NAME ________________________________
FINAL EXAM I. __________________/245
December 19, 1998
Biochemistry I II. __________________/ 50
BI/CH421, BI601, BI/CH621
III. __________________/ 32
IV. __________________/ 73
TOTAL /400
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE (245 points)
Choose the BEST answer to the question by circling the appropriate letter.
Questions 1-17 are worth 10 points each (170 pts.) and questions 18-32 are
worth 5 points each (75 pts.).
1. An enzyme reaction to be studied at pH 4.0 can best be carried out
using a buffer solution made from which of the following acids, and
their conjugate bases, with Ka values as shown? (Assume that there is no
direct interaction between the buffer molecule and the enzyme to be
studied.)
Acid Ka
A. Phosphoric acid 7.3 x 10-3
B. Lactic acid 1.4 x 10-4
C. Acetic acid 1.2 x 10-5
D. Dihydrogen phosphate ion (H2PO4-) 6.3 x 10-8
E. Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) 6.3 x 10-11
2. In the diagram below, the plane drawn behind the peptide bond indicates
the:
O
H R
C Ca
Ca N
A. plane of rotation around the Ca-N bond.
B. absence of rotation around the C-N bond because of its partial
double bond character.
C. region of steric hindrance determined by the large C=O group.
D. theoretical space between -180° and +180° that can be occupied by
the j and f angles in the peptide bond.
E. region of the peptide bond that contributes to a Ramachandran plot.
Page 1
NAME ________________________________
3. Which of the following amino acids is the most soluble in water at pH
7.0?
A. Glutamate
B. Tryptophan
C. Leucine
D. Tyrosine
E. Phenylalanine
4. The folded states of globular proteins in aqueous solutions are
stabilized primarily by ______.
A. hydrophobic interactions
B. peptide bonds
C. phosphodiester bonds
D. ionic bonds
E. disulfide bonds
5. Which of these statements about enzyme-catalyzed reactions that obey
Michaelis-Menten kinetics is false?
A. At saturating levels of substrate, the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed
reaction is proportional to the enzyme concentration.
B. The Michaelis-Menten constant Km equals the [S] at which V = 1/2
Vmax.
C. If enough substrate is added, the normal Vmax of a reaction can be
attained even in the presence of a competitive inhibitor.
D. The rate of a reaction decreases steadily with time as substrate is
depleted.
E. The activation energy for the catalyzed reaction is the same as for
the uncatalyzed reaction, but the equilibrium constant is more
favorable in the enzyme-catalyzed reaction.
6. The most efficient substrate of an enzyme is usually considered to be
the substrate with the ________.
A. largest kcat
B. largest Km
C. largest kcat/Km
D. smallest kcat/Km
E. smallest Km
7. Certain restriction enzymes produce cohesive (sticky) ends. This means
that they:
A. cut in regions of high GC content, leaving ends that can form more
hydrogen bonds than ends of high AT content.
B. make a staggered double-strand cut, leaving ends with a few
nucleotides of single-stranded DNA protruding.
C. cut both DNA strands at the same base pair.
D. stick tightly to the ends of the DNA it has cut.
E. have none of the above characteristics.
Page 2
NAME ________________________________
8. Two oligo-deoxynucleotides, 5'-ACCACGTAACGGA-3' and 5'-GTTAC-3', plus
DNA polymerase are added to a reaction mixture containing the
appropriate buffer plus radiolabelled dATP, dTTP, dCTP, and dGTP. The
radiolabelled bases incorporated into the product of such a reaction
would have which of the following base compositions?
A. 3C:2A
B. 1G:1T
C. 3G:2T
D. 3G:3T:2C
E. 5T:4G:3C:1A
9. A = 27% G = 30%
T = 21% C = 22%
If the genome of a newly isolated virus displays the base composition
above, the virus most likely consists of ______.
A. single-stranded DNA
B. double-stranded DNA
C. single-stranded RNA
D. double-stranded RNA
E. a double-stranded RNA:DNA heteroduplex
10. For protein synthesis, an amino acid needs to be attached by its ______
group to the _____ of the tRNA molecule.
A. amino; phosphoryl group on the 5'-end
B. carboxyl; phosphoryl group on the 3'-end
C. carboxyl; hydroxyl group on the 5'-end
D. carboxyl; hydroxyl group on the 3'-end
E. amino; base on the 5'end
11. The thymidine analog 3'-azidothymidine (AZT) blocks replication of
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). AZT is converted in cells to the
5'-triphosphate nucleotide derivative and then incorporatioed into cDNA
copies of the infecting HIV RNA by the HIV's own reverse transcriptase.
The cDNA terminates prematurely at the point of the inserted analog.
The most likely reason that AZT is not equally inhibitory toward
replication of human DNA is that the 5'-triphosphate nucleotide
derivative is ___________.
A. capable of base-pairing with the riboadenosine in the HIV RNA, but
not with the deoxyadenosine in the human DNA
B. replace with the normal deoxynucleotide during DNA replication
C. unable to enter the nucleus, where DNA is replicated
D. hydrolyzed by nuclear enzymes to the thymidine-5'-triphosphate, so
the azido-form is not incorporated into replicating DNA
E. bound with much lower affinity (resulting from a higher Km) to human
DNA polymerase than to HIV reverse transcriptase.
Page 3
NAME ________________________________
12. The basis of precipitation of proteins by ammonium sulfate is best
described by which of the following statements?
A. Proteins are rendered insoluble when they bind the ammonium ion.
B. Proteins are rendered insoluble when they bind sulfate ion.
C. Addition of ammonium sulfate adjusts the pH to the isolectric point
of the proteins.
D. Ammonium sulfate binds water molecules, making them less available
for hydration of proteins.
E. Ammonium sulfate amidates carboxyl groups on the proteins, rendering
the proteins insoluble.
13. The pH of a 10-8 M HCl solution prepared with pure water at pH 7.0 is
closest to ____.
A. 6.0
B. 6.9
C. 7.1
D. 7.9
E. 8.0
14. FIGURE DID NOT SCAN IN
Two heme proteins, X and Y, each combine reversibly with oxygen. Based
on the O2-binding properties shown in the graph above, which of the
following statements about proteins X and Y best explains these
results?
A. X is hemoglobin and Y is myoglobin.
B. X combines with O2 more rapidly than does Y.
C. X has a higher affinity for O2 than does Y.
D. X molecules bind more O2 than do Y molecules.
E. X is cooperative, but Y is noncooperative
15. Proteins can be stabilized by bonds that could include the interaction
of the side chain of a lysine residue with the side chain of ________.
A. Gly
B. Arg
C. His
D. Asp
E. Asn
Page 4
NAME ________________________________
16. Which of the following lists represent bonding interactions in their
general order of strength on a "per bond" basis from lowest to highest?
A. hydrogen, ionic, hydrophobic, covalent
B. hydrogen, hydrophobic, ionic, covalent
C. ionic, hydrophobic, hydrogen, covalent
D. hydrophobic, hydrogen, ionic, covalent
E. covalent, hydrophobic, hydrogen, ionic
17. Which of the following molecules or substances contain, or are derived
from, fatty acids?
A. glycerolphospholipids
B. beeswax
C. triacylglycerols
D. sphingolipids
E. All of the above are derived from fatty acids.
18. Tay-Sachs disease is the result of a genetic defect in the metabolism
of:
A. triacylglycerols.
B. gangliosides.
C. sterols.
D. vitamin D.
19. Which vitamin is derived from cholesterol?
A. A B. B12 C. D D. K E. E
20. Which of these statements about the composition of membranes is
generally true?
A. The lipid composition of all membranes of eukaryotic cells is
essentially the same.
B. All biological membranes contain cholesterol.
C. Free fatty acids are major components of all membranes.
D. The inner and outer membranes of mitochondria have different protein
compositions.
21. Peripheral membrane proteins:
A. penetrate deeply into the lipid bilayer.
B. can only be released from membranes by detergent treatment.
C. behave like typical soluble proteins when released from membranes.
D. are generally bound covalently to phospholipid head groups.
22. When a bacterium such as E. coli is shifted from a warm growth
temperature to a cooler growth temperature, it compensates by:
A. putting longer-chain fatty acids into its membranes.
B. putting more unsaturated fatty acids into its membranes.
C. increasing its metabolic rate to generate more heat.
D. synthesizing thicker membranes to insulate the cell.
Page 5
NAME ________________________________
23. An integral membrane protein will commonly be solubilized by extraction
with:
A. a buffer of alkaline or acid pH.
B. a solution of high ionic strength.
C. a chelating agent that removes divalent cations.
D. a solution containing detergent.
E. hot water.
24. Which of the following monosaccharides is not an aldose?
A. ribose
B. glucose
C. fructose
D. glyceraldehyde
E. erythrose
25. Which of the following is an epimeric pair?
A. D-glucose and D-mannose
B. D-lactose and D-maltose
C. a-maltose and a-cellobiose
D. L-mannose and L-fructose
E. D-glucose and L-glucose
26. Which of following is an anomeric pair?
A. D-glucose and L-glucose
B. D-glucose and D-fructose
C. a-D-glucose and b-D-glucose
D. a-D-glucose and b-L-glucose
E. D-glucose and L-fructose
27. When the linear form of glucose cyclizes, the product is a(n):
A. glycoside.
B. hemiacetal.
C. anhydride.
D. lactone.
E. oligosaccharide.
28. Starch and glycogen are both polymers of:
A. a-D-glucose.
B. b-D-glucose.
C. glucose-1-phosphate.
D. sucrose.
E. fructose.
Page 6
NAME ________________________________
29. In glycoproteins, the carbohydrate moiety is always attached through
the amino acid residues:
A. tryptophan, aspartate, or cysteine.
B. asparagine, serine, or threonine.
C. glycine, alanine, or aspartate.
D. aspartate or glutamate.
E. glutamine or arginine.
30. The structure of NAD+ does not include:
A. an adenine nucleotide.
B. riboflavin.
C. a pyrophosphate bond.
D. two ribose residues.
E. the vitamin nicotinic acid.
31. Which of the following molecules binds strongly to avidin?
A. pantothenic acid
B. folic acid
C. niacin
D. lipoic acid
E. biotin
32. FIGURE DID NOTT SCAN IN
The double-reciprocal plot shown above depicts which of the following
types of enzyme inhibition by I?
A. uncompetitive
B. competitive
C. noncompetitive
D. suicide
E. covalent
Page 7
NAME ________________________________
II. STRUCTURES: IDENTIFICATION & FUNCTION. (50 points)
A. Identify the following structures by name (common, or trivial names
preferred; systematic names OK, NO abbreviations)
B. IF there is a blank for B., list one biologically significant function
for that compound. Be as specific as possible.
C. IF the compound shown is comprised of an essential vitamin, circle the
vitamin part of the molecule.
1. THIS PAGE DID NOT SCAN IN: SEE KEY OUTSIDE DR. TOLAN'S OFFICE
Page 8
NAME ________________________________
III. MATCHING. (32 points)
Enter the appropriate letter in each blank. All items will be used once.
34. Match these molecules to their biological roles.
__ 1. carbohydrate storage in animal liver A. proteoglycan
__ 2. extracellular matrix of animal tissues B. starch
__ 3. blood clotting factor C. chitin
__ 4. carbohydrate storage in plants D. cellulose
__ 5. polyanionic acid-sugar that forms core of E. glycogen
proteoglycans
__ 6. structural component of plant cell walls F. hyaluronic acid
__ 7. disaccharide G. sucrose
__ 8. exoskeleton of insects H. heparin
IV. SHORT ANSWER. (73 points)
Give a brief answer or diagram to each problem or question.
35. In the last structure shown on page 8, what products would you expect
after exhaustive methylation and hydrolysis (just list the names)?
What products would you expect following reaction with an
a-glycosidase? (10 pts)
36. Write the complete reaction for the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and
inorganic phosphate. Briefly name three chemical differeneces between
reactants and products that explain the high DG for the reaction in the
cell. (10 pts)
37. Describe the differences between a proteoglycan and a glycoprotein. (10
pts)
Page 9
NAME ________________________________
38. (43 pts) You have isolated the lysine aminoacyl tRNA synthetase and
determined its structure. You are about to look for the most likely
active site in your structure. A). Draw the structure of the
intermediate that would be bound at the active site prior to transfer
of the lysine to an incoming tRNALys. B). Surround this structure with
a wavy line to indicate the surface of the enzyme active site. Show
(and name) as many intermolecular interactions between the enzyme and
the substrate intermediate you have drawn in (A). In each of the
interactions you show suggest an amino acid residue that would provide
a chemical group for such an interaction. These amino acids might be
those for which you would look in your enzyme structure. C). Denote
which residue in your enzyme that you might change by site-directed
mutagenesis to investigate the fidelity of this enzyme. Which kinetic
constant would you expect to change if you made such a mutant enzyme?
D). Denote which residue in your enzyme that you might change by
site-directed mutagenesis to investigate the activity of this enzyme.
Which kinetic constant would you expect to change if you made such a
mutant enzyme?
Page 10
FINAL EXAM Answer Sheet 12/19/98
Test Correct
Question Answer
Multiple Choice
1 B
2 B
3 A
4 A
5 E
6 C
7 B
8 C
9 A
10 D
11 E
12 D
13 B
14 C
15 D
16 D
17 E
18 B
19 C
20 D
21 C
22 B
23 D
24 C
25 A
26 C
27 B
28 A
29 B
30 B
31 E
32 B
STRUCTURES
1. A. Deoxyguanosine B. part of nucleic acids
2. A. Biocytin B. carbon dioxide carrier
C. biotin is part
3. A. NADH B. electron (hydride) transfer
C. niacin is part
4. A. Coenzyme A B. acetate or acyl carrier
C. pantothenic acid is part
5. A.Steric acid
6. A.Linoleic acid
7. A.Sphigosine
8. A.Phosphatidyl choline (1-palmityl, 2-olyl)
B. part of membranes
9. A. Cholesterol B. part of membranes in animals,
steroid or vitamin D precursor
10 A. Two Gal(a1,4)GlcNAc attached (b1,6) and (b1,2) to
Man. C. Mannose is the reducing end.
Matching
Page 1
Test Correct
Question Answer
MATCHING 34 E, A, H, B, F, D, G, C
Short Answer
35 The structure is a sugar unit recognized by
phytohemagglutinin: Two Gal(a1,4)GlcNAc attached (b1,6)
and (b1,2) to Man. Products of methylation would be:
2,3,4,6 tetramethyl Gal, 3,6 dimethyl 2-N-acetyl Glc,
1,3,4 trimethyl Man. There would be Gal released by an
a-glycosidase because of the (a1,4) links at the
non-reducing ends. No glycolytic celavage after that
because there are only b-linked sugars.
36 ATP-4 + H2O <=====> ADP-3 + H2PO4-2 + H+
1. Increase in resonance forms in the inorganic
phosphate product.
2. Relief of charge repulsion between a and b phosphate
groups on reactant, ATP-4
3. Deprotonation of the immediate product, ADP-2, to
ADP-3 + H+. Thus pulling the equilibrium to the right.
37 Both are made up of proteins and polysaccharides. In
proteoglycans, the carbohydrate moiety dominates,
constituting 95% or more of the mass of the complex. In
glycoproteins, the protein constitutes a larger
fraction, generally 50% or more of the total mass.
38 A. The structure should include AMP-amino acid
(Adenine-ribose-phosphate-carboxyl linked lysine)
intermediate. B. At a minimum there should be ionic
interactions with the Lys, a-amino group, phosphate
group provided by opposite charges coming from
Glu/Asp/His/Arg/Lys; hydrogen bonds to the ribose and
/or adenine base and amino acid carbonyl oxygen and the
phosphate group (H-bonds whould show proper
donor/acceptor orientation); hydrophobic interactions of
the adenine and the methylene chain of Lys provided by
amino acids such as Ala/Val/Ile/Leu/Met/Phe/Tyr, etc.
C. This should denote the interaction with the Lysine
e-amino group that affects Km. The change would be to
Asp/Glu or neutral amino acid. D. This should denote
changes in those amino acids in contact with the
carbonyl oxygen and/or the phosphate group that affects
kcat (or Vmax).
Page 2
