Database Systems:
Design, Implementation,
and Management
Chapter 1 Introduction to
Database Systems
1
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
Objectives
• Overview of Information System
• Introduction the database and the
DBMS
• The importance of database design
2
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
Overview of Information System
3
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
Overview of the Information
System
• Provides for data collection,
storage, and retrieval
• Composed of:
– People, hardware, software –
Database(s), application programs,
procedures
• Systems analysis
– Process that establishes need for and
extent of
information system
• Systems development
– Process of creating information
system
4
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
The Information System
(continued)
• Applications
– Transform data into information that
forms basis for decision making –
Usually produce the following:
• Formal report
• Tabulations
• Graphic displays – Composed of
following two parts:
• Data
• Code by which data are transformed into
information
5
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
6
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
The Information System
(continued)
• Performance depends on three
factors:
– Database design and implementation
– Application design and implementation
– Administrative procedures
• Database development
– Process of database design and
implementation – Implementation phase
includes:
• Creating database storage structure
• Loading data into the database
• Providing for data management
7
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
Introduction to database and
the DBMS
8
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
Introduction to database and
the DBMS
• Good decisions require good
information derived from raw facts
• Data managed most efficiently
when stored in a database
• Databases evolved from computer
file systems
• Understanding file system
characteristics is important
9
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
Data vs. Information
• Data are raw facts
• Information is the result of
processing raw data to reveal
meaning
• Information requires context to
reveal meaning
• Raw data must be formatted for
storage, processing, and presentation
• Data are the foundation of
information, which is the bedrock of
knowledge
10
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
Data vs. Information
(continued)
• Data: building blocks of information
• Information produced by processing
data
• Information used to reveal meaning
in data
• Accurate, relevant, timely
information is the key to good
decision making
• Good decision making is the key to
organizational survival
11
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
Introducing the Database
and the DBMS
• Database: shared, integrated
computer structure that stores a
collection of data –
End-user data: raw
facts of interest to the end user –
Metadata: data about data
• Metadata provides description of
data characteristics and relationships
in data
– Complements and expands value of
data
• Database management system
(DBMS): collection of programs
– Manage structure and control access
to data
12
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
Role and Advantages of the
DBMS
• DBMS is the intermediary between
the user and the database
• Database structure stored as file
collection
• Access database through the
DBMS
• DBMS enables data to be shared
• DBMS integrates many users’ views
of the data
13
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
14
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
Role and Advantages of the
DBMS (continued)
• Advantages of a DBMS: – Improved
data sharing – Improved data security –
Better data integration – Minimized data
inconsistency – Improved data access
– Improved decision making – Increased
end-user productivity
15
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
Types of Databases
• Databases can be classified
according to:
– Number of users – Database
location(s) – Expected type and extent
of use
• Single-user database supports
only one user at a time –
Desktop
database – single-user, runs on PC
• Multiuser database supports
multiple users at the same time –
Workgroup database supports a small
number – Enterprise database
supports a large number
16
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
Types of Databases
(continued)
• Centralized database: data located
at a single site
• Distributed database: data
distributed across several different
sites
• Operational database: supports a
company’s day-to-day operations
– Transactional or production
database
• Data warehouse: stores data used
for tactical or strategic decisions
17
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
Types of Databases
(continued)
• Unstructured data exist in their
original state
• Structured data result from
formatting
– Structure applied based on type of
processing to be performed
• Semistructured data have been
processed to some extent
• Extensible Markup Language
(XML) represents data elements in
textual format
• XML database supports
semistructured XML data
18
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
19
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
The Importance of Database
Design
20
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
Why Database Design is
Important
• Database design focuses on
design of database structure used for
end-user data
– Designer must identify database’s
expected use
• Well-designed database:
– Facilitates data management –
Generates accurate and valuable
information
• Poorly designed database:
– Causes difficult-to-trace errors
21
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
Summary
• Data are raw facts
• Information is the result of
processing data to reveal its meaning
• Accurate, relevant, timely
information is the key to good
decision making
• Data usually stored in a database
• DBMS implements a database and
manages its contents
22
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
Summary (continued)
• Metadata is data about data
• Database design defines the
database structure –
Well-designed
database facilitates data management,
generates valuable information –
Poorly-designed database leads to bad
decision making, organizational failure
• Databases evolved from manual
and computerized file systems
– In a file system, data stored in
independent files
• Each requires its own management
program
23
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
Review Questions
• Differentiate between data and
information. (4marks)
• List two (2) types of database.
Support your answer with one (1)
example. (4marks)
24
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
Historical Roots: Files and
File Systems
25
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
Historical Roots: Files and
File Systems
• Reasons for studying file systems:
– Complexity of database design easier
to
understand – Understanding file system
problems helps to
avoid problems with DBMS systems –
Knowledge of file system useful for
converting
file system to database system
• File systems typically composed of
collection of file folders, each tagged
and kept in cabinet
– Organized by expected use
26
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
Historical Roots: Files and
File Systems (continued)
• As number of files increased, file
systems evolved
– Each file used its own application
program to
store, retrieve, modify data – Each file
owned by individual or department that
commissioned its creation
27
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
28
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
29
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
Problems with File System
Data Management
• Requires extensive programming
• Can not perform ad hoc queries
• System administration complex and
difficult
• Difficult to make changes to existing
structures
• Security features likely to be
inadequate and difficult to program
30
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
Structural and Data
Dependence pge18
• File System exhibits: Structural
dependence: access to a file
dependent on its own structure –
All
file system programs must be modified
to conform to a new file structure
• Structural independence: change
file structure without affecting data
access
• File System exhibits: Data
dependence: data access changes
when data storage characteristics
change
• Data independence: data storage
characteristics do not affect data
access
31
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
Field Definitions and Naming
Conventions
• Storing customer name as single
field is a liability –
Better record
definition breaks fields into component
parts
• Selecting proper field names
important; field names are descriptive
– With proper naming conventions, file
structure becomes self-documenting –
Some software places restrictions on
length of field names
• Each record should have unique
identifier
32
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
33
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
Field Definitions and Naming
Conventions
Data Redundancy
• Data redundancy: same data
stored unnecessarily in different
places
• File system structure makes it
difficult to combine data from multiple
sources
– Vulnerable to security breaches
• Organizational structure promotes
storage of same data in different
locations
– Islands of information
• Data stored in different locations
unlikely to be updated consistently
34
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
Data Redundancy
(continued)
• Data inconsistency: different and
conflicting versions of same data
occur at different places
• Data anomalies (page 19 text
book): abnormalities when all
changes in redundant data not made
correctly
– Update anomalies: to update data in a
large file
system – Insertion anomalies: to insert
new data that has
connection with non exist data –
Deletion anomalies: to delete data that
also has
connection with other related data
35
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
Database Systems
• Database system consists of
logically related data stored in a
single logical data repository – May be
physically distributed among multiple
storage facilities
• DBMS eliminates most of file
system’s problems
• Current generation stores data
structures, relationships between
structures, access paths
– Takes care of defining, storing,
managing all
access paths and components
36
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
37
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
The Database System
Environment
• Database system: defines and
regulates the collection, storage,
management, use of data
• Five major parts of a database
system:
– Hardware – Software – People –
Procedures – Data
38
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
39
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
The Database System
Environment (continued)
• Hardware: all the system’s physical
devices
• Software: three types of software
required:
– Operating system software – DBMS
software – Application programs and
utility software
• People: all users of the database
system:
– System and database administrators –
Database designers – Systems analysts
and programmers – End users
40
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
The Database System
Environment (continued)
• Procedures: instructions and rules
that govern the design and use of the
database system
• Data: the collection of facts stored
in the database
• Database systems created and
managed at different levels of
complexity
• Database solutions must be
cost-effective as well as tactically and
strategically effective
• Database technology already in use
affects selection of a database
system
41
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
DBMS Functions
• Most functions transparent to end
users
– Can only be achieved through the
DBMS
• Data dictionary management
– DBMS stores definitions of data
elements and relationships (metadata)
in a data dictionary –
DBMS looks up
required data component structures and
relationships –
Changes automatically
recorded in the dictionary – DBMS
provides data abstraction, removes
structural and data dependency
42
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
43
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
DBMS Functions (continued)
• Data storage management
– DBMS creates and manages complex
structures
required for data storage – Also stores
related data entry forms, screen
definitions, report definitions, etc. –
Performance tuning: activities that
make the
database perform more efficiently –
DBMS stores the database in multiple
physical
data files
44
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
45
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
DBMS Functions (continued)
• Data transformation and
presentation
– DBMS transforms data entered to
conform to
required data structures – DBMS
transforms physically retrieved data to
conform to user’s logical expectations
• Security management
– DBMS creates a security system that
enforces
user security and data privacy –
Security rules determine which users
can access the database, which items
can be accessed, etc.
46
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
DBMS Functions (continued)
• Multiuser access control
– DBMS uses sophisticated algorithms
to ensure
concurrent access does not affect
integrity
• Backup and recovery management
– DBMS provides backup and data
recovery to
ensure data safety and integrity –
Recovery management deals with
recovery of
database after a failure
• Critical to preserving database’s integrity
47
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
DBMS Functions (continued)
• Data integrity management
– DBMS promotes and enforces
integrity rules
• Minimizes redundancy
• Maximizes consistency – Data
relationships stored in data dictionary
used
to enforce data integrity – Integrity
especially important in transaction-
oriented database systems
48
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
DBMS Functions (continued)
• Database access languages and
application programming interfaces
– DBMS provides access through a
query
language – Query language is a
nonprocedural language – Structured
Query Language (SQL) is the de
facto query language
• Standard supported by majority of DBMS
vendors
49
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
DBMS Functions (continued)
• Database communication interfaces
– Current DBMSs accept end-user
requests via
multiple different network environments
– Communications accomplished in
several ways:
• End users generate answers to queries by
filling in screen forms through Web browser
• DBMS automatically publishes predefined
reports on a Web site
• DBMS connects to third-party systems to
distribute information via e-mail
50
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
Managing the Database
System: A Shift in Focus
• Database system provides a
framework in which strict procedures
and standards enforced
– Role of human changes from
programming to
managing organization’s resources
• Database system enables more
sophisticated use of the data
• Data structures created within the
database and their relationships
determine effectiveness
51
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
Managing the Database
System: A Shift in Focus
(continued)
• Disadvantages of database
systems:
– Increased costs – Management
complexity – Maintaining currency –
Vendor dependence – Frequent
upgrade/replacement cycles
52
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
Summary
• Some limitations of file system data
management:
– Requires extensive programming –
System administration complex and
difficult – Changing existing structures
difficult – Security features likely
inadequate – Independent files tend to
contain redundant data
• Structural and data dependency problems
53
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
Review Question
• Describe three (3) problems of file
system. (6marks)
• List two (2) functions of DBMS.
(4marks)
• Why people plays an important
roles in the database system
environment? (2marks)
54
Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad
