Barnett 1

Sydney Barnett

Professor Dean Leonard

ENG 1201.511

27 October 2019

Annotated Bibliography

My research essay will endeavor the question as to how global warming is affecting the

polar bears. I want to know how global warming is affecting the polar bears in terms of their

habitat, reproduction rates, traveling patterns, and hunting. I will also be including some

background information on global warming, so that people reading the paper can understand

global warming, if they don’t already. I would also like to know how humans are contributing to

global warming. Are we the main cause or are we not contributing to global warming as much as

some say we are? I will be looking at evidence that provides what the experts have to say and

that show good hard evidence from data and studies conducted.

Clark, Jamie Rappaport. "Polar Bears Are Endangered by Climate Change." The North and

South Poles, edited by Diane Andrews Henningfeld, Greenhaven Press, 2010. Opposing

Viewpoints. Gale in Context: Opposing Viewpoints, https://link-gale-

com.sinclair.ohionet.org/apps/doc/EJ3010664218/OVIC?u=dayt30401&sid=OVIC&xid=

a417ecc3. Accessed 16 Oct. 2019. Originally published as "Testimony before the Select

Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming, On Thin Ice: The Future of

the Polar Bear," 2008.

The author of this source is Jamie Rappaport Clark. The source is titled, “Polar Bears Are

Endangered by Climate Change.” This source is from The North and South Poles. The publisher

is the Greenhaven Press and the source was found in Opposing Viewpoints. This source was

originally published as “Testimony Before the Select Committee on Energy Independence and

Global Warming, On Thin Ice: The Future of the Polar Bears” in 2008. This source was

reproduced by permission of the author and was published on January 1, 2010. The main point of

the source is to show all the factors that reveal why polar bears are a threatened species.

The source titled, “Polar Bears Are Endangered by Climate Change” focuses on why

polar bears should be a threatened species. The source outlines some major points, which include

that polar bears must be protected, the Arctic Sea is melting, the loss of ice in the sea is killing

the polar bears, polar bears will become extinct in Alaska, and that the oil and gas leasing is

harming polar bears. The source states that polar bears can have the potential to serve as a

symbol for how global warming affects the environment. In the source, it explains how the

Arctic Sea ice is not reforming for the second year in a row due to the winter temperatures

increasing. The loss of sea ice is killing the polar bears because they can’t hunt seals. Polar bears

are also denning on land rather than on the ice and this causes many problems, such as traveling

between land and ice. According to the U.S. Geological Survey polar bears will be extinct by

2050. The source brings to the attention that polar bears need to be listed as an endangered

species under the Endangered Species Act. Oil and gas leasing are producing large amounts of

air pollution, harming the polar bears severely. The pollution created by the oil and gas leasing

are producing greenhouse gases, which cause global warming.

This source is targeting an audience of people who are interested in learning why polar

bears should be classified as an endangered species. One aspect of this source that sets it apart
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from the other sources is that one of the key points is explaining how oil and gas leasing are

causing harm to polar bears. In relation to that statement, this article relates to people who want

to learn how they can aid in the reduction of global warming in the aspect of eliminating oil and

gas leasing. The writer’s purpose in writing this source is that polar bears are an endangered

species. She wants people to understand why polar bears are facing extinction and what can be

done to help the polar bears in terms of their survival. This source was published on January 1,

2010, but the information still correlates with the information that I am using from the other

sources I have found throughout this process.

The writer of this source is Jamie Rappaport Clark and she is a vice president of

Defenders of Wildlife which is a conservation and an environmental advocacy organization

headquartered in Washington, D.C. The source uses a large variety of books and periodicals as

references. The publication date of the source is January 1, 2010. However, the information in

this source is still relevant to the information that I have found and will be using from other

sources.

I will be using this source in my research essay by using the main points of the source,

which includes that polar bears must be protected, the Arctic Sea is melting, the loss of ice in the

sea is killing the polar bears, polar bears will become extinct in Alaska, and that the oil and gas

leasing is harming polar bears. Most of the information is relatively similar to the other sources

that I have found and will be using for my research essay. However, something I found to stand

out in this source is that the author focuses on how the oil and gas leasing are harming polar

bears. This would be something great to add to my research essay.

Fears, Darryl. "As Ice Melts, Polar Bears Migrate North." Washington Post, 7 Jan. 2015. Gale in

Context: Opposing Viewpoints, link-gale-

com.sinclair.ohionet.org/apps/doc/A396496441/OVIC?u=dayt30401&sid=OVIC&xid=8

a6aadc0. Accessed 17 Oct. 2019.

The author of this article is Darryl Fears and this source is titled, “As Ice Melts, Polar

Bears Migrate North.” The title of the container is The Washington Post. This article was found

in Opposing Viewpoints. The publication date of the article is January 7, 2015. The main point

of the article is that the ice sea has begun to melt in the Arctic. Due to climate change the polar

bears are migrating to areas with constant ice that last year-round.

This article titled, “As Ice Melts, Polar Bears Migrate North” focuses on the evidence that

proves why polar bears are migrating to seek areas with ice that last year-round. The article uses

the U.S. Geological Survey, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and theories

from multiple experts in this field to show why polar bears are beginning to migrate. The main

points of these sources include information on polar bear’s DNA, gene flow, statistics on

population decline, and recorded temperatures around the world. All this information supports

each other in the common statement that climate change is forcing polar bears to migrate north.

This article is targeting an audience of students and the academic audience of those who

are interested in why polar bears are migrating north. This would be a great reference for

students of a higher education or for other experts to compare their studies to the studies and

evidence found in this article. The writer’s purpose in writing this article was to answer the

question as to why polar bears are migrating north. The author not only answered the question

but used many different references to answer the question. This source was written in 2015, the
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information is still relevant today in that the article’s information matches the other source’s

information. The author was also able to incorporate many references to support the claim.

The author of this news article is Darryl Fears and he is a reporter who specializes on

issues in the Chesapeake Bay and issues that affect wildlife. He received his education in

journalism from Howard University. This article was published in Opposing Viewpoints and the

source of the article is The Washington Post. The publication date of the article is January 7,

2015, so the information is still relatively recent for this topic.

I will be using this source in my research essay by including the evidence and main

points that support the claim that polar bears are migrating north due to climate change and loss

of sea ice. These main points include, polar bear’s DNA, gene flow, statistics on population

decline, and recorded temperatures around the world. The main claim of this article will answer

my question as to how global warming is affecting the polar bears.

Goode, Erica. "Warming is Main Threat to Polar Bears, Report Says." The New York Times, 10

Jan. 2017, p. A9(L). Gale in Context: Opposing Viewpoints, https://link-gale-

com.sinclair.ohionet.org/apps/doc/A476905291/OVIC?u=dayt30401&sid=OVIC&xid=cc

83ea74. Accessed 17 Oct. 2019.

The author of this article is Erica Goode and the source is titled, “Warming Is Main

Threat to Polar Bears, Report Says.” The title of the container is The New York Times. The news

article was found in Opposing Viewpoints. The publication date of the news article is Jan 10,

2017. The main points of the article are explaining what plans the government is planning to
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execute in helping or not helping climate change, a report released by Fish and Wildlife Service,

conservational plans, and the expert’s theories on global warming throughout their studies.

This article titled, “Warming Is Main Threat to Polar Bears, Report Says” focuses on the

governmental plans and actions towards climate change and polar bears, a report released by

Fish and Wildlife Service, conservational plans, and the support of experts in this line of field. In

the report released by Fish and Wildlife Service it explains that a conservation management plan

must be put in place by the Endangered Species Act and this will explain the actions that can be

taken to avoid extinction of species, such as polar bears. The article makes it very clear the

government has its doubts on the science of climate change and regarding that President Trump

signaled that he was going to take the United States out of the Paris climate agreement. Without

the aid of the government the conservation plan will only focus on minor issues to aid in

protecting the polar bears, but none as big as the issue of global warming. The article also

mentions how global warming will affect how polar bears are able to hunt seals, decline in

population, and explaining the outcome of taking the right steps to reduce greenhouse gas

emissions.

This news article is targeting the audience of conservationists who are intrigued by the

issue of global warming and polar bears. This article also pertains to government officials who

are on the fence on the accuracy of the science of climate change. The writer’s purpose in writing

this article is to show the side of the conservationists and government officials. He is supporting

the claims made by the conservationists through experts in this field. He includes the

assumptions made by government officials and uses their opinions as a counter argument to

further strengthen the article’s purpose to show why climate change is the main threat to polar
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bears. This source was published in 2017, so it is still very relevant. The research is accurate

according to the other research I have found thus far.

The author of this news article is Erica Goode and she is the Environment Editor at The

New York Times. She has administered other reporters in the covering of environmental issues.

The article was published in Opposing Viewpoints and the publication date of the news article is

January 10, 2017. Therefore, the information is relevant today.

I will be using this source in my research essay by focusing on why the report in which

the article is based on, states that climate change is the main threat to global warming. It will also

be beneficiary to include the information of the opinions of the government as a counter

argument. This will allow me to further strengthen my argument. I will be sure to focus on the

main points of the government's opinions, the report, and the other supporting evidence that is

given by experts in this field.

Ivanova, Svetlana V. “On the Impact of Climate Change on Wildlife: The View from Russia.”

Environmental Policy & Law, vol. 48, no. 5, Sept. 2018, pp. 322–330. EBSCOhost,

doi:10.3233/EPL-180096. Accessed 16 Oct. 2019.

The author of this scholarly source is Svetlana V. Ivanova and this source appeared in a

scholarly article titled, “On the Impact of Climate Change on Wildlife: The View from Russia.”

The title of the container is the Environmental Policy & Law in volume 48 and was found in

issue 5. The database in which this source was found was EBSCOhost. The publication date of

the article is September 1, 2018. The main point of the scholarly article is how humans are

increasing climate change, what humans can do legally to decrease climate change, the policies
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that have taken place that affect what is done about climate change, and the main effects of

climate change on the environment.

This article titled, “On the Impact of Climate Change on Wildlife: The View from

Russia” focuses on how wildlife is affected by global warming, the legal actions which can be

taken to create policies in reducing climate change, and the actions that humans can take to

prevent global warming. Some of the major side effects of climate change are increase in

weather events, such as hurricanes, droughts, and floods. Regarding the polar bears, the scholarly

article provides information on how they are affected by climate change as well. The article

mainly discusses how the polar bears are suffering from the increasing temperatures. The sea ice

is disappearing in places such as the Hudson Bay, as well as the glaciers are melting, and the sea

levels are rising. The polar bears face problems such as finding food to not only feed themselves,

but their cubs as well, loss of habitat, and facing difficulties with humans.

This scholarly article is targeting students or other people who are researching how

humans are contributing to global warming, how we can reduce global warming through new

energy saving technologies and laws, and how global warming affects wildlife species. The

writer’s purpose is to bring attention to how and why global warming is affecting the world

around us, including the polar bears. This article was published in 2018 and brings to the

attention of present-day issues that relate to global warming and what the effects will entail later

in the future. The article also consists of many different references referring to many different

dates, showing a variety of perspectives and studies. These studies and pieces of evidence are

revealing information that support one another.

The author of this scholarly article is Svetlana V. Ivanova. Svetlana V. Ivanova has a

Ph.D., is an Associative Professor of Land Law and Labour Law Department, is affiliated with
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Orenburg State Agrarian University, and is a part of the Russian Federation. The article was

published on EBSCOhost and the source of this article was from Environmental Policy & Law,

Vol. 48. The publication date of the article is the year of 2018, so this is relatively recent. The

information is still relevant today.

I will be using this source in my research essay by including how specifically the polar

bears are affected by global warming. I will incorporate details, including that the sea ice is

disappearing in places such as the Hudson Bay, the glaciers are melting, and that the sea levels

are rising. I will also include how the polar bears are facing problems with finding food, loss of

habitat, and being in contact with humans. I think it would be beneficiary to incorporate the

additional information in this article, so people can understand how and why global warming is

affecting the polar bears.

Pidcock, Roz. “Polar Bears and Climate Change: What Does the Science Say?” Carbon Brief, 4

Mar. 2015, www.carbonbrief.org/polar-bears-and-climate-change-what-does-the-science-

say. Accessed 16 Oct. 2019.

The author of the article is Roz Pidcock and the title of the source is “Polar Bears and

Climate Change: What Does the Science Say?” The title of the container is Carbon Brief. The

publication date of the article is March 4, 2015. The main point of the article is explaining how

the number of polar bears in the world is unknown. However due to data provided in the article,

it is showing that the population of polar bears are decreasing due to global warming causing a

lack of habitat and food.

This article titled, “Polar Bears and Climate Change: What Does the Science Say?” is

focusing on how the population of polar bears is decreasing due to global warming, which is

causing a loss of habitat and food. The sea ice is the main habitat for polar bears. This is where

they hunt for seals, but due to global warming their habitats are disappearing due to temperatures

increasing. The article points out that global warming is causing diseases in polar bears, the

collapsing of dens, and the loss of cubs. Polar bears have shown some signs of adapting to this

new environment; however, they are still facing the stress of not finding enough food in order to

survive.

The audience of this article includes people who need a reliable resource to find evidence

showing them why polar bears are decreasing in population due to global warming. This article

is using the counterclaim that the decrease in population of polar bears isn’t as serious as some

are making it out to be on social media. The writer’s purpose in writing this article is to reveal

that global warming is causing the population of polar bears to decrease in size to those who

express a different opinion on the matter. This article was published in the year of 2015. This

article was written with a variety of sources showing how and why the scientists have made this

statement.

The author of this article is Roz Pidcock and she is the deputy editor and science editor at

Carbon Brief. She has been a part of new research and media coverage in the matter of climate

change. She received her PhD in physical oceanography from the University of Southampton.

The article was found on Carbon Brief and this is a UK based website that specializes in articles

that have data-driven information that correlates to climate change. Carbon Brief has also won

many awards such as the Association of British Science Writers, which is an award for

“Innovation of the Year”. The article is supported by many universities and experts in this field.
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Also, the article was published in 2015, but was updated in 2016 and 2017. This shows that the

article has been updated showing new research and relevant information.

I will be using this source in my research essay by using the evidence provided by the

universities and the many experts provided in this article. I want to use the specific facts in the

article to further the information that I will be using from the other sources because the

information is relevant. Some of the topics I will be using will be how global warming has

affected the polar bears in regard to loss of food, loss of habitat, diseases, the collapsing of dens,

and loss of polar bear cubs.

Siegel, Kassie, and Brendan Cummings. "Polar Bears Are Threatened by Global Warming."

Global Warming, edited by David Haugen, et al., Greenhaven Press, 2010. Opposing

Viewpoints. Gale in Context: Opposing Viewpoints, https://link-gale-

com.sinclair.ohionet.org/apps/doc/EJ3010222275/OVIC?u=dayt30401&sid=OVIC&xid=

430320eb. Accessed 16 Oct. 2019. Originally published as "Petition to List the Polar

Bear (Ursus maritimus) as a Threatened Species under the Endangered Species Act,"

Center for Biological Diversity, 2005.

The authors of this source are Kassie Siegel and Brendan Cummings. The title of this

source is “Polar Bears Are Threatened by Global Warming.” This source is from Global

Warming and the publisher is Gale, a Cengage Company. Also, this source was found in

Opposing Viewpoints. This source was originally published as “Petition to List the Polar Bear

(Ursus maritimus) as a Threatened Species under the Endangered Species Act” from the Center

for Biological Diversity in 2005. The document type of the source is a Viewpoint essay which is
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related to the book. The main point of this source is to explain that global warming is the result

of why polar bears are facing extinction.

This source titled, “Polar Bears Are Threatened by Global Warming” focuses on why

global warming is the result of why polar bears are facing extinction. They focus on a couple

different topics that include, a scientific view on global warming, the impact global warming has

had on the Arctic, the consequences of the sea ice melting, the effects of global warming on

polar bears, and the immediate action that must be taken to aid in the reduction of global

warming. Regarding human activity the article clearly states that human activity is a major factor

in contributing to global warming. Glaciers and sea ice are melting due to global warming. The

permafrost temperatures are also increasing. As a result, the consequences include the loss of

hunting grounds, underweight polar bears, and lower reproduction rates in female polar bears.

This all leads into the idea that humans must take immediate action. One of the main points of

the article is to list the polar bears under the ESA, which is the Endangered Species Act. This

would be an important step in taking the immediate action that is necessary to protect the polar

bears from extinction due to global warming.

The audience of this source are those who want to know why polar bears are facing

extinction due to global warming. The writers’ purpose would be to allow people who may not

be educated in this field and give them the reliable information to understand the effects that

global warming has on the environment and polar bears. They want people to understand the

consequences and effects of global warming and that humans are one of the main causes of

global warming, therefore we must take immediate action. This article was published in 2010

and includes many references from other books.

The writers of this source are Kassie Siegel and Brendan Cummings. Kassie Siegel is the

Climate Law Institute Director and Senior Counsel. She develops campaigns that are related to

greenhouse gases in the protection of wildlife that are affected by climate damage. Brendan

Cummings is the Conservation Director at the Center for Biological Diversity. He is a graduate

from Berkeley’s Boalt Hall School of Law, and he has been involved in many cases that relate to

endangered species and the protection of marine mammals. This article lists many references

from books and periodicals, and was found in Opposing Viewpoints. This source was published

in 2010, however the information is relevant today because it correlates with the other

information that I will be using in my research essay.

I will be using this source in my research essay by including the main points that are

listed above, which include a scientific view on global warming, the impact global warming has

had on the Arctic, the consequences of the sea ice melting, the effects of global warming on

polar bears, and the immediate action that must be taken to aid in the reduction of global

warming. This information is very similar to the information that I have found from other

sources, however the information is not completely the same. Therefore, I will have the

opportunity to build off the main points of the other sources as well as this source, making my

research paper reliable.

The Arctic Circle. [Electronic Resource]: On Thin Ice. Films Media Group, 2010. EBSCOhost,

search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cat01128a&AN=scc.b1351711&site=e

ds-live. Accessed 20 Oct. 2019.

The authors of this video include Films for the Humanities & Sciences (Firm), Films

Media Group, and the National Film Board of Canada. This video is titled, The Arctic Circle
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[Electronic Resource]: On Thin Ice. The video was found in the EBSCOhost database from

Sinclair’s Library. The publication date of the video is the year of 2010. The main point of the

video is that fossil fuel consumption is leading the polar bears to extinction.

The video is titled, The Arctic Circle [Electronic Resource]: On Thin Ice and it is

focusing on how humans are no longer killing polar bears with spears and sticks but rather with

fossil fuel consumption. The video brings attention to how the food chain is affected, all the way

down from zooplankton all the way up to the polar bear. The video also discusses how the sea-

ice is decreasing in thickness and that it’s contributing to the melting channels across the glaciers

that remain in Greenland and Norway.

The audience of this video would be educated people who are particularly interested in

fossil fuel consumption and its effects on the environment. The writer’s purpose in writing this

essay is to explain that times have changed. Humans are no longer killing polar bears with spears

and sticks, but instead, humans are killing polar bears with fossil fuel consumption. This source

was published in 2010 and relates to the other sources that I will be using in my research essay,

so I know the information is still relevant today.

The authors of the video include Films for the Humanities & Sciences (Firm), Films

Media Group, and the National Film Board of Canada. Films Media Group is an Info based

Learning Company and Films for the Humanities & Sciences (Firm) is a part of this company.

They use high quality video that shows academic, vocational, and life-skills topics. They

primarily serve schools, colleges, libraries, the medical community, and many other institutions.

The National Film Board of Canada includes a collection of documentaries, experimental films,

animations, fiction, and interactive works. The films that they present to the public are films that

deal with the issues that relate to the environment, human rights, international conflict, and the
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arts. The video was also found on Sinclair’s Library from the EBSCOhost database. The video

was published in 2010, however the information is still relevant today, due to the accuracy and

the similarity of the information to the other more up to date sources.

I will be using this video in my research essay by including how the use of fossil fuel

consumption has affected the polar bears to the extent of extinction. I will also include some of

the other main points of the video which include how the food chain is affected, all the way

down from zooplankton all the way up to the polar bear, how the sea-ice is decreasing in

thickness, and that it's contributing to the melting channels across the glaciers that remain in

Greenland and Norway.