National Institute Of Tecchnology

Department of Electronics and Communication

ANALOG INTEGRATED CIRCUIT LAB-7

SALLEN KEY
FILTER’S

Kenneth Raj Kumar & Santosh.v

17EC150 17EC151

Submitted to:
[Link]

NITK, NOVEMBER 2019

Table of Contents
0.1 Components Required: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
0.2 Theory: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
0.3 Design: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
0.4 Caluclation’s: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
0.5 Simulation Observation: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
0.6 Conclusion: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
subcaption

Aim:
0.1 Components Required:
REQUIRED SHEET
Components Quantity Value
Breadboard 1 -
Connecting Wires Many -
IC UA741 1 -
Signal Generator 1 -
Connecting Probes 2 10X
1 1X
DSO 1 -
Power Supply 1 (-15V 0V 15V)
Resistors 3 10K
1 5.6K
1 15K
2 4.7K
2 0.33UF

0.2 Theory:
An Op amp is a high gain differential amplifier with very high [Link] high open loop gain
allow for creating amplifiers with stable gain using [Link] pass filter is a circuit which al-
lows only low frequencies signals than a certain value and rejects the high frequency [Link]
frequency after which the attenuation of signal starts is nothing but Cutoff frequency of the
[Link] ranges which are below Cutoff frequency are called Pass band and higher fre-
quencies range are called stop [Link] at Cutoff frequency is 0.707 times the value in pass
band,so at this ,signal is 3dB below the pass band.
The Sallen and Key Filter design is a second-order active filter topology which we can use as the
basic building blocks for implementing higher order filter circuits, such as low-pass filter, high-pass
filter and band-pass filter [Link] we have seen in this filters section, electronic filters, either
passive or active, are used in circuits where a signals amplitude is only required over a limited
range of frequencies. The advantage of using Sallen-Key Filter designs is that they are simple to
implement and [Link] Sallen and Key topology is an active filter design based around
a single non-inverting operational amplifier and two resistors, thus creating a voltage-controlled
voltage-source (VCVS) design with filter characteristics of, high input impedance, low output
impedance and good stability, and as such allows individual Sallen-key filter sections to be cas-
caded together to produce much higher order [Link] Sallen key filter we can modify the filter
charecteristics(like Cutoff frequency and Q)using R,C and Amplifier [Link] makes filter easy.

SALLEN KEY 1
FILTER’S
 Figure 1: Sallen key low pass filter
Low pass filter is connected to non inverting pin of the opamp to avoid Loading [Link] both
-1
+ve and -ve feedbacks are P haseresponse = tan
present,but R2 ((ω/ω0 )/(1
has instant − (ω/ω
effect )2 )
than 0C(because the effect due to
capacitor on Vp is sluggish(takes time).Therefore here -ve feedback is more dominant than positive
feedback.
p
M agnituderesponse = K/ ((1 − (ω/ω0 )2 )2 + (ω/Qω0 )2 )

Figure 2: Sallen key high pass filter

An High pass filter is a circuit which allows the high frequency ranges than a certain value and

2 SALLEN KEY
FILTER’S
attenuates all the low frequencies [Link] passive components CA,CB,RA,RB form the second
order frequency [Link] at low frequencies capacitors CA,CB appears as open circuits,so input
signal is blocked which results in no [Link] higher frequencies CA,CB appears as short circuits
so the signal is buffered directly to the output.
p
M agnituderesponse = K(ω/ω0 )2 / ((1 − (ω/ω0 )2 )2 + (ω/Qω0 )2 )

0.3 Design:
When the,second order low pass filter is connected to the non inverting pin of the opamp as shown
in the fig1,then its called Secondorder lowpass Sallen key [Link] components and connecting
wires prepare the circuit as shown in the figure.
The Amplifier gain of the Opamp(K) = 1 + R4/R3.
we can simplify the design by choosing the resistors R1=R2=R and capacitors C1=C2=C then
Cutoff frequency = 1/(2π)RC
Qualityf actorQ = 1/(3 − K).
W eneedtodesignthelowpasssallenkeyof cutof f f requency1KHz.//Similarlywhenthesecondorderhighpassf ilterisc
R2 = RandC1 = C2 = C
Cutof f f requency = 1/(2π)RC
Qualityf actorQ = 1/(3 − K).
T heAmplif iergainof theOpamp(K) = 1 + R4/R3.

0.4 Caluclation’s:
Sallen key lowpass filter
Gain(K) = 1 + R2/R1

Q = 1/(3 − K)

3 − K = 1/Q

K = 3 − 1/Q

Given
Cutoff frequency = 1KHz
1/(2π)RC = 1000
LetC = 0.01µF
R = 1/2000π0.01 ∗ 10− 6
R = 16KΩ
Case 1:Q = 0.707

K = 3 − (1/0.707)

SALLEN KEY 3
FILTER’S
 K = 1.586

K = 1 + R2/R1

1.586 = 1 + R2/R1

R2/R1 = 0.586

LetR1 = 10KΩ

thenR2 = 5.86KΩ.

Case 2 : Q = 0.5

K = 3 − (1/Q)

K = 3 − (1/0.5)

K=1

K = 1 = 1 + R2/R1

Implies R2 = 0KΩ R1 = 10KΩ

Case 3 : Q = 2

K = 3 − (1/2)

K = 2.5

2.5 = 1 + R2/R1

R2/R1 = 1.5

Let R1 = 10KΩ implies R2 = 15KΩ

Sallen key high pass filter

Gain(K) = 1 + R2/R1

4 SALLEN KEY
FILTER’S
 Q = 1/(3 − K)

K = 3 − 1/Q

Q = 0.707
Cutoff frequency = 1KHz
1/(2π)RC = 1000
LetC = 0.01µF
R = 1/2000π0.01 ∗ 10− 6
R = 16KΩ
Case 1:Q = 0.707

K = 3 − (1/0.707)

K = 1.586

K = 1 + R2/R1

1.586 = 1 + R2/R1

R2/R1 = 0.586

LetR1 = 10KΩ

thenR2 = 5.86KΩ.

SALLEN KEY 5
FILTER’S
0.5 Simulation Observation:

CIRCUIT CONNECTIONS:

LOW-PASS SALLEN KEY FOR Q=0.707

Tabular form for Q=0.707

frequency(Hz) Vin Vout Gain(dB) φ
10 10.2 9.8 -0.347 0
50 11.8 11.8 0 14.4
100 11.8 11.8 0 14.4
200 11.8 11.4 -0.29 25.92
500 11.8 9.28 -2.08 57.8
1K 11.8 5.76 -6.72 97.2
5K 12.2 640m -25.6 169.2
10K 11.8 124m -39.64 181.44

6 SALLEN KEY
FILTER’S
 Tabular form for Q=0.5
frequency(Hz) Vin Vout Gain(dB) φ
10 5.92 15 8.07 0
50 7.04 17.6 8.15 0
100 7.04 18 8.15 11.52
200 7.02 18.8 8.55
500 7.04 23.4 10.43 50.4
1K 3.2 15.4 13.62 93.6
5K 3.16 352m -19.06 169.2
10K 3.12 168m -25.37 181.44

SALLEN KEY 7
FILTER’S
 Tabular form for Q=2
frequency(Hz) Vin Vout Gain(dB) φ
10 9.8 15.2 3.81 0
50 10.2 16.2 4.01 0
70 10.4 16.2 3.849 5.04
80 10.4 16.4 3.956 11.52
200 10.6 16.4 3.976 20.16
500 10.4 15.8 3.63 50.4
1K 10.2 10.8 0.496 93.6
5K 10.4 680m -23.69 169.2
10K 10.8 166m -36.26 181.44

8 SALLEN KEY
FILTER’S
HIGH PASS SALLEN KEY FILTER

Tabular form for Q=0.707

frequency(Hz) Vin Vout Gain(dB)
100 10.4 2.84m -31.2
300 10.4 1.68 -15.8
500 10.4 4.64 -7
1K 10.4 12.6 1.66
2K 10.4 16 3.74
5K 10.4 16.4 3.95
7K 10.4 16.4 3.95
9K 10.4 16.4 3.95
10K 10.4 16.4 3.95

SALLEN KEY 9
FILTER’S
0.6 Conclusion:
For Low-pass filter If Q =1/3, k becomes 0 i.e we cant get quality factor of 1/3 through sallen key
second order low pass filter For Q = 0.707, sallen-key becomes butterworth filter and DC gain
ob- served is 3.292dB and roll-off rate is -10.1652dB/octave. Gain and phase at cutoff frequency
are 0.34dB and -86.4 respectively. Unity Gain Bandwidth observed is 1.536kHz. For Q = 2,DC
gain observed is 7.504dB and roll-off rate is -12.57dB/octave. For High-pass filter If Q =1/3, k
becomes 0 i.e we cant get quality factor of 1/3 through sallen key second order high pass filter
For Q = 0.707, sallen-key becomes butterworth filter and high frequency gain observed is 3.741dB
and roll-off rate is 9.3867dB/[Link] and phase at cutoff frequency are 0.256dB and 84.6
respectively.

10 SALLEN KEY
FILTER’S