SECTION 2
EARTHWORKS
2.1 PREPARATION OF SITE
2.1.1 The Contractor shall carry out a general clearance of areas which are directed by the
Engineer so as to permit the proper execution of the Works.
2.1.2 The general clearance shall consist of the removal of brushwood, bushes and trees of
girth smaller than 1.9 metres, together with their roots if so directed and disposing of the
trash by burning or other means. Any saw dust must also be burnt, removed or buried.
Additional areas required to be cleared for the Contractor's temporary works shall be
dealt with in the same way but they will not be measured.
2.1.3 For the removal of trees of 1.9 metres girth and over the Contractor shall fell the trees and
stack them as directed for handling over to the Employer unless he uses them for the
purpose of the works in which case he will be charged royalties at the rate or rates laid
down by or in accordance with the Forest Rules of the State of Selangor. The
measurement will be the number of trees of stated sizes removed in the areas designated
by the Engineer. Additional trees which, with the Engineer's approval have to be felled to
make way for the Contractor's temporary works shall be dealt with in the same way, but
they will not be measured. The girth of trees shall be measured 100 mm above ground
level.
2.1.4 Where the ground is to be excavated the roots of the trees may be left to be removed with
the excavation, they will be deemed to be so left and will not be measured for payment.
Where in ground not due to be excavated, the Engineer so orders, the Contractor shall
remove the roots of trees and burn them or otherwise dispose of them clear of the site to
the approval of the Engineer. In these circumstances payment will be made for the
removal of roots of trees of 1.9 metres girth or over.
2.2 SURFACE LEVELS
2.2.1 After the area of any section of the Works has been cleared and after the trees have been
felled and the roots removed to the requirements of the Engineer but before any work is
commenced, surface levels o the ground shall be taken by the Contractor. These levels
are to be agreed with the Engineer and after wards, used for measuring the final quantities
of excavation or filling. The Contractor shall at his own cost erect and maintain such
permanent benchmarks and survey stations as the Engineer shall direct. (Refer Clause
1.04 : Levels and Dimensions).
2.3 REMOVAL OF TOP SOIL
2.3.1 Where necessary the Contractor shall remove topsoil and shall store it clear of excavation
and separate from other excavated materials for use as and where directed.
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2.4 EXCAVATIONS FOR STRUCTURE
2.4.1 Excavate for foundations, surface drains etc. to the lengths, widths and depths as shown
on the Drawings with sides trimmed and bottoms levelled and stepped as required. A
portion of the excavated material shall be returned, filled in and rammed in 150 mm
layers until consolidation is complete. Surplus material from the excavations shall be
spread and levelled where directed or removed from the site.
2.4.2 All excavations for column foundations shall be carried to hard ground. On no account
shall foundations rest on made or filled ground.
2.4.3 Depths of column foundations shall be decided on site by the Engineer but for tendering
purposes the Contractor shall assume the foundation be brought down to a depth of about
1.0m below original ground level as shown in the Drawings. Any variation to such depth,
together with any variation caused thereby to concrete etc. shall be measured and valued
as variations, as provided for in the Contract and the Contract Sum shall be adjusted.
2.5 OPEN EXCAVATION
2.5.1 Excavation which is to remain open permanently shall be carried out to the excavation
lines shown in the Drawings or such other excavation lines as the Engineer may order as
the work proceeds, depending on the nature of the ground exposed. The exposed surfaces
shall be trimmed to the excavation lines and such excavation shall be measured in the
solid to the excavating lines from the original surface level.
2.5.2 Open excavation to form a foundation for a structure shall be carried out to the lines
necessary to permit the proper construction of the structure to the approval of the
Engineer, depending on the nature of the ground exposed. All loose soil, turf, vegetables
soil and peat shall be removed and disposed of as directed by the Engineer.
2.6 INSPECTION
2.6.1 The Contractor shall report to the Engineer when excavations are ready to receive
concrete. On no account shall concrete be deposited until the excavations have been
inspected and passed by the Engineer. Any excavations which in the opinion of the
Engineer have been dug too deeply shall be brought up to the required level in concrete,
as specified for foundations, all at the Contractor's risk and cost.
2.6.2 Where excavations reveal that the ground under the foundations is soft, and in the
opinion of the Engineer, does not satisfy the minimum bearing capacity required, the
Contractor shall upon written instruction from the Engineer drive piles under the
foundations in accordance with the sizes and spacings as directed by the Engineer or
otherwise strengthen the foundations in a manner as directed by the Engineer. Payment
for such piling or other strengthening works shall be made in accordance with the rates
entered in the Bills of Quantities.
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2.7 PLANKING AND STRUTTING
2.7.1 The Contractor shall provide at his own risk and cost all planking, strutting and shoring
where necessary, or desirable, in the opinion of the Engineer. Any falls of earth into the
excavation must be cleared by the Contractor at his own expense.
2. 8 BAILING AND PUMPING
2.8.1 The Contractor shall at all times keep all excavations free from water, slop, mud etc, by
bailing or pumping as the Engineer shall direct.
2.9 FILLING
2.9.1 Provide and lay filling in office and quarters sites, under floors, aprons, etc, where
required filling shall be of approved earth or sand, deposited in layers not exceeding 150
mm thick an each layer well watered, rammed and consolidated.
2.10 HARDCORE
2.10.1 Provide and lay approved hardcore consisting of good ground broken bricks or stones to
the thickness shown in the drawings or where required. Hardcore shall be spread,
levelled, blinded with sand on top, well rammed and consolidated, and well watered
immediately prior to the depositing of concrete thereon.
2.11 DISPOSAL OF SOIL
2.11.1 The Contractor shall remove spoil from excavations and shall place it at a dumping point
designated (approved) by the Engineer which may be in embankments, in temporary
dumps, or in permanent spoil tips, according to the quality of the spoil, the need of it for
filling or other circumstances, as directed by the Engineer.
2.12 BORROW PITS
2.12.1 If because of the insufficiency of spoil suitable for use as filling, or if because of other
circumstances the Engineer so agrees or orders, the Contractor shall obtain the spoil for
filling from borrow pits approved by the Engineer. On completion of the Work the
Contractor shall carry out the reinstatement of the borrow pit to the satisfaction of the
Engineer by leaving it in a tidy, regular and self-draining state.
2.13 SLOPES AND BATTERS
2.13.1 Where a slope is given in the Specification or on the Drawings as a ratio of horizontal
and vertical components, it shall be understood that the first component is horizontal in
all cases, e.g. a "slope of 2:1" will mean 2 horizontal and 1 vertical and a "batter of 1:5"
will mean 1 horizontal and 5 vertical. This meaning will be attributed to all other terms
such as "inclination" and "gradient".
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2.14 FILLING IN GENERAL
2.14.1 Backfilling of structures, refilling of trenches for feeder pipes, cut-off bunds and
embankments shall be formed with spoil selected or approved by the Engineer. The spoil
shall be tipped in layers not exceeding 225 mm thick, or such other thickness as the
Engineer may approve after the Contractor has demonstrated the capabilities of his plant,
compacted as specified and trimmed to the levels and slopes as shown in the Drawings or
as directed by the Engineer.
2.14.2 If because of the insufficiency of spoil suitable for use as filling or because of other
circumstances, the Engineer so agrees, or orders the Contractor may obtain the required
spoil by widening certain cuttings for permanent works beyond the specified profile. The
cost of such widening including trimming to smooth and even slopes will be paid for at
the rates inserted for excavation in cutting in similar ground.
2.14.3 If however, widening of cuttings for permanent work are not acceptable as in the case of
concrete lined canals, the Contractor shall obtain the necessary fill from an outside source
to be determined by him and the payment for such fill shall be made in the appropriate
item in the Bill of Quantities. The rates for such fill shall cover all costs for labour,
transportation, placing, compaction, payment of royalties etc.
2.14.4 The Contractor shall make good any damage or defect to the Works caused by
settlements, slips or falls in earthworks and shall do all necessary work to prevent the
same.
2.15 COMPACTION
2.15.1 When compaction is specified for fill, the fill material shall be deposited in layers not
exceeding 250mm thick or such thickness as may be otherwise directed by the Engineer
in writing and each layer levelled, watered if necessary and rolled over the whole width
of the filling with an approved pneumatic tyred roller or other approved plant and shall be
compacted to a density of not less than 95 of the maximum dry density, as determined by
laboratory compaction test method described in B.S. 1377.
2.15.2 The Contractor shall be responsible for conducting all necessary tests to ensure that this
specification is satisfied and the costs of such test shall be deemed to be included in the
rates for the Quantities. The Contractor shall submit record of test carried out to the
Engineer from time to time when directed by the Engineer.
2.15.3 The Engineer may, from time to time as the work proceeds and at the completion of the
filling, conduct independent tests on the compaction of the filling. To this end, the
Engineer may make use of the Contractor's facilities and no payment shall be made in
this respect.
2.16 REMOVAL OF STRUCTURE
2.16.1 Unless otherwise indicated on the plans the entire structure including any substructure
units, shall be removed to a point 1m below finished ground line or streambed. Except as
otherwise specified in the contract, all materials to be removed shall become the property
of the Contractor and shall be remove and disposed of him. Temporary structures built for
handling construction or temporary traffic shall not be removed until the replacement
structures are to traffic or as may be approved by the Engineer.
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2.17 ROADWAY AND DRAINAGE EXCAVATION - EMBANKMENT AND
COMPACTION
2.17.1 This work shall consist of excavation, disposal or compaction of all materials
encountered within the limits of the work. All work shall be performed in accordance
with these specifications and to conform with the lines, grades, thickness, and typical
cross-sections shown on plans or established by the Engineer.
2.17.2 Prior to beginning excavation and embankment operations in any area, all necessary
clearing, grubbing, and stripping of topsoil to an average depth of 150 mm shall be stock
piled for future reuse such as the soiling of slopes of cuttings and embankments, berms
and verges.
2.17.3 Topsoil shall be regarded as soil which on visual examination can be seen to have been
broken down by agricultural cultivation. All unsuitable soil comprising of underlying
surface soil shall be excavated and disposed off in tips to be provided by the Contractor.
2.17.4 The Contractor shall obtain prior approval from the engineer for temporary topsoil stock
pile sited either within or outside the project area.
2.17.5 The excavation and embankment for roadway, intersections and entrance shall be made to
the designated alignment, grade, and cross section. Side slopes, cuts and fills shall be
finished to a reasonable smooth and uniform surface that will merge with the adjacent
terrain without variations readily discernible from the road. Areas disturbed by the
Contractor outside the limits of construction shall be restored at the Contractor's expense
to a condition similar to that prior or construction operations.
2.18 FORMATION LEVEL
2.18.1 Formation level on embankments and in cuttings shall be the surface level of the ground
obtained after completion of the earthwork, i.e., the underside of the pavement. Any
excess depth unnecessarily excavated below formation level shall be backfill with
material acceptable for construction and compacted as directed by the Engineer and no
payment shall be made for the excess excavation or for the filling and compacting. The
levels and tolerance of irregularity of the surface of the course shall be within the limits
specified hereinafter.
2.19 MAINTENANCE
2.19.1 During construction, the road formation shall be maintained by the Contractor in such
condition that it will be passable and well drained at all times. Roadway ditches, inlet and
outlet ditches and any other ditches in connection with the roadway shall be cut and
maintained to the required cross section. All drainage work shall be performed in proper
sequence with other operations. All ditches and channels shall be kept free of debris and
obstructions at all times.
2.19.2 All slides shall be removed and material disposed off as directed by the Engineer.
2.20 SUBGRADE SCARIFYING
2.20.1 The Engineer may order subgrade scarifying performed to remove oversized material if
the upper 150 mm of the subgrade as completed contains material of a dimension greater
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than 100 mm sufficient in quantity to make it unacceptable as a roadbed for the proposed
type of surfacing.
2.21 UNSUITABLE MATERIAL IN SUBGRADE
2.21.1 Where unsuitable material is encountered in the subgrade it shall be excavated to such
depths and cover such area as the Engineer shall direct and run to spoil. The resultant
excavation shall be backfilled with suitable material deposited in layers each not
exceeding 230 mm loose depth and compacted in the manner specified for the forming
embankments. Nevertheless where in these circumstances, such backfill has to be
deposited below standing water, compaction may be omitted provided that the material
used is clean gravel or other completely free draining material.
2.21.2 If ordered by the Engineer as and alternative method of construction, approved rock-fill
material shall be placed directly on the naturally occurring unsuitable material to such
total depth that on completion of compaction negligible deflection of the surface occurs
due to the passage of vehicles hauling in the rock. The rock fill material shall be
deposited in accordance with the requirements and compacted so as to comply with the
requirements of Rockfill Embankments for the compaction of rock.
2.22 EXCAVATION FOR CUTTINGS
2.22.1 The Construction shall carry out the excavation in areas of cut in accordance with the
slopes, levels depths and heights shown on the drawings or as directed by the Engineer.
The Contractor shall programme his excavation works such that excavated material can
be transported directly to the areas fill. Stockpiling of suitable filling material shall be
kept to a minimum. However, no excavated approved material shall be transported to the
area of filling unless and until sufficient compacting plant is on hand to carry out
compaction.
2.22.2 The sloping sides of all cuttings shall be cleared of all rock fragments which move when
prised with crowbar and are therefore liable to cause injury o damage through falling.
Where in the sloping side materials of cuttings layers of solid rock and softer materials
alternate, or where the Engineer considers that the materials after dressing and exposure
will not permanently withstand the effect of weather, such insecure materials shall be
excavated to an approved depth and the resulting spaces built up with Class E concrete so
as to ensure a solid face.
2.22.3 Sloping sides of deep cuttings shall be benched as shown on the Drawings or directed by
the Engineer.
2.22.4 Where excavation reveals a combination of suitable and unsuitable materials, the
Contractor shall, wherever the Engineer considers it practicable, carry out the excavation
in such a manner that the suitable materials are excavated separately for use in the works
without contamination by the unsuitable materials.
2.22.5 If any suitable material excavated from the site with the agreement of the Engineer taken
by the Contractor for his own use (e.g. as mentioned for pavement courses) and not in
consequence for the forming of embankment, or soiling of slopes of cuttings and
embankments , sufficient suitable material to occupy, after full compaction a volume
corresponding to that which the excavated material occupied shall, unless otherwise
directed by the Engineer be provided by the Contractor from his own resources .
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2.22.6 No excavated material shall be dumped or run to spoil except on the direction or with the
permission of the Engineer. Materials used for haul roads shall not be reused in
embankments or elsewhere without the permission of the Engineer.
2.23 EXCAVATING IN ROCK
2.23 Excavating in rock shall be performed in manner to produce material of such size as to
permit being placed in embankments in accordance with requirements. Care shall be
taken to avoid leaving undrained pockets in the surface and overshooting when blasting.
Any loose or shattered rock, overhanging ledges and boulders above the roadbed which
might be dislodged in rock round in ledges or masses, which can normally be loosened
only by blasting or by the use of pneumatic tools.
2.24 UNDERGRADING
2.24.1 Cut areas undergraded shall be backfilled with one of the following materials with
preference in the order given depending on the availability.
(1) Rock fragments or spalls.
(2) A granular type material having, a plasticity index not to exceed 10 and a
gradation such that at least 50 percent of the material will be retained on the No.
4 sieve.
(3) A material having a low plasticity index and designated as suitable by the
Engineer.
2.24.2 Where excavation to the finished graded section results in a subgrade or slopes of
unsuitable material, the Engineer may require the Contractor to remove the unsuitable
material, and backfill to the finished graded section with approved material. The
Contracted shall conduct his operations in such a manner that the Engineer can make the
necessary measurement before the backfill is placed. All such cost shall be paid as an
extra in accordance with the Terms of this Contract.
2.25 BORROW MATERIAL
2.25.1 Borrow material shall be placed until after material from roadway excavation has been
placed in the fill. The Contractor shall not excavate beyond the dimensions and elevations
established, and no materials shall be removed prior to stacking and cross-sectioning the
site. If the Contractor place more borrow than required and thereby causes a waste of
excavation, such wasted will be deducted from the borrow volume as measured in the
borrow area. All borrow areas shall be bladed and left in such shape so as to permit taking
the necessary cross-section after excavation has been completed. The borrow areas shall
be finished where practicable so that no water collect or stand therein. When necessary to
remove fencing or order to obtain borrow material, it shall be placed in as good a
condition as it was at the time of removal. No additional payment will be made for
removing and replacing such fencing.
2.26 STOCKPILES
2.26.1 During the process of excavating cuts, the Engineer may order specific excavated
material placed in stockpiles in order to have suitable material available for any specific
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purpose or to complete the upper portion of embankments or to backfill portions of
undergraded cuts. Such stockpiles shall be sited as directed by the Engineer.
2.27 ARTIFACTS
2.27.1 When remains of prehistoric sites or artifacts of historical or archeological significance
are encountered, the excavation operations shall be temporarily discontinued. The
Engineer may direct the Contractor to excavate in such manner as to preserve the artifacts
encountered.
2.28 EMBANKMENT CONSTRUCTION
2.28.1 Embankment construction shall consist of constructing roadway embankments including
preparation of the areas upon which they are placed constructing dikes and berms,
placing and compaction approved material within the roadway areas where unsuitable
material has been removed, and placing and compacting of embankment material in
holes, pit and other depressions within the roadway area. Only approved material free of
trees, stumps, rubbish an other deterious material shall be used in construction of
embankment and backfills. Rocks, broken concrete, or other solid material shall not be
placed in embankment areas, where piling is to be placed or driven.
2.28.2 Before forming the embankment, any unsuitable material occurring on the site shall be
removed to such areas as may be directed by the Engineer and shall be run to spoil. The
resultant excavation shall be backfilled with suitable material deposited and compacted
as specified for the forming of embankments. Nevertheless where in these circumstances
such backfill has to be deposited below standing water, compaction may be omitted
provided that the material used is clean gravel or other completely free draining material.
Where cohesive soil has been specified as backfill material, compaction shall be carried
out in the dry.
If ordered by the Engineer as an alternative method of construction, approved rock-fill
material shall be placed directly on the naturally occurring unsuitable material to such
total depth that on completion of compaction negligible deflecting of the surface occurs
due to the passage o f vehicles hauling in the rock. The rock-fill material shall be
deposited in accordance with the requirements of this sub-section and compacted so as to
comply with the requirements of the compaction of rock.
2.28.3 When an embankment is to be placed to hillsides or when a new embankment is to be
constructed against an existing embankment, the existing slopes that are steeper than 1:6
shall be continuously benched in not less than 300 mm rises over those areas where it is
required as work is brought up in layers. Benching shall be of sufficient width to permit
placing of compacting operations. Each horizontal cut shall begin at the intersection of
the ground line and the vertical side of the previous bench. Existing slopes shall also be
stepped to prevent any wedging action of the embankment against structures No
additional payment will be made for the material thus cut out nor for its compaction
along with the embankment material.
2.28.4 Where an embankment less than 1 m in heights is to be made, all sod and vegetable
materials shall be removed from the surface upon which the embankment is to be placed
and the cleared surface completely broken up by blowing, scarifying or stepping to a
minimum depth of 150 mm. This area shall be compacted in the same manner as that
required for the embankment less than 1 m in height is to be mad over a compacted road
surface containing bituminous or granular material, the old road surface shall be scarified
to a depth of at least 300 mm. This scarified material shall be compacted.
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2.28.5 If embankment is deposited on only one side of embankment wingwalls, piers, or culvert
headwalls, care shall be taken that the area immediately adjacent to the structure is not
compacted to the extend that it will cause over-turning of or excessive pressure against
the structure. Equipment of such weight as may cause damage to culverts or other
structures will not be permitted to work over or immediately adjacent to such structures.
The fill adjacent to the abutment of a bridge shall not be placed higher behind than in
front of the abutment until the superstructure is .in place. When embankment is to be
placed on both sides of a concrete wall or box type structure, operations shall be so
conducted that the embankment is kept a approximately the same elevation on each side.
2.28.6 Surcharge of embankments shall be built in accordance with the plans and shall remain in
place for such time as required by the contract. The requirements for placing and
compacting will be waived on the surcharge material above the specified compacted area.
2.28.7 All excess of unsuitable excavated material, including rock and boulders that cannot be
used in embankments may be placed on the side slopes of the nearest fill in a satisfactory
manner or shall be disposed off as directed. A distinct shoulder line shall be maintained
by keeping all such work material at least 600 mm below the finished shoulder elevation,
and specified density controls will not required.
2.28.8 Roadway embankment shall be placed in layers not exceeding 200 mm (loose
measurement) and shall be compacted as specified, before the next layer is placed. The
layers shall be placed approximately parallel to both the proposed profile grade and to the
finished road-bed. Effective spreading equipment shall be used on each lift to obtain
uniform thickness prior to compacting. Continuous levelling and manipulating will be
required during compacting operations. Construction equipment shall be routed
uniformly over to entire surface of each layer.
2.28.9 When the excavated material consist predominantly of rock fragments of such size that
the material cannot be placed in layers of the thickness prescribed, such material shall be
placed in the embankment in layers having a thickness of the approximately average size
of the larger rocks but not to exceed 250 mm. Rocks or boulders too large to permit
placing in a 250 mm layer shall be reduced in size as necessary to permit this placement.
Rock shall not be dumped in place, but shall be distributed by blading or dozing in a
manner to ensure proper placement in the final position in the embankment.
2.29 ROCKFILL EMBANKMENT
2.29.1 Rock used in rock-fill embankments shall be of such size that it can be deposited in
horizontal layers each not exceeding 250 mm loosed depth and extending over the full
width of the embankment except for an specified external cover to slopes or new
formation level. The materials shall be spread and levelled by a crawler tractor weighing
not less than 20 tonnes. Each layer shall consist of reasonably well graded rock and all
large voids shall be filled wit broken fragments before the next layer is placed. The top
surface and side slopes of embankments so formed shall be thoroughly blinded with
approved fine graded material to seal the surface. Such material may be top soil on side
slopes.
2.29.2 Isolated boulders each within the range 0.015 cu.m to 0.085 cu.m in size may be
incorporated more than 600 mm below formation level in embankments not of rock-fill at
the discretion of the Engineer, provided that the specified compaction requirements are
met. No stone exceeding 0.015 cu. m should be placed less than 600 mm below formation
level of carriageway and verges.
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2.30 ROCK-FILL
2.30.1 Each layer of rock used as rock-fill in embankments shall be systematically compacted
by at least 12 passes of a towed vibrating roller with a static load per mm width of roll of
at least 9 kg or other approved plant. Where, however, it is established that rock can be
compacted to the requirements for common excavation, the rock shall be compacted to
such latter requirements.
2.31 COMPACTION OF EARTHWORKS
2.31.1 A preliminary study shall be made of each type of soil to be used in the construction of
the project to determine the Standard B.S. Density, the Optimum Moisture Content, and
the Moisture Range required o the soil for satisfactory compaction, at the Standard
Compaction Test. The B.S. 1377 : 1967 method shall be used as the Standard Compaction
Test for determining the moisture density relations of soils. The field density of the
embankment after compaction will be determined in accordance with the "Sand Cone
Method" or AASHO T 205-64 (Rubber Balloon Method). The calculated density
obtained in this field density test will be compared with the maximum density as
established by the Standard Compaction Test to determine the percentage compaction
attained. Compaction to at least 90 percent maximum density as determined by the
Standard Compaction Test will be required in all roadway embankment and backfilled
undergraded cut areas, except for the upper 1 m of the earth sub-grade on embankment
where at least 95 per cent of maximum density by the standard compaction test will be
required.
2.31.2 Compacting operations shall include adequate blading with motor graders to ensure
uniformity of the lift or layers of embankment being compacted. The number of blades
and rollers in use shall be sufficient to blade and compact adequately all material being
delivered to the embankment.
2.31.3 The engineer shall have full authority to suspend the delivery of materials to the
embankment until previously delivered material are properly placed and satisfactorily
compacted.
2.31.4 Density requirements will not apply to portions of embankments constructed of material
so rocky that they can't be satisfactorily tested in accordance with B.S. 1377 : 1967
Material of a gradation having more than approximately 20 percent retained on 20 m
sieve will generally be considered too rocky for satisfactory density testing. Under such
circumstances compactive effort on rock or rocky material shall consist of making four
(4) complete coverage of each layer with a tamping tyre roller 150 mm from the surface
of the drum and have a minimum load on each tamper of 1780 kg square metre of
tamping area. The vibrating roller shall have a manufacturer's rating of 16 to 20 kg
compacting power.
2.31.5 In cases where the embankment material is such that the field density cannot be
accurately determined a stated above the type of compacting equipment to be used shall
be subject to the approval of the Engineer.
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2.32 COMPACTION IN CUT
2. When ordered by the Engineer, the soil below the grade line in cut sections shall be
scarified, broken up, adjusted to a moisture content within the designated Moisture Range
and compacted to the required density.
2.33 EQUIPMENT
2.33.1 Equipment for compaction shall in general be the following :
Tamping or Sheep Foot Roller - Tyred Roller
Light Self-Propelled Pneumatic - Tyred Roller
Heavy Self-Propelled Pneumatic - Tyred Roller
Light Pull Type Pneumatic - Tyred Roller
Vibrating Compactor - Tyred Roller
other types of rollers may be used if approved by the Engineer and satisfactory
performance shall be the basis for such approval. The weight of the rollers shall be
increased if necessary to obtain the type of compaction required.
2.34 MOISTURE CONTROL
2.34.1 The Optimum moisture as determined by the Standard Compaction Tests shall be used as
a guided in determining the proper moisture content at which each soil type shall be
compacted. Water shall be added, or the material aerated to adjust the soil the proper
moisture content to permit obtaining to required density. Satisfactory methods and
sufficient equipment shall be used for the furnishing and handling of water.
2.34.2 Except, where otherwise shown from results of moisture content test, the moisture
content of the soil being compacted shall be considered to be toe high to ensure proper
compaction when after repeat rolling with the sheep foot roller, the roller continues to
pick up excessive amounts of soil and refuses compacted surface. When other types of
rollers are used the moisture content of the soil shall be consider as excessive when
"bridging" or "building up" of the soil occurs in front of, or behind the rear wheels such
rollers, and/or when earth hauling equipment produces excessive ruts in the rolled
surface.
2.35 TAMPING
2.35.2 Wherever embankments are placed adjacent to structures or tat locations where it is not
practicable to use a roller, the embankment material shall be tamped by the use of
mechanical rammers or tempers. Each layer, (not exceeding. 200 mm) shall be
compacted to a density equal to or greater than that specified under compaction
procedures.
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2.36 LABORATORY TECHNICIAN
2.36.1 The Contractor shall employ a full time competent Laboratory Technician to carry out all
laboratory and field tests specified in this contract and any additional tests as directed by
the Engineer whenever such tests are found necessary.
2.37 TURFING
2.37.1 Turf shall be a minimum of 225 mm width laid, on 50 mm thick, rich, black soil. They
shall be obtain either from suitable areas on the site prior to filling or excavation/ or from
the Contractor's own source all to the approval of the Engineer.
2.37.2 Turf shall be staked and watered when they cannot laid immediately after excavating.
2.37.3 Provide and lay grid turfing to slopes and level areas where shown on the drawing. Turf
on slopes shall be pegged in place with 25 mm diameter cleft hardwood 225 mm long.
2.37.4 All turfing shall be watered until satisfactorily established and any defective turfing
within the maintenance period shall be replaced with new at the Contractor's expense.
2.37.5 Close turfing shall be done with the turf covering all the area involved without any bare
earth spot in between sods. The turf shall be of size 225 mi 225 mm.
.
2.38 GRANULAR BACKFILL
2.38.1 Granular backfill material shall be sand, crushed stone, crushed gravel or a mixture of
crushed and natural aggregates shall be essentially free from vegetative and other organic
matter and clay, and shall not contain lateritic or concretionary materials.
2.38.2 The material shall conform to the following physical and mechanical quality
requirements:-
i) The fines shall be non-plastic;
ii) Sand shall have a gradation conforming to the envelope shown in Table 3.1;
TABLE 3.1 – GRADING LIMITS FOR SAND BACKFILL
B.S. SIEVE SIZE % PASSING BY WEIGHT
10.0 mm 100
5.0 mm 90 – 100
1.18 mm 45 – 80
300 um 10 – 30
150 um 2 - 10
iii) Material other than sand shall have a gradation conforming to one of the envelopes
shown in Table 3.2
TABLE 3.2 -GRADING LIMITS FOR GRANULAR BACKFILL COARSER THAN SAND
B.S. SIEVE SIZE % PASSING BY WEIGHT
A B C
37.5mm 100 - -
28.0mm 70 – 100 100 -
20.0mm 60 – 90 70 – 100 100
10.0mm 45 – 75 45 – 75 -
5.0mm 30 – 60 35 – 65 45 – 75
2.0mm 20 – 50 25 – 50 30 – 60
425um 10 – 30 10 – 30 15 – 35
75um 0-2 0-2 0 -2
S2-12
S2-13
