Chapter 21: Introduction to

Data Communications and

Networking – Review Notes
Engr 5 Years Ago
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(Last Updated On: September 10, 2019)

This is the summary notes of the important terms and concepts in Chapter
21 of the book "Electronic Communications System" by Wayne Tomasi. The
notes are properly synchronized and concise for much better understanding
of the book. Make sure to familiarize this review notes to increase the
chance of passing the ECE Board Exam.

INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATIONS AND
CHAPTER 21 NETWORKING

Items Definitions Terms

Information that is stored in digital form. Information

that
1 has been processed organized and stored. Data

2 Knowledge or intelligence. Information

 The transmission, reception, and processing of digital
3 information. Data Communications

It is to transfer digital information from one place to Data Communications

4 another. Circuit

5 A set of devices interconnected by media links. Network

Systems of interrelated computers and computer

equipment and
can be as simple as a personal computer connected Data Communications
6 together through the PTN. Networks

7 Automatic teller machine ATM

When was one of the earliest means of communicating

8 electrically coded information occurred? 1753

In 1833, he developed an unusual system based on a

five-by-five matrix representing 25 letters. The idea
was to send message
9 over a single wire. Carl Friedrich Gauss

The first successful data communications that was

invented in
10 1832. Dots and Dashes. Telegraph

He invented the first practical data communications

code which
11 is called Morse Code. Samuel F.B. Morse

1. Sir Charles Wheatstone

12 Allegedly invented the first telegraph in England. 2. Sir William Cooke

In 1874, he invented the telegraph multiplexer which

Emile
allowed up to six different telegraph machines to be
transmitted
13 simultaneously over a single wire. Emile Baudot

14 It was invented in 1875 by Alexander Graham Bell. Telephone

15 He succeeded in sending radio telegraph messages. Guglielmo Marconi

16 The only means of sending information across large Telegraph
spans of
water until 1920.

A German engineer, demonstrated a computing

machine sometime
17 in the late 1930s. Konrad Zuis

J. Presper Eckert
18 Developed the ENIAC computer on Feb. 14, 1946 John Mauchley

19 A technique that process one job at a time. Batch Processing

Built in 1951 by Remington Rand Corp., was the First

20 mass-produced electronic computer. UNIVAC Computer

A public data communications network used by

millions of
people all over the world to exchange business and
21 personal information. Internet

Private data communications networks used by many

companies to
exchange information among employees and
22 resources. Intranet

Any system of computers, computer terminals or

computer
peripheral equipment used to transmit and receive
information between two or more Data Communications
23 locations. Network

A set of equipment, transmission media and

procedures that
ensures that a specific sequence of events occurs in a
network in the proper
24 order to produce the intended results. Network Architecture

Messages are intended for all subscribers on the

25 network. Broadcasting

Messages are intended for a specific group of

26 subscribers. Multicasting

Defines the procedures that the systems involved in the

27 communications process will use. Protocols
 Sets of rules governing the orderly exchange of data
within Data Communications
28 the network or a portion of the network. Protocols

29 The list of the protocols used by a system. Protocol Stack

Layered Network
30 It consists of two or more independent levels. Architecture

A logical connection is established between the

endpoints Connection Oriented or
31 prior to the transmission of data. Connectionless

They are designed to provide a high degree of

reliability for Connection-Oriented
32 data moving through the network. Protocol

A connection process that occurs between two stations

before
any data are actually transmitted.
Another terms:
·
Sessions
·
Virtual
circuits
·
logical
connections
33 Handshake

It refers to the structure or format of the data within the

message, which includes the sequence in which the
34 data are sent. Syntax

Guidelines that have been generally accepted by the

data
communications industry.
Types of standards:
Ø Proprietary system -open Data Communications
35 Ø open system Standards

Generally controlled and manufactured by one

36 company. Proprietary Standard
37 The international organization for standardization on a International Standards
wide Organization (ISO)
range of subjects.

American National Standard

Institute
38 The member of ISO from the United States. (ANSI)

It is formerly CCITT, one of four permanent parts is

based in International
39 Geneva, Switzerland. Telecommunications Union

Modem interfaces and data transmission over the

telephone
40 lines. V series

Data transmission over public digital Network, e-mail

and
41 directory services. X series

An international professional organization founded in

the
United States and is comprised of electronics, Institute of Electrical &
computer and communications IEEE)and
42 engineers. Electronics Engineers

Electronics Industry
A non-profit U.S. trade association that establishes and Association
43 recommends industrial standards. (EIA)

The leading trade association in the communications

and Telecommunications
44 information technology industry. Industry Association

Advanced Research Projects

The research arm of the Department of Defense in Agency
45 1957. (ARPA)

A large international community of network designers,

operators, vendors and researches concerned with the
evolution of the Internet Engineering Task
internet architecture and the smooth operation of the Force
46 internet. (IETF)

It promotes research of importance to the evolution of Internet Research Task

47 the Force
 future Internet by creating focused, long term and (IRTF)
small research groups
working on topics related to internet protocols.

Protocol data Unit

48 A unit of data. (PDU)

The process of adding and removing the PDU

49 information. Encapsulation/Decapsulation

It means to place in a capsule or other protected

50 environment. Encapsulate

It means to remove from a capsule or other protected

51 environment. Decapsulate

Service Access Point

52 Defines which entity the service is intended. (SAP)

The name for the set of standards for communicating

among
computers
Seven OSI layers:
·
application
·
presentation

·
session

·
transport

·
network

·
data
link
· Open Systems
physical Interconnection
53 (OSI)
 Responsible for the actual propagation of
unstructured data
54 bits through a transmission medium. Physical Layer

Responsible for providing error-free

communications across the
physical link connecting primary and secondary
55 stations within a network. Data Link Layer

Provides details that enable data to be routed

between devices
in an environment using multiple networks,
56 subnetwork, or both. Network Layer

Controls and ensures the end-to-end integrity of

the data
message propagated through the network
between two devices, which provides
reliable, transparent transfer of data between
57 two endpoints. Transport Layer

58 Responsible for network availability. Session Layer

Provides independence to the application

processes by
addressing any code or syntax conversion
necessary to present the data to the
59 network in a common communications format. Presentation Layer

It provides distributed information services and

controls the
60 sequence of activities within an application. Application Layer

An endpoint where subscribers gain access to

61 the circuit. Station

Another term of station which is the location of

computers,
computer terminals, workstations and other
62 digital computing equipment. Node

63 Interconnects digital computer equipment. Facilities

64 Provides means to enter data from humans. Source

Encodes a wireless radio system without being

converted to
65 analog first. Transmitter

Carries the encoded signals from the transmitter

to the
66 receiver. Transmission Medium

Converts the encoded signals received from the

transmission
67 medium back to their original form. Receiver

It could be a mainframe computer, personal

computer
workstation or virtually any piece of digital
68 equipment. Destination

A type of transmission where all four bits can be

transmitted
simultaneously during the time of a single clock Parallel by Bit or Serial
69 pulse. by Character

Transmission where four clock pulses are

required to transmit
70 the entire four-bit code. Serial by Bit

Two-
71 It involves only two locations or stations Point Configuration

Multi-point
72 It involves three or more stations. Configuration

Data transmission is unidirectional where

information can be
73 sent in only one direction. Simplex

Also called Receive-Only, Transmit Only or One-

74 way-only Lines Simplex Lines

75 Data transmission is possible in both directions Half Duplex

 but not at
the same time.
Another term:
·
two
way alternate lines
·
either
way lines

Transmissions are possible in both directions

between two
stations simultaneously, but they must be
between same time.
Another terms;
·
Two-way
simultaneous
·
duplex
·
both-way
lines
76 Full Duplex

Transmission is possible in both directions at the

same time
but not between the same two stations. It is
possible only on multipoint
77 circuits. Full/Full Duplex

The process of sharing resources between

computers over a data
78 communications network. Networking

79 The manual technique of moving data on disks. Sneaker Net

Computers that hold shared files, programs and

the network
80 operating system. Servers

Computers that access and use the network and

81 shared network Client
 resources.

The facilities used to interconnect computers in a

82 network. Transmission Media

83 Data that file servers provide to clients. Shared Data

Hardware resources provided to the users of the Shared Printers and

network by other
84 servers. peripherals

An expansion card and prepares and sends data,

receives data Network Interface
and controls data flow between the computer Card
85 and the network. (NIC)

Allows personal computers to access files, print

to a local
printer and have and use one or more disk and Local Operating
CD drives that are located on System
86 the computer. (LOS)

A program that runs on computers and servers

that allows the Network Operating
87 computers to communicate over a network. System (NOS)

One in which all computers share their Peer – to – Peer Client/

88 resources. Server Network

One computer is designated the server and the

rest of the Dedicated Client/Server
89 computers are clients. Network

Describes the layout or appearance of a

90 network. Network Topology

91 Describes how the network is actually laid out. Physical Topology

Describes how data actually flow through the

92 network. Logical Topology

A multipoint data communications network

93 where remote stations Star Topology
 are connected by cable segments directly to a
central located computer.

A multipoint data communications circuit that

makes it
relatively simple to control data flow between
94 and among the computers. Bus Topology

A multipoint data communications network

where all stations
are interconnected in tandem to form a closed
95 loop or circle. Ring Topology

Every station has a direct two-point

communications link to
96 every other station on the circuit. Mesh Topology

Combining two or more of the traditional

topologies to form a
97 larger, more complex topology. Hybrid Topology

Privately own networks in which 10 to 40

compute share data Local Area Networks
98 resources with one or more file server. (LANs)

A high-speed network similar to a LAN except

the are designed Metropolitan Area
to encompass larger areas, usually that of an Networks
99 entire city. (MANs)

Provides low-speed, long distance transmission

of data voice,
and video information over large and widely
dispersed geographical areas such
as country or an entire continent. It Wide Area Network
100 interconnects cities or states. (WAN)

101 Bit rate of WANs. 1.5 Mbps-2.4 Gbps

Provides connects between countries around the Global Area Network

102 entire globe. (GANs)

103 A network connection that normally carries Building Backbone

 traffic between
departmental LANs within a single company.

A network connection used to carry traffic to and

from LANs
104 located in various buildings on campus. Campus Backbone

Developed by Department of Defense, comprise

of several
interactive modules that provide specific
105 functionality. TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Internet layer/
106 The network layer of TCP/IP. Internet work Layer

Transmission Control
Protocol
(TCP)
User datagram Protocol
107 Transport layer of TCP/IP. (UDP)

Provides a means of physically delivering data

packets using
108 frames or cells. Network Access Layer

Contains information that pertains to how data

can be routed
109 through the network. Internet Layer

Services the process and internet layers to

handle the
reliability and session aspects of data
110 transmission. Host-to-Host Layer

111 Provides applications support. Process Layer

Defines a three layer logical hierarchy that

specifies where
things belong, how they fit together and what
functions go where.
Three layers:
·
Core Cisco Three-Layer
112 layer Model
 ·
Distribution
layer
·
access
layer

The core of the network as it resides at the top

of the
hierarchy and is responsible for transporting
large amounts of data traffic
113 reliably and quickly. Core Layer

The communications point between the access

and the core layer
that provides routing, filtering, WAN access and
how data packets are allowed
114 to access the core layer. Distribution Layer

115 Another term for Distribution layer. Workgroup Layer

Controls workgroup and individual user access to

116 internetworking resources. Access Layer

117 Another term for Access layer. Desktop Layer