APPENDIX A.1 Fundamental Constants and Conversion Factors A. Gas Law Constant R Numerical Value Units 1.9872 gcal/g mol-K 1.9872 btu/Ib mol-°R 82.057 cm? -atm/g mol-K 8314.34 J/kg mol-K 82.057 x 10°? m?-atm/kg mol-K 8314.34 kg-m?/s?-kg mol: K 10.731 ft -Ibj/in?-Ib mol -°R 0.7302 ft?-atm/lb mol-°R 1545.3 ft-Ib,/lb mol-°R 8314.34 m?: Pa/kg mol K A.l-2- Volume and Density 1 g mol ideal gas at 0°C, 760 mm Hg = 22.4140 liters = 22.414¢m? 1 Ib mol ideal gas at 0°C, 760 mm Hg = 359.05 ft? 1 kg mol ideal gas at 0°C, 760 mm Hg = 22.414m? Density of dry air at 0°C, 760 mm Hg = 1.2929 gfliter = 0.080711 1b,/ft? Molecular weight of air = 28.97 Iby,/Ib mol = 28.97 g/g mol 1 g/em? = 62.43 1b, /ft? = 1000 kg/m? 1 g/cm? = 8.345 1b, /US. gal J Ib, /ft? = 16.0185 kg/m? Ad-3 Length Lin, = 2.340em 100 cm = 1 m (meter) 8501 micron = 106m = 10°* cm = L0~3 mm = | gm (micrometer) 1 A (angstrom) = 10°'® m = 10-* um 1 mile = 5280 It 1 m = 3.2808 ft = 39.37 in. Ad-4 Mass 1 Ib, = 453.59 g = 0.45359 kg 11b,, = 16 0z = 7000 grains 1000 g = 2.2046 Ib,, 1 ton (short) = 2000 Ib, 1 ton (long) = 2240 1b, 1 ton (metric) = 1000 kg A.1-5 Standard Acceleration of Gravity 80665 m/s g = 980.665 cm/s? g = 32.174 t/s* ge (gravitational conversion factor) 32.1740 Ib,, ft/lb, -s? 980.665 g,,-cm/gys? A.1-6 Volume 1 L (liter) = 1000 em? 1m? = 1000 L Giter) 1 in = 16.387 cm? 1US. gal =4 qt 1f = 28.317 L(liter) 1 US. gal = 3.7854 L (iter) 1 ft = 0.028317 m? 1 US. gal = 3785.4 cm? 1 f= 7.481 US. gal 1 British gal = 1.20094 US. gal 1m? = 264.17 US. gal 1 m? = 35.313 ft? AAT Force 1 g- m/s? (dyn) = 10-* kg m/s? = 1075 N (newton) 1 g-cm/s? = 7.2330 x 107? Ib, ft/s? (poundal) 1 ky: m/s? = LN (newton) 1 Iby = 4.4482N Ig: em/s? = 2.2481 x 10° Ib, AJB) Pressure I bar = 1 x 10° Pa (pascal) = 1 x 10° N/m? 1 psia = 1 Iby/in? 2.0360 in. Hg at 0°C 2311 1 H,O at 70°F I psia = 51.715 mm Hgat 0°C (Py, + Latm = 14.696 psia = 1.01325 x 10° N/m? = 1.01325 bar 1 atm = 760 mm Hg at 0°C = 1.01325 x 10° Pa Latm = 29.921 in, He at 0°C Latm = 33.90 ftH,0 at4°C = 13.5955 g/em?) Appendix A.] 8516.89476 x 10* g/em:s? 89476 x 10* dynfem? 2.0886 x 10 ?Ib,/f? 1 psia = 6.89476 x 10° N/m? = 6.89476 x 10° Pa 1 Ibj/ft? = 4.7880 x 10? dyn/cm? = 47.880 N/a? 1 mm Hg (0°C) = 1.333224 x 10? N/m? = 0,1333224 kPa I psia 1 psia 1 dyn/em’ Al9 Power 1 hp = 0.74570 kW 1 watt (W) = 14.340 cal/min I hp = 550 ft-Ib/s 1 btu/h = 0.29307 W (watt) 1 hp = 0.7068 btu/s 1 J/s (joules) = 1 W A.1-10_ Heat, Energy, Work 1J=1N 1kg:m?/s* 1 kg: m?/s? = 1 J Goule) = 107 g- em?/s? (erg) 1 btu = 1055.06 J = 1.05506 kJ 1 btu = 252.16 cal (thermochemical) 1 kcal (thermochemical) = 1000 cal = 4.1840 kJ 1 cal (thermochemical) = 4.1840} 1 cal (IT) = 4.1868 5 btu = 251.996 cal (IT) 1 btu = 778.17 ft Iby Thp-h = 0.7457kW-h Thp-h = 2544.5 btu ft-lb, = 1.355825 Tf Iby/Iby = 2.9890 J/kg A.-1L Thermal Conductivity Lbtu/h: ft °F 1D btuyh: ft-°F = 1365 x 10°? cal/s-cm-°C 73073 W/mK. A.l-12 Heat-Transfer Coefficient L btuyh-ft? °F = 3571 x 107* cal/s-cm?-°C 1 btu/h- ft? «°F = 5.6783 x 1074 W/em?-°C 1 btu/h -ft? «°F = 5.6783 W/m? -K 1 kcal/h -m?-°F = 0.2048 btu/h- ft? - °F A.L13 Viscosity 852 1 cp = 10°? giem-s (poise) Lop = 2.4191 Iby/ft-h 1 cp = 6.7197 x 10-* Ib,fts 1cp = 107? Pa-s = 10°? kg/m-s = 10°? N-s/m? 1 cp = 2.0886 x 1075 Ib, s/ft? 1 Pars = 1 N-s/m* = 1 kg/m-s = 1000 cp = 0.67197 Ib,,/ft-s App. A.1 Fundamental Constants and Conversion Factors14 Diffusivity Lom*js = 1 cm?/s Lu7/a 875 [t?fh 1 m/s = 3.875 x 10° 17/h 10" m/s centistoke = 10"? cm?/s 10.764 17a AL-I5/ Mass Flux and Molar Flux 1 g/s-cm? = 7.3734 x 10? Ibg/h ft? 1. gmol/s-cm? = 7.3734 x 10° Ib mol/h- ft? 1 gmol/s-cm? = 10 kgmol/s-m? = 1 x 10* gmol/s: m? 1 Ib mol/h- ft? = 1.3562 x 107? kg mol/s-m? A.1-16 Heat Flux and Heat Flow 1 btu/h- ft? = 3.1546 W/m? 1 btu/h = 0.29307 W 1 eal/h = 1.1622 « 10°? W A.L-17 Heat Capacity and Enthalpy 1 btu/lb,,-°F = 4.1868 kI/kg-K 1 btu/lb,, “°F = 1.000cal/g -*C | btu/lb,, = 2326.0 J/kg 1 ft Tbg/lb,, = 2.9890 I/kg, 1 cal (IT)/g: °C = 4.1868 kJ/kg: K 1 kcal/g mol = 4.1840 x 10° kI/kg mol A.1-18 Mass-Transfer Coefficient 1k, cm/s = 10°? m/s 1k, fy = 8.4668 x 107° m/s 1k, gmol/s: cm? mol frac 1k, gmol/s: cm?+ mol frac = 1 x 10* g mol/s- m?- mol frac 1k, Ib mol/h- ft? - mol frac = 1.3562 x 107? kg mol/s- m? mol frac 1 k,alb mol/h- ft? - mol frac = 4.449 x 107? kg mol/s:m?- mol frac I kg kg mol/s:m?- atm = 0.98692 x 10 $ kg mol/s-m?- Pa 1 kg akg mol/s: m?~ atm = 0.98692 x 10°* kgmol/s-m?- Pa 10 kg mol/s: m?- mol frac Appendix A.I 853APPENDIX A.2 Physical Properties of Water A2-1 Latent Heat of Water at 273.15 K (0°C) Latent heat of fusion = 1436.3 cal/g mol = 79.724 cal/g = 2585.3 btu/lb mol = 6013.4 ki/kg mol Source: O. A. Hougen, K. M. Watson, and R. A. Ragatz, Chemical Process Principles, Part I, 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1954, Latent heat of vaporization at 298.15 K (25°C) Pressure (mm Hg) Latent Heat 23.75 44 020 kJ/kg mol, 10.514 kcal/g mol, 18925 btu/lb mol 760 44 045 kJ/kg mol, 10.520 kcal/g mol, 18936 btu/lb mol Source : National Bureau of Standards, Circular 500. A.2-2 Vapor Pressure of Water Temperature Vapor Pressure Temperature Vapor Pressure Kel kPa mmHg oc kPa mmHg 273.15 0 0611 458 323.15 50 12333 92.51 F289015 fee LO eee 1228)eg 0.2 Ite 331 560) 1992 149.4 29315 20 2338 1754 343.15 70 3116 233.7 298.15 25 3.168 2376 35315 80 = 47.34 355.1 303.15 30- 4.242 31.82 363.15 90 70.10. 525.8 3131S 40 7.375 55.32 373.15 100 101.325 760.0 Source : Physikalish-echnishe, Reichsansalt, Holborn, Scheel, and Henning, Warmerabel- len, Brunswick, Germany: Friedrich Viewig and Son, 1909, 854abgames Density of Liquid Water Temperature Density Temperature Density K °C gfem? kaj? K °C jem aim? 273.15 0 099987 999.87 323.15 50 0.98807 988.07 27715 4 1.00000 1000.00 333.15 60 0.98324 983.24 283.15 10 0.99973 999.73 343.15 70 0.97781 977.81 29315 20 0.99823 99873-35315 80 097183 971.83 298.15 25 0.99708 997.08 «363.15 90 0.96534 965.34 303.15 30 0.99568 995.68 373.15 100 0.95838 958.38 3131S 40 0.99225 992.25 Source: R. H. Perry and C. H. Chilton, Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, Sth ed. New York McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1973. With permission A2-4 Viscosity ef Liquid Water Viscosity [(Pa- 5) 10°, (ha/m- 3) 103, Viscosity Temperature [(Pa's)10°, Temperature —— tkajm-y 10, | aN Ceaaeror co KC OTIS 0 17921 wis 50 275.15, 2 1.6728 325.15 52 Qs 4 1.5674 54 2915 6 1.4728 36 281.15 8 1.3860, 33115 SB 283.15, 10 1.3077 333.15 60 28515 121.2363 33515 62 2871S 141.1709 337.1564 289.15, 16 LAL 339.15 66 21S 18 1.0559 SLI 68 MG i) NG) SEN 29335 20.2 1.0000 34515 72 295.15 22 0.9579 347.15 74 2715 24 09142349. 76 9611S ames meg 0.893 (gues 1S 299.15 26 0.8737 353.15 80 30115 28 0.8360 355.1582 30315 30 08007» 357:15 84 305.15 32 0.7679 359.15 86 30715 340.7371 361.15 88 309.15 36 0.7085 363.15. 90 BILIS 38 0.6814 365.15 92 313.15 40 0.6560 367.15 94 3151S 420.6321 369.15 96 3171S 440.6097. S715 98 3191S 46 0.5883 373.15 100 32115 48 (0.5683 or cp] 0.5494 05315 0.5146 0.4985 0.4832 0.4688 0.4550 0.4418 0.4293, 0.4174 0.4061 0.3952 0.3849 0.3750 0.5655 0.3565 0.3478 0.3395 0.3315 0.3239 0.3165 0.3095, 0.3027 0.2962 0.2899 0.2838 pany, 1922. With permission. Appendix A.2 855A2-5 Heat Capacity of Li Water at 101.325 kPa (1 Atm) Temperature Heat Capacity.¢, Temperature Heat Capacity,c, i °C OK calig-*C kufkg'K SC K—calig"*C Ad fkeg K 0 273.15 1.0080 4.220 50. -323:15 0.9992 4.183 10 283.15 1.0019 4.195 60,333.15 1.0001 4.187 20 29315 09995 4.185 70. -343.15 1.0013, 4.192. 25 298.15 0.9989 4.182 80 -353.15 1.0029 4.199 30 303.15 0.9987 4.181 90363.15. 1.0050 4.208 40 313.15 0.9987 4.181 [Link] 4.219. Source : N.S. Osborne, H. F. Stimson, and D.C. Ginnings, Bur. Standards J. Res, 23, 197 (1939, Temperature Thermal Conductivity CG F K buyjh-f“F Wim K 0 32 273.15 0329 0.569 378 100 311.0 0363 0.628 93.3 200 366.5 0.393 0.680 1489 300 422.1 0395 0.684 215.6 420 588.8 0376 0.651 326.7 620 599.9 0.275 0.476 Source: D. L. Timrot and N. B. Vargafik, J. Tech. Phys. (USS.R3, 10, 1063 (1940), 61h International Conference on the Properties of Steam, Pars, 1964, A2-T Vapor Pressure of Saturated Ice-Water Vapor and Heat of Sublimation Heat of Temperature Vapor Pressure Sublimation KF KPa sia mmHg — btujlb,, —ki/kg 2732 0-32 0 6107 x 10°? 8.858 x 10°? 4.581 1218.6 2834.5 266.5 20 6.7 3478 x 10-' 5.045 x 107? 2.609 1219.3 2836.1 261.0 10 —12.2 2.128 x 107! 3.087 x 10°? 1.596 1219.7 2837.0 255.4 0 ~178 1.275 x 10"! 1.849 x 107? 0.9562 1220.1 2838.0 2499-10 -23.3 7.411 x 107? 1.082 x 107? 0.5596 1220.3 2838.4 2443-20 -28.9 3820 x 10"? 6181 x 10°? 0.3197 1220.5 2838.9 2388 30 -344 2372x 10°? 3.440 x 10-> 0.1779 1220.5 2838.9 2332 40 40.0 1.283 x 10"? 1.861 x 10> 0.09624 1220.5 2838.9 | Source: ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals, New York: ASHRAE, 1972. 856 App.A.2_ Physical Properties of WaterA28 Heat Capacity of lee Temperature S Temperature % K bulb, °F kifkgK oF K brujlb, °F fk K mH ARIS 0.500 2093 = -10 249.85 0.461 1.930 20 266.45 0.490 2.052 —20 248.25 0.452 1.892 10 26095 0.481 2014 = 30 238.75 0.442 1.850 OMe 5 iso 0472) 1976 40 233.15 0.433 1813 Source: Adapted from ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals. New York: ASHRAE, 1972. A.2-9 Properties of Saturated Steam and Water (Steam Table), SI Units Specific Volume Enthalpy Entropy Temper. Vapor (jk) (kifkg) (ki/kg K) ature Pressure | (CO) (KPa) Liquid Sat'd Vapor Liquid Sat'd Vapor Liquid Sat'd Vapor 0.01 0.6113 0.001002 206.136 0.00 2501.4 0.0000 9.1562 3 0.7577 0,0010001_ 168.132 12.57 2506.9 0.0457 9.0773 6 0.9349 00010001 137.734 25.20 25124 0.0912 9.0003 9 1.1477 00010003 113.386 37.80 25179 0.1362 8.9253 12 1.4022 0.001005 93.784 50.41 25234 0.1806 8.8524 15 1.7051 0.001009. 77.926 62.99 25289 © 0.2245 «8.7814 18 2.0640 00010014 65.038 7558 25344 0.2679 8.7123 2 2487 0.0010020 54.514 88.14 2539.9 0.3109 8.6450 4 2985 0,0010027 45.883 100.70 2545.4 0.3534 «8.5794 25 3.169 0.0010029 43.360 10489-25472 (0.3674 8.5580 2 3.567 0.001035 38.774 113.25 -25508 0.3954 8.5156 30 4246 0.0010043 32894 125.79 2556.3 0.4369 8.4533 33 3.034 00010033 28.011 138.33 2561.7 04781 8.3927 36 5.947 00010063 23.940 150.86 2567.1 0.5188 8.3336 40 7.384 0.001078 19.523. 167.57 2574.3. 0.5725 8.2570 45 9.593 0.001099 15.258 188.45 2583.2 0.6387 8.1648 50 12,349 0,0010121 12032 209.33 25921 0.7038 8.0763, 55 15.758 00010146 9.568 230.23 26009 0.7679 7.9913, 60 00010172 7.671 «(251.13 26096 0.8312 7.9096 65 00010199 6.197 272.06 -2618.3 0.8935 7.8310 7) 0.010228 5.042 29298 2626.8 0.9549 7.7553 15 000010259 4.131 313.93 2635.3. «1.0155 7.6824 80 000010291 3.407 334.91 2643.7. 1.0753 7.6122 85 000010325 2828-35590 2651.9 1.1343 7.5445 90 00010360 2361 «376.92 2660.1. 1.1925 7.4791 95 0.0010397 1.9819 397.96 2668.1 1.2500 7.4159 100 00010435 1.6729 419.04 2676.1. 1.3069 7.3549 Appendix A.2 857A2-9 SI Units, Continued Specific Volume Enthalpy Entropy Temper- Vapor = (m/kg) . (ks/k9) (ka kg: K) ature Pressure § >» —____—___________ CC) (kPa) Liguid — Sat‘d Vapor Liquid Sat'd Vapor Liquid Sat'd Vapor 105 120.82 0,0010475 1.4194 440.15 2683.8 1.3630 7.2958 110 143.27 0.0010516 1.2102 461.30 2691.5 1.4185 7,2387 11S 169.06 0.0010559— 1.0366 482.48 2699.0 1.4734. 7.1833 120 198.53 0.010603 0.8919 503.71 2706.3. 1.5276 7.1296 125-2321 0.010649 0.7706. 52499 2713.5 1.5813 7.0775 130 270.1 -~——(0.0010697 0.6685 546.31 2720.5 1.6344 7.0269 135 313.0 0,0010746 0.5822. $67.69 2727.3. 1.6870 6.9777 140 316.3 0.010797 0.5089 589.13 2733.9 1.7391 6.9299 1454154 0,0010850 0.4463» 610.63: 2740.3.— 1.7907 6.8833 190 475% 0001090503928. 632.20 2146.5 L84IS 6.8379 155 $43.1 0,0010961 0.3468. -653.84 2752.4 1.8925 6.7935 160 6178 0.011020 0.3071 675.55 2758.1 1.9427 6.7502 165 700.5. 0.011080 0.2727 697.34 2763.5 «1.9925 6.7078 170 791.7 0.011143 0.2428 719.21 2768.7 2.0419 6.6663 175 8920 0.011207 0.2168 741.17 2773.6 = 2.0909 6.6256 180 1002.1 0.001274 019405 763.22 2778.2 «21396 6.5857 190 12544 0.001414 0.15654 807.62 2786.4 ~—- 22359 6.5079 200 15538 0.011565 0.12736 852.45 2793.2 2.3309 6.4323 225 2548 0.0011992 0.07849 966.78 2803.3 2.5639 6.2503 250 3973 0.0012512 0.05013 1085.36 2801.5 2.7927 6.0730 275 $942 0.0013168 0.03279 1210.07 2785.0 3.0208 5.8938 3008581 0.0010436 0.02167 1344.0 2749.0 3.2534 5.7045 Source: Abridged from J. H. Keenan, F.G. Keyes, P.G. Hill, and J. G. Moore, Steam Tables—Metric Units. New New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1969. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A2-9 Properties of Saturated Steam and Water (Steam Table), English Units Specific Volume Enthalpy Entropy Temper- Vapor (P/lb,) (bru/lb,) (btu/tb, °F) auure Pressure. § ——————_____§ —____~___ CF) (psig) — Liquid Sat'd Vapor Liquid Sat‘d Vapor Liquid Sat'd Vapor 32.02 0.08866 0.016022 3302 0.00 10754 0.000 2.1869 35 0.09992 0.016021 2948 3.00 1076.7 0.00607 2.1764 40 0.12166 0.016020 2445 8.02 10789 0.01617 2.1592 45 0.14748 0.016021 2037 13.04 1081.1 0.02618 2.1423 50 0.17803" 0.016024 1704.2 18.06 1083.3 0.03607 2.1259 55 0.2140 0.016029 1431.4 23.07 10855 0.04586 2.1099 858, App.A.2 Physical Properties of WaterA29 English Units, Continued Specific Volume Enthalpy Entropy Tempers Vapor (esn,) (oud, (boeuf, 7) ature Pressure —-— — CF) (sia) Liquid Sar'd Vapor Liquid Sat'd Vapor Liquid Sat'd Vapor 60 0.2563 0.016035 12069 28.08 1087.7 0.05555 2.0943 65 0.3057 0.016042 1021.5 33.09 1089.9 0.06514 2.0791 70 03622 0.016051 867.7 38.09 10920 0.07463 2.0642 8 0.4300 0.016061 739.7 4309 1094.2 0.08402 2.0497 80 05073 0.016073 6328 4809 10964 0.09332 2.0356 85 0.5964 0.016085 543.1 53.08 1098.6 0.10252 2.0218 90 0.6988 0.016099 467.7 5807 1100.7. 0.11165 2.0083 95 08162 0.016114 4040 63.06 11029 0.12068 1.9951 100 0.9503 0.016130 3500 68.05 1105.0 0.12963 1.9822 110 12763 0.016166 265.1 780211093 .0.14730 1.9574 120 1.6945 0.016205 203.0 88.00 11135 0.16465 1.9336 130 2225 0016747 «187179798 11178018172 1.9109 140 2892 0.016293 12288-10796 1121.9 0.19851 1.8892 150 3722 0016343 9699-11796 1126.1 (0.21503 1.8684 160 4745 0.016395 7723-12796 1130.1 0.23130 1.8484 170 5996 0.016850 6202-13797 11342 0.24732 1.8293 180 7515 0.016509 $0.20 147.99 1138.2 0.26311 1.8109 190 9343 0.016570 40.95 «15803 1142.1 0.27866 1.7932 200 11,529 0.016634 «3363. 168.0711459 0.29400 1.7762 210 14.125 0.016702 -«2782——«178:14 1149.7 0.30913 1.7599 21214698 0.016716 2680 180.16 1150.5 031213 1.7567 220° -17188 0.016772, «2315 188.22 1153.5 0.32406 1.7441 230 2078 «= 0.016845 «19.386 :198.321157.1 0.33880 ‘1.7289 240-2497 0.016922 16327 208.44 ~—1160.7 0.35335 1.7143 250-2982 0.017001._-«13826 218.59 1164.2 0.36772 1.7001 260 -35.42-——«0.017084 «11.768 228.76 1167.6 0.38193 1.6864 270 41.85 0.017170 10.066 «238.95 1170.9 0.39597 1.6731 280 49.18 0.017259 8.650 249.18 1174.1 0.40986 1.6602 290 $7.33 0.017352 7467 259.44 1171.2 042360 1.6477 300 66.98 © 0.017448, 6472 269.73 1180.2 0.43720 1.6356 310-764 «= 0.017548 5.632 280.06 1183.0 0.45067 1.6238 320 89.60 0.017652 4919 290.43 1185.8 0.46400 1.6123 330 10300 0.017760 «4.312 3008411884. -0.47722 1.6010 34011793 0.017872 3.792 311.30 1190.8 0.49031-—1.5901 350 13453 0.017988 3346 321.80 1193.1 0.50329 1.5793 360 15292 0.018108 2961 332.35 1195.2 0.51617 1.5688 37017323 0.018233 2.628 342.96 1197.2 0.52894, 1.5585 380 195.60 0.018363 2339 353.62 1199.0 0.54163 1.5483 390 2202 0.018498 2087 364.34 1200.6 0.55422 1.5383, 400 247.1 (0.018638 18661 375.12 12020 0.56672 1.5284 410 2765 = (0.018784 1.6726 38597 1203.1 0.57916 1.5187 450 422.1 0.019433 11011 430.2 1205.6 0.6282——1.4806 Source: Abridged from J. H. Keenan, F. G. Keyes, P. G. Hill, and J. G. Moore, Steam Tables—English Units. ‘New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1969. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Appendix A.2 859,A.2-10 Properties of Superheated Steam (Steam Table), SI Units (v, specific volume,m?/kg; H, enthalpy, kJ/kg; , entropy, kJ/kg - K) Absolute Pressure, kPa (Sat. Temperature (°C) Temp, °C) 100 150 200 250 300 360 420 500 © 17196 19.512 21.825 24.136 26445 29.216 31.986 35.679 10 H 2687.5 2783.0 2879.5 29773 30765-31976 3320.9 3489.1 (4581) s 84479 8.6882 8.9038 9.1002 9.2813 9.4821 9.6682 9.8978 v 3418 3889 4.356 4.820 5.284 5.839 6394 7.134 50 HY 2682.5 2780.1 2877.7 29760 3075.5 3196.8 3320.4 3488.7 (81.33) s 7.6947 7.9401 81580 83556 85373 8.7385 8.9249 9.1546 v 2270 2.587 2.900 «3.211 + 3520-3891 4.262 4.755 75 H 26794 = 2778.2 2876.5 2975.2 3074.9 3196.4 3320.0 3488.4 (91.78) s 7.5009 7.7496 7.9690 8.1673, 8.3493 8.5508 8.7374 8.9672 » 16958 19364 2.172 2.406 2639-2917 3.195 3.565 100 HW 2672.2 27764 ~—-2875.3 29743 —3074.3— «3195.9 3319.6 3488.1 (99.63) s 73614 7.6134 7.8343 8.0333 82158 8.4175 8.6042 8.8342 . 1.2953 1.4443 1.6012 1.7570 1.9432 2.129 2.376 150 2772.6 28729 2972.7 30731-31950 3318.9 3487.6, (11137) s 7.4193 7.6433 7.8438 8.0720 8.2293 8.4163 8.6466 > 0.4708 0.5342 0.5951 0.6548 0.7257 0.7960 0.8893, 400 H 2752.8 2860.5 2964.2 3066.8 3190.3 3315.3 3484.9 (143.63) 5 69299 7.1706 73789 75662 -7.7712 7.9598 8.1913, v 0.2999 0.3363 0.3714 0.4126 0.4533 0.5070, 700 H 2844.8, 2953.6 3059.1 3184.7 3310.9 3481.7 (16497) 5 68865 7.1053 7.2979 7.5063 7.6968 7.9299 v 0.2060, 0.2327 0.2579 0.2873 0.3162 0.3541 1000 oH 2827.9 2942.6 3051.2 31789 «3306.5 3478.5 (179.91) s 6.6940, 6.9247 7.1229 7.3349 7.5275 7.7622 v 0.13248 0.15195 0.16966 0.18988 0.2095 0.2352 1500 H 2796.8 2923.3 3037.6 3.1692 3299.1 3473.1 (198.32) s 64546 6.7090 6.9179 -7.1363 7.3323 7.5698 > 0.11144 0.12547 0.14113 0.15616 0.17568 2000 A 2902.5 3023.5 3159.3 3291.6 3467.6 (212.42) s 6.5453 6.7664 6.9917 TAIIS: 7.4317 v 0.08700 0.09890 0.11186 0.12414 0.13998 2500 H 2880.1 30088 3149.1. 3284.0 3462.1 (223.99) 64085 6.6438 6.8767 7.0803 7.3234 v 0.07058 0.08114 0.09233 0.10279 0.11619 3000. 28558 2993.5 3138.7 3276.3 3456.5 (233.90) s 62872 6.5390 6.7801 6.9878 7.2338 Source: Abridged from J. H, Keenan, F. G. Keyes, P.G. Hill, and J. G. Moore, Steam Tables—Metrie Units. New York: Joho. Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1969. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 860 App. A2 Physical Properties of WaterA.2-10 Properties of Superheated Steam (Steam Table), English Units (v, speci- fic volume, ft?/Ib,,;H, enthalpy, btu/Ib,;s, entropy, btu/Ib,, - °F) Absolute Pressure, psia (Sar. Temperature (°F) Temp.y § ‘Fy 200300400» $00 600700» 800» 9001000 v 3925 4523 S119 S715 631.1 690.7 750.3 809.9 869.5 10H 150.1 1195.7 1241.8 1288.5 1336.1 1384.5 1433.7 1483.8 1534.8 (101,70) s 2.0508 2.1150 2.1720 2.2235 2.2706 2.3142 2.3550 2.3932 2.4294 b 7B.1S 90.24 102.24 114.20 126.15 138.08 150.01 161.94 173.86 50 HH 11486 11948 1241.2 1288.2 1335.8 1384.3 1433.5 1483.7 1534.7 (162.21) s 1.8715 1.9367 1.9941 2.0458 2.0930 2.1367 2.1775 2.2158 2.2520 bv 3885 4499 51.03 $7.04 6303 69.01 74.98 80.95 86.91 10.0 H 11466 1193.7 1240.5 1287.7 1335.5 1384.0 1433.3 1483.5 1534.6 (193.19) 5 1.7927 1.8592 1.9171 1.9690 2.0164 2.0601 2.1009 2.1393 2.1755 » 30.52 34.67 38.77 4286 4693 51.00 5507 59.13 14.696 H 1192.6 1239.9 1287.3 1335.2 1383.8 1433.1 1483.4 1534.5 (211.99) s 1.8157 1.8741 1.9263 1.9737 2.0175 2.0584 2.0967 2.1330 » 22.36 25.43 2846 3147 34.77 37.46 4045 43.44 200 oH 1191.5 1239.2 1286.8 1334.8 1383.5 1432.9 1483.2 1534.3 (227.96) s 1.7805. 1.8395 1.8919 1.9395 1.9834 2.0243 2.0627 2.0989 v 7.260 8.353 9.399 10.425 11.440 12.448 13.452 14.454 60.0 oH 11819 1233.5 1283.0 1332.1 1381.4 1431.2 1481.8 1533.2 (292.73) s 1.6496 1.7134 1.7678 1.8165 1.8609 1.9022 1.9408 1.9773 » 4934 5.587 6.216 6.834 7.445 8.053 8.657 1000 H 1227.5 1279.1 1329.3 1379.2 1429.6 1480.5 1532.1 (327.86) s 1.6517 1.7085 1.7582 1.8033 1.8449 1.8838 1.9204 v 3.221 3.679 4.111 4.531 4944 5353. 5.759 150.0 H 12195 1274.1 1325.7 1376.6 1427.5 1478.8 1530.7 (358.48) 5 1.5997 1.6598 1.7110 1.7568 1.7989 1.8381 1.8750 » 2.361 2.724 3.058 3.379 3.693 4003 4.310 2000 H 12108 1268.8 1322.1 1373.8 1425.3 1477.1 1529.3 (381.86) s 1.5600 1.6239 1.6767 1.7234 1.7660 1.8055 1.8425 » 2.150 2426 2.688 2943 3193 3.440 250.0 Ht 1263.3 1318.3 1371.1 1423.2 1475.3 1527.9 (401.04) 5 1.5948 1.6494 1.6970 1.7401 1.7799 1.8172 » 1.766 2.004 2.227 2.442 2.653 2860 3000 #H 1257.5 1314.5 1368.3 1421.0 1473.6 1526.5 (417.43) s 1.5701 1.6266 1.6751 1.7187 1.7589 1.7964 » 1.2843 1.4760 1.6503 1.8163 1.9776 2.136 400 «#H a 1245.2 1306.6 1362.5 1416.6 1470.1 1523.6 (444.70) s 1,5282 1.5892 1.6397 1.6884 1.7252 1.7632 Source: Abridged from J. H. Keenan, F. G. Keyes, P. G. Hill, and J. G. Moore, Steam Tabies—Metrie ha Units. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1969. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Appendix A.2A2-11 Heat-Transfer Properties of Liquid Water, SI Units x 10? (gBp*/u?) rT oT p c, (Parssor — k Bx lot x 10-* ro (kK) (kg/m?) (kJ/kg: K) kg/m: s) (Wim: K) U/K)(/K-m?) 0 273.2 999.6 4.229 1.786 0.5694 13.3 0.630 15.6 288.8 998.0 4.187 1.131 0.5884 8.07 1.44 10.93 26.7 2999 996.4 4.183 0.860 0.6109 5.89 2.34 30.70 37.8 311.0 994.7 4.183 0.682 06283 451 3.24 68.0 65.6 3388 981.9 4.187 0.432 0.6629 2.72 5.04 256.2 93.3 366.5 962.7 4.229 0.3066 0.6802 191 666 642 121.1 394.3 943.5 4271 0.2381 0.6836 1.49 8.46 1300 148.9 422.1 917.9 4312 0.1935 0.6836 1.22 10.08 2231 204.4 477.6 858.6 4.522 0.1384 0.6611 0.950 14.04 5308 260.0 333.2 784.9 4.982 0.1042 0.6040 0.859 19.8 11030 315.6 5888 679.2 6.322 0.0862 0.5071 1.07 315 19260 11 Heat-Transfer Properti of Liquid Water, English Units ° eee slo ch (is) (oe) (es) (ofo*/2) ( bow ) xt 10-8 hf Np, UPR) URS) 32 624 1011.20 0329133 0.350 60 623 100 0760 0340 807 0800172 80 622 0999 0578 0353 589 1.30 483 100 62.1 0.999 0458 0363 «4511.80 107 150 613° 100 0200 0383 «772-280 403, 200 60.1 1.01 0.206 = 0393191 3.701010 250 58.9 1.02 0.160 0.395 1494.70 (2045 300 57.3 1.03 0.130 0.395122 5.603510 400 53.6 1.08 0.0930 0382 0.950 7.80 8350 500 49.0 1.19 0.0700 0.349 0.859 11.0 17350 600 424 151 0.0579 0.293 «107 :17.5 30300 862 App. A.2 Physical Properties of Water ‘A.2-12 Heat-Transfer Properties of Water Vapor (Steam) at 101.32 kPa (1 Atm Abs), SI Units wx 10° » c, (Pasork Bx 10? Bolu? PC) (K) (kg/m?) (kJ/kg K) kg/m-s) (Wim-K) N,, U/K) —(I/K m?) 100.0 373.2 0.596 1.888 1.295 0.02510 0.96 2.68 0.557 x 10% 1489 422.1 0.525 1.909 1.488 0.02960 0.95 2.38 0.292 x 10° 2044 477.6 0.461 1.934 1.682 0.03462 0.94 2.09 0.154 x 10° 260.0 533.2 0.413 1.968 1.883 0.03946 0.94 1.87 0.0883 x 10® 3156 $888 0.373 1.997 2.113 0.04448 0.94 1.70 52.1 x 10% 371.1 644.3 0.341 2.030 2.314 0.04985 0.93 1.55 33.1 x 10° 426.7 699.9 0.314 2.068 2.529 0.05556 0.92 143 21.6 x 10* A212 Heat-Transfer Properties of Water Vapor (Steam) at 101.32 kPa (1 Atm Abs), English Units p cx IOS k 7 (ts) (gts) (5) (ets) a, Bre? tet, ce 8) are) ee) nee), “Gem dre ey 212 00372 0451 0.870 0.0145 0.96 149 0.877 x 10% 300 0.0328 0.456 1.000 0.0171 0.95 1.32 0.459 x 108 400 00288 0.462 1.130 0.0200 0.94 1.16 0.243 x 10% 500 00258 0.470 1.265 0.0228 0.94 1.04 0.139 x 10% 600 00233 0477 1.420 0.0257 0.94 0943 82 x 10° 700 0.0213 0485 1.555 0.0288 0.93 0862 $2.1 x 10° 800 0.0196 0.494 1.700 0.0321 0.92 0.794 34.0 x 10° Source: D.L. Timrot and N. B. Vargaltik, J. Tech. Phys. (U-SS.R.), 10, 1063 (1940); RH. Perry and C.H. Chilton, Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, Sth ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1973; J. H. Keenan, F. G. Keyes, P. G. Hill, and J. G. Moore, Steam Tables. New York: Jobn Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1969; National Research Council, Internation= al Critical Tables. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1929; LS. Marks, Mechani- ‘cal Engineers" Handbook, Sth ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1951 Appendix A.2APPENDIX A.3 Physical Properties of Inorganic and Organic Compounds A3-1 Standard Heats of Formation at 298.15 K (25°C) and 101.325 kPa (1 Atm Abs), (c) = crystalline, (g) = gas, (0) = liquid AH; aH; Compound — (kdkg mo)10°? kealfg mol Compound (ka}kg mol)10~> keal}g mol NH) =46.19 = 11.04 CaCOX(c) — 1206.87 ~288.45 NO(g) +90374 421.600 CaO(e) -635.5 —151.9 H,O() = 285.840 — 68.3174 CO(g) = 110.523 —26.4157 010) —241.826 -57.7979 CO,(@) — 393.513 —94,0518 HCN) $1301 4311 CHA) —74.848 — 17.889 Hig) —92312 —22.063 C,Hglg) = 84.667 —20.236 H,SO(9 = -81132, -19391 — C\H,ta) — 103.847 24.820 HyPO,() 1281.1 —306.2- CH,OH() — 238.66 57.04 NaCllc) -411.003 -98.232 -CH,CH,OH() = -277.61 — 66.35 NH,Cl(c) — — 315.39 —75.38 Source: J. H. Perry and C. H. Chilton, Chemical Engincers' Handbook, Sth ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book ‘Company, 1973:and O. A. Hougen, K. M. Watson, and R. A. Ragatz, Chemical Process Principles, Part |, 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ine. 1954A32 Standard Heats of Combustion at 298.15 K (25°C) and 101.325 kPa (1 Atm Abs) = gas, (I) = liquid, (5) = solid He (8 /kg Compound Combustion Reaction keal/g mol mol)i0- cs) ls) + $0,{9)—+ CO) =264157 — 110.523 COW) COfg) + $0.19) -+ [Link]) 676361 282.989 CIs) Cs) + 0,19)» CO,9) = 94.0518 — 393.513 Hg) H,{g) + 40.09) H,0() 68.3174 —285.840 Ho) H,@) + 10,60)» H,0(@) —577979 —241.826 CHA) CH,(@) + 20,(9)~+ CO,(9) + 2H,0(0 =212798 890.346 CHO) C,H4(g) + 30,(9) + 2CO(9) + 34,010 372820 —1559.879 CyH(a) C Hg(g) + 50,(g) + 3CO4(g) + 4H,0(), — 530605 —2220.051 Glucose (dextrose) CeH 120418) CoH 0465) + 60,(9)-+ 6COY(g) + 61,01 -673 2816 Lactose (anhydrous) Cy3H3:0,4(3) CysH220, 465) + 120.9) 12CO,g) + IHH,O() 13501 — 5648.8 Sucrose CyaHs201469) CyaH2204,(s) + 120,19)» 12CO4g) + HH,O) —13489— — 5643.8 Source R. H, Perry and C. H. Chilton, Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, Sth ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1973; and 0. A. Hougen, K.M. Watson, and R.A. Ragatz, Chemical Process Principles, Part I, 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ine, 195 16, C2He 6 CoHe CoHa 15 z *) | | cal btu (s mol-°F °" gmol- Se \ i H,0| —+ 9 ~ [Oz Ch air 8 [HCL ——a Nz SE Pn 79400 1200 2000. 2800 + +3600 + +4400 +«©—5200 ‘Temperature (°F) Figure A.3-1. Mean molar heat capacities from 77°F (25°C) to #°F at constant pressure of 101.325 kPa (I atm abs) (From O. A. Hougen, K. M. Watson, and R. A. Ragatz, Chemical Process Principles. Part I. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1954. With permission) Appendix A3 865A.3-3 Physical Properties of Air at 101.325 kPa (1 Atm Abs), SI Units wx 10° T T 9p , (Pa-sor~” k Bx 10” oBp'hu? OQ (K) Kolm?) (kd/KG* KY kalm's) (W/m: K) Nz, UK) UK m) 178 2554 1.379 1.0048 1.62 0.02250 0.720 3.92 2.79 x 108 0 273.2 1.293 1.0048 1.72 0.02423 0.715 3.65 2.04 x 108 10.0 283.2 1.246 1.0048 1.78 0.02492 0.713 3.53 1.72 x 108 378 311.0 1.137 1.0048 1.90 0.02700 0.705 3.22 1.12 x 108 65.6 3388 1.043 1.0090 2.03 0.02925 0.702 2.95 0.775 x 108 933 3665 0964 1.0090 2.15 0.03115 0.694 2.74 0.534 x 108 121.1 394.3 0.895 1.0132 2.27 0.03323 0.692 254 0.386 x 10° 148.9 422.1 0.838 1.0174 2.37 0.03531 0.689 2.38 0.289 x 10° 176.7 449.9 0.785 1.0216 2.50 0.03721 0.687 2.21 0.214 x 10° 204.4 477.6 0.740 1.0258 2.60 0.03894 0.686 2.09 0.168 x 10° 232.2 5054 0.700 1.0300 2.71 0.04084 0.684 1.98 0.130 x 10° 260.0 5332 0.662 1.0341 2.80 0.04258 0.680 1.87 0.104 x 108 A.33_ Physical Properties of Air at 101.325 kPa (1 Atm Abs), English Units Bx 10 ghp?/p? UPR) UPR fe) tT (lb. bu A CFG) BFF) (ccomipoiser 0 00861 0.240 0.0162 0.0130 0.720 218 4.39 x 10° 32 0.0807 0.240 0.0172 0.0140 0.715 2.03 3.21 x 10° 50 0.0778 0.240 0.0178 0.0144 0.713 1.96 2.70 x 108 100 0.0710 0.240 0.0190 0.0156 0.705 1.79 1.76 x 10° 150 0.0651 0.241 0.0203 0.0169 0.702 1.64 1.22 x 10° 200 0.0602 0.241 0.0215 0.0180 0.694 1.52 0.840 x 10° 250 0.0359 0.242 0.0227 0.0192 0.692. 1.410.607 x 10° 300 0.0523 0.243 0.0237 0.0204 0.689 1.32 0.454 x 10° 350 0.0490 0.244 0.0250 0.0215 0.687 1.23 0,336 x 10° 400 0.0462 0.245 0.0260 0.0225 0.686 1.16 0.264 x 10° 450 0.0437 0.246 0.0271 (0.0236 0.674 1.10 0.204 x 10° 500 0.0413 0.247 0.0280 0.0246 0.680 1.04 0.163 x 10° Sowce: National Dureau of Standards, Circular 461C, 1947; 564, 1955, NDS-NACA, Tables of Thermal Properties of Gases, 1949; F. G. Keyes, Trans. AS.M.E.,73, 590, 597 (951); 74, 1303 (1952); D. D. Wagman, Selected Values of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties. Washington, D.C: National Bureau of Standards, 1953, 866 App.A.3 Physical Properties of Inorganic and Organic CompoundsA.34_ Viscosity of Gases at 101.325 kPa (1 Atm Abs) [Viscosity in (Pa - s) 10°, (kg/m - s) 10°, or ep} Temperature KOT H, co co, 255.4 0 -178 0.00800 0.0181 0.0158 0.0156 0.0128 273.2 32-0 0.00840 0.0192 0.0166 0.0165 0.0137 283.2 50 10.0 0,00862 0.0197 0.0171 0.0169 0.0141 311.0 100 37.8 0.00915 0.0213 0.0183 0.0183 0.0154 3388 150 65.6 0.00960 00228 0.0196 0.0195 0.0167 366.5 200 93.3 0.0101 0.0241 0.0208 0.0208 0.0179 394.3 250 121.1 0.0106 0.0256 0.0220 0.0220 0.0191 422.1 300 1489 0.0111 0.0267 0.0230 0.0231 0.0203 449.9 350 1767 0.0115 0.0282 0.0240 0.0242 0.0215 477.6 400 204.4 0.0119 0.0293 0.0250 0.0251 0.0225 505.4 450 232.2 0.0124 0.0307 0.0260 0.0264 0.0236 533.2 500 260.0 0.0128 00315 0.0273 0.0276 0.0247 Source National Bureay of Standards, Cireulor 461C, 1947; S64, 1985; NBS-NACA, Tables of Thermal Properties of Gases, 1949; F. G. Keyes, Trans. a.S.M.E. 73, 390, 397 (1951): 74, 1303 (1952); D. D. Wagman, Selected Values of Chemical Thermodynomic Properties, Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, 1953, : A Appendix A.3 867‘«s61 “speepueys Jo neaing reuoneN °C ‘wortuysEM sanuadoxg snuoukpowsey.s joonuryD fo sanyo, poID2|ag “weUBEA “C'C “(2S61) COLI "PL *IS6I) L65 "065 "EL “EWES suo1y ‘SOhy “D's L6N6l 52509 fo sattzadoug (ows24.s fo 2)90L 'VOVN-SEN 'S561 ‘598 ‘LPG ‘19 10)n2419 ‘SpsepUES Jo EDIE [LUNN :22.N0g 50200 SSEO'D —-SEZO'D-LOPO'D © ZPZO'D GIP == ESZO'O REPO 1910 984% OOS _ DOS EES 610 PECO'D ZOD PRED = IEZO'D COMO PrLO'D.-ZZPODSss SSID EROTO © OS TEEZ_H’SOS 3100 80C0'0 —«ETZOD IED = IZZOO REDD ©=—OEZO|D-BGED'|D = GRID GLSZO ©— OOP HO. «LLP 59100 98700 —-SOZO'D SEO =O S9EOD = IZOD REDD THO BSPTO © OSE LOLI G6PY DSTO'O 092010 ~—$6IO'D-BEED'O ~—*TWZO'D.- BPE -—« IZOD. 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S80 PTD -LPOT —BPT'D- BOT OO -—-IZEO HE UT OO HUE OIE L6I'0 S780 BHO SCOT ©—-BPTD- SLOT «IZ LIED © GEE. GT'PT OS «OI» TERT S6r'0 9180 BhTO SCOl BPTO SOT 8170 C10 oC GIP %@ 0 CELT 16170 0080 LbZD FEOT LbTO PLOT LITO 600 9EE LOFT O BLI- Psst de "4 -¥-8Y — to-"ar BY to“ HBX ton" NOY “qx B img Itt Ing "Jee img ry mag" try a Is ‘09 09 'N ‘0 tH (qv WHY 1) BEY STETOL 18 ounssag wMIsUOD I s9srD Jo CIEdND OH -9-C'Y Appendix A.3 oemA.37 Prandtl Number of Gases at 101.325 kPa (1 Atm Abs) Temperature ic co CO, -178 0 2854 0.720 0.720 0.720 0.740 0.775 0 32.2732 OTIS O71 0.720 0.738» 0.770 10.0 50 283.2 «0.710 0.710 0.717 0.735—(0.769 378 100 311.0 0.700 0.707.710 0.731 0.764 65.6 150 3388 0.700 0.706» 0.700 0.727.755 93.3 200 366.5 0.694 0.703» 0.700 0.724 0.752 121.1 250 394.3 (0.688 «0.703 0.696 0.720 0.746 1489 300 422.1 (0.683 «0.703 0.690 0.720 0.738 176.6 350 449.9 0.677 0.704 0.689 0.720 0.734 204.4 400 «477.6 0.670 0.706 * 0.688 = 0.720 0.725 232.2 450 © 505.4 0.668 0.702 0.688 0.720 0.716 260.0 500 533.2 0.666. 0.700 0.688_-—0.720 0.702 Source : National Bureau of Standards, Circular 461C, 1947: $64, 1955; NBS-NACA, Tables of Thermal Properties of Gases, 1949; F.G. Keyes, Trans. A.S-M.E, 73, $90, 597 (1951); 74, 1303 (1952); D. D. Wagman, Selected Values of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties. Washington, D.C: National Bureau of Standards, 1953. 870 App. A.3-_ Physical Properties of Inorganic and Organic CompoundsTemperature Viscosity ce) CF) [ckp/m5)103 or ep} =100 > ro. F 0.09 L 0.08 } 007 - k- 0.06 ° E E 00s 100” F 004 F 003 300 400 F 002 00 600 700 800 900 1000 }~0.01 - bE 600 —}-— 1100 [- 0.009 1200 }- 0.008 1300 r [= 1400 anne 800 —— 1500 o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 [ E1600 x 0.006 900 1700 E 1000 —— 1800 © 0.005 FIGURE A.3-2. Viscosities of gases at 101.325 kPa (I atm abs). (From R. H. Perry and C. H. Chilton, Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, Sth ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1973. With permission.) See Table A.3-8 for coordinates for use with Fig. A32. Appendix A3 871A.38 Viscosities of Gases (Coordinates for Use with Fig. A.3-2) No. Gas x ¥ No Gos eH 1 Acetic acid 77 143 29° Freon-113 113 140 2 Acetone 89 130 30 Helium 109. 20.5 3 Acetylene 98 149 31 Hexane 86 118 4 Air 11.0 20.0 32 Hydrogen 12 12.4 5 Ammonia 84 16.0 33° 3H, + IN, 12 17.2 6 Argon 105 224 34 Hydrogen bromide 88. 20.9 7 Benzene 8.5 132 35 Hydrogen chloride 8818.7, 8 Bromine 89 192 36 Hydrogen cyanide -9.8-14.9 9 Butene 9.2 137 31 Hydrogen iodide 90 21.3 10 Butylene 89 130 38 Hydrogen sulfide 86 18.0 11 Carbon dioxide 9.518.739 Iodine 90 18.4 12 Carbon disulfide 8.0 16.0 40 Mercury 53 29 13° Carbon monoxide 11.0 200 41 Methane 99 15.5 14 Chlorine 9.0 184 42 Methyl alcohol BS 15.6 15. Chloroform 89 15.7 43. Nitric oxide 109 20.5 16 Cyanogen 9.2 152 44 Nitrogen 106 20.0 17 Cyclohexane 9.2 12.0 45 Nitrosyl chloride 8.0 17.6 18 Ethane 91 14.5 46 Nitrous oxide 88 19.0 19 Ethyl acetate 85 132 47 Oxygen 110 21.3 20 Ethyl alcohol 92-142 48 Pentane 70 12.8 21 Ethyl chloride 85 15.6 49 Propane 97 129 22. Ethyl ether 89 13.0 50 Propy! alcohol 84 13.4 23. Ethylene 9.5 15.1 51 Propylene 90 138 24 Fluorine 73 238 52 Sulfur divaive 96 17.0 25 Freon-11 10.6 15.1 53 Toluene 86 124 26 Freon-12 111 16.0 54 2,3,3-Trimethylbutane 9.5 10.5 27 Freon-21 108 15.3 55) Water 8.0 16.0 28 Freon-22 10.1 17.0 S56 Xenon 93 23.0 sn App. A3 Physical Properties of Inorganic and Organic Compounds= calfg°C = btU/lbm *°F E40 Ee 2% a E- 3.0 ‘Tempersture an (cy CF) B 100 200 E 300 400 L 500 2 600 3 5 6 700 B 35 § 80 800 On 12 13 900 1009 0 14 ume 8 ow Bas 1200 old E- 0.5 1300 ZA 1400 i 18, 20 E- 04 ° 1500 MBCo Go 19 4) 8 OE 1600 17D. 0 76 1700 22 23040 2628f- 03 1suv e878 E 1900 ope 2000 ¢ 1 2100 » fh Fo + 2200 3 2300 13001 3400 33F 1400 I~ 709 340} 35 © bo 0.09 36 9.08 = f- 0.07 E 0.06 C 00s Ficure A3-3. Heat capacity of gases at constant pressure at 101.325 kPa (I atm abs). (From R. H. Perry and C. H. Chilton, Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, Sth ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1973. With permission.) See Table A.3-9 for use with Fig. A3-3. es Appendix A.3 873 LeA.3-9 Heat Capacity of Gases at Constant Pressure (for Use with Fig. A.3-3) No. Gos Range °C) 10 Acetylene 0-200 IS Acetylene 200-400 16 Acetylene 400-1400 7 Air 0-1400 12 Ammonia 0-600 14 Ammonia 600-1400 18 Carbon dioxide 0-400 24 Carbon dioxide 400-1400 26 Carbon monoxide 0-1400 32 Chlorine . 0-200 34 Chlorine 200-1400 3 Ethane 0-200 9 Ethane 200-600 8 Ethane 600-1400 4 Ethylene 0-200 i Ethylene 200-600 13 Ethylene 600-1400 17B— Freon-11 (CCI,F) 0-150 17C Freon-21 (CHCI,F) 0-150 1A Freon-22 (CHCIF,) 0-150 17D Freon-113 (CCI,F-CCIF,) 0-150 1 Hydrogen 0-600 2 Hydrogen 600-1400 35 Hydrogen bromide 00-1400, 30 Hydrogen chloride 00-1400 20 Hydrogen fluoride 0-1400 36 Hydrogen iodide 0-1400 19 Hydrogen sulfide 0-700 21 Hydrogen sulfide 700-1400 5 Methane 0-300 6 Methane 300-700 ui Methane 700-1400 25 Nitric oxide 0-700 28 Nitric oxide 700-1400 26 Nitrogen 0-1400 23 Oxygen 0-500 29 Oxygen 500-1400 33° Sulfur 300-1400 22 Sulfur dioxide 0-400, 31 Sulfur dioxide 400-1400 17 Water 0-1400 874 App. A.3_ Physical Properties of Inorganic and Organic CompoundsA.3-10. Thermal Conductivities of Gases and Vapors at 101.325 kPa (1 Atm Abs); Wim -K) Gas or Vapor K k Gasor Vapor Kk Acetone!” 273 0.0099 Ethane'*: 239 0.0149 319 0.0130 273 00183 373 0.0171 373 0.0303 457 0.0254 Ethyl alcohol!” 293 0.0154 Ammonia! 273 0.0218 373. 0.0215 373 0.0332 Ethyl ether 273 0.0133 473 0.0484 319 0.0171 Butane” 273 0.0135 373. 0.0227 373 0.0234 Ethylene'® 273 0.0175 Carbon monoxide 173 0.0152 323 0.0227 273 0.0232 373 0.0279 373 0.0305 n-Hexane) 277 00125 = Chlorine 273 0.00744 293 0.0138 Sulfur dioxide 273 0.0087 373 0.0119 Source :{1) Moser, dissertation, Berlin, 1913; 2) F. G. Keyes, Tech, Rept. 37, Project Squid, ‘Ape. 1, 1952;(3) W. B. Mann and B, G, Dickens, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), ALM, 771931): () Imernational Critical Tables. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1929; (5) T. H. Chilton and R. P. Geneteaun, personal communication, 1946, (6) A. Ecker, Physik, 2, 12 1101 (1911): 14, 324(1913):(7) B. G. Dickens, Proc. Roy. Soc. London), ALA3, S17 (1934) A.3-11 Heat Capacities of Liquids (c, = ki/kg » K) Liquid K Liquid K Acetic aci 273 1.959 Hydrochloric acid (20 mol %) 273 2.43 31 2.240 293 2.474 Acetone 273° 2119 Mercury 293 0.01390 293 2210 Methyl alcohol 293 2.512 Aniline 273 2.001 313 2.583 323 2181 Nitrobenzene 283. 1.499 Benzene 293 1.700 303 1.419 333. 1.859 363 1.436 Butane 273 2300 Sodium chloride (9.1 mol %) 293 3.39 i-Butyl alcohol 303 2525 330 3.43 Ethyl alcohol 273 2.240 Sulfuric. (100%) 293 1.403 298 2.433 Toluene 273 1.616 Formic acid 273 1.825 323 1.763 289 «2.131 o-Xylene 303 (1.721 Glycerol 288 2324 1 305 2412 Source: N.A. Lange, Handbook of Chemistry, Oth ed. New York: McG: National Research Council, International Critical Tables, Vol. V. Ni Company, 1929; R. H. Perry and C. H. Chilton, Chemical Eni MeGraw- Hill Book Company, 1973. Hill Book Company, 1967; York: McGraw-Hill’ Book 1cers" Handbook, Sth ed. New York: Appendix A.3 875Temperature (ec) CF) 200 + 390 veo 1388 180 1 380, 170 + 340 150 +300 00 99 + 190 50 4 120 40 +100 30 + 90 20 (70 + 60 ‘o o- 30 20 -20 4 — o Too 0D wm oe we Viscosity {kg/m - s)10° or cp} Loa Ficure A3-4. Viscosities of liquids. (From R. H. Perry and C. H. Chilton, Chemical Engineers” Handbook, 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1973. With permission) 816 See Table A.3-12 for use wit App. AS Fig. A3-4, Physical Properties of Inorganic and Organic CompoundsLiquid Acetaldehyde 15.2 Acetic acid, 100% 121 Acetic acid, 70% 95 Acetic anhydride 12.7 Acetone, 100% 145 Acetone, 35% 19 144 Acrylic acid 12.3 Allyl alcohol 10.2 Allyl bromide 144 Allyl iodi 140 Ammonia, 100% 126 Ammonia, 26% 10.1 Amyl acetate 18 Amyl alcohol 75 Aniline 8.1 Anisole 123 Arsenic trichloride 13.9 Benzene 12.5 Brine, CaCL,, 25% 66 Brine, NaCl, 25% 10.2 Bromine 142 Bromotoluene 20.0 Butyl acetate . 123 Butyl acrylate 1s Butyl alcoho! 86 Butyric acid 121 Carbon dioxide 116 Carbon disulfide 16.1 Carbon tetrachloride 12.7 Chlorobenzene 123 Chloroform 144 Chlorosulfonic acid 112 Chlorotoluene, ortho 13.0 Chlorotoluene, meta 13:3 Chlorotoluene, para 133 Cresol, meta 25 Appendix A3 48 142 170 128 12 15.0 14 139 143 96 7 20 139 125 18.4 18.7 13.5 145 10.9 159 16.6 13.2 159 110 126 172 15.3 03 15 13.1 124 10.2 18.1 13.3 125 125 20.8 Cyclohexanol Cydohexane Dibromomethane Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Diethyl ketone Dipropyl ether Dipropyl oxalate Ethyl acetate Ethyl acrylate Ethyl alcohol, 100% Ethyl alcohol, 95% Ethyl alcohol, 40% Ethyl benzene Ethyl bromide 2-Ethyl butyl acrylate Ethyl chloride Ethyl ether Ethyl formate 2Ethyl hexyl acrylate Ethy! iodide Ethyl propionate Ethyl propyl ether Ethyl sulfide Ethylene bromide Ethylene chloride Ethylene glycol Ethylidene chloride Fluorobenzene Formic acid Freon-II Freon-12 Freon-21 Freon-22 24.3 12.9 158 12.2 89 92 16.4 247 18.3 86 177 9.1 10.4 13.8 143 16.6 1s 81 14.0 60 53 84 15.0 103 99 70 89 157 122 23.6 ‘87 104 158 90 156 7s) 47 87712 _Viscosities of Liquids, Continued Liquid x oY Liquid mes Freon-113 125 114 — Oetyl alcohol 66 211 Glycerol, 100% 2.0 30.0 Pentachloroethane 10.9 173 Glycerol, 50% 69 19.6 — Pentane 149 52 Heptane 141 84 Phenol 69 208 Hexane 147 7.0 Phosphorus tribromide 13.8 16.7 Hydrochloric acid, 31.5% 13.0 16.6 Phosphorus trichloride 16.2 109 Iodobenzene 128 159 Propionic acid 128 138 Isobutyl alcohol 7.4 18.0 Propyl acetate 13.1 103 Isobutyric acid 122 144 Propyl alcohol 91 165 Isopropyl alcohol 82 16.0 Propyl bromide 145 96 Isopropyl bromide 141 9.2 Propyl chloride 14478 Isopropyl chloride 139 7.1 Propyl formate 131 9.7 Isopropyl iodide 13.7 11.2 Propyl iodide 14.1 116 Kerosene 102 169 Sodium 164 139 Linseed oil, raw 75 272 Sodium hydroxide, 50% 3.2 25.8 Mercury 184 164 — Stannic chloride 13.5 128 Methanol, 100% 124 10.5 Succinonitrile 10.1 208 Methanol, 90% 123 11.8 Sulfur dioxide 152 7.4 Methanol, 40% 78 15.5 Sulfuric acid, 110% 12 214 Methyl acetate 142 82 Sulfuric acid, 100% 8.0 25.1 Methyl acrylate 130 9.5 Sulfuric acid, 98% 7.0 248 Methyl i-butyrate 123 97 Sulfuric acid, 60% 10.2 213 Methyl n-butyrate 132 103 Sulfuryl chloride 18.2 124 Methyl chloride 150 38 — Tetrachloroethane 119 15.7 Methyl ethyl ketone 139 86 Thiophene 13.2 110 Methyl formate 142 75 Titanium tetrachloride 14.4 123 Methyl iodide 14393 Toluene 13.7 104 Methyl propionate 135 9.0 Trichloroethylene 148 105 Methyl propyl ketone (1439.5. —Triethylene glycol 47 248 Methyl sulfide 153 64 Turpentine 115 149 Naphthalene 79 181 Vinyl acetate 140 88 Nitric acid, 95% 128 138 Vinyl toluene 134 120 Nitric acid, 60% 108 17.0 Water 10.2 130 Nitrobenzene 106 16.2 Xylene, ortho 13.5 121 Nitrogen dioxide 129 86 Xylene, meta 139 106 Nitrotoluene 110 170 Xylene, para 139 109 Octane 13.7 10.0 878 App.A.3-_ Physical Properties of Inorganic and Organic CompoundsTemperature cy) CF) 200 ssn Eamon! 150 300 | # | Eeziece? 2so |B 100 ey 200 | 150 50 42 100 - 46° O47 50 co ewe 0 3 [Rae -50 -50 -100 —100 BLE Be 050 sal/g- °C = btu/lb,, Figure A.3-5. Heat capacity of liquids. (From R. H. Perry and C. H. Chilton, Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, Sth ed. New York : McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1973. With permission.) a Appendix A3 879of Liquids (k= Wim + K)* Liquid K k Liquid Keer Acetic acid Ethylene glycol 273 0.265 100% 293 0.171 Glycerol, 100% 293 0.284 50% 293 0.346 n-Hexane 303 0.138 Ammonia 243-258 0.502 333, 0.135 n-Amyt alcohol 303 0.163 Kerosene 293 0.149 373 (0.154 348 0.140 Benzene 303 0.159 Methyl alcohol 333 0.151 100% 293 0.215 Carbon tetrachloride 273 0.185 60% 293 0.329 341 0.163 20% 293 0.492 n-Decane 303 0.147 100% 323 0.197 333 0.144 n- Octane 303 0.144 Ethyl acetate 293 0.175 333 0.140 Ethyl alcohol NaCl brine 100% 293 0.182 25% 303 0.571 60% 293 0.305 125% 303 0.589 20% 293 0.486 Sulfuric acid 100% 323 0.151 90% 303 0.364 60% 303. 0.433 Vaseline 332 0.183 * A lineae variation with temperature may be assured between the temperature limits give Source: R. H. Perry and C. H. Chilton, Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, Sth ed. New York McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1973. With permission. 880 App.A.3 Physical Properties of Inorganic and Organic CompoundsA.3-14- Heat Capacities of Solids (c, = kJ/kg - K) Solid Koo Solid K og Alumina 373 084 Benzene 273 1.570 17731147 Benzoic acid 293 1.243 Asbestos 105 Camphene 308 1.591 Asphalt 0.92 Caprylic acid 271 2.629 Brick, fireclay 373 0.829 Dextrin 273 1.218 17731248 Formic acid 273 1.800 Cement, portland 0779 Glycerol = 273-1.382 Clay 0938 Lactose 293 1.202 Concrete 0.63 Oxalic acid 323 1.612 Corkboard 303 (0.167 Tartaric acid 309 1.202 Glass 084 Urea 293 1.340 Magnesia 373 (0.980 1773, (0.787 Oak 239 Pine, yellow 298 281 Porcelain 293-373 0.775 Rubber, vuleanized 201 Steel 0.50 Wool 1361 Source : R. H. Pesty and CH. Chilton, Chemical Engineers” Handbook, Sth ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1973; National Research Council, International Critical Tables, Vol. V. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1929; L. S. Marks, ‘Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook, Sth ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1951: F. Kreith, Principles of Heat Transfer, 2nd ed, Scranton, Pa.: International Textbook Co, 1965. Appendix A.3 881A.3-15. Thermal Conductivities of Building and Insulating Materials p (8) Material m) eo (W/m: K) Asbestos 377 0.151 0°C) 0.168 (37.8°C) 0.190 (93.3°C) Asbestos sheets 889 510.166 Brick, building 20 0.69 Brick, fireclay 1.00 (200°C) 1.47 (600°C) 1.64 (1000°C) Clay soil, 4% H,0 1666 45 0.57 Conerete, 1:4 dry 0.762 Corkboard 160.2 30 0.0433 Cotton 80.1 0.055 (0°C) (0.061 (37.8°C) 0.068 (93.3°C) Felt, wool 330 30 0.052 Fiber insulation board 237 21 0.048 Glass, window 0.52-1.06 Glass wool 64.1 30 0.0310 (—6.7°C) 0.0414 (37.8°C) 0.0549 (93.3°C) Ice gat 0 2.25 Magnesia, 85% mm 0.068 (37.8°C) 0.071 (93.3°C) 0.080 (204.4°C) 208 0.059 (37.8°C) 0.062 (93.3°C) 0.066 (148.9°C) Oak, across grain 82515 0.208 Pine, across grain 34515. O.1SL Paper 0.130 Rock wool 192 0.0317 (—6.7°C) 0.0391 (37.8°C) 0.0486 (93.3°C) 128 0.0296 (—6.7°C) 0.0395 (37.8°C) 0.0518 (93.3°C) Rubber, hard 1198 0 0.151 Sand soil 4% H,0 182645 151 10% H,0 1922 45 216 Sandstone 2243 401.83 Snow 5599 0 (0.47 Wool 110.5 30 0.036 * Room temperature when none is noted. Source: L. S. Marks, Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook, Sth ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1951; W. H. MeAdams, Heat Transmission, 3d ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1954; F. H. Norton, Refractories New York: McCiraue-Hill Rook Company, 1949; National Resrarch Council, Interna: tonal Critical Tables. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1929; M.S. Kersten, Univ. Minn. Eng. Ex. ‘Sta, Bull 28, June 1949; R.H. Heilman, Ind. Eng. Chem 28, 782 (1936) 882 App.A.3 Physical Properties of Inorganic and Organic CompoundsA316 Thermal Conductivities, Densities, and Heat Capacities of Metals ° % o (a) Ge Material == (°C) \ (ez) (W/m: K) Aluminum 20-2707 0.896 202 (0°C) 206 (100°C) _215 (200°C) 230 (300°C) Brass (70-30) 20 8522 0.385 97(0°C) 104 (100°C)_109 (200°C) Cast iron 20 ©7593 0.465 55 (0°C) 52(100°C) 48 (200°C) Copper 20 8954 0.383 388(0°C) — 377 (100°C) 372 (200°C) Lead 20 11370 0.130 35(0°Q) 33 (100°C)_31 (200°C) Steel 1%C 20-7801 0.473 45.3 (18°C) 45(100°C) 45 (200°C) 43 (300°C) 308 stainless 20 7849 0.461 15.2 (100°C) 21.6 (500°C) 304 stainless 0 7817 0.461 13.8(0°C) 16.3 (100°C) 18.9 (300°C) Tin 20 7304 0.227 62(0°C) 59 (100°C) 57 (200°C) Source: L. S. Marks, Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook, Sth ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book ‘Company, 1951; E, R. G. Eckert and R. M, Drake, Heat and Mass Tronsfer, Ind od. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1959; R. H. Perry and C. H. Chilton, Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, Sth ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1973; National Research Council, International Critical Tables. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1929. Appendix A3AB. 17 Normal Total Emmissivities of Surfaces Surface K oe Surface K © Aluminum Lead, unoxidized —400.-(0.057 highly oxidized 366 0.20 Nickel, polished 373 0072 highly polished 500 0.039 Nickel oxide 922 0.59 850 0057 Oak, planed 294 0.90 Aluminum oxide 550 0.63 Paint Asbestos board 296 0.96 aluminum, 373052 Brass, highly 520 0.028 oil (16 different, all eolors) 373 092-096 polished 630 0.031 Paper 292 0924 Chromium, polished 373 0.075 Roofing paper 294 O91 Copper Rubber (hard, glossy) 296 0.94 oxidized 298 0.78 — Steet polished 390 0.023 oxidized at 867K 4720.79 Glass, smooth 295. 0.94 polished stainless 373 0.074 Iron 304 stainless 4390.44 oxidized 373 0.74 Water 273 095 tin-plated 373 0.07 373 0.963 Iron oxide 772 085 Source: R. H. Petty and C. H. Chilton, Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, Sth ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1973; W. H. McAdams, Heat Transmission, 3d ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1954; E. Schmidt, Gesundh-Ing. Betheft,20, Reibe 1,1 (1927). A.3-18 Henry's Law Constants for Gases in Water (H x 107 & 3 Gh) G)Glh Gi, fh th HS Gh th @ 2732 0 0.0728 352 126 0.552 129 5.79 0.0268 224 529 255 283.2 10 0.104 4.42 1.89 0.768 12.6 636 0.0367 297 668 3.27 293.2 20 0.142 5.36 263 1.02 125 683 0.0483 376 804 401 303.2 30 0.186 6.20 342 1.27 124 7.29 0.0609 4.49 9.24 4.75 313.2 40 0.233 6.96 4.23 121 7.51 0.0745 520 104 5.35 * p= Hx4. py partial pressure of A in gas in atm, x4=mole fraction of A in liquid, HS Henry’ aw constant jn atm/mole fac Source: National Research Council, International Critical Tables, Vol, Ill, New York: MeGraw- Hill Book Company, 1929. 884 App.A3 Physical Properties of Inorganic and Organic CompoundsA.3-19 Equilibrium Data for SO,-Water System Partial Pressure of SO; ‘Mole Fraction SO, in Vapor, p, (rm Ha) in Vapor, y4; P= 1 Atm Mole Fraction §©|©|§ ————— A SO, in Liquid, x, 20°C (293K) 30°C (303K) 20°C 30°C 0 0 0 0 0 0.000562 0s 06 0.000658 0.000790 0.001403 12 17 0.00158 0.00223 0.000280 32 47 0.00421 0.00619 0.000422 58 81 0.00763 0.01065 0.000564 85 118 0.01120 0.0155, 0.000842 144 19.7 0.01855 0.0259 0.001403 26.0 36 0.0342 0.0473 0.001965 39.0 52 0.0513, 0.0685 0.00279 59 9 0.0775 0.1040 0.00420 2 125 0.121 0.1645 0.00698 161 216 0.212 0.284 0.01385 336 432 0.443 0.594 0.0206 S17 688 0.682 0.905 0.0273 698 0.917 Source :T. K. Sherwood, Ind. Eng. Chem, 17,745 (1925). A.3-20 Equilibrium Data for Methanol-Water System Partiol Pressure of Methanol In Vapor, p, (rm Ha) Mele Fraction Methanol in Liquid, x, 39.9°C (313.1. K) 59.4°C (332.6K) 0 0 0 0.05 250 50 0.10 46.0 102 Os 66.5 151 Source: National Research Council, International Critical Tables, Vol. 1, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1929. Appendix A3 eee)A.3-21 Equilibrium Data for Acetone-Water System at 20°C (293 K) ‘Mole Fraction Partial Pressure of Acetone Acetone in Liguid, x, in Vapor, p (mm Hy) 0 0 0.0333 30.0 0.0720 62.8 0.17 85.4 O.171 103 Source: T. K. Sherwood, Absorption and Extraction. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1937. With permission. A.3-22 Equilibrium Data for Ammonia-Water System Partial Pressure of NH, Mole Fraction NH, in in Vapor, p, (mm Hg) Vapor, y,; P= 1 Atm Mole Fraction EEE NH, in Liquid, x, 20°C (293K) 30°C (303 K) 20°C 30°C 0 0 0 0 0 0.0126 WS oo1st 0.0167 153 0.0201 0.0208 12 193 0.0158 0.0254 0.0258 15 24.4 0.0197 0.0321 0.0309 18.2 29.6 0.0239 0.0390 0.0405 24.9 40.1 0.0328 0.0527 0.0503, 31.7 51.0 0.0416 0.0671 0.0737 50.0 19.7 0.0657 0.105 0.0960 69.6 110 0.0915 0.145 0.137 114 179 0.150 0.235 0.175 166 260 0.218 0.342 0.210 227 352 0.298 0.463 0.241 298 454 0.392 0.597 0.297 470 n9 0.618 0.945 Source : 3. H. Petty, Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, 4th ed, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1963. With permission 886 App. A.3_ Physical Properties of Inorganic and Organic Compounds2} EA WW PUR SEKON "Vy "M PLE (CEB) IECT'SZ "WUD “Bug "PUT BUUOIUOWN “I "Y Pur [191403 “AA “T Wios} BIE] :22n0s up "ano: “9 °D £q wont se (1061) (9P “EE “20S "WOH UY “Tr ‘9020 ¥ €£2 18 pinbuy aand 51f4yequ9 Jo} 1818 a9UDIIEH oot oor = OLT EBL TLL oso = GLI. «OTB 901 -OL0z- SLSh 68 OTL 8160 0860 BZLT TRL OHL'O ooro |= LI8I. 78 U1 vez 9s 996 =O COELT 6s60 ©0960 e@LT BL EILO ooo SRI LPB pysl §— y'8sz yo TIME £0 T9LT zr60 = OPH BLT BL (OSD ovo |= T6818 Orsi 6s8z 08 = 6ZZI S10 GLI 760 0060 OELT. «BLS coro = 461 816 612 OIE tho OSE £0 SH8T 8580 0080 CLI FOL LLEO. soo = v'eOz 7S List LTLe zaor gest 10 TLL zwzso0 = 000. T9LT OB ZHI zoo = $802 186 sist 68Iy ostr rst =o zie, 600 ©0081 BLLE OS 0 0 tz 0001 4odo,—pinbr] = sodo, pmb] wo =, % VE de a ' ssoyy (eunixnw fo By/py) —(aumxpu Jo “gi/ma) aimipuadwa, — jounyyg wopso4y ss0pY aumouadua, JOURN worNDoay sspy —_sunrosadwer. | Adeigug Adjourn ‘aguinbg pinbyT—sodo a ‘ouaquinbg pinbry-s0d0a ACUHY 1) PAY STETOL 38 wOISKy IMPEA\-FOURNPT sof weg wuMUgIINbA Ez-E"VA.3-24 Acetic Acid-Water-Isopropyl Ether System, Liquid—Liquid Equilibria at 293 K or 20°C Water Layer (wt %) Isopropyl Ether Layer (wt %) Isopropyl Isopropyl Acetic Acid Water Ether — Acetic Acid = Water_——Ether 0 98.8 12 0 06 99.4 0.69 98.1 12 18 Os 993 141 971 15 037 07 98.9 2.89 95.5 16 0.79 08 98.4 6.42 917 19 193 10 971 13.30 844 23 4.82 19 93.3 25.50 7d 34 11.40 39 84.7 36.70 589 44 21.60 69 71S 44.30 45.1 10.6 31.10 108 58.1 46.40 371 16.5 36.20 15.1 48.7 Some. Trans, [Link], %, @t, 628 (1940). With permission, A.3-25 Liquid—Liquid Equilibrium Data for Acetone-Water-Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (MIK) System at 298-299 K or 25-26°C Composition Data Acetone Distribution Data (wr %) (wr %) MIK Acetone — Water Water Phase. MIK Phase 98.0 0 2.00 25 45 93.2 46 233 35 10.0 713 18.95 3.86 15 13.5 110 24.4 4.66 10.0 175 65.5 28.9 5.53 12.5 213 SAT 37.6 7.82 15.5 25.5 462 43.2 10.7 175 28.2 12.4 427 45.0 20.0 312 S01 309 642 225 34.0 B23 209) 758 25.0 36.5 212 373 94.2 26.0 375 2.20 0 978 Source: Reprinted with permission from D. F. Othmer, R. E. White, and E. ‘Trucger, Ind. Eng. Chem, 33, 1240(1941), Copyright by the American Chemi- cal Society 888 App. A.3 Physical Properties of Inorganic and Organic CompoundsAPPENDIX A.4 Physical Properties of Foods and Biological Materials AAA Heat Capacities of Foods (Average c,, 273-373 K or 0-100°C) Ho o Material (we %) (kik K) Apples 75-85 3.73-4.02 Apple sauce 4.02" Asparagus Fresh 93 3.94¢ Frozen 93 201 Bacon, lean 31 3.43 Banana purée 3.665 Beef, lean n 3.43 Bread, white 44-45 2.72-2.85 Butter 15 2.3049 Cantaloupe 92.7 3.94F Cheese, Swiss 55 2.68 Corn, sweet Fresh 3.32 Frozen LITE Cream, 45-60% fat 57-73 3,06-3.27 Cucumber 7 4.10 Eges Fresh 3.18 Frozen 1.68 Fish, cod Fresh 70 3.18 Frozen 70 1.72 Flour 12-135 1.80-1.88 Tee 100 1.958] Appendix A4 389A41 Continued Material g-k) i Ice cream i Fresh. 58-66 3.27¢ i Frozen 58-66 1.88t i Lamb 70 3.18* i Macaroni 125-135 1.84-1.88 i Milk, cows” Whole 8753.85 i Skim m1 3.98 4.02. j Olive oil 2.01°* i Oranges i Fresh 87200 377t i Frozen 8721.93 1 Peas, air-dried 14 1.84 . i Peas, green i Fresh 743 331f 3 Frozen 143 1.764 |] Pea soup 4.10 4 Plums 75-78 3.52 q Pork Fresh 60 285t Frozen 60 1.34t Potatoes 15 3.52 Poultry. Fresh 4 33t Frozen 4 15St Sausage, franks Fresh 60 3.60t Frozen 60 2.35f String beans Fresh 88.9 3.81f Frozen 88.9 1.97} Tomatoes 95 3.98t Veal 6 3.22 Water 100 4.185** + 328° + Above freezing. 1} Below freezing, §24arc, Source: W. 0. Ordinanz, Food Ind, 18, 101 (1946); G. A Reidy, Department of Food Science, Michigan State Uni- versity, 1968;5. E. Charm, The Fundamentals of Food Engin- ering, 2nd ed. Westport, Conp.: Avi Publishing Co, Ine., 1971; RL. Earle, Unit Operations in Food Processing. Oxford: Pergamon Press, Inc, 1966; ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundomentals. New York: ASHRAE, 1972, 1967: H. C. Mannheim, M. P. Steinberg. and A! 1. Nelson, Puwd Technol, 9, 556 (1959) 890 App. AA Physical Properties of Foods and Biological Materials4 ea: A.42 Thermal Conductivities, Densities, and Viscosities of Foods Temp- HO erature k p # Material (st) (K)— (W/mK) (kal?) (lPa3)10°, or cp) Apple sauce 295.7 0.692 Butter 1S 2776 = 0.197998 Cantaloupe 0571 Fish Fresh 2732 0431 Frozen 2632 1.22 Flour, wheat 88 0.450 Honey 126 2754 0.50 Toe 100-2732 2.25 1002532242 Lamb 71-2788 OLS Milk Whole 293.2 1030 212 Skim 27470538 298.2 1041 14 oi Cod liver 298.2 924 Corn 288.2 921 Olive 2932 0.168919 84 Peanut 271 0.168 Soybean 303.2 a9, Oranges 612-3035 0.431 Pears 2819 0.595 Pork, lean Fresh 4 2154 0.460 Frozen 258.2 1.109 Potatoes Raw 0554 Frozen 2604 1.09 7 Salmon Fresh 6727711050 Frozen 67 248.2 1.30 Sucrose solution 80 294.3 1073 1.92 Turkey Fresh 14 2760 0,502 Frozen 2482 1.675 Veal Fresh 75 3354 0.485, Frozen 75-2636 = 1.30 Water 100-2932 0.602 100-2732 0.569 Source: R. C. Weast, Handbook of Chemistry and Physic, Rubber Co, tne, 1967;C. P. Lentz, Food Technol, 18, 243 (1 Food Science, Michigan State University, 1968; S. E. Charm, The Fundamentals of Food Engineering, 2ad ed, Westport, Conn: Avi Publishing Co, Ine, 1971; R. Earle, Unit Operations in Food Processing, Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1966; R.H. Perry and C. H. Chilton, Chemical Enginsrt’ Handbosk, Sth ed, New York: McGraw: Hill Book Company, 1973; [Link], J Food Sei, 38,1080 (1974) 448th ed. Cleveland: Chemical G.A. Reidy, Department of Appendix Ad 891APPENDIX A.5 Properties of Pipes, Tubes, and Screens A.5-1 Dimensions of Standard Steel Pipe Nominal Outside Wall Inside Inside Cross- Pipe Diameter Sched- Thickness Diameter Sectional Area Size ul fin) “in smm Number in, mm in mmf? 10" $ 0.405 10.29 40 0.068 1.73 0.269 6.83 0.00040 0.3664 80 0.095 241 0.215 5.46 0.00025 0.2341 $ 0.540 13.72 40 0.088 2.24 0.364 9.25 0.00072 0.6720 80 0.119 3.02 0.302 7.67 0.00050 0.4620 z 0.675 17.15 40 0.091 231 0.493 12.52 0.00133 1.231 80 0.126 3.20 0.423 10.74 0.00098 0.9059 0.840 2134 40 0.109 2.77 0.622 15.80 0.00211 1.961 80 0147 373 0546 13.87 0.00163 1511 2 1.050 2667 40 0.113 287 0.824 2093 0.00371 3.441 80 0.154 3.91 0.742 18.85 0.00300 2.791 1 1315 3340 40 (0.133338 1.049 26.64 0.00600 5.574 80 0.179 4.45 0957 24.31 0.00499 4.641 1b 1.660 42.16 40 0.140 3.56 1.380 35.05 0.01040 9.648 80 0.191 485 1.278 32.46 0.00891 8.275 1} 1900 4826 400145 3.68 1.610 4089 001414 13:13 80 0.200 508 1500 38.10 0.01225 1140 2 2.375 60.33 40 0.154 3.91 2067 $2.50 0.02330 21.65 80 0218 5.54 1.939 49.25 0.02050 19.05 24 2875-7303 400.203 S:16 2.469 62.71 0.03322 30.89 80 0.276 7.01 2323 59.00 0.02942 27.30 3 3.500 88.90 40 0.216 5.49 3.068 77.92 0.05130 47.69 0.300 7.62 2.900 73.66 0.04587 42.61 3 4.000 101.6 40 0.226 5.74 3.548 90.12 0.06870 63.79 80 0.318 8.08 3.364 85.45 0.06170 57.35 4 4500 1143 40-0237 6.02 4.026 102.3 0.08840 82:19 80 0.337 8.56 3.826 97.18 0.07986 74.17 5 5.563 141.3 40 0.258 6.55 5.047 128.2 0.1390 129.1 80 0375 953 4813 1223 0.1263 117.5 6 6.625 168.3 400.280 7.11 6.065 154.1 0.2006 186.5 80 0432 1097 5.761 146.3 0.1810 168.1 8 8.625 219.1 40 0.322 8.18 7.981 202.7 0.3474 322.7 80 0500 12.70 7.625 193.7 0.3171 294.7 892 App. AS Properties of Pipes, Tubes, and Screens |A5-2 Dimensions of Heat-Exchanger Tubes Outside Diameter i 1588 19.05 22.23 25.40 31.75 38.10 50.80 BWG Number 12 14 16 18 12 14 16 18 12 14 16 18 10 12 14 16 10 12 14 16 10 12 14 10 2 Wall Thickness 0.109 0.083, 0.065 0.049 0.109 0.083 0.065 0.049 0.109 0.083 0.065 0.049 0.134 0.109 0.083 0.065 0.134 0.109 0.083 0.065 0.134 0.109 0.083 0.134 0.109 2.77 241 1.65 1.25 271 241 1.65 1.25 2.17 241 1.65 1.25 3.40 2.77 241 1.65 3.40 2.77 241 1.65 3.40 2.77 241 3.40 277 Inside Diameter 0.407 0.459 0.495 0.527 0.532 0.584 0.620 0.652 0.657 0.709 0.745 0.777 0.732 0,782 0.834 0.870 0.982 1.032 1.084 1.120 1.232 1.282 1334 1.732 1.782 Inside Cross- Sectional Area fe 0.00115 0.00134 0.00151 0.00154 0.00186 0.00210 0.00232 0.00235, 0.00274 0.00303, 0.00329 0.00292 0.00334 0.00379 0.00413 0.00526 0.00581 0.00641 0.00684 0.00828 0.00896 0.00971 0.0164 mx 10" 0.000903 0.8381 1.068 1.241 1.408 1.434 1.727 1.948 2.154 2.188 2.548 2.811 3.060 2.714 3.098 3.523 3.836 4,885 5.395 5.953 6.357 7.690 8.326 9.015 15.20 16.09 0.0173, Appendix A.5 893_AS3_ Tyler Standard Screen Seale Sieve Opening Nominal Wire Diameter in in. Tyler (approx. (approx. Equivalent mm equivalents) mm equivalents) Designation 269 1.06 3.90 0.1535 1.050 in. 25.4 1,00 3.80 0.1496 226 0.875 3.50 0.1378 0.883 in. 19.0 0.750 3.30 0.1299 0.742 in. 160 0.625 3.00 O1181 0.624 in. 13.5 0.530 2.75 0.1083 0.525 in, 12.7 0.500 2.67 0.1051 M2 0.438 245 0.0965 0.441 in, 951 0.375 227 0.0894 0.371 in. 8.00 0.312 2.07 0.0815, 25 mesh 6.73 0.265 187 0.0736 3 mesh 6.35 0.250 1.82 0.0717 5.66 0.223 1.68 0.0661 34 mesh 4.76 0.187 1.354 0.0606 4 mesh 4.00 0.157 137 0.0539 5 mesh 3.36 0.132 1.23 0.0484 6 mesh 283 out 1.10 0.0430 7 mesh 238 0.0937 1,00 0.0394 8 mesh 2.00 0.0787 0.900 0.0354 9 mesh 1.68 0.0661 0.810 0.0319 10 mesh, 141 0.0555, 0.725 0.0285 12 mesh 119 0.0469 0.650 0.0256 14 mesh 1.00 0.0394 0.580 0.0228 16 mesh 0.841 0.0331 0.510 0.0201 20 mesh 0.707 0.0278 0.450 0.0177 24 mesh 0.595 0.0234 0.390 0.0154 28 mesh 0.500 0.0197 0.340 0.0134 32 mesh 0.420 0.0165 0.290 00114 35 mesh 0.354 0.0139 0.247 0.0097 42 mesh 0.297 0.0117 0.215 0.0085 48 mesh 0.250 0.0098 0.180 0.0071 60 mesh 0.210 0.0083 0.152 0.0060 65 mesh 0.177 0.0070 0.131 0.0052 80 mesh 0.149 0.0059 0.110 0.0043, 100 mesh 0.125 0.0049 0.091 0.0036 115 mesh 0.105 0.0041 0.076 0.0030 150 mesh 0.088 0.0035, 0.064 0.0025 170 mesh 0.074 0.0029 0.053 0.0021 200 mesh 0.063 0.0025 0.044 0.0017 250 mesh 0.053 0.0021 0.037 0.0015 270 mesh 0.044 0.0017 0.030 ~ 0.0012 325 mesh. 0.037 0.0015 0.025 0.0010 400 mesh. 894 App. AS Properties of Pipes, Tubes, and Screens i