TOD in Japan:
Experiences and Lessons
Shige Sakaki
Sr. Urban Transport Specialist
South Asia Transport Unit, The World Bank
Tokyo
How can people move in TOKYO, the world largest
Metropolitan Area of 30M+ population?
2
Modal Share
Tokyo is highly reliant on public transport.
Modes of Commute Travel in Tokyo Metropolitan Area(2008 and 1998)
Tokyo
Wards
Metropolitan
Area Total
Walk
Bicycle
Motorcycle
Car
Bus [Charts: Left 1998/ Right 2008 in %]
Railway
Even as the metropolitan area (35M population), more than 50% of
commuters take railway. The figure is about 80% within the wards of
Tokyo (8M population). 3
Road Network in Tokyo
Tokyo’s road network is poor compared with other big cities
in the world.
Paris
Beijing
Road Space / City Area
Washington DC
Paris
London
Tokyo
Nagoya
Osaka
4
Railway network in Tokyo
Central part of Tokyo has highest railway density in the world.
5
Railway Catchment in Downtown Tokyo
Inside the Yamanote loop line (35km, 29 stations), everywhere
is within walking distance from station.
5 Minutes Walk (400m)
10 Minutes Walk (800m)
Yamanote Loop Railway
Other Railway Line
Railway under construction 6
Then, what is the situation in the suburbs?
? 7
Content of Presentation
Two key lessons from TOD in Japan.
I. Expanding catchment area with
feeder infrastructure and services
II. Mode connectivity improvement at
station
8
TOD Density Model
What determines the CATCHMENT POPULATION?
Land Use Regulation (FAR,
Density
Ground Coverage), Marketing
Feeder infrastructure,
Feeder service
Catchment Area
Population
Distance
400m 800m
5 min walk 10 min walk 9
TOD Density Model
What determines the coverage DISTANCE?
If it’s TIME:10 min walk (0.8km)
=10 min bike (2.5km)
Density
=10 min bus ride (4.0km)
=10 min drive (5.0km)
Feeder infrastructure,
Feeder service
Catchment Area
Population
Distance
400m 800m
5 min walk 10 min walk 10
TOD Density Model
What determines the coverage DISTANCE?
If it’s STRESS or ENERGY:
10 min walk (0.8km)
Density
=15 min comfortable walk (1.2km)
=20 min pleasant walk (1.6km)
Feeder infrastructure,
Feeder service
Catchment Area
Population
Distance
400m 800m
5 min walk 10 min walk 11
TOD examples in Japan expand catchment area with higher
FAR, high/middle density development remote from station,
and better feeder infrastructure and services.
Density Higher FAR at
Station Area High/Middle Density
Development around
Feeder Station
Expanded
Catchment
Catchment
Area Population
Better Feeder Service
Distance
800m 2.5 km 4.0 km 5.0 km
10 min walk 10 min 10 min 10 min
Bike ride Bus ride Car drive
12
Early TODs as Railway’s effort to increase ridership
Hankyu Railway undertook a combination of urban
development projects along its suburban line in 1910s.
1910 Railway opened (25km + 4km)
1910 Ikeda Development (10ha, 200 units)
1911 Takarazuka Spa and Minoh Zoo
1914 Takarazuka Opera
1915 Umeda Terminal Department Store
13
TOD continues as Railway’s effort to increase ridership
Tokyu Tama Garden City Development is a half-century
project of 5,000 ha forming the core asset for current Tokyu.
Tokyu Tama Garden City Line and Garden City Development
From webcatalog
Development Area
With historical order
Area: 5,000 ha
Population: 600,000
(as of 2011)
Map: Tokyu Corp. Web
The development is located 15 to 35 km to the south west of downtown
Tokyo and was undertaken while Tokyo went through rapid urbanization.
The projects were done mostly through Land Readjustment project scheme. 14
Tokyu Corporation: Residential Development at Tama Plaza District
The development was scheduled to meet the start of railway
operation to provide with passenger base.
1968 1975
Photo: Japan Residential Development Agency
Number of Passengers
80,000
/day
60,000
2010: 71,255
40,000
Photo: Geospatial Information Authority of Japan
20,000
3rd yr: 11,935
2nd yr: 8,435 Tokyu acquired 80% of the land before
1st yr: 1,510
0 the start of area development.
1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 2015
15
Source: Yokohama City, Tokyu Corp.
Example: High density development around feeder bus nodes
The feeder bus service increases the value of gap land
between railways, which otherwise is unpopular to commuters.
Nijigaoka (Rainbow Hills)
Apartment Complex
- 18 minutes bus ride to
Tokyu Azamino Station
- 410 units opened in 1978
Susukino
Apartment Complex
- 19 minutes bus ride to
Tokyu Azamino Station
- 1940 units in 1974-80
16
Map: Tokyu Bus Corp. Web
In expanding the catchment area with feeder infrastructure
and services, what becomes critically important is . . .
Mode Connectivity At Station 17
Connectivity: Measures for Improvement
Connectivity between modes can be improved by various
measures in both infrastructure and system design domains.
Train Station Train/Bus
/Car/Walk
Walkway
Close Alignment
Elevator/Escalator
Infra
Lighting Waiting Space
Restroom, Drinking Fountain
Kiosk, Cafe Walkway
Information Information Information
System
Common Ticket
(Smart Card)
Transit Fare Discount
18
Connectivity Improvement: Facilities
By effectively combining these facilities, connectivity
improvement can be achieved.
Station plaza
Accommodates bus stops, taxi stands, kiss and
ride spots, open space and other facilities for
passenger convenience.
Walkway over the track
Connects two sides of station that can
make smoother pedestrian and car traffic.
Walkway over station plaza/ road
Separates pedestrian flow from car traffic
to safely reach their destinations.
Parking
Enables passengers park cars and bicycles
without occupying road space.
19
Connectivity Improvement: Station Plazas
Station plaza is a key facility in expanding TOD catchment
area by facilitating smooth transit between different modes.
20
Connectivity Improvement: Bike parking
Bike parking is a MUST facility at railway stations in the
suburbs in Japan.
Illegal bike parking
Public bike parking
21
Connectivity: Passenger Information Service
Better informed passengers can interchange more smoothly.
Passenger Information Service Examples In-
In-train Monitor Screen
• Route Map • Color Coding/Numbering
• Timetable • Announcement
• Display Panel • Station clerk
• Sign, Marking • Internet
Station Sign Board Exit numbers to your back
Exit number to your right
Showing next stations, connecting
Exit numbers to your left
lines, and expected travel time.
Showing the locations of stairs and
Points of interests and Street elevators leading to exits and
Vicinity Map Address and corresponding exits connecting lines at next station. 22
Connectivity: Barrier Free Environment in Public Transport
Securing access of the elderly and disabled for railway is not
only a social responsibility but also a legal obligation.
Transportation Accessibility Improvement Law (2000)
The law introduced an requirement for public transport operators to secure
accessibility of the elderly and disabled. Now that 90% of 2,800 stations with
5,000+ daily passengers have elevator, new target has been set to achieve the
same for 3,000+ stations by 2020.
Elevator Escalator Bumpy warning tiles in bright yellow to
guide blind passengers safely.
Space for wheelchairs on train. “Platform Doors” to prevent passengers Tokyo Metro’s 78 out of 179 stations
on platform from falling or hitting. have “Multi Function Restroom.”
23
Source: Tokyu Metro
Connectivity: Station Plaza Development
Station plaza provides not only better interchange between
different modes, but also a city center.
Rockville Station
Maryland, USA
Metro, Marc, Amtrak
40
40-- min to Union Sta.
Kashiwa Station
Chiba, Japan
JR, Tobu
40+ min to Tokyo
600m
600
300
300mm Sta. 300
300m
600m
600 m
Kashiwa Station Plaza
24
Elevated walkway w/ open space connecting adjacent buildings Cars, buses and taxis at grade Venue for local festivals
Example: Yokogawa Sta. (JR West and Hiroshima Dentetsu Tram)
Tram line station in the median of national highway was shifted to
inside the station plaza that quicker and safer interchange.
• Car lanes increased from 4 to 7
• Fatal accidents decreased by 40%
• Time to pass the intersection
Original Alignment
decreased from 8 to 2 minutes
• Tram passengers increased by 70%
25
Source: MLIT
Thank you.
ssakaki@[Link]
