R5 3 0 8

.OP

.END
Out put
Node voltages 1). 30V
2). 14.66V
3). 9065V
4). 15V
The total power dissipation 5.91E+01Watts.

Result:- Current and Voltage across the each branch is calculated by using Nodal
Analysis

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ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS

1. Time response of RL & RC Circuits.

O/P
For R-L CRO
R=10Ω

(0-1)mHZ

For R-C O/P

CRO
R=10Ω

L=10MH

(0-1)mHZ

Model graph:-

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IN PUT RL & RC CKTS

0 T

T/2 T 3T/2 4T

OUTPUT RL CKT

4T
0
T/2 T 3T/2

OUT PUT RC CKT

T/2 T

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1. Time response of RL & RC Circuits.

AIM:- To draw the time response of first order R-L & R-C Networks for periodic non sinusoidal functions
and determination of time constant.

APPARATUS:-

S.No Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

PROCEDURE:-

1. Make connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Give 2V Peak to peak square wave supply through function generator with suitable frequency.

3. Take out put across inductor in RL Circuit, across capacitor in RC Circuits.

4. Calculate the time constant from CRO.

5. For deferent values of T and V Calculate corresponding (L/R) Values.

6. Compare the time constant theoretically and practically.

OBSERVATIONS:-

Type of Voltage Time period Time constant Time constant

circuit
Practical theoretical

RESULT:- Time Response of R-L and R-C Circuit was Observed.

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2. VERIFICATION OF KVL AND KCL

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF KVL:-

V1 MC V22 MC V3 MC
_ _ _
+ + +
V V V

+
+ VS
VS V
− _ MC

Fig-1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF KCL:-

A2-MC R2
A1-MC -₊
_ A
+
A
R1 A
₊ _
R3 A3-MC
+
VS
−

Fig-1

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2. VERIFICATION OF KVL AND KCL

AIM:- Verification of KVL and KCL theoretically and practically.

APPARATUS:

S.No Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity

1.

2.

3.

PROCEDURE:

KVL:- (1) Set the rheostats to given resistance values with the multimeter.

(2) Make connections as for diagram

(3) Verify the connections to the lab instructor.

(4) Switch on the DC supply with the help of DPST.

(5) Note down all meter readings, the sum of VI, V2 and V3 must be equal to the Vs.

KCL:- (1) Set the rheostats to given resistance values with the multimeter.

(2) Make connections as for diagram

(3) Verify the connections to the lab instructor.

(4) Switch on the DC supply with the help of DPST.

(5) Note down all meter readings, the sum of A2 and A3 must be equal to the A1.

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CALCULATIONS:-

KVL-Total resistance of the circuit R =R1+R2+R3 -- Ω

Total current of the circuit I= Vs÷R -- Amp

The resistance are connected in series so the total current I will flow in every

Resistance. So

Voltage drop in resistance R1 = I × R1-------Volts.

Voltage drop in resistance R2 = I × R2-------Volts.

Voltage drop in resistance R3 = I × R3-------Volts.

Now Supply voltage Vs = (I × R1)+ (I × R2)+ (I × R3).

KCL- R2 and R3 resistances are in parallel so effective resistance Re = R2 ×R3÷ R3 +R2-- Ω.

Now R1 and Re are in series, so total resistance R = R1+Re --------- Ω.

Total current of the circuit I = Vs÷R -- Amp.

Current through R2 resistance I1 = Total current (I) ×Opposite resistance (R3) ÷

Total resistance (R2) + (R3) ------ Amps.

Current through R3 resistance I2 = Total current (I) - (I1) ---------- Amps.

Now Total current (I) = (I1) + (I2) ---------------------------------- Amps.

RESULT:-Verified KCL and KVL Theoretically and Practically.

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