ENGINEERING COLLEGES

2016 – 17 Odd Semester

COMMON MINIMUM STUDY MATERIAL (MSM)

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

SUBJECT CODE: EC6303

SUBJECT NAME: Signals and Systems

Regulation: 2013 Year and Semester: II /III

Prepared by

Sl.
No.
Name of the Faculty
A D Designation Affiliating College
1.

2.
D.Regitimna

S C
A.Rathinavel Pandian
AP/ECE

AP/ECE
FXEC

SMTEC

3. M.Chitra Evangelin Christina AP/ECE FXEC

4. E.Francy Irudaya Rani AP/ECE FXEC

5. M.Asirvatham AP/ECE SCADCET

Verified by DLI, CLI and Approved by the Centralised Monitoring Team dated
21.06.2016

1
 ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI-25
SYLLABUS COPY
REGULATION 2013

EC6303 SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS LTPC 31 04

UNIT I CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS 9

Continuous time signals (CT signals) - Discrete time signals (DT signals) - Step, Ramp,
Pulse, Impulse, Sinusoidal, Exponential, Classification of CT and DT signals - Periodic &
Aperiodic signals, Deterministic & Random signals, Energy & Power signals - CT systems
and DT systems- Classification of systems – Static & Dynamic, Linear & Nonlinear, Time-
variant & Time-invariant, Causal & Noncausal, Stable & Unstable.

UNIT II ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS TIME SIGNALS 9

Fourier series analysis-spectrum of Continuous Time (CT) signals- Fourier and Laplace
Transforms in CT Signal Analysis - Properties.

UNIT III LINEAR TIME INVARIANT- CONTINUOUS TIME SYSTEMS 9

Differential Equation-Block diagram representation-impulse response, convolution integrals-

Fourier and Laplace transforms in Analysis of CT systems

UNIT IV ANALYSIS OF DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS

A D
Baseband Sampling - DTFT – Properties of DTFT - Z Transform – Properties of Z Transform
9

S C
UNIT V LINEAR TIME INVARIANT-DISCRETE TIME SYSTEMS

Difference Equations-Block diagram representation-Impulse response - Convolution sum-

9

Discrete Fourier and Z Transform Analysis of Recursive & Non-Recursive systems

TOTAL (L:45+T:15): 60 PERIODS

TEXT BOOK:

1. Allan V.Oppenheim, S.Wilsky and S.H.Nawab, “Signals and Systems”, Pearson,

2007.
REFERENCES:

1. B. P. Lathi, “Principles of Linear Systems and Signals”, Second Edition, Oxford,

2009.
2. R.E.Zeimer, W.H.Tranter and R.D.Fannin, “Signals & Systems - Continuous and
Discrete”, Pearson, 2007.
3. John Alan Stuller, “An Introduction to Signals and Systems”, Thomson, 2007.
M.J.Roberts, “Signals & Systems Analysis using Transform Methods & MATLAB”, Tata
McGraw Hill, 2007.

2
EC6303 SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS L TP C3003
1. Aim and Objective of the Subject
Aim:

 To understand the basic properties of signal & systems and the various methods of
classification
 To learn Laplace Transform &Fourier transform and their properties
Objectives:

 To know Z transform & DTFT and their properties

 To characterize LTI systems in the Time domain and various Transform domains

2. Need and Importance for Study of the Subject

Need for Study of the Subject:

 Analyze the properties of signals & systems

 Apply Laplace transform, Fourier transform, Z transform and DTFT in signal analysis

Importance for Study of the Subject:

A D
S C
At the end of the course, the student should be able to:

 Analyze continuous time LTI systems using Fourier and Laplace Transforms
 Analyze discrete time LTI systems using Z transform and DTFT

3. Industry Connectivity and Latest Developments

 Sensor signal analysis and improving security in all industries

 Spectrum Analysis(Fourier) in Communication Industries
 Basics of DSP Processors.

4. Industrial Visit (Planned if any)

Industry: ISRO – Trivandrum.

3
 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Detailed Lesson Plan

Name of the Subject & Code: SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS & EC6303
Name of the Faculty: D.Regitimna AP/ECE, FXEC

A.Rathinavel Pandian AP/ECE, SMTEC

M.Chitra Evangelin Christina AP/ECE, FXEC

E.Francy Irudaya Rani AP/ECE, FXEC

M.Asirvatham AP/ECE, SCADCET

Sem / Yr / Branch : III / II / ECE

TEXT BOOK:

1. Allan V.Oppenheim, S.Wilsky and S.H.Nawab, “Signals and Systems”, Pearson, 2007
(Copies Available in Library: Yes

REFERENCES:

B. P. Lathi, “Principles of Linear Systems and Signals”, Second Edition, Oxford,

D
1.
2009. (Copies Available in Library: Yes)
2.
A
R.E.Zeimer, W.H.Tranter and R.D.Fannin, “Signals & Systems - Continuous and
Discrete”, Pearson, 2007. (Copies Available in Library: Yes)
3.
C
John Alan Stuller, “An Introduction to Signals and Systems”, Thomson, 2007.

S
M.J.Roberts, “Signals & Systems Analysis using Transform Methods & MATLAB”, Tata
McGraw Hill, 2007. (Copies Available in Library: Yes )

Instruction Schedule

No.of Page.
S.No Week Topics to be Covered Text
Hours No

UNIT I CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

1 Continuous time Signals, Discrete time signals 1 T1 1

Step, Ramp Pulse, Impulse, Exponential

2 1
signals T1,R1 15,63-69
1
3 Tutorials 1

4 Classification of CT and DT Signals 1 T1,R1 8,60-63

5 Periodic and aperiodic Signals, Random Signals 1 T1 11

4
6 Energy & Power signals 1 R1 51-55

7 Tutorials 1

8 CT Systems, DT systems 1 T1 39,40

2
Classification of systems (Static & Dynamic, 44-56,
9 1
Linear & Non-linear) T1,R1 73-75

Classification of systems (Time-variant &

10 Time-invariant, Causal & Noncausal, Stable & 1 103-115,
Unstable) T1,R1 75-78

11 3 Tutorials 1

UNIT II ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS TIME SIGNALS

12 Fourier Series Analysis 3 R1 160-236

3
13 Tutorials 1

14 Spectrum of CT signals 1 R1 160-236

15 4 Tutorials 1

16

17
A D
Fourier Transform in Signal Analysis

Laplace transform in Signal Analysis

2

3
T1

T1
285-329

655-682

18
5
Tutorials

S C
UNIT III LINEAR TIME INVARIANT- CONTINUOUS TIME SYSTEMS
1

19 Differential Equation 1 R1 108,416

5
20 Block Diagram representation 2 R1 121

21 6 Tutorials 1

22 Impulse Response 1 T1 114

6
23 Convolution Integral 1 T1 90-102

24 Frequency response 1 R1 71

25 Tutorials 1

26 7 Fourier transform in Analysis 2 T1 285-329

27 Laplace transform in Analysis 2 T1 693

5
 28 8 Tutorials 1

UNIT IV ANALYSIS OF DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS

29 Baseband Sampling of CT Signals 1 T1 514-545

30 Aliasing 1 T1 527
8
31 Tutorials 1

32 DTFT and properties 2 T1 358-387

33 Z-Transform 1 T1 741-764
9
34 Z-Transform Properties 3 T1 767-780

35 10 Tutorials 2

UNIT V LINEAR TIME INVARIANT-DISCRETE TIME SYSTEMS

36 Difference Equation 1 R1 108-120

37 10 Block Diagram representation 3 R2 121-124

38 Tutorials 1

39 Impulse Response

A D 1 T1 113

40

41
11
Convolution Sum

S C
Discrete Fourier Analysis of Recursive & Non-
1

2
T1
75-90,
384-86

Recursive systems R2 312-339

Z Transform Analysis of Recursive & Non-

42 2
12 Recursive systems R2 312-339

43 Tutorials 2

Total Hours: 60

6
 TABLE OF CONTENT

S.no TITLE PAGE

NO
UNIT I CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
PART A 1-5
PART B
1 Sketching of CT Signals 6
2 a) Classification Of CT Signals & DT Signals-Theory 7
2 b) Classification Of CT Systems & DT Systems- Theory 12
3 Periodic Signals 14
4 Power / Energy Signals 15
5 System- Classification 16
UNIT II ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS TIME SIGNALS

PART A 21-25
PART B
1 Fourier Series 26
2 Fourier Transform 31
3 Laplace Transform 33
4 Inverse Laplace Transform 34
5 Properties 36

D
UNIT III LINEAR TIME INVARIANT- CONTINUOUS TIME SYSTEMS

A PART A
PART B
52-56

1
2
3
4
Block Diagram

Analysis
S C
Convolution Method

Analysis Using Initial Conditions

57
59
60
60
5 Solutions of Differential Analysis 62
UNIT IV ANALYSIS OF DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS
PART A 64-66
PART B
1 Sampling Theorem 67
2 Discrete Time Fourier Transform 71
3 Z-Transform 73
4 Inverse Z-Transform 75
5 Properties 79
UNIT V LINEAR TIME INVARIANT-DISCRETE TIME SYSTEMS
PART A 91-95
PART B
1 Block Diagram 96
2 Analysis 98
3 Analysis –Step Response 99
4 Analysis- Stability 102
5 Convolution Sum 103

7
 UNIT – I
Part A Questions and Answers
1. Define Signal and System.
Signals are defined as a physical quantity that varies with time, space or any other
independent variable.
Eg: Speech signal, TV & Radio signal, Voltage & Current.
System is a set of elements or functional blocks that are connected together and
produces an output in response to an input.

Eg: Amplifier, Filter and Motor.

2. Difference between Continuous Time Signal and Discrete Time Signal.

APRIL/MAY 10

Continuous Time Signal Discrete Time Signal.

1. Signal is defined for every instant 1. Signal is defined only at discrete

of time. instant of time.

2. Denoted by x(t).

3. It is also called analog signal.

A D 2. Denoted by x(n).

3. x(t) = x(nT)

SC
3.Define step and impulse function in discrete signals.
APRIL/MAY 2010, 2011, NOV/DEC 2013,15, 16

Unit impulse sequence δ(n): ( sample sequence)

It is defined as
= 1 for n = 0
= 0 for n 0
Unit step sequence u(n): Fig: Unit Impulse Sequence
If a step function has unity magnitude hence it is called
unit step signal.
It is denoted by u(n). It is defined as
u(n) = 1 for n ≥ 0
u(n) = 0 for n < 0

Fig: Unit Step Sequence

1
4. Prove that (n) = u(n) - u(n-1). NOV/DEC 2010
We know that

u(n) - u(n-1) =

u(n) - u(n-1) = (n) = 1 for n = 0

= 0 for n ≠ 0

5. Difference between Periodic and Aperiodic signals. APRIL/MAY 2010

Periodic signal Aperiodic signal

1. For CT signal is said to be periodic 1. For CT signal is said to be A
if, x(t) = x(t+T) for all t. periodic
If, x(t) x(t+T) for all t.
2. For Discrete, 2. For Discrete,
if, x(n) = x(n+N) for all n. If, x(n) x(n+N) for all n.

Eg: Sine waveform 3. Eg: Noise

A D
SC
6. Define Deterministic Signal and Random Signals (or) Non-Deterministic Signals
MAY/JUNE 2013 APRIL/MAY 2010, 2011

Deterministic Signal is defined as the signals that are completely specified in time and
it can be predicated.
Eg: x(t) = Asinωt

Random Signal is defined as the signal that takes on random value at any given instant
are it cannot be predicted.

Eg: Thermal noise in an electric circuit ECG signal.

2
7. Define Energy Signals and Power Signals for CT and DT Signal?
APRIL/MAY 2013, 2015, NOV/DEC 2010
For CT signal:
• A Signal x(t) is called an energy signals if the energy is finite and power is zero.
• Total Energy , E =
• A Signal x(t) is called a power signal if the average power P is finite and energy
is infinite.
• Average power , P = watts
Note : The square root of P is known as rms value of the signal.
For DT signal:
• Total Energy, E =
• Average power, P =
EXAMPLE:
Determine whether the following signals is energy or power and calculate its energy and
power x(t) = e-2t u(t) NOV/DEC 2012
Solution:
The energy of the signal
E=
=
= =

A D
C
The power of the signal
P=
=
=
S=0
The energy of the signal is finite, and the power is 0. Therefore the signal x1(t) is an energy
signal.
8. For the signal shown in Figure, find x(2t + 3) . NOV/DEC 2009 MAY 2014

Solution:

Starting point Ending point

2t+3 = -1 2t+3 = 2
2t = -4 2t = -1
t= t=
t = -2 t = -0.5 Fig : x(2t+3)

3
9. Check whether the following system is static or dynamic and also causal and non-
causal. y(n) =x(2n) NOV/DEC 2012, APR/MAY 2010
A System is said to be static (Memory less), if its output depends upon the
present input only. A System is said to be dynamic (System with Memory), if its
output depends upon post as well as future values of the input.
(i) The given system equation is,
y(n) = x(2n)
Here when, n = 1 y(1) = x(2)
n = 2 y(2) = x(4)…
Thus the output y(n) depends upon the future inputs. Hence the system is non-causal.
(ii) The given system equation is,
y(n) = x(2n)
Here when, n = 1 y(1) = x(2)
n = 2 y(2) = x(4)…
Thus the system needs to store the future input samples. It requires memory. Hence the
system is dynamic.
10. Determine whether the system y(n) = log(1+|x(n)|) is stable or not. NOV/DEC 2011
Here y(n) = log(1+|x(n)|) is taken.This means 1+ |x(n)| > 0.
Hence y(n) will be bounded for all bounded values of x(n).
The system is stable.
11. Verify whether the system described by the equation is linear and time invariant

D
y(t) = x(t2 ). APRIL/MAY 2012
Solution:
Condition for linearity

A
a1y1( t) + a2y2(t) = f [a1x1( t) + a2x2(t)]
y1( t) = x1( t2)

C
y2( t) = x2( t2)
a1y1( t) = a1x1( t2)
a2y2( t) = a2x2( t2) S
a1y1(t) + a2y2(t) = a1x1( t2) + a2x2( t2)
= [a1x1( t2) + a2x2(t2)] (1)
R.H.S
f[a1x1( t) + a2x2(t)] = [a1x1( t2) + a2x2(t2)] (2)
(1) = (2) Therefore the system is linear.
Condition for Time Invariant
y(t-T) = F [x(t-T)]
y(t-T) = x(t-T)2 (1)
F[x(t-T)] = x(t2-T) (2)
(1) ≠ (2)
Therefore the system is time variant
12. Given x[n] = {1, -4, 3, 1, 5, 2}. Represent x(n) in terms of weighted shifted impulse
functions. MAY/JUNE 2014
x(n) =
= +
Ans: x(n) = +

4
13. Sketch the following signals. MAY/JUNE 2014
a) x(t) = 2t for all t
b) x(n) = 2n – 3, for all n.
Solution:
a) x(t) = 2t for all t
t = 0, x(t) = 0
t = 1, x(t) = 2
t = 2, x(t) = 4
Fig: x(t) = 2t
b) x(n) = 2n – 3, for all n.
n = -2, x(n) = -7
n = -1, x(n) = -5
n = 0, x(n) = -3
n = 1, x(n) = -1
n = 2, x(n) = 1
n = 3, x(n) = 3
n = 4, x(n) = 5
n = 5, x(n) = 7
Fig: x(n) = 2n – 3

14. Check whether the discrete time signal sin3n is periodic. MAY/JUNE 2013
Solution:
x(n) = sin3n

N=
N=

.m
.m; ω = 3

A D
Assume m = 3,
N=

N = 2π
.m

SC
The number is the irrational number. Hence the given signal is non-periodic.

15. Define Time Invariant and Variant System (or) what are the condition for a system to
be LTI system ?
(or) How do you prove that the system is time invariant? NOV/DEC 2013
• A System is said to be time-invariant, if its input-output characteristics do not change
with time.
• A System is said to be linear time Invariant system, if it satisfies the condition.
For CT System, y(t-T) = f [x(t-T)]
For DT System, y(n-K) = f [x(n-K)]
• If it does not satisfies the condition the given system is “Time variant system".
NOTE:
• If all Coefficients are constant, the given system is Linear Time System.
Eg: 2d2y(t)/dt2 + 4dy(t)/dt + 5y(t) = 5x(t)
• If coefficient is a function of time the given system is "Linear Time Varying System".
Eg: 2d2y(t)/dt2 + 4tdy(t)/dt + 5y(t) = x(t).

5
 UNIT – I
PART B Questions and Answers

1 . SKETCHING
a) A continuous time signal x(t) is shown in fig. sketch and label carefully each of
the following signal: 1) x(t-1) 2) x(2-t) 3)x(t)[δ(t+3/2) - δ(t-3/2)] 4) x(2t+1)
APRIL/MAY 2008,2015, NOV/DEC 2015, 2016

Fig: x(t)

Solution:
1) x(t-1) 2) x(2-t)

3) x(t)[δ(t+3/2)- δ(t-3/2)]

A D 4) x(2t+1)

SC
b). Sketch the following signals: APRIL/MAY 2011
1) x(t) = r(t) 2) x(t) = r(-t+2) 3) x(t) = -2r(t)

Solution:
1) x(t) = r(t) 2) x(t) = r(-t+2) 3)x(t) = -2r(t)

6
c) A discrete time signal is shown below: Sketch the following NOV/DEC 2006

1) x(n-3) 2) x(3-n) 3) x(2n)

Fig: x(n)
Solution:
1) x(n-3) 2) x(3-n) 3) x(2n)
Starting point Ending point Starting point Ending point
n-3 = -3 n-3 = 3 3 - n = -3 3-n=3
n=0 n=6 -n = -3-3 = 6 n=0

2) a) CLASSIFICATION OF CT SIGNALS & DT SIGNALS:

Classification of CT Signals:
A D
SC
1. Deterministic or Non-deterministic Signals
2. Periodic and A-periodic Signals
3. Even and Odd (or) Symmetry and Non-symmetry Signals
4. Energy and Power Signals
• Deterministic or Non-deterministic Signals:
Deterministic Signal:
It is defined as the signals that are completely specified in time and it can be predicted
(i.e) is amplitude at any time instance can be predicted.
It can be completely represented by mathematical equation at any time.
Eg.: x (t) = At. This is a ramp signal its amplitude increases linear with time and slope is A.
x (t) = A cosωt

Fig: Deterministic Signal

The amplitude of signal varies sinusoidal with time and its maximum amplitude is A.

7
Random Signals (or) Non-Deterministic Signals:
It is defined as the signal that takes on random value at any given instant and it cannot be
predicted. It cannot be defined by some mathematical expression. Random signals are broadly
called as noise signals.
Eg: Thermal noise in an electric circuit ECG signal.

Fig: Random Signals

• Periodic Signal:
A Signal x(t) is said to be periodic if it repeats after a fixed time period.
x(t) = x(t + T) , -
Above condition is satisfied, the signal is said to be periodic.

Fig: Periodic Signal

Eg: x(t) = A sinωt

x(t) = A cosωt
A D
ω-> fundamental frequency
Angular frequency:
ω = 2πf [f= ]
SC
T=
T is the fundamental time period
Non-Periodic Signals:
A Signals x(t) is said to be non- periodic if it does not repeat.

Fig: Non-Periodic Signal

x(t) = x(t+T) , -
Above condition is not satisfied, the signal is said to be non-periodic.
Eg: Noise.

8
Note: If the sum of two input signal x1(t) and x2(t) to be periodic, then the ratio of periods

must be a rational number (or) ratio of two integers. Otherwise the sum is non-periodic.
= i.e. ratio of two integers. This is the condition for periodicity. The period of x(t) will be

least common multiple of and

For example:
Let as take two signals with the time periods of = 5 and = 7. The ratio of time
periods / = 5/7 is a rational number. Therefore the addition of two signals is periodic and
the period is given by T = 7 =5 . On the other hand if the time periods of two signals are
= 3 and = , the ratio of time periods = is not a rational number. Therefore the sum

of two signals is not periodic.

• Even and Odd (or) Symmetry and Non-symmetry Signals:

Even Signal: (or) Symmetric Signal:
A signal x(t) is said to be symmetric (even) signal if it satisfies the condition.
x(-t) = x(t) for all t
Eg: x(t) = A cosωt

A D
SC
Fig: Symmetric Signal

Odd Signal (or) Non-Symmetric Signal:

A signal x(t) is said to be non symmetric (odd) signal if it satisfies the condition.
x(-t) = -x(t) for all t

Eg: x(t) = A sinωt

x(t) can be expressed as sum of even and odd components.
x(t) = xe(t) + xo(t)
xe(t) ---- even signal

Fig:Non-Symmetric Signal
xo(t) ---- odd signal
x(-t) = xe(-t) + xo(-t)
x(-t) = xe(t) - xo(t)

9
 xe(t) = [x(t) + x(-t)]

xo(t) = [x(t) - x(-t)]

• Energy and Power Signals

Energy Signals:
A Signal x(t) is called an energy signals if the energy is finite and power is zero.
E=

Power Signals:
A Signal x(t) is called a power signal if the average power P is finite and energy is
infinite.
Average power , P =

Note:
The signal that does not satisfy above properties are neither energy nor power signal. The r.m.s
value of the signal is
II) Classification of DT Signals:
1. Deterministic or Non-deterministic Signals
2. Periodic or A-periodic Signals
3. Even and Odd (or) Symmetry and Non-symmetry Signals
4. Energy and Power signals
• Deterministic or Non-deterministic Signal:
Deterministic Signal:

A D
It is defined as the signals that are completely specified in time and it can be predicted (i.e)
is amplitude at any time instance can be predicted.

x (n) = A sinωn C
Eg: x (n) = An. This is a ramp signal its amplitude increases linear with time and slope is A.

S
The amplitude of signal varies sinusoidal with time and its maximum amplitude is A.
Random Signals (or) Non-Deterministic Signals:
It is defined as the signal that takes on random value at any given instant and it cannot be
predicted.
Eg: Thermal noise in an electric circuit , ECG signal.
• Periodic Signal:
A Signal x(n) is said to be periodic if it repeats after a fixed time period.
x(n) = x(n+N) for all n
Above condition is satisfied, the signal is said to be periodic.
Eg:
x(n) = A sinωn
x(n) = A cosωn
ω-> fundamental frequency
Angular frequency:
ω = 2πf
N= .m
N is the fundamental time period
For the DT signal to be periodic, the fundamental frequency must be a rational multiple of 2

10
Otherwise the discrete time signal is aperiodic.

Non-Periodic Signals:
A Signals x(n) is said to be non- periodic if it does not repeat.
x(n) = x(n+N) -
Above condition is not satisfied, the signal is said to be non-periodic.

Eg: Noise.
Note:
Here x(n)=x1(n)+x2(n) is periodic if = i.e. ratio of two integers

This is the condition for periodicity. The period of x(n) will be least common multiple of and

Even Signal: (or) Symmetric Signal:

A D
• Even and Odd (or) Symmetry and Non-symmetry Signals:

A signal x(n) is said to be symmetric (even) signal if it satisfies the condition.

x(-n) = x(n) for all n
Eg:x(n) = A cosωn

SC
Fig: An Even sequence
Odd Signal (or) Non-Symmetric Signal:
A signal x(n) is said to be non symmetric (odd) signal if it satisfies the condition.
x(-n) = -x(n) for all n
Eg: x(n) = A sinωn
x(n) can be expressed as sum of even and odd components.
x(n) = xe(n) + xo(n)
xe(n) ---- even signal xo(n) ---- odd signal

x(-n) = xe(-n) + xo(-n)

x(-n) = xe(n) - xo(n)

11
 xe(n) = [x(n) + x(-n)]

xo(n) = [x(n) - x(-n)]

• Energy and Power signals

Energy Signals:
A Signal x(n) is called an energy signals if the energy is finite and power is zero.
E=
Power Signals:
A Signal x(t) is called a power signal if the average power P is finite and energy is infinite.
Average power , P =

2. b) CONTINUOUS TIME SYSTEMS & DISCRETE TIME SYSTEMS:

Continuous Time System:
In CT system both input signal and output signal are continuous time
y(t) = F[x(t)]
Eg: Analog filters, amplifiers, motors.
Discrete Time System:
In DT system both input signal and output signal are Discrete time
y(n) = F[x(n)]

D
Eg: Digital filter.
Classification of CT & DT Systems
1. Linear and Non-Linear System
2. Time Invariant and Time Variant System
3.Static and Dynamic System

C A
4. Causal and Non-Causal System
5. Stable and Unstable System
• Linear and Non-linear System: S
A system is said to be linear if it satisfies the superposition principle.
APR/MAY 2017

Superposition principle:
It states that the weighted sum of input signal be equal to the weighted sum of output
signal corresponding to each of the individual input signal.
In CT system
a1y1( t) + a2y2(t) = f[a1x1( t) + a2x2(t)]
In DT system
a1y1( n) + a2y2(n) = f[a1x1( n) + a2x2(n)]

• Time Invariant and Time Variant System:

• A system is said to be time invariant if its input and output characteristics do not change
with time
• If we delay of input by T second then for the time invariant system the output also delayed
by T seconds
• A system is said to be linear time invariant system if it satisfies the condition
In CT System

12
 y(t-T) = F [x(t-T)]
In DT System
y(n-k) = F [x(n-k)]
• If does not satisfies the condition the system is said to be time variant system.
• Time variant systems are also called as fixed system.
Example
2 +5 + 4 y(t) = 5y(t)
Since the coefficients are constant, the given system is an LTI system.
+5t + 4 y(t) = x(t)
It is a linear time varying system, since the coefficients are function of time.
Note:
• If all the coefficients are constant then the system is a linear time invariant system
• If the coefficients are function of time then the system is a linear time variant system

Static and Dynamic System (or) System with memory and without memory:
• A system is said to be static the output depends upon present input only
• A system is said to be dynamic if its output depends upon present, past, as well as future
input
Static -> memoryless
Dynamic -> memory

Example
y(t)= x2(t) in continous- time => static system
A D
y(t) =
C
y(n)=nx(n) in discrete time => static system

S
in continous- time => dynamic system
y(n)=x(n-1) in discrete time => dynamic system

Note:
The given system in differential the system is dynamic. Eg: capacitor, inductor
Causal and Non causal System: NOV/DEC 2016
• A system is said to be causal if its output at any time depends upon present and past
input.
• These systems are also known as non-anticipate system.
• If the system is said to non causal if its output at any time depends upon the present and
future input only.
Eg: For causal
y(t) = x(t) + x(t-1)
y(n) = nx(n) + x(n-3)
x(n), x(n-1), x(n-2)
For non causal
y(t) = x(t+3) + x2(t)
y(n) = x(2n)
x(n), x(n+1), x(n+2)
Stable and Unstable system:

13
 • A system is said to be bounded input and bounded output (BIBO) stable if and only if
every bounded input produces the bounded output
• In CT System, an LTI system is stable if the impulse response h(n) is absolutely
integrable.
<

• In DT System, an LTI system is stable if the impulse response h(n) is absolutely

summable.
<

3. PERIODIC OR NON-PERIODIC
a) Determine whether the discrete time sequence. x(n) = sin + cos
MAY/JUNE 13, 14, 15
Given: x(n) = sin + cos
N1 = .m; ω =

N1 = .m
Assume m = 3,
N1 =
N2 = .m; ω =
N2 = 6.m
Assume m = 1 ,
N2 = 6
A D
= =

The number is the irrational number

SC
Hence the given signal is non-periodic.

b) Check whether the following are periodic MAY/JUNE 2011

1) x(n) = sin

N= .m; ω =
N= .m .m
Assume m = 3,
N=7
The number is the rational number. Hence the given signal is periodic.
2) x(n) = ej3π/5(n+1/2)
N = .m; ω =
N= .m
Assume m = 3,
N =10
Hence the given signal is periodic signal.

14
C) Check whether the following signals are periodic/aperiodic signals.
x(n) = 3 + cos + cos2n NOV/ DEC 13, 14
Solution:
N1 = .m; ω =
N1 = . m = 4. m
Assume m = 1,
N1 = 4
N2 = . m; ω = 2
N2 = .m= .m
Assume m = 1,
N2 =
=
π N1 = 4N2
π×4=4×π
N=4π

The ratio of two integers is not rational .Therefore the given signal is aperiodic.

d) x(t) = 2cos 100πt + 5 sin 50t

T1 = ; ω = 100π T1 = =

A D April/May 2008, 2017

C
T2 = ; ω = 50 T2 = =

2π ×
=

=
T=
2π T1 = T2

= S
The ratio of T1 and T2 is not a rational number. Hence the given signal is non periodic.

4. POWER/ENERGY:
a) Define energy & power signals. Find whether the signals x(n) = n u(n)is energy or
power and calculate their energy and power. NOV/DEC 2013, APR/MAY 2017
Energy Signals:
A Signal x(n) is called an energy signals if the energy is finite and power is zero.
E=
Power Signals:
A Signal x(n) is called a power signal if the average power P is finite and energy is
infinite.
Average power , P =

15
 Given: x(n) = n u(n)

E=

= 2 u(n)

=
= = =

P= 2

=0
The energy is finite and power is zero. Therefore x(n) is an energy signal.
b) x(t) = cos2( 0t).
E=
E=
=

=
=
A D
E=∞
P=
= SC
=

=
P=
The energy of the signal is infinite, and the power is finite. Hence the signal x(t) is a power
signal.

5. SYSTEM CLASSIFICATION
1) y(t) + ty(t) = x(t) NOV/DEC 2013,15, 16, APR/MAY 2017

a) Linear (or) non linear:

Condition for linearity
a1y1( t) + a2y2(t) = f[a1x1( t) + a2x2(t)]
y1(t) = y1(t) + t y1(t) = x1(t)

16
 a1y1(t) = a1 y1(t) + a1t y1(t) = a1x1(t)
a2y2(t) = a2 y2(t) + a2t y2(t) = a2x2(t)
a1y1( t) + a2y2(t) = a1 y1(t) + a1t y1(t) + a2 y2(t) + a2t y2(t)
a1y1( t) + a2y2(t) = a1x1(t) + a2x2(t) (1)
f[a1x1( t) + a2x2(t)] = [a1y1(t) + a2 y2(t)] + t[a1 y1(t) +a2y2(t) ] = a1x1(t) + a2x2(t) (2)
(1) = (2) Therefore the given system is linear.
b) Time invariant (or) time variant:
y(t) + ty(t) = x(t)
If the coefficient is constant then the system is a linear time variant system. This
means output changes with time. Hence this system is time variant.
c) Static (or) dynamic:
The given system is in differential. Therefore the system is dynamic
d) Stable (or) Unstable:
y(t) + ty(t) = x(t)
For stability of a system the impulse response should be absolute integrable.

Every bounded input produces a bounded output. The given system is stable.
e) Causal (or) non causal:
y(-2) -2y(-2) = x(-2) => present

A D
C
y(-1) -1 y(-1) = x(-1) => present

S
y(0) + 0y(0) = x(0) => present
y(1) + y(1) = x(1) => present
y(2) + 2y(2) = x(2) => present
Output depends upon the present input only. Therefore the system is causal.

2) y(n) = x(n2) NOV/DEC 13, 09

a) Linear (or) non linear:
Condition for linearity
a1y1( n) + a2y2(n) = f[a1x1( n) + a2x2(n)]
y1( n) = x1( n2)
y2( n) = x2( n2)
a1y1( n) = a1x1( n2)
a2y2( n) = a2x2( n2)
a1y1( n) + a2y2(n) = a1x1( n2) + a2x2( n2)
= [a1x1( n2) + a2x2(n2)] (1)
R.H.S = [a1x1( n2) + a2x2(n2)] (2)
(1) = (2) Therefore the system is linear.

17
b) Time invariant (or) time variant:
Condition, y(n-k) = F [x(n-k)]
y(n-k) = x(n-k) 2 (1)
F[x(n-k)] = n x(n-k) (2)
y(n-k) = F [x(n2-k)]
(1) (2) Therefore the system is time variant.
c) Static (or) dynamic:
Static the output depends upon future input only. Therefore the system is dynamic.
d) Stable (or) Unstable:
This system is satisfies the condition. Hence the system is stable
e) Causal (or) non causal:
y(-2) = x(4)
y(-1) = x(1)
y(0) = x(0)
y(1) = x(1)
y(2) = x(4)
Output y(n) depends upon the future input . Therefore the system is non-causal.

3) y(n) = x2(n) APRIL/MAY 09, NOV 12

Solution:
a) Linear (or) non linear:
Condition for linearity
a1y1( n) + a2y2(n) = f[a1x1( n) + a2x2(n)]
y1( n) = x12( n)
A D
y2( n) = x22( n)
a1y1( n) = a1x12( n)
a2y2( n) = a2x22( n)
SC
a1y1( n) + a2y2(n) = a1x12( n) + n a2x22( n)
= a1x12( n) + a2x22(n) (1)
2 2 2
R.H.S [a1x1( n) + a2x2(n)] = a1x1 ( n) + a2x2 (n) + 2 a1x1( n)a2x2(n) (2)
(1) (2) Therefore the system is non linear.
b) Time invariant (or) time variant:
Condition for time invariant
y(n-k) = F [x(n-k)]
y(n-k) = x2 (n-k) (1)
F[x(n-k)] = x2 (n-k) (2)
(1) = (2)
Therefore the system is time invariant
c) Static (or) dynamic:
The output y(n) depends upon present inputs only. Therefore the system is static.
d) Stable (or) Unstable system:
The output is bounded as long as input is bounded. Hence the system is stable
e) Causal (or) non causal:
y(-2) = x2 (-2)

18
 y(-1) = x2 (-1)
y(0) = x2 (0)
y(1) = x2 (1)
y(2) = x2 (2)
Output y(n) depends upon the present input. Therefore the system is causal.

4) y(t) =
a) Linear (or) non linear:
Condition for linearity
a1y1( n) + a2y2(n) = f[a1x1( n) + a2x2(n)]
a1y1(n) = a1x1(n)+ na1x1 (n+1)
a2y2(n) = a2x2(n)+ na2x2 (n+1)
a1y1(n) + a2y2(n) = a1x1(n)+ na1x1 (n+1) + a2x2(n)+ na2x2 (n+1)
= a1x1(n)+ a2x2(n)+ n[a1x1 (n+1) + a2x2 (n+1)] (1)
R.H.S = a1x1(n)+ a2x2(n)+ n[ a1x1(n+1) + a2x2(n+1)] (2)
(1) (2) Therefore the system is linear.
b) Time invariant (or) time variant:
Condition for time invariant
y(n-k) = F [x(n-k)]
y(n-k) = x(n-k) + (n-k) x(n-k+1) (1)
F[x(n-k)] = x(n-k) +n x(n-k+1)
(1) (2)
Therefore the system is time variant

A D (2)

C
c) Static (or) dynamic:
The output y(n) depends upon x(n) and n x(n+1). x(n) is the present and x(n+1) is the

d) Stable (or) Unstable system:

S
future inputs. Therefore the system is dynamic.

In the given system equation, n ∞, y ∞ even if x(n) is bounded. Hence the system
is unstable.
e) Causal (or) non causal:
y(-2) = x(-2) + (-2)x(-1)
y(-1) = x(-1) + (-1)x(0)
y(0) = x(0) + (0)x(1)
y(1) = x(1) + (1)x(2)
The output y(n) depends upon x(n) and nx(n+1). x(n) is the present and x(n+1) is the
future inputs. Therefore the system is non-causal.

5) y(n) = April/May 2000

a) Linear (or) non linear:
Condition for linearity
a1y1( n) + a2y2(n) = f[a1x1( n) + a2x2(n)]
y1( n) =
y2( n) =

19
 a1y1( n) = a1
a2y2( n) = a2
a1y1( n) + a2y2(n) = a1 + a2 (1)
R.H.S
= = .
(1) (2)
Therefore the system is non linear.
b) Time invariant (or) time variant:
Condition for time invariant
y(n-k) = F [x(n-k)]
y(n-k) = (1)
F[x(n-k)] = (2)
(1) (2)
Therefore the system is time invariant
c) Static (or) dynamic:
The output y(n) depends upon present inputs. Therefore the system is static.

d) Stable (or) Unstable system:

As long as x(n) is bounded. Output y(n) is also bounded. Therefore the system is stable.
e) Causal (or) non causal:
y(-2) =
y(-1) =
y(0) =
A D
y(1) =
y(2) =
SC
Output y(n) depends upon the present input only . Therefore the system is causal.

20
 UNIT – II
Part A Questions and Answers

1. State the trigonometric and exponential Fourier series.

APRIL/MAY 2009, NOV/DEC 2013
A Trigonometric Fourier Series consists of both A.C and D.C signals. The DC Signals are represented
as "a0". Then AC Signal is a combination of both sine and cosine signals. It can be written as,

Where , an & bn are constants

Complex Exponential Fourier series:

•
A D
This Fourier Series is called "Exponential Fourier Series" because it involves

C
exponential term.
The Value of “n” goes from -∞ to ∞ in the summation sign. The gives the doubled sided
spectrum of signals.
S
2. Define Fourier Series and Fourier Transform?
Fourier Series:
APRIL/MAY 2009

Any periodic signal can be represented as an infinite sum of sine and cosine
function with angular frequencies o, ωo,......t.ωo. Thus Series of sine and cosine terms is
known as "Trigonometric Fourier Series".
It can be written as,

a0 = dc component, an & bn = constant.

Fourier Transform:
let x(t) be a signal such that and x(t) is absolutely integrable then the Fourier
transform of x(t) is defined as,
X(jω) =

3. Define Fourier Transform Pair?

Consider the a periodic signal and Fourier transform of x(t) is defined as
X(jω) = (1)

21
Inverse Fourier transform is
x(t) = (2)
Equation 1 & 2 are referred to as Fourier Transform Pair.

4. Write short notes on Dirichlet condition for Fourier Series (or) Existence of
Fourier Series for periodic signal (or) Convergence of Fourier series ?
DEC2009, 13, 12, 14,MAY 04,
06, 09, 2014
The Fourier Series x(t) exist only when the function x(t) satisfies the following four
condition called "Dirichlet condition"
i. The function x(t) should be signal valued within the interval T0.
ii. The function x(t) should have a finite number of discontinuities in the interval To.
iii. The function x(t) should have a finite number of maxima and minima in the
interval To.
iv. The function x(t) should be absolutely integrable.

5. Write short notes on Dirichlet conditions for Fourier Transform (or) Existence
of Fourier Transform for Non-Periodic signals? NOV/DEC 2011, 2015, APR 2017

D
The Fourier Transform x(t) exists only when the function x(t) satisfies the
following four conditions called "Dirichlet condition".

A
i. The function x(t) should be signal values in any finite time interval T0.

interval To.
SC
ii. The function x(t) should have a finite number of discontinuities in the interval To.
iii. The function x(t) should have a finite number of maxima and minima in the

iv. The Function x(t) should be absolutely integrable.

6. i)Obtain the Fourier series coefficients for x(n) = sinω0n. APR/MAY 2011
ii)Also obtain Fourier series coefficients for signal cos t. 5 APR/MAY 2012, 15, NOV 2016
i) Given: x(n) = sinω0n

= - (1)
Discrete time Fourier series
x(n) =
= X(-1) + X(0) + X(1) with k = -1, 0, 1
Comparing above equation with equation (1)
X(-1) = , X(0) = 0, X(1) = , rest of coefficients are zero.

22
 ii) Given: x(t) = cos t

= = -

Here, =
For k = -1 and 1then the above equation becomes
+ X(1)
Comparing with above equation

Ans: X(-1) = - and X(1) =

7. Determine the Laplace transform of the signal (t-5) and u(t-5).
APR/MAY 2012
L[ (t-5)] = using(L[ (t-a)] = )

L[u(t-5)] = , ROC: Re(s) > 0 using(L[u(t-a)]= )

8. What is relation between Fourier Transform and Laplace Transform? (or)

Define Laplace Transform? In What way it is different from Fourier Transform

A
• x(t) and X(s) is called Laplace Transform pair.
NOV/DEC 2015
D NOV/DEC 2010

x(t) X(s)

SC
• Variable 's' is the complex frequency
S = σ + jω
σ attenuation constant (or) damping factor
ω angular frequency
X(s) =
X(s) =
If the given sign is absolutely integral σ = 0
σ = 0, s = jω, X(jω) = X(s)/s =
jω
This is the relation between Fourier Transform and Laplace Transform

9. State the time scaling property of Laplace transforms. MAY/JUNE 2013

If L[x(t)] = X(s)
Then L[x(at)] = X

23
10. What is the Fourier transform of a DC signal of amplitude 1? MAY/JUNE 2013
Given: x(t) = 1

Fourier Transform, X(jω) =

= Fig: DC signal

Ans: X(jω) = 2πδ(ω)

11. Find the Laplace transform of x(t) = u(t-1) and also specify its region of
convergence. NOV/DEC2011, 2016
L[ u(t)] = , ROC: Re(s) > a
By using shifting theorem,
L[ u(t-1)] = . ; ROC: Re(s) > a

At a = -5; L[ u(t-1)] = . ; ROC: Re(s)>-5

w.k.t x(t) = u(t-1) can be rearranged as

L.H.S:
x(t) =
x(t) =
u(t-1) =
u(t-1)

A D u(t-1) = u(t-1)

X(s) = =

SC ;

12. Define Bilateral and Unilateral Laplace transform?

ROC: Re(s) >-5

Bilateral Laplace Transform:

It is defined as,
X(s) =
Here the integration is taken from -∞ to ∞. Hence it is called bilateral Laplace
transform.
Unilateral Laplace Transform:
It is defined as,
X(s) =
Here the integration is taken from 0 to ∞. Hence it is called unilateral Laplace
transform.

13. Give synthesis and analysis equations of continuous time Fourier transform.
NOV/DEC 2012
Let x(t) be the signal which is function of time 't'.
Fourier Transform of x(t) is given by,

24
 X(jω) =
Or
X(f) =
It is also known as analysis equation
Inverse Fourier Transform is given by,
x(t) =
Or
x(t) =
It is also known as Synthesis equation

14. Define Region of Convergence of the Laplace transform? NOV/DEC 2012

The range of value of “σ” for which the integral (ie) converges is
referred to as the region of convergence of the laplace transform

15. State initial value theorem and final value theorem for Laplace transform?
APRIL/MAY 09, 11
If L[x(t)] = X(s), then the initial value theorem states that,

D
If L[x(t)] = X(s), then the final value theorem states that,

A
SC

25
 UNIT -II
Part B Questions and Answers

1. FOURIER SERIES:
a) Obtain the Fourier Series of half waveform rectified sine function.
Solution: APRIL / MAY 04, 06, 11, 17, NOV 14

The Signal x(t) =

Fundamental frequency, ω0 = =1
The interval of integration is from t = 0 to t+T0 = 2π. But during the interval from π to 2π the
signal has zero value. So interval is taken from0 to π.
Trigonometric Fourier Series:

Where, an & bn are constants

A D
SC Fig: Half wave rectified sine wave

, When ‘n’ is even

26
 =

Ans:

A D
The above expression does not satisfy for a1 & b1
For n = 1,

SC
For n = 1,

Trigonometric Fourier series is,

Ans:

27
Exponential Fourier Series:

Put n = 0,

A D
, When ‘n’ is even
SC
Exponential Fourier Series is,

Ans:

Polar (Cosine) Fourier Series:

28
Polar Fourier Series is,

Ans:

b) Find the Fourier series of the periodic signal x(t) as shown in fig. DEC 09, MAY 15, 10
Given:
Find x(t) for
Solution:
Equation of the straight line:
A D
C
Points are (-1, -1) and (1, 1)
=

=1
=
S Fig: Saw tooth waveform
=t+1
= t, For -1 t 1
Time Period, T0 = 2; Fundamental frequency, ω0 = =π
Trigonometric /Quadrature Fourier Series is,
x(t) = a0 + cos + s

a0 = dt = .dt

= [1 - 1]
a0 = 0

an = cos dt

29
 = cos dt
= cos( ) dt
=

= –

an = 0
bn = sin dt

= sin dt

bn =
A D
SC
Quadrature/ Trigonometric Fourier Series is

x(t) = sin

Ans: x(t) = sin

Complex Exponential Fourier Series is,

x(t) =

cn = dt

= dt

= e-jnπtdt = eax

30
 =

cn =

Complex Exponential Fourier Series is

Ans:

A D
2. FOURIER TRANSFORM:
a) Find the Fourier Transform of x(t) =

SC
u(t), a > 0. Plot the magnitude and
phase Spectrum (or) Find the Fourier Transform of decaying exponential.
MAY/JUNE 2006, NOV/DEC 2016
Solution:

Given: x(t) = u(t); x(t) =

Given system is not absolutely integrable.

Fourier Transform, X(jω) =

Fig:Decaying exponential

31
X(jω) =

Ans: X(jω) = (or) FT[ ]=

Magnitude Spectrum:

Phase Spectrum:

Fig: Magnitude and phase Spectrum

b) x(t) = t
Solution:
u(t)

A D NOV/DEC 2014, 15, APR15

Given: x(t) = t u(t)

SC
Using Frequency Differentiation Property,

FT[tx’(t)] = j X’(jω)
Assume, u(t) = x(t)
Fourier Transform, X’(jω) =

X’(jω) =

FT[tx’(t)] = j X’(jω)
= j j
= j

Ans: FT[t. u(t)] =

32
c) Find the Fourier Transform of the symmetric double exponential pulse

(or) Determine the FT of the x(t) = APRIL/MAY 2010, NOV 14

Solution:

Given: x(t) = ; x(t) =

Fourier Transform, X(jω) =

X(jω) =

A D
Fig: Symmetric Double Exponential pulse

=
SC
Ans: X(jω) = (or) FT =

3.LAPLACE TRANSFORM:
a) Find the Laplace transform of x(t) = u(t) + u(-t) and also Find the ROC
Solution: APRIL / MAY 2010
Given: x(t) = u(t) + u(-t)

Laplace Transform, X(s) =

X(s) =

= +

= -

33
 Fig: ROC: -a < Re(s) < -b
ROC:
Re(s+a) > 0, Re(s+b) < 0
Re(s) > -a, Re(s) < -b
σ > -a σ < -b

Ans: X(s) = - , ROC: -a< Re(s) < -b

b) x(t) = sin [Damped sine wave]

Solution:

Given: x(t) = sin

A D
C
Laplace Transform, X(s) =

=
=
S
=

Ans: X(s) =
4. INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM

a) Find the inverse Laplace transform of X(s) = 5 NOV/DEC 2010, APR 15, 17

Solution:

34
 Given: X(s) =
Using partial fraction Expansion,
X(s) = ; Find A & B

Put s = 0, 0-2=
-2= D
Put s = -1, -1-2=
-3 = -C
3= C

Put s = -2, -2-2 =

-4= -2A + 2B - 6 + 2

Put s = 1,
= 4A + 2B + 3 - 16
=
0 = -2A + 2B

A D (1)

Solve (1) & (2)

0 = -2A + 2B
(-)12 = (-)4A + (-)2B
12 = 4A + 2B

SC (2)

-12 = -6A
A=2

Sub A, C & D in eqn (1)

0 = -2(2) + 2B
4 = 2B
B=2

A = 2, B = 2, C = 3, D = -2
X(s) =
Taking Inverse Laplace Transform,
x(t) = 2e-t u(t) + 2te-t u(t) + e-t u(t) – 2u(t)

Ans: x(t) = (2e-t + 2te-t + e-t – 2)

35
b) Find the inverse Laplace transform of X(s) = if the ROC is
(i) -2 > Re(s) > -4 (ii) Re(s) > -2 (iii) Re(s) < -4 MAY/JUNE 2006
Solution:

Given: X(s) =
Using Partial Fraction Expansion,
X(s) = ; Find A & B

=
Put s = -2, 4 = 2A
A=2

Put s = -4, 4 = -2B

B = -2

A = 2, B = -2

D
X(s) =
ROC : (i) -2 > Re(s) > -4
Taking Inverse Laplace Transform,

C
x(t) = 2e-2t u(t) - 2 e-4t u(t) A
Ans: x(t) = 2(
ROC : (ii) Re(s) > -2
Ans: x(t) = 2 (
S
ROC : (iii) Re(s) < -4
Ans: x(t) = 2 (

5. PROPERTIES:
a) Properties of Laplace Transform
1. Linear Property:
If L[x1(t)] = X1(s) and L[x2(t)] = X2(s)
L[a1x1(t) + a2x2(t)] = a1X1(s) + a2X2(s)
Proof:
By definition of Laplace transform,
X(s) = dt
L.H.S,
L[a1x1(t) + a2x2(t)] = dt

36
 = dt + dt
= a1X1(s) + a2X2(s)
L[a1x1(t) + a2x2(t)] = a1X1(s) + a2X2(s)

2. Time Shifting Property: APRIL/MAY 2012

If L[x(t)] = X(s)
Then L{x(t- )} = X(s)
Proof:
By definition of Laplace transform,
X(s) = dt
L{x(t- )} = dt
t- =m t=0 m=0
t=m+ t= m=
dt = dm

= dm= dm

= dm
L{x(t- )} =

3. Convolution in Time Domain:

X(s)

A D APRIL/MAY 2004, NOV/DEC 2016

If L[
Then L[
Proof:
= and L[
* (t)] =

S
(s)

By definition of Laplace transform,

C =

X(s) = dt

* (t) = dτ
Taking Laplace transform of both the sides,
L[ * (t)] = dt
Change the order of integration,
L[ * (t)] = dτ dt

= dτ X2(s)

= X2(s) dτ
L[ * (t)] = (s)

4. Frequency Shifting:
If L[x(t)] = X(s)

37
 I) L[ = X(s+a)
Proof:
By definition of Laplace transform,
X(s) = dt
L[ = dt
= dt
L[ = X(s+a)

II) L[ = X(s-a)
Proof:
By definition of Laplace transform,
X(s) = dt
= dt
= dt
L[ = X(s-a)

5. Time Scaling: MAY 12, 13

If L[x(t)] = X(s)

D
Then L[x(at)] = X(
Proof:
By definition of Laplace transform,
X(s) =
L[x(at)] =
dt

Cdt
A
at = m t=0
t=
dt =
m=0
t= m= S
Here two case are possible i) a > 0 ii) a < 0
Case (i) : a > 0
L[x(at)] =
= dm
= X( (1)
Case (ii) : a < 0
Since a < 0 limit is - to 0
L[x(at)] =
= dm
= - X( (2)
Combining equation (1) & (2)

38
 L[x(at)] =

6. Time Differentiation:
If L[x(t)] = X(s)
ThenL[ ] = sX(s) – x(0)
Proof:
By definition of Laplace transform,
X(s) = dt
Here the value of x(0) is a value of x(t) at t=0
L[ x(t)] = dt
u= dv = dx(t) [∵ ]
du = -s dt v = x(t)
= - dt

= +s dt= [0-x(0)] + sX(s)

L[ ] =sX(s) – x(0)

Similarly, L = X(s) - Sx(0) -

L = X(s) - ………- x(0)

7. Differentiation in S-Domain:
If L[x(t)] = X(s)
A D APRIL/MAY 2009

Proof:
Then L[-tx(t)] = X(s)

By definition of Laplace transform,

X(s) = dt SC
Differentiate with respect to ‘s’ on both sides
X(s) = dt = dt
L[-tx(t)] = X(s)
Hence proved
Similarly,
L[(-t)n x(t)] = X(s)
8. Integration in Time Domain:
If L[x(t)] = X(s)
ThenL[ ]=
Proof:
By definition of Laplace transform,
X(s) = dt
x(t)*u(t) =
=

39
 =
L{ } = L{ x(t)*u(t)}
Using convolution property
L{ } = L{x(t)} L{y(t)} = X(s)
=

9. Integration in S-Domain (Frequency Integration):

If L[x(t)] = X(s)
Then L[ ] =
Proof:
By definition of Laplace transform,
X(s) = dt
=
= dt
= dt

= dt

= dt
=
=L
dt

A D
10. Initial Value Theorem:
If L[x(t)] = X(s)
Then x(0) = SC APRIL/MAY 2011

Proof:
WKT, L = sX(s) – x(0) (1)
Take limit of the above equation as s tends to
=
=0 since dt = 0
Sub the above value in (1)
0=
x(0) =

11. Final Value Theorem: APRIL/MAY 2011

If L[x(t)] = X(s)
Then
Proof:
WKT, L = sX(s) – x(0) (1)

40
Take limit of the above equation as s tends to
=
Consider LHS of above equation
=
= since dt = 1
=
=
Above value sub in eqn (1)
]=

b) Properties of Fourier series:

1. Linearity:
If FS[x(t)] = and FS[ y(t)] = then
FS [a1x(t) + a2 y(t)] = a1 + a2
Proof:
=

A D
= a1
FS[a1 x(t) + a2 y(t)] = a1

Hence proved
+ a2
+ a2

SC
2. Time Shift or Translation:
If FS[x(t)] =
Then FS[x(t- )] =
Proof:
=

FS[x(t- )]
=

=
=
FS[x(t- )] =
Hence proved

41
3. Frequency Shift:
If FS[x(t)] =
FS[ ]=
Proof:
=

=
=
FS[ ]=
Hence proved

4. Scaling:
If FS[x(t)] =
Then FS[x(at)] =
Proof:
=

FS[x(at)]

D
If x(t) is periodic, then x(at) is also periodic.
And if is the period of x(t) ,then the period of x(at) is
=
A
at = m
=

dt = dm
SC
= dm

= dm
=
FS[x(at)] =
Hence proved

5. Time Differentiation:
If FS[x(t)] =
Then FS[ ]=
Proof:
x(t) =
Differentiating with respect to ‘t’
=
Change the order of summation and differentiation

42
 =

FS[ ]=

Hence proved

6. Convolution in Time:
If FS[x(t)] = and If FS[y(t)] =
Then .
Proof:
=

=
WKT Convolution property,
x(t)*y(t) =
=
Changing the order of integrations

=m ;
=
dt = dm

A D
C
=

.
=

= S
FS[x(t)*y(t)] =
Hence proved

7. Multiplication or Modulation Theorem:

If FS[x(t)] = and If FS[y(t)] =
Then
Proof:
=

=
By synthesis equation
x(t) =

43
 =
Changing the order of integrations and summations,
Put n = m,
=
The quantity inside the bracket indicates Fourier coefficient y (n-m).
=

FS[x(t)*y(t)] =
Hence proved

8. Parsevel’s Theorem: APRIL/MAY 2005 2017

Statement: It states that the total average power of the periodic signal x(t), is equal to the
sum of the average power of its phasor components.

P=
Proof:
P=

= (1)

By synthesis equation
x(t) =
A D
x*(t) =

=
*

SC
Substitute the x*(t) value in equation (1)
P=

Interchanging the integration and summation

P=

P=
Hence proved

44
II. Properties of Fourier transform
1. Linear Property:
If ]= and =
Then, FT[a1x1(t) + a2x2(t)] = a1X1( ) + a2X2( )
Proof:
By definition of Fourier Transform,
X(jω) = dt
L.H.S
FT[a1x1(t) + a2x2(t)] = dt
= dt
= a1X1( ) + a2X2( )
FT[a1x1(t) + a2x2(t)] = a1X1( ) + a2X2( )
Hence proved

2. Time Scaling: APRIL 2009

If FT[x(t)] = X( )
Then FT[x(at)] = X( )
Proof:
By definition of Fourier Transform,
X(jω) =

Let at = m
dt
FT[x(at)] =
t= m=
A
dt D
t= t=
dt =
m=

SC
Here two case are possible i) a > 0 ii) a < 0
Case (i) a > 0
FT[x(at)] =

= dm
= ) (1)
Case (ii) a < 0
Since a < 0 limit is to 0
FT[x(at)] =

= dm
= ) (2)
Combining equation (1) & (2)
FT[x(at)] = )
Hence proved

45
3. Duality (or) Symmetry Property:
If FT[x(t)] = X( )
Then FT[X(t)] = 2πx(- )
Proof:
By definition of Inverse Fourier Transform,
x(t) = dω
Put t = -t,
2πx(-t) = dω
= FT[
Changing t and we get
2πx(- ) = FT[X(t)]
FT[X(t)]
Hence proved

4. Time Shifting Property: APRIL 2012

If FT[x(t)] = X( )
Then FT{x(t- )} = X( )
Proof:
By definition of Fourier Transform,
X( ) = dt

t-
FT{x(t- )} =
=m
t=m+
t=
t=
m=
m=
A D
dt

dt = dm
=
= SC dm
dm
= dm
= X( )
FT{x(t- )} = X( )
Hence proved
5. Frequency Shifting: APRIL/MAY 2012
If FT[x(t)] = X( )
Then FT[ = X( + )
FT[ = X( - )

Proof: FT[ = X( + )
By definition of Fourier Transform,
X( ) = dt
= dt
FT[ = X( + )

46
Proof: FT[ = X( - )
By definition of Fourier Transform,
X( ) = dt
= dt
FT[ = X( - )
Hence proved

6. Area under x(t):

If FT[x(t)] = X( )
= X(0)
Proof:
By definition of Fourier Transform,
X( ) = dt
=0
X(0) =
= X(0)
Hence proved

7. Area under X( ):

D
If FT[x(t)] = X( )
= x(0)
Proof:

C
By definition of Inverse Fourier Transform,
x( ) = dω
A
x(0) =
= x(0)
S
Here the value of x(0) is a value of x(t) at t = 0

Hence proved

8. Time Differentiation: APRIL/MAY 2009

If FT[x(t)] = X( )
Then FT[ ]= X( )
Proof:
By definition of Fourier Transform,
X( ) = FT[x(t)] = dt
FT[ x(t)] =
=
=
=

47
 FT[ ]= X( )
Hence Proved

9. Integration in Time Domain:

If FT[x(t)] = X( )
Then FT [ ]=
Proof:
By definition of Fourier Transform,
X( ) = dt
x(t) =
FT[x(t)] = X(
FT{ x(t)} = FT

=
By differentiation property,
i.e X( =

FT =

D
Hence proved
10. Conjugate Function:

A
If FT[x(t)] = X( )
Then FT[ x*(t)] = X*( )
Proof:
By definition of Inverse Fourier Transform,
x( ) = d
By taking complex conjugates on both sides
SC
*
x()= d
Now by replacing ‘ ’ with ‘– ’ gives,
x*( ) = d = F-1[ ]
*
FT[x ( )] =
Hence proved

11. Multiplication in Time Domain: ( Multiplication Theorem) NOV/DEC 2016

]= and =
= *
Proof:
By definition of Fourier Transform,
X( ) = dt
= dt
= d

48
 = dt
=
dt
= dt
=
=
= *
Hence proved

12. Convolution in Time Domain: ( Convolution Theorem) MAY - 03 , 09 , NOV- 04, 16

]= and =
]=
Proof:
Convolution of
(t)* (t) =
By definition of Fourier Transform,
X( ) = dt
= dt
=
=
A D dt

=
=
=

Hence proved
SC =α

13. Parseval’s Energy Theorem (Rayleigh’s Energy Theorem (or) Energy Density
Spectrum): MAY 13
Statement:
Energy of the signal may be written in frequency domain as the superposition
of energies due to individual spectral frequencies of the signal.
The total normalized energy of the signal x(t) is given by,
E =
The energy of the signal due to individual spectral frequencies in frequency domain is
defined as,
E =
Rayleigh’s Energy Theorem states that,
E = =
Proof:
E = =

49
 x(t) =
=
E=
Interchange the summation and integration
=
=
E=
Hence proved

14. Frequency Differentiation:

If FT[x(t)] = X(jω)
Then, FT[tx(t)] = j X(jω)
Proof:
By definition of Fourier Transform,
X(jω) =

X(jω) =
= (-jt)

X(jω) =
=

A D
FT[tx(t)] = j

15. Time reversal:

X(jω)
Hence proved
SC
If FT[x(t)] = X(jω)
Then, FT[x(-t)] = X(-jω)
Proof:
By definition of Fourier Transform,
FT[x(t)] = X(jω) =
FT[x(-t)] =
Put t = -t,
= =
FT[x(-t)] = X(-jω)

16. Fourier Transform of Complex and Real Function:

If the signal x(t) is complex, it can be represented as x(t) = xR(t) + jxI(t)
By definition of Fourier Transform,
If FT[x(t)] = X(jω) =
=

50
 = +j
= +j
Where, =
=
The inverse Fourier transform is obtained as
x(t) =
=
=
=
Case (i) : x(t) is real
If x(t) is real, =0
= X*
= ; =
Case (ii) : x(t) is even and real
If x(t) is even and real, x(t) =
= =
=0
=
Case (iii) : x(t) is odd and real
Let x(t) =
A D
=0

=-
= = -j

SC
For a nonsymmetrical function
F[x(t)] = = +j
= -j
= +

51
 UNIT – III
Part A Questions and Answers

1. What is the impulse response of two LIT systems connected in parallel? (or)
What is the overall impulse response h(t) when two systems with impulse response
h1(t) and h2(t) are parallel and in series? APR/MAY2010

If the system with impulse response h1(t) and h2(t) are parallel.
Output y(t) = x(t)*h(t)
where h(t) = h1(t) + h2(t)
Overall impulse response h(t) = h1(t) + h2(t)
If the system with impulse response h1(t) and h2(t) are series.
Output y(t) = x(t)*h(t)
where h(t) = h1(t) * h2(t)
Overall impulse response h(t) = h1(t) * h2(t)

2. State convolution integral or write down the convolution integral to find the
output of the CT system. NOV/DEC 2010, 2013, APR/MAY2011, 2013, 15, 17
Ans:
The output y(t) is equal to the convolution of input signal x(t) and impulse
response h(t).
y(t) = x(t)*h(t)
y(t) = ( ) h(t - )d
A D
SC
3. i) Check whether the casual system with transfer function H(s) =
MAY/JUNE 2013 APR/MAY 2009
is stable

Given: H(s) =
Taking inverse laplace transform,
= u(t)
Condition for stability is

u(t)d = d

= Output is bounded; therefore the system is “unstable”.

52
ii) Check the causality of the system with impulse response h(t) = e-tu(t).
NOV/DEC 2012
Solution:
Condition for causal
h(t) = 0 for t < 0
h(t) = e-t u(t) ; u(t- ) =
t < 0, means -∞ to 0 so sub t = -∞ to 0 u(-∞) to u(+0) => 0
h(t) = e-t (0) ; t< 0
h(t) = 0; t < 0
Hence the system is “causal”.

4. What are the three elementary operations in block diagram representation of

continuous time system? MAY/JUNE 2013 NOV/DEC 2012
i). Scalar Multiplication:
The input X(s) is multiplied by a constant “a”. Hence the output is Y(s) = aX(s)

Fig: Scalar Multiplication

ii). Adder:

A D
The two signals X1(s) & X2(s) are added to give the output Y(s)

SC
Fig: Adder
iii). Integrators:

Fig: Integrators

53
5. Find the differential equation relating the input and output a CT system
represented by

H(jΩ) = MAY/JUNE 2014, NOV/DEC 2016

Given: H(jΩ) =

H(jΩ) =

Difference equation,

Ans: + + 4y(t) = 4 x(t)

6. Determine the response of the sysytem with impulse response NOV/DEC 2011
h(t) = tu(t) for the input x(t) = u(t).
Solution
The response is given as
y(t) =

=
Hence

y(t) = =
A D
= 1 for 0 to t. The above equation becomes

t2

SC
7. State the sufficient condition for an LTI continuous time system to be causal.
MAY/JUNE 2014
• An LTI system is causal h(t) = 0 for t < 0, if its impulse response is zero for
negative values of “t”.
• The system is said to be causal, if its output depends on present and past input.
• The system is said to be non-causal, if its output depends on future input.

8. What is the condition for a LTI system to be stable? MAY/JUNE 2013

• An LTI system is stable if its impulse response is absolutely integrable.
• The system is stable if it produces bounded output for bounded input.
• Necessary and sufficient condition for stability is

9. What is meant by impulse response of any system? APR/MAY2011

When the unit impulse function is applied as input to the system, the output is
nothing but impulse response h(t). The impulse response is used to study various
properties of the system such as causality, stability, dynamicity etc.

54
 • Impulse response h(t) is the output y(t) produced by CT system when unit impulse
is applied at the input.
• Impulse response h(t) is obtained by taking inverse
Laplace transform from the transfer function.
Taking inverse Laplace transform

H(s) =
L-1 [H(s)] = h(t)

10. Define system function or transfer function.

System function or transfer function H(s) is defined as the ratio of Laplace
transform of the output to Laplace transform of the input. Initial conditions are zero.
H(s) =
Frequency response:
Frequency response is obtain from the transfer function
By replacing s = j

H(s) =

H(j ) =

A D
SC
11. What are the conditions for a system to be LTI system?
Input and output of an LTI system are related by,
NOV/DEC 2013

i.e. convolution

12. Write the impulse response properties.

• Dynamicity condition h(t) = (t)
• Causality
• Stability
• Step response

13. Define realization structure?

1. Block diagram representation of the differential equation is called realization
structure.
2. Block diagram is a pictorial representation of the system.
3. It is implemented with the help of scalar, multipliers, adder and integrators.

55
14. What are the different types of structure realization?
1. Direct form I realization.
2. Direct form II realization.
3. Cascade form realization.
4. Parallel form realization.

15. Write the Nth order differential equation? NOV/DEC 2010

th
The general form of N order linear constant coefficient differential equation is

y(t) = x(t)

A D
SC

56
 UNIT – III
Part B Questions and Answers

1. BLOCK DIAGRAM:

a) Realize the system described by following differential equation in direct form I

and direct form II realization. +4 +7 + 12 y(t) = +2 +3

+ x(t). Apply Laplace transform with initial conditions are zero.

Solution:

Given differential equation is

+4 +7 + 12 y(t) = +2 +3 + x(t)

Take Laplace transform

S3Y(s) +4 S2Y(s) + 7SY(s) + 12Y(s) = S3X(s) + 2 S2X(s) + 3SX(s) + X(s)
Y(s)[S3+4 S2+ 7S+ 12] = X(s)[S3+2 S2+ 3S+ 1]

D
H(s) = =

A
Dividing the numerator and denominator with S3 (highest power of S)

C
S
H(s) = =

Fig:Direct form I Block Diagram Fig: Direct form II Block Diagram

57
b) Realize the transfer function H(s) = in cascade form and
parallel form realization. APR/MAY 2017
Solution:
Given transfer function

H(s) = =
Cascade form Realization:
Let H1(s) =

H2(s) =

H3(s) =

H1(s) H2(s)
A D H3(s)

Realization

SC
Fig: Cascade form

H1(s), H2(s) & H3(s) connected in series (cascade)

Parallel form Realization:

H(s) = =
Using partial function,

H(s) =

= + +

=
Put S = -1,
1-2 = 6A
-1 = 6A
A=-
Fig:Parallel form Realization

58
Put S = -3,
9 - 6 = -2B
-2B = 3
B=-

Put S = -4,
16-8 = 3C
3C = 8
C=

=- - +

Ans:H(s) = – +
H1(s), H2(s) & H3(s) connected in parallel.

2. CONVOLUTION METHOD:
a) Obtain the convolution of the following two signals: NOV/DEC 2015, 2016
x(t) = e2t u(-t)
h(t) = u(t-3)
Solution:
x(t)*h(t) =
Time ‘t’ is replaced by ‘ ’
A D
x(t) = u(-t) => x(τ) =
h(t) = u(t-3)
Time ‘t’ is replaced by ‘ ’
SC , >0

= =1 for t-3- ≥ 0
t -3 ≥ τ =>τ ≤ t-3
x(t)*h(t) =

= for t > 3

Ans: y(t) =

59
3. ANALYSIS
Determine the impulse response h(t) of the system given by the differential equation

+ + 2y(t) = x(t)with all initial conditions are zero. NOV/ DEC 2016

Solution:
Given Differential Equation is

y(t) + 3 y(t) + 2y(t) = x(t)

Taking Laplace Transform
(s Y( +3sY( +2Y( =
Y( ]=

H( =

H( =
Using Partial Fraction,

= +

1=
=

A D
C
Put s = -2, 1 = A(-2+1) + 0
A = -1
Put

H( =
B=1 S
1 = 0 + B(-1+2)

+
Taking Inverse Laplace Transform
Impulse Response h(t) = u(t) – u(t)
Ans: Impulse Response, h(t) = ( – u(t)

4. ANALYSIS Using Initial Conditions

The differential equation +5 + 6y(t) = x(t) for x(t) = u(t). Find y(t) and

initial conditions are t=0 = -12, y(0) = 2 .Using Laplace transform

Solution: NOV/DEC 2016

Given differential equation is +5 + 6y(t) = x(t)

Taking Laplace transform on both sides,

60
 s2Y(s) – sy(0) – y’(0) + 5[sY(s) - y(0)] + 6Y(s) = X(s)
s2Y(s) – s(2) – (-12) + 5[sY(s) - (2)] + 6Y(s) = X(s)
s2Y(s) – 2s + 12 + 5sY(s) -10 + 6Y(s) = X(s)
s2Y(s) – 2s + 2 + 5sY(s) + 6Y(s) = X(s)
(s)[s2 +5s+6] = X(s) +2s - 2 (1)
Given, x(t) = u(t)
Taking Laplace transform on both sides,

X(s) =
Sub X(s) value in eqn (1)

Y(s)[s2 + 5s + 6] = + 2s – 2 =

Y(s) =

=
Using partial fraction,

= + +

D
=

Put S = 0, 1 = 6A

C
A=
A
Put S = -2,
S
8 + 4 + 1 = B(-2) (-2 + 3)
13 = -2B
B=
Put S = -3,
18 + 6 +1 = C(-3)(-3 + 2)
25 = 3C
C=

Y(s) = - +
Taking inverse Laplace transform,
Output y(t) = u(t) - e-2t u(t) + e-3t u(t)
Ans:Output y(t) = u(t)

61
5. Solution Using Differential Analysis
a) Solve the differential equation +4 + 5y(t) = 5x(t) with y(0-) = 1 and

= 2 and x(t) = u(t). NOV/DEC 2010, APR 2017

Solution:
Given Differential Equation is
+4 + 5y(t) = 5x(t)
Taking Laplace transform on both sides,
+4[ Y -y( )] + 5Y =
Here X(s) = and putting initial conditions,
[ Y -s-2 ]+4 [ Y -1)]+ 5Y = /s

Y(s) =

= - +

Put s = 0,
=A +Bs

A D +Cs
5 = A(2+ j) ( 2 –j)

Put s = -2+j, 2

SC
A=1
(-2+j) + 6(-2+j) + 5= C (-2+j)
5 = A (4 + 1)

4 – 1 – 4j -12 + 6j +5= C (-2+j)

-4 + 2j = C (-2+j)
=C
C=
C = -j
2
Put s = -2 –j, (-2- j) + 6(-2-j) + 5 = B (-2- j)
4 – 1 + 4j -12 - 6j +5 = B (-2-j)
-4 - 2j = B (-2-j)
=B
B=
B =j
Y(s) = - +
= +

62
 We known that
u(t)
Taking inverse Laplace transform of equation

Ans: y(t) = u(t) +

b) Determine the impulse response of the CT system described by differential

equation. APRIL/MAY 05, 17, NOV/DEC 10, 13 , 15

Solution:
Given Differential Equation is

y(t) + 4 y(t) + 3y(t) = x(t)+2x(t)

Taking Fourier Transform

(j Y( + 4(j Y( + 3Y( =j

Y( ]= [

Frequency Response, H(

=
=

A D
Using Partial Fraction

= +
SC
=

=
Put -1 1 = A(-1+3) + 0

A = 0.5
Put -1 = 0 + B(-3+1)

B = 0.5

H( = –

Taking Inverse Fourier Transform, Impulse Response h(t) = 0.5 u(t) – 0.5 u(t)

Ans: Impulse Response, h(t) = 0.5( – u(t)

63
 UNIT – IV
Part A Questions and Answers

1. State the Sampling theorem. APRIL/MAY 2010, 11, NOV/DEC 15

Sampling theorem states that a band limited signal with highest frequency
component fm can be uniquely determined from its samples if the sampling frequency is
greater than equal to twice the maximum frequency of the signal.
fs ≥ 2fm
Here, fs is the sampling frequency fm is the maximum frequency

2.i)What is an anti–aliasing filter? NOV/DEC 2009, MAY/JUNE 2014

A Filter that is used to reject high frequency signal before it is sampled to reduced
aliasing is called anti-aliasing filter.

ii). Write a note on aliasing. NOV/DEC 2009, 2010, 2013, MAY/JUNE 2013
When an analog signal x(t) is sampled at fs< 2fm , where fm is the maximum
frequency ,fs is the sampling frequency. Overlapping of high frequency components
with low frequency components is known as Aliasing.

3. Define Nyquist rate. APR/MAY 2012

A D
When the sampling rate becomes exactly to 2fm samples per second, then it is
called “Nyquist Rate”. Nyquist Rate is also called “minimum Sampling Rate”
fs = 2fm

SC
4. State the sufficient condition for the existence of DTFT for an aperiodic
sequence x (n) . APRIL/MAY 2010
A sufficient condition for the existence of DTFT for an aperiodic sequence x(n) is

5. Define one sided Z - transform and Two - sided Z - transform. (or)

Define unilateral & bilateral Z -transform. APRIL/MAY 2010, NOV/DEC 2013, 15
Z-Transform of a discrete time sequence x(n) is defined as
One sided (or) unilateral z-transform:
X( =
Two sided (or) bilateral z-transform:
X( =
Where z is the complex variable.
6. What is the Z transform of δ(n+K)? MAY/JUNE 2013
Solution:
Z{ δ(n)} = 1
Using time shifting property,

64
 Z{x(n+k)} = X(z)
Ans: Z{δ(n+k)} =

7. Consider the analog signal x(t) = 4cos100 t + 15sin300 t - 2cos100 t.

Determin ethe Nyquist rate for this signal. NOV/DEC 2011,2016, APR 15
4cos 100πt + 15sin300πt - 2cos100πt

Maximum frequency, fm = 150Hz

Nyquist rate, fs= 2fm = 2×150 = 300Hz

8. Find the Fourier transform of the sequence x(n) =

Solution: NOV/DEC 2011
x(n) =

x(n) = u(n)
Fourier transform is
X( =
=
A D
=
=
= SC
Ans: X( =

9. State the final value theorem. APR/MAY 2012, 17

Let x(n) be an one sided signal define in the range 0 ≤ n ≤
if z{x(n)} = X(z) then the final value is given by
x( ) =
State the initial value of z-transform?
Initial value theorem
Causal - x (n): x(0) =>

10. What is meant by region of convergence? APR/MAY 2011

The z-transform is given by
X( =

65
 The value of ‘z’ for which the z-transform converges is called “Region of
convergence” (ROC).
11. i) What is z-transform pair?
Z-Transform of a discrete time sequence x(n) is defined as
X( = (1)
Inverse z-transform is,
x (n) = (2)
Equation (1) & (2) are called “z-transform pair”.

ii)Find Z transform of x(n)={1,2,3,4} APR/MAY 2017 NOV/DEC 2016

x(n)= {1,2,3,4}
X(z)=
= 1+2z-1+3z-2+4z-3.
= 1+2/z+3/z2+4/z3.
12. What is the relationship between DFT and Z transform? APR/MAY 2009
The relationship between DFT and Z transform is given by X(k) = X(z) | z =
13. Define DTFT and inverse DTFT. (Or) Define DTFT pair?
NOV/DEC 2012

D
Fourier transform of a sequence x(n)
X( = (1)
Inverse Fourier transform of a sequence x(n)
X(n) =

C (2) A
S
Equation (1) & (2) are called “DTFT Pair”.
14. State the multiplication property of DTFT
MAY/JUNE 2014
If DTFT [
If DTFT [
Then DTFT = ]
15. Determine the DTFT x(n) = u(n) NOV/DEC 2014,2010
Fourier transform is
X( =
= [since u(n) =1 for 0
= =0 for n < 0]
=
= 1+ + +………

Ans: X( =

66
 UNIT – IV
Part B Questions and Answers
1. a) SAMPLING THEOREM: APR/MAY 2017

Sampling of CT Signals and Aliasing:

Sampling of CT Signals:
Sampling is a process of continuous time signal into discrete time signal.

Sampling Interval (or) Sampling Time (Ts):

Sampling interval is defined as time interval between two successive samples. It is also
called sampling Time (Ts).

Sampling Rate fs = =

Sampling Theorem: NOV/DEC 2010, 12, 14, MAY - 11

Sampling theorem states that a band limited signal with highest frequency component
fm can be uniquely determined from its samples if the sampling frequency is greater
than equal to twice the maximum frequency of the signal.
fs≥ 2fm
Here, fs is the sampling frequency
fm is the maximum frequency

D
• Sampling theorem gives criteria for minimum number of samples that should be
taken
A
SC
• It gives the effects that would arise if sampling criteria is not satisfied
Sampling theorem for low pass (LP) signals:
A low pass or LP signal contains frequencies from 1 HZ to some higher value.
Statement of sampling theorem:
1) A band limited signal of finite energy, which has no frequency components
higher than hertz, is completely described by specifying the values of the

signal at instants of time separated by sec.

2) A band Limited signal of finite energy, which has no frequency components
higher than hertz, may be completely recovered from the knowledge of its
samples taken at the rate of 2 samples per sec.
The first part of the above statement tells about sampling of the signal and second part
tells about reconstruction of the signal. Above statement can be combined and stated
alternately as follows:
A continuous represented in its samples and recovered back if the sampling frequency
is twice of the highest frequency content of the signal. i.e. ,
fs≥ 2w
Here, fs is the sampling frequency
is the frequency content

67
Proof of sampling theorem:
There are two parts: (I) Representation of x(t) in terms of its samples.
(II) Reconstruction of x(t) from its samples.

I: Representation of x (t) in its samples x(nTs).

Step 1: Define :
The Sampled signal is given as,
Fig: Impulse train

(1)
Here observe that is the product of and impulse train as shown in the fig. In
the above equation indicates the samples placed at and so on.

Step 2: FT of i.e.
Taking FT of equation (1)

= FT {Product of x(t) and impulse train}

We know that FT of product in time domain becomes convolution in frequency domain
i.e,

(2)
A D
By definitions, x(t) X(f) and

SC
Hence equation (2) becomes,

Since convolution is linear, Fig: Spectrum of original signal

By shifting property of impulse function

=… + + +…
Step 3: Relation between X(f) and
Important assumption: Let us assume that = 2 , then as per above diagram,

(3)
68
Step 4: Relation between x(t) and x( )
DTFT is, =

= (4)
In above equation ‘f’ is the frequency of DT signal. If we replace X(f) by , then ‘f’
becomes frequency of CT signal . i.e.,

In above equation ‘f’ is frequency of CT signal and = Frequency of DT signal in

equation (4).
Since x(n) = x( ), i.e, samples f x(t), then we have,

= since =
Putting above expression in equation (3)

=
Inverse Fourier Transform of above equation given x(t) i.e,

= (5)
II) Reconstruction of x(t) from its samples.

=
A D
Step 1: Take inverse Fourier transform of X(f) which is in terms of

Here the integration can be taken from

=
SC
Interchanging the order of summation and integration,
. Since = for .

Here = , hence = = . Simplifying above equation,

x(t) =
== (6)

Since

69
Step 2: Show that x(t) is obtained back with the help of interpolation function.
Let us interpret the above equation. Expanding we get,
x(t) =…+x(-2 + x(- + x(0 + x( +…

Fig: Sampled version of signal x(t)

Step 3: Reconstruction of x(t) by low pass filter

When the interpolated signal of equation (6) is passed through the low pass filter of
bandwidth , then the reconstructed waveform shown in above fig is obtained.
The individual sinc functions are interpolated to get smooth x(t).
Nyquist Rate:
When the sampling rate becomes exactly to 2fm samples per second, then it is called
“Nyquist Rate”.

D
fs = 2fm
Nyquist Rate is also called “Minimum Sampling Rate”

Nyquist Interval:

C A
Maximum sampling Interval is called “Nyquist Interval”.

Ts = seconds

Zero-order Hold:
S
Zero-order Hold system sample a continuous time signal x(t) at a given instant and hold
this value until the nest instant at which the another sample is taken.
Transfer function of a Zero - order Hold:

=
Ideal Sampling:
The sampling technique which uses the unit impulse train as a sampling function is
called as ideal (or) instantaneous (or) impulse sampling.

Aliasing of CT Signals: APRIL/MAY 2011, NOV/DEC 2011

When an analog signal x(t) is sampled at fs< 2fm , where fm is the maximum frequency, fs
is the sampling frequency. Overlapping of high frequency components with low
frequency components is known as Aliasing.
To avoid Aliasing:

70
 • To avoid the analog signal x(t) to fm.
• Sampling frequency must be fs≥ 2fm (Nyquist Rate).
Anti-Aliasing Filter:
A filter that is used to reject high frequency signals before it is sampled to reduce the
aliasing is called an anti-aliasing filer.

b) Find Nyquist sampling rate and Nyquist sampling interval. NOV/DEC 2009
i) x(t) = sinc2(200πt)
= sinc(200πt)sinc(200πt)

fm = 100 + 100 = 200 Hz

Nyquist rate, fs = 2fm = 2 × 200 = 400Hz
Sampling Interval, T = = = 2.5 msec
ii) x(t) = sinc(100πt)sinc(200πt)
= sinc (100πt) sinc (200πt)

fm = 50 + 100 = 150 Hz
Nyquist rate, fs = 2fm = 2 × 150 = 300Hz
Nyquist Interval, T = = = 3.33 msec
iii) x(t) = sinc(200πt) + 3 sinc2(200πt)
sinc2 (fm2 = 200)
A D
fm = max (fm1, fm2) = 200 Hz

c) x(n) = u(n) (unit step)

SC
Nyquist rate, fs = 2fm = 2 × 200 = 400Hz, Nyquist Interval, T = = = 2.5 msec

Fourier transform is,

X( =
= [since u(n) = 1 for 0
= = 0 for n < 0]
= 1+ + +………
Wkt, = Ans: X( =

2. DTFT:
a) Determine the DTFT of u(n) . Plot its spectrum. APR 2015
Fourier transform is
X( =

71
 =

= [since

= + + ………

Ans: X( =

Spectrum:

X( =

= Apply value for ω, 0 - 2π

π

Fig: Spectrum

= -j
A D
Magnitude of X( ,

SC
=

b) x(n) = {1,-1,2,2}
Solution: x(0) = 1, x(1) = -1, x(2) = 2, x(3) = 2
Fourier transform is
X( =
=
= + + +
Ans: X( = 1- +2 +

72
3. Z-TRANSFORM:
a) Determine the z-transform and sketch the pole zero plot with the ROC for each
of the following signals MAY/JUNE 2013, NOV/DEC 2016
(i) x[n] = (0.5)n u[n] - (1/3)n u[n]

(ii) x[n] = (1/2)n u[n] + (1/3)n u[n-1]

Solution:
Given: (i)x[n] = (0.5)n u[n]-(1/3)n u[n].
Z- transform is,
X(z) = [since u(n) =

= Fig: ROC of (0.5)n u[n]-(1/3)n

u[n]

= +

= +

[ROC : ;
<2; <3
Ans: X(z) =

ROC: |z| >

+ ;

A D |z| > ; |z| >

Poles are p1 = 0.5, p2 =1/3

C
Zeros at z1 = 0
Given: (ii)x[n] = (1/2)n u[n] + (1/3)n u[n-1]
Rearrange the given equation
x[n] = (1/2)n u[n] + (1/3)n u[n-1]S
= (1/2)n u[n] + (1/3)n-1+1 u[n-1]
= (1/2)n u[n] + (1/3) .(1/3)n-1 u[n-1]
Taking z-transform using time shifting property,

X(z) = + . , ROC: |z| > 1/2

and |z| >1/3 Fig: Pole -Zero Plot of x(n)

Since |z| > 1/2 includes |z| >1/3 ,the ROC will be |z| > 1/2.

X(z) = +. , ROC: |z|>1/2

Ans:X(z) = +. =

Zeros at: z1 = and z2=

Poles at: p1 = 1/2 and p2 = 1/3

73
b)x(n) = an u(n) – bn )u(-n-1) NOV/DEC 2016
Solution:
Z- transform is,
X(z)=
X(z)=

= -
=
= + [ROC : az-1 < 1; bz-1 < 1

= - < 1; <1
= + |z| > a ; | z| < b]

Fig : ROC of both sided sequence

Ans: X(z) = +
A D
; ROC :|a| < |z| < |b|

c) x(n) =
Solution:
, |a| <1

SC APR 2015

Z- transform is,
X(z)=
X(z)=
= +
= +
= + ROC: az-1 <0 |az| < 1 ; <1

= + |Z| < ; |z| > a

Ans: X(z) = + ; ROC :|a|<|z|<

d)x(n) = APRIL/MAY 95, 10, NOV/DEC 97, 09
Solution:
Z- Transform is,
X (z)=

74
 =

ROC: If | | < 1 and | | < 1 i.e |z|>1

Ans: X(z) = (or) ; ROC:|z| > 1

Z{ }= ; ROC:|z|>1
Using scaling property (or) multiplication Property,
Z { u(n)} = X ( z)

Z{ }= ; ROC:|z| > r

Ans: x(n) =
A D
4. INVERSE Z-TRANSFORM

SC
a) Determine inverse z-transform of x(z) =
i) ROC: |z| > 1, ii) ROC: |z| < 0.5 iii) ROC: 0.5 < |z| < 1APRIL/MAY 2011, NOV
2014
Solution:
Rearranging the power

x(z) =

= =

=
Put z = 1, 1 = 0.5 A1

A1 =
A1 = 2
Put z = 0.5, 0.5 =A2 (-0.5)

75
 A2 = -1

=
= Fig: ROCs of | z | > 1 and | z | > 0.5
ROC: |z| > 1
Taking inverse z-transform, ROC: |z| >1; the pole z = 1 provides the causal term and
the pole z = 0.5 provides the causal term.
x(n) = 2(1)n u(n) – 1.(0.5)n u(n)
= [2 - (0.5)n] u(n)

ROC: |z| < 0.5

Taking inverse z-transform, ROC : |z| <0.5; the pole z = 1 provides
the non-causal term and the pole z = 0.5 provides the non-causal term.
x(n) = 2[(-1)n u(-n-1)] – [(0.5)n u(-n-1)]
= [-2 + (0.5)n] u(-n-1)

ROC: 0.5 < |z| < 1

A
term and the pole z = 0.5 provides the causal term. D
Taking inverse z-transform, ROC : |z| <0.5; the pole z = 1 provides the non-causal

x(n) = 2[(-1)n u(-n-1)] – [(0.5)n u(n)]

SC
x(n) = -2 u(-n-1) – (0.5)n u(n)

b) Use residues method to find the inverse z-transform of

X(z) = ; ROC: |z| >

Solution:
Multiply both numerator and dominator by z2

X(z) = =

Step 1: Multiply X(z) by zn-1 (i.e.) X(z) .zn-1

X(z) .zn-1 =

76
 X(z) .zn-1 =

Here the poles are p1 = - & p2 =

Step 2:
For pole p1 = - ,

Res X(z) . zn-1 =

Res X(z) . zn-1 =

= =

= u(n) (1)
For pole p2 = ,

Res X(z) . zn-1 =

Res X(z) . zn-1 =

A D
=
SC
=

= u(n) (2)
Step 3: Sum of the residues

x(n) = u(n) u(n)

Ans: x(n) = u(n)

77
c) Determine the inverse Z transform of X(z) = , |Z| >1.
Solution:

X(z) =

=
Using partial fraction,
=

z=
put z = 0.5, 0.5 = A
A=
2

Put z = 1, 1 = C(0.5)
C=2
Put z = 0, 0=

=
B = -2

A D
=

Taking inverse z-transform

SC
x(n) = 2(0.5)n u(n) –2u(n) + 2nu(n)
Ans: x(n) = [2(0.5)n –2 + 2n] u(n)

d) X (z) = Find x(n) using long division method.

a) If x(n) is non-causal b) x(n) is causal.

Solution:

X (z) =
a) x(n) is non-causal :we begin the division with constant (lowest power of z)

78
X(z) = z- …….

Ans: x(n) = {…-1, 0, 1, -1, 0, 1, 0}

b) x (n) is causal ,we begin the division with highest order of z.

A D
SC
X (z) =
Ans: x (n) = {1, 0, -1, 1, 0, -1….}

5. PROPERTIES:
a) Properties of z- transform APRIL/MAY 2005, NOV/DEC 07, 09, 10, 15
1. Linear Property:
It states that the z-transform of linear weighted combination of DT signal
is equal to similar linear weight combination z-transform of individual signal.
Z[a1x1(n) + a2x2(n)] = a1X1(z) + a2X2(z)
If Z[x1(n)] = X1(z) and ROC a1 < |z| < b1,
Z[x2(n)] = X2(z) and ROC a2 < |z| < b2

79
Proof:
By using definition of z-transform,
X(z) =
=
= +
= +
Z[a1x1(n) + a2x2(n)] = a1X1(z) + a2X2(z)
Hence proved
The ROC is intersection of ROC’s of X1(z) and X2(z).
ROC: r1 < |z| < r2 then ROC: r1 < |z| < r2

2. Time Shifting Property: NOV/DEC 2003,2007, 2016

If z{x (n)} = X (z)
Z{x (n-k)} = X (z)
Proof:
By using definition of z-transform
X(z) =
=
n-k = m, n = m+k

=
n=+
n=-
m=+
m=-

A D
=

Z{x(n-k)} =
=
X(z) SC
Hence proved

3. Scaling z-domain: (Scaling Property) (or) Multiplication by an Exponential

Sequence
If Z[x(n)] = X(z)
Then Z[ x(n)] = X( , ROC : |a| r1< |z| < |a| r2
Proof:
By using definition of z-transform
X(z) =
=
= Fig: ROC of
Z{ x(n)} = X( z) or X
Hence proved

80
4. Time Reversal Property: NOV/DEC 2016
If Z[x(n)] = X(z)
Then Z[x(-n)] = X( ; ROC: < |z| <
Proof:
By using definition of z-transform,
X(z) = Z[x (n)] =
Z[x (-n)] =
n = -m
=
=
Z{x(-n)} =X(
Hence proved
ROC: r1< |z-1| < r2 i.e., < |z| <

5. Differentiation in z- Domain (or) Multiplication by a Ramp:

Z {n x (n)} = -z X(z)
ROC: r1< |z| < r2
Proof:
By using definition of z-transform

X (z) =
X (z) =

A D
=
=-
=- SC
-z X (z) =
Z{n x(n)} = -z X(z)
Hence proved
In the same way Z {nk x (n)} = X(z)

6. Convolution in Time Domain: MAY 05, NOV 07, 09, 10, 12

One of the most important properties of z-transform used in analysis of DTS is
convolution property. According to the property, the z-transform of convolution of two
signals is equal to the multiplication of their z-transform.
If Z[x1(n)] = X1(z) and ROC a1 < |z| < b1,
Z[x2(n)] = X2(z) and ROC a2 < |z| < b2
The ROC is intersection of ROC’s of X1(z) and X2(z).
Z[

81
Proof:
By using definition of z-transform ,
X (z) =
=
Convolution =

Interchange the order of summation

=
Put, n-k = m
=
=
=
Hence proved

7. Correlation of Two Sequences:

If Z[x1(n)] = X1(z),

Proof:
Z[x2(n)] = X2(z)
= Z{ }

A D
=
=
= SC
=
Taking z-transform,
= Z{ }
=
Z{ }
Hence proved

8. Multiplication of Two Sequences (or) Convolution in z-Domain:

If Z[x1(n)] = X1(z) and ROC a1 < |z|< b1,
Z[x2(n)] = X2(z) and ROC a2 < |z|< b2
Hence c is the closed contour. If encloses the origin and lies in the ROC which is
common to both and . Thus the ROC is intersection of ROC’s of X1(z) and
X2(z).
z{ }=

82
Proof:
By using definition of inverse z-transform
x(n) =

x(n) =
Let x(n) =
Putting IZT of
x(n) =
Taking ZT on both sides
Z{x(n)} =
Interchanging the order of summation and integration
=

z{ }=
Hence proved

9. Parseval’s Identity:

Proof:
=

By using definition of inverse z-transform

A D
x1(n) =

let z = v; x1(n) =
SC
Take L.H.S
=
Interchanging the order of summation and integration
=

Here = = -n . = . .then the above equation becomes

Hence proved

83
10. Initial Value Theorem: NOV/DEC 2010
Let x (n) be an one sided signal define in the range 0 ≤ n ≤
If z{x (n)} = X(z) then the initial of x(0) is given by
x (0) =
Proof:
By using definition of one sided z-transform,
X (z) =
Expanding the above summation
= x (0) z0 + x(1) z-1 + x(2) z-2 …..
= x (0) + ……
Taking limit z on both sides
=
= x (0) + 0 + 0……
x(0) =
Hence proved

11. Final Value Theorem:

Let x (n) be an one sided signal define in the range 0 ≤ n ≤

x( )=
Proof:
A D
If Z{x (n)} = X (z) then the final value is given by

X (z) =
Z{x (n-1) – x(n)} =
SC
By using definition of one sided z-transform

Taking L.H.S
Z{x (n-1) – x(n)} = Z{x(n-1)}- Z{x(n)} (1)
= z-1 X (z) + x (-1) – X (z)
= X (z) [z-`1-1] + x (-1)
= x (-1) – X (z) [1-
Taking limit z 1
=
= x(-1) - (2)
Taking R.H.S
=
Taking limit z 1
=
=
Change the ∑ index from 0 to p and then it p
=

84
 =

= x(-1) – x( ) (3)
Equating L.H.S & R.H.S
x(-1)- x( ) = x(-1)-
x( ) =
Hence proved

12. Conjugation of a Complex Sequence:

If Z[x(n)] = X(z) then
Z{x*(n)} = X* (z*)
Proof:
By using definition of z-transform
X (z) =
=
=
= [X (z*)]*
z{x*(n)} = X* (z*)
Hence proved
13. Z-transform of Real Part of Sequence:
A D
C
If Z[x (n)] = X (z) ROC: r1< |z| < r2
Z {Re{x (n)}} = [X (z) + ]
Proof:
*
x (n) = Re[x(n)] - j Im[x(n)]
Re[x(n)] = [x(n) +
S
x(n) = Re[x(n)] + j Im[x(n)] and

]
Taking z-transform,
Z{ Re[x(n)]} = z{ [x(n) + ]}
= [Z{x(n)} +Z{ }
Z{Re{x(n)}} = [X(z) + ]
Hence proved

14. Z - transform of Imaginary Part of Sequence:

If Z[x (n)] = X (z) ROC: r1< |z| < r2
Z {Im[x(n)]} = [X(z) – X*(z*)]
Proof: x(n) = Re[x(n)] + j Im[x(n)] and
*
x (n) = Re[x(n)] - j Im[x(n)]

85
Im[x (n)] = [x (n) - ]
Taking z-transform,
Z{ Im[x(n)]} = Z{ [x(n) - ]} = [Z{x(n)} -Z{ }

Z{Im[x(n)]} = [X(z) - ]

Hence proved

b) Properties of DTFT:
1. Linear Property: NOV 10/MAY 12
If DTFT [x1(n)] = X1( )
DTFT [x2(n)] = X2( )
DTFT [a1x1(n) + a2x2(n)] = a1X1( ) + a2X2( )
Proof:
By using definition of DTFT,
X( ) =
=
= +
= +
DTFT[a1x1(n) + a2x2(n)] =a1X1(
Hence proved
) + a2X2(

A D )

2. Time Shifting Property:

Proof:
If DTFT{x(n)} = X( )
DTFT{x(n-k)} = X(
SC )
NOV - 09, 12 MAY- 10, 11, 12, 13

where k is an integer

By using definition of DTFT,

X( ) =
=
n-k = m; n = m+k
n=- m=-
n=+ m=+
=
=
=
DTFT{x(n-k)} = X( )
Hence proved

3. Periodic Property:
DTFT{X( is periodic in ω with period 2π

86
X( = x(
Proof:
By using definition of DTFT,
X( ) = [ ω = ω + 2πk]
X( )= [ = cos 2πnk - j sin 2πnk =1]
=
=
DTFT = X( )

4. Time Reversal Property: NOV- 10, MAY - 10, 11

If DTFT[ x(n)] = X(
DTFT[ x(-n)] = X(
Proof:
By using definition of DTFT,
X( ) =
= [n = -m ]
=
=

D
DTFT{x(-n)} =X(

Hence proved

C A
That is folding in the time domain corresponds for the folding in the frequency domain.

5. Frequency Shifting Property:

If DTFT[ x(n)] = X(
DTFT [ ]=X(
S NOV - 10, MAY - 10, 11, 13

Proof:
By using definition of DTFT,
X( ) =
=
=
DTFT[ ] = X(

This property is dual of the time shifting property. Hence proved

6. Scaling Property:
If DTFT[ x(n)] = X(
DTFT{x(an)} = X

87
Proof:
By using definition of DTFT,
X( ) =
=
Let an = m, n =

=
=
DTFT{x(an)} = X
Thus expanding in time domain is equivalent to corresponding in frequency domain.
Hence proved.

7. Differentiation in Frequency Domain: APR/MAY 2017

If DTFT[ x(n)] = X(
Then DTFT{-jn x(n)} = X(
Proof:
By using definition of DTFT,
X( ) =

D
x( = (-jn)
=
DTFT{-jn x(n)} = X(
Hence proved
C A
8. Convolution in Time Domain:
If DTFT [x1(n)] = X1( )
S NOV/DEC 09, APRIL/MAY 10, 11, 17

DTFT [x2(n)] = X2( )

DTFT [
Proof:
By using definition of DTFT,
X( ) =
=
Wkt, =
DTFT [ =
Interchange the order of summation,
=
Put n-k = m,
=
=

88
 =
=
Hence proved

9. Parseval’s Theorem: APRIL/MAY 2009

Parseval’s theorem states that the total energy of a signal x(n) to be determined
by the knowledge of its DTFT of X(
If DTFT [x(n)] = X( )
E= =
Proof:
=
=
=
Interchange the summation and integration,
= ] dω
= dω

E=
Hence proved

A D
10. Multiplication in Time Domain (or) Convolution in Frequency Domain:
If DTFT [
If DTFT [
Then DTFT = SC ]
MAY
4 – 09, 14, 17

Proof:
By using definition of DTFT,
X( ) =
DTFT =
From the inverse DTFT,
=
Here we have used separate frequency variable .
DTFT =
Interchanging the order of summation and integration,
=
=
=
Above equation represents convolution of

89
 DTFT = [ ]

Thus multiplication of the sequences in time domain is equivalent to convolution of

their sequences.
11. The Correlation Theorem:
If DTFT [
If DTFT [
=
The function is called the cross energy density spectrum of the signals
.

12. The Modulation Theorem

If DTFT [
Then DTFT [x(n) cos n] =
Proof:
x(n) cos n = DTFT
=
Using frequency shifting property we can write
DTFT [x(n) cos n] =

A D
SC

90
 UNIT– V
Part A Questions and Answers

1. Write the Nth order difference equation for DT system?

The general form of Nth order linear constant coefficient difference equation is
=
Here ‘N’ is the order of difference equation.
2. Distinguish between FIR and IIR system?

FIR IIR
Impulse response is finite Impulse response is infinite
1.
duration duration
These systems are non- These systems are
2.
recursive recursive
There is no feedback of
3. Feedback of output is taken
output
It has transfer function It has transfer function
4.
with only zeros with poles and zeros

Recursive
A D
3. Distinguish between Recursive and non-recursive system? NOV 2015, APR 2015, 2017

Non-recursive

2.
as well as past outputs.
SC
1. Present output y (n) depends Present output y (n)
upon present and past outputs depends upon present
and past outputs .
There is no feedback of
Feedback of output is taken
output
3. Need of memory requirement Need of memory
is large. requirement is small.

3.Determine the range of ‘a’ for which the LTI system with impulse response h(n)
= nu(n) is stable. APR/MAY 2010, 2017
Ans:
The given impulse response h(n) = nu(n)
The z-transform of the function is,
H(z) = =
There is one pole at z = a. The system is stable if all its poles lie within the unit circle. Hence, |a|
< 1 for stability.

91
4. If X(ω) is the DTFT of x(n), what is the DTFT of x(-n)?
MAY/JUNE 2013
If DTFT{x(n)} = X( ), DTFT{x(-n)} = X( is Time reversal

5. Find the frequency response of a linear shift invariant system whose input and
output satisfy the Difference equation y(n) - 0.5y(n-1) = x(n) + 2x(n-1) + x(n-3).
NOV/DEC 2011
Taking z-transform on both sides,
Y(z) -0.5 Y(z) = X(z) + X(z) + X(z)

H(z) = =

Ans: H(z) |z = =

6. State convolution sum or discrete convolution or linear convolution? NOV/DEC

2013
The response or output y(n) of a system is equal to the convolution of input
signal x(n) and impulse response h(n). The system is said to be convolution
y(n) = x(n)*h(n)
y(n) =
where
y(n)
x(k)
output of the system
input of the system
A D
h(n-k)

7. Obtain in the convolution of

SC
shifted impulse of the system.

APR/MAY 2011

a. x(n) *δ(n)
Ans: x(n) *δ(n) = x(n)
b. x(n)*[h1(n) + h2(n)].
Ans: x(n)*[h1(n)+h2(n)] = x(n)*h1(n) + x(n)*h2(n)

8. Convolve the following two sequences: x(n) = {1,1,1,1} and h(n) = {3,2}
NOV/DEC 12,15, 16 y(n) = h1(n-k)
Total number of output sequence,
y(n) = 4+2-1 = 5
Starting value of x(n), n1 = 0
Starting value of h(n), n2 = 0
Starting value of y(n) = n1+ n2 = 0 + 0 = 0
Put n = 0
y(0) = h1(-k)
y(0) = h1(-k)

92
 = x(0)h(0) + x(1)h(-1)
= (1 )+ (1 =3
y(0) = 3
Put n = 1
y(1) = h1(1-k) = h1(1-k)
= x(0)h(1) + x(1)h(0)
= (1 ) + (1 ) = 5
y(1) = 5

Put n = 2
y(2) = h1(2-k)
y(2) = h1(2-k)
= x(0)h(2) + x(1)h(1) + x(2)h(0)
= (1 + (1 ) + (1 3) = 5
y(2) = 5
Put n = 3
y(3) = h1(3-k) = h1(3-k)
= x(0)h(3) + x(1)h(2) + x(2)h(1) + x(3)h(0)

Put n = 4
= 0 + (1
y(3) = 5

A D =5

y(4) =

=0+0+0+ SC h1(4-k) = h1(4-k)

= x(0)h(4) + x(1)h(3) + x(2)h(2) + x(3)h(1) + x(4)h(0)
=5
y(4) = 5

Ans: output sequence,

y(n) = {3, 5, 5, 5, 5}

9. Find the overall impulse response h(n) when two systems and
= are in series MAY/JUNE
2014
For series connection,
h(n) =
=

= 1 for t 0
=
=

93
 = 1+2
Ans: h(n) = 3

10. Using Z-transform, check whether the following stable is stable,

H(z) = MAY/JUN, NOV

2014
Given: H(z) =

Poles are P1 = , P2 = 3. The pole P2 is not inside the unit circle. Hence the system is
unstable.

11. A causal LTI system has impulse response, for which the Z-transform is

H(Z) = . Is the system stable? Explain. NOV/DEC 2012

H(Z) =
Multiply both numerator and denominator by z2
=
A D
The zeros are z1 = 0, z2 = -1.
The poles are p1 = 0.5, p2 = -0.25
SC
The poles are placed inside the unit circle therefore the system is “stable”.

12. Check whether the system with system function H(z) = with

ROC |Z| < is causal & stable.

NOV/DEC 2013

Given: H(z) =

Taking inverse z-transform,

h(n) = u(-n) + 2n u(-n)

Condition for causal, h(n) = 0 for n < 0

h(n) = u(-n) + 2n u(-n)

h(n) = (1) + (1)

94
 For n < 0, h(n) 0
Therefore given system is “non-causal”.
Condition for stable

= 1+ + + …….

= =

< , Therefore given system is “Stable

13. What is the necessary and sufficient condition on the impulse response for
stability? APR/MAY 2017

(i)An LTI DT system is stable if < here the summation is

absolutely summable.

A D
if H(z) is given => condition of stability
(ii)An LTI DT system with H(z) is stable if and only if all of the poles lies inside the
unit circle.

Impulse Response:
C
14. Define impulse response and step response of the system?

S
1. Impulse Response h (n) is the output y (n) produced by DT system when unit
impulse is applied at the input
2. Impulse response h(n) is obtained by taking inverse z-transform from the
transfer function.

H (z) =
Taking inverse z-transform
z-1[H(z)] = h(n)
3. Impulse response is also called “unit sample response”.
Step Response:
Step response of the system is the output of the system y(n) when the input is unit
step function u(n).
y(n) =
15. Prove that x(n) (n) = x(n). APR/MAY 2010

x(n) =

x(n) = x(n)

95
 UNIT –V
Part B Questions and Answers

1.BLOCK DIAGRAM:

a) Obtain the direct form I and II realization for the system described by
difference equation
y(n) - y(n-1) + y(n-2) = x(n) + 2x(n-1).
Solution:
Given difference equation is
y(n) - y(n-1) + y(n-2) = x(n) +2x(n-1)
Y(z) - z-1Y(z) + z-2Y(z) = X(z) +2 z-1X(z)
Y(z)[ 1 - z-1 + z-2] = X(z) [1+2 z-1]

H(z) = =

A D
SC
Fig: Direct form I realization Fig: Direct form II realization

b) Obtain the cascade form and parallel form realization of the system described
by the difference equation y(n) - y(n-1) - y(n-2) = x(n) + 3x(n-1) + 2x(n-2).
Solution: NOV/DEC 2009, APRIL/MAY 2011
Given difference equation is
y(n) - y(n-1) - y(n-2) = x(n) + 3x(n-1) + 2x(n-2)
Taking z-transform on both sides,
Y(z) - z-1Y(z) - z-2Y(z) = X(z) + 3z-1X(z) + 2z-2X(z)

Y(z)[1 - z-1 - z-2] = X(z)[1 + 3z-1 + 2z-2]

H(z) = =

96
Cascade form realization:

H(z) = =

Where, H1(Z) =

H2(Z) =

H1(Z) H2(Z)

Fig: Cascade form realization

A D Fig:Parallel form realization

Parallel form realization:

H(z) = = SC
-16
2z-2+3z-1+1
2z-2+4z-1-16
-z-1+17

H(z) = -16 +

= -16 +

H(z) = -16 + (1)

= +

97
 = 17z2 - z = A(z+2) + B(z+1)
Put z = -1,
-18 = A
Put z = -2
B = 35
Equation (1) becomes

= -16- +

Ans: H(Z) = -16- +

2. ANALYSIS:

A causal LTI system is described by y(n) - y(n-1) + y(n-2) = x(n) where x(n) is the
input to the system h(n) is the impulse response of the system. Find (i) System
function H(z) (ii) Impulse response h(n). MAY/JUNE 2016, 2017, NOV 2014, 2016
Solution:

y(n) - y(n-1) + y(n-2) = x(n)

Taking z-transform on both sides

Y(z) - z-1Y(z) + z-2Y(z) = X(z)

A D
Y(z)

H(z) = = SC
= X(z)

Multiply both numerator and denominator by z2

H(z) = =

= =

Using partial fraction,

= +

Z=

98
 Put z = , = -A

A = -2

Put z = , = B
B=3

= +

H(z) = +

Taking inverse z-transform,

Ans: impulse response, h(n) = 3 u(n) - 2 u(n)

3. ANALYSIS-Step response:
a) Find the output of the system whose input and output are related by
y(n) = 7y(n-1) -12y(n-2) + 2x(n) - x(n-2) for the input x(n) = u(n).NOV 2002
Solution:
Given difference equation is,

Rearrange the above equation

y(n) -7y(n-1) +12y(n-2) = 2x(n) - x(n-2)
A D
y(n) = 7y(n-1) - 12y(n-2) + 2x(n) - x(n-2)

Taking z-transform on both sides

SC
Y(z) - 7Z-1Y(z) + 12z-2Y(z) = 2X(z)-z-2X(z)
Y(z)[1-7z-1 + 12z-2] = X(z)[2 - z-2]
H(z) = =
Power of “z” will be positive .So multiply numerator and denominator by z2.
H(z) = =

Y(z) = X(z) (1)

Given, input x(n) = u(n)
Taking z-transform

X(z) =

Y(z) = =
Using partial fraction,

99
 = + +
=

=
Put z = 1 , 1 = A(1-3)(1-4)
6A = 1
A=
Put z = 3 , 17 = B (3-1)(3-4)
-2B = 17
B=
Put z = 4, 31 = C (4-1)(4-3)
3C = 31
C=

= - +

Applying inverse z-transform

Y(z) =

A D - +

Formula: z-1

SC
= an u(n)

Ans: y(n) = (1)n u(n) - (3)n u(n) + (4)n u(n)

b) Find the impulse response and step response for the given system
y(n) - 3y(n-1) + 2y(n-2) = x(n) APR/MAY 2015
Solution:
Given difference equation is,
y(n) - 3y(n-1) + 2y(n-2) = x(n)
Taking z-transform on both sides
Y(z) - 3z-1Y(z) + 2z-2Y(z) = X(z)
Y(z) = X(z)

H(z) = =
Multiply both numerator and denominator by z2

H(z) = =

100
 Y(z) = X(z) . (1)
Given impulse response, x(n) = (n)
Taking z-transform X(z) = 1
Sub X(z) value in eqn (1)

Y(z) = 1 .

=
Using partial fraction,

= +

Z=
Put z = 1, 1 = -A

Put z = 2,
A = -1

2= B
A D
= +
B=2

SC
Y(z) = +
Taking inverse z-transform,
y(n) = -1 (1)nu(n) + 2 (2)nu(n)
Given step response, x(n) = u(n)

X(z) =
Sub X(z) value in eqn (1)

Y(z) =

= +

101
 =

Z2 =
Put z = 1, 1 = -B
B = -1
Put z = 2, 4=C
C=4
Put z = 0, 0 = A(-1)(-2)+B(-2)+C(1)
0 = 2A-2B+C
0 = 2A-2(-1)+4
0 = 2A+6
2A = -6
A = -3

= +

y(z) = +
Taking inverse z-transform,

4. ANALYSIS-stability:
A D
Ans: y(n) = -3 (1)nu(n) + n (1)n-1u(n) + 4 (2)nu(n)

stability of the system.

Given difference equation is
C
y(n) + y(n-1) + y(n-2) = x(n) + 3x(n-1) + 2x(n-2). Find the transfer function and

S
y(n) + y(n-1) + y(n-2) = x(n) + 3x(n-1) + 2x(n-2)
Taking z-transform on both sides,
Y(z) + z-1Y(z) + z-2Y(z) = X(z) + 3z-1X(z) + 2z-2X(z)
Y(z) = X(z)

H(z) = =
Multiply both numerator and denominator by z2

H(z) = Fig: Pole -zero plot

Ans: H(z) =

Find stability:
The zeros are z1= -1, z2 = -2.
The poles are p1 = -0.5 - j0.867, p2 = -0.5 + j0.867
The poles are placed inside the unit circle therefore the system is “stable”.

102
5. CONVOLUTION SUM:
a) Find the convolution of two sequences x(n) ={1, 1, 1, 1} , h(n) ={1, 1, 1}
Given x(n) = {1, 1, 1, 1} , h(n) ={1, 1, 1} APR/MAY 2015, 2017

Method 1: Graphical Method:

Convolution sum is y(n) = h(n-k)
Step 1:
Total number of output sequence
y(n) = 4+3-1 = 6
Step 2:
Starting value of y(n) = -1
n = -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
Step 3:
Draw x(n) &h(n) in terms of “k”
x(k) = {1, 1, 1, 1} h(k)={1, 1, 1}

Step 4:
Fig: x(k) Fig: h(k)

Fold h(k) about k = 0 find h(-k)

A D
Starting time of y(n) = -1,

SC
shift h(k) by one unit left to find h(-1-k)

Put n = -1, (fig 2)

Fig 1: h(-k)

y(-1) = h(-1-k)
=1 1
y(-1) = 1
Put n = 0, (fig 3)
y(0) = h(-k)
= (1 1) + (1 1)
y(0) = 2

Put n =1, (fig 4)

y(1) = h(1-k)
= (1 1) + (1 1) + (1 1)
y(1) = 3
Put n = 2, (fig 5)
y(2) = h(2-k) = (1 1) +(1 1) + (1 1)

103
y(2) = 3
Put n = 3, (fig 6)
y(3) = h(3-k)
= (1 1) + (1 1)
y(3) = 2
Put n = 4, (fig 7)
= (1 1)
y(4) = 1

Ans: Output sequence,

y(n) = {1, 2 ,3, 3, 2,1}

Method 2: Matrix Convolution Method 1 (or) Tabulation Method:

Given x(n) = {1, 1, 1, 1} , h(n) ={1, 1, 1}
Convolution sum, y(n) = h(n-k)
Total number of output sequence,
y(n) = 4+3-1= 6
Starting value of y(n) = -1

A D
Fig: Computation of convolution using tabulation method

Ans: Output sequence,

SC
y(n) = {1, 2, 3, 3, 2,1}
b)Find the convolution of two infinite duration sequences NOV/DEC 2015, 2016

h(n) = an u(n) for all n

x(n) = bn u(n) for all
When a b & When a=b
Solution:
The impulse response h(n) = 0 for n<0 so the given system is causal and x(n) = 0 for
n<0, hence the sequence is a causal sequence.
y(n) =
=

104
 =

Therefore applying L hospital rule we get

y(n) =

= = an(n+1)
When a = b;
Ans: y(n) = = 1+1+1+….(n+1) terms = (n+1)

A D
SC

105
 B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, NOV/ DEC 2015
Third Semester
Electronics and Communication Engineering
EC6303 — SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
(Regulation 2013)
Time: Three hours Maximum: 100 Marks
Answer ALL Questions
PART A — (10 2 = 20 Marks)

1. Find the value of the integral . dt.

2. Give the relation between continuous time unit impulse function f(t), step function
u(t) and ramp function r(t). [Page 1]
3. State Dirichlets conditions. [Page 22]
4. Give the relation between Fourier transform and laplace transform. [Page 23]
5. What is u(t-2)*f(t-1)? Whare * represents convolution. [Page 35]
6. Give the differential equation representation of a system , y(t) + 2 y(t) – 3y(t) = 2x(t).
Find the frequency response H(jw).
7. State the need for sampling. [Page 45]
8. Find the z-transform and its associated ROC for x(n) = {1, -1, 2, 3, 4}. [Page 45]
9. Distinguish between recursive and non-recursive systems. [Page 59]
10. Convolve the following signals, x(n) = {1, 1, 3} and h(n) = {1, 4, -1}. [Page 60]

D
PART B — (5 16 = 80 Marks)

(iii) x(-2n +1)

C A
11. (a) Given x(n) = {1, 4, 3, -1, 2}. Plot the following signals.
(i) x(-n-1) (ii) x
(iv) x
[Page 6-7]

S Or
(b) Given the input-output relationship of a continuous time system y(t) = tx(-t).
[Page 16-17]
Determine whether the system is causal, stable, linear and time invariant.

12. (a) State and prove any four properties of Fourier transform. [Page 41-44]
Or
(b) Find the Laplace transform and its associated ROC for the signal x(t) = t .
[Page 32-33]

13. (a) Convolve the following signals: [Page 59-60]

x(t) = u(t-2)
h(t) = u(t)
Or
(b) The input-output of a causal LTI system are related by the differential equation
y(t) + 6 y(t) + 8y(t) = 2x(t). [Page 60-63]
(i) Find the impulse response h(n)
(ii) Find the response y(t) of this system if x(t) = u(t). Hint: Use Fourier transform.
14. (a) State and explain sampling theorem both in time and frequency domains with

106
 necessary quantitative analysis and illustrations. [Page 67-70]
Or
14. (b) State and prove any two properties of DTFT and any two properties of z-transform.
[Page 86-90]

15. (a) Convolve the following signals: [Page 103-105]

x(n) =
x(n) = u(n+2)
Or
[Page 98-99]
(b) Consider an LTI System with impulse response h(n) = u(n) and the input
to this system is x(n) = u(n) with | &| <1. Determine the response y(n).
(i) When
(ii) When Using DTFT.

A D
SC

107
 B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, APR/ MAY 2015
Third Semester
Electronics and Communication Engineering
EC6303 — SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
(Regulation 2013)
Time: Three hours Maximum: 100 Marks
Answer ALL Questions
PART A — (10 2 = 20 Marks)

1. Define a power signal [Page 3]

2. How the impulse response of a discrete time system is useful in determining its stability &
causality?
3. Find the Fourier coefficients of the signal x(t) = 1+sin2ωt+2cos2ωt+cos
4. Draw the spectrum of a CT rectangular pulse.
5. Given x(t) = . Find X(s) and X(ω).
6. State the convolution integral. [Page 56]
7. Determine the Nyquist sampling rate for x(t) = sin(200 πt) + 3 sin2(120 πt). [Page 65]
8. List the methods used for finding the inverse z-transform.
9. Name the basic building blocks used in LTIDT system block diagram.
10. Write the nth order difference equation. [Page 93]

PART B — (5 16 = 80 Marks)

(1) [u(t - 2) + u(t - 4)]

A D
11. (a) (i) Give an account for the classification of signals in detail
(ii) Sketch the following signals. [Page 6-7]
(2) (t - 2)[u(t - 2) – u(t - 4)]
[Page 7-10]

11. (b) (i) Check if x(t) = 4 cos

(ii)
SC (OR)
+ 2 cos (4πt) is periodic. [Page13-14]
For the system y(n) = [log x(n)], Check for linearity, causality, time invariance
and Stability [Page 17-18]
12 (a) (i) Determine the Fourier series representation for a periodic ramp signal with
unit array and a period T. [Page29-31]

(ii)
Find the fourier transform of x(t) = t u(t) [Page 32]
(OR)
(b) (i) If x(t) X(ω). Then using time shifting property show the
x(t + T) + x(t - T) 2X(ω) cos ωT. [Page 37]
(ii) Find the inverse Laplace transform of X(s) = [Page 34-36]

13 (a) (i) Solving the differential equation (D2 + 3D +2) y(t) = Dx(T) using the input
x(t) = 10 and with initial condition y(0’) = 2 and y(0’’) = 3. [Page 62]
(ii) Draw the block diagram representation for H(s) = [Page 57-59]
(OR)
(b) (i) For a LTI system with H(s) = find the differential equation. Find the
system output y(t) to the input x(t) = u(t). [Page 60-63]

108
 (ii) Using graphical method convolve x(t) = u(t) with h(t) = u(t + 2).
[Page 71]
14 (a) (i) A continuous time sinusoid cos(2πft + θ) is sampled at a rate fc = 1000 Hz.
Determine the resulting signal samples, if the input signal frequency f is 400 Hz, 600 Hz
and 1000 Hz respectively.
(ii) Prove the following DTFT properties. [Page 86-90]
(1) nx(n) j (2) x(n) X( - )
(OR)
(b) (i) Find the DTFT of x(n) = u(n – 1) [Page 71]

(ii) Using suitable z-transform properties Find x(z) of x(n) = (n – 2) u(n – 2)

(iii) Find the z-transform of x(n) = , 0 < a < 1. [Page 73-75]

15 (a) (i) Determine the impulse response and step response.

Y(n) + y(n – 1) – 2y(n-2) + x(n – 1) + 2x(n – 2). [Page 99-102]
(ii) Find the convolution sum between x(n) = [1, 4, 3, 2] and h(n) = [1, 3, 2, 1].
[Page 102-105]
(OR)
(b) (i) A causal system has x(n) = + - and
y(n) = + . Find the impulse response and output if x(n) = u(n).

D
(ii) Compare recursive and nonrecursive systems.

A
[Page 102]

SC

109
 B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, NOV/ DEC 2014
Third Semester
Electronics and Communication Engineering
EC6303 — SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
(Regulation 2013)
Time: Three hours Maximum: 100 Marks
Answer ALL Questions
PART A — (10 2 = 20 Marks)
1. State two properties of unit impulse function
2. Draw the following signal δ(n):
3. State the condition for convergence of Fourier series representation
of CT periodic signals. [Page 22]
4. Find the ROC of the Laplace transform of x(t) = u(t)
5. Draw the block diagram of the LTI system described by + y(t) = 0.1x(t)
6. Find y(n) =
7. Find the DFTT of x(n) = (n) + (n -1) [Page 64]
8. State and prove the time folding property of Z-transform. [Page 64]
9. Give the impulse response of a linear time invariant time as h(n) = sinπn.
Check whether the system is stable or not.
10. In terms of ROC, state the condition for an LTI discrete time system
to be causal and stable. [Page 93]
PART B — (5 16 = 80 Marks)

(i) x(t) = D
11. (a) Check whether the following signals are periodic/aperiodic signals.

A
[Page 13-14]

C
(ii) x(n) = 3 + cos + cos2n

S
(OR)
11. (b) Check whether the following system is linear, causal time invariant and /or stable.
(i) y(n) = [Page 16-18]

(ii) y(t) =
12. (a) Find the Fourier Series coefficients of the following signals. [Page 26-29]

Plot the spectrum of the signal.

(OR)

(b) Find the spectrum of x(t) = . Plot the spectrum of the signal. [Page 31-32]
13 (a) Find the overall impulse response of tHe following system.

Here h1(t) = u(t)

h2(t) = δ(t) – δ(t – 1)
h3(t) = δ(t)

Also find the output of the system for the input x(t) = u(t) using convolution integral.

(OR)

110
 (b) An LTI system is represented by y(t) + 4 y(t) + 4y(t) = x(t) when initial
conditions y( ) = 0; y’( ) = 1; Find the output of the system, when the input is x|t|
= u(t). [Page 60-63]

14 (a) State and prove sampling theorem for a band limited signal. [Page 67-70]
(OR)
(b) Find inverse z-transform of X(z) = [Page 75-79]

For (i) ROC |z| > 0.75

(ii) ROC |z| < 0.5
15 (a) Compute y(n) = x(n) * h(n)
where x(n) = u(n – 2)
h(n) = u(n – 2).
(OR)
(b) LTI discrete time system y(n) = 3/2y(n – 1) – 1/2y(n – 2) + x(n) + x(n – 1) is given
an input
x(n) = u(n) [Page 99-102]
(i) Find the transfer function of the system.
(ii) Find the impulse response of the system.

A D
SC

111
 B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, MAY/JUNE 2014
Third Semester
Electronics and Communication Engineering
EC 2204 — SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
(Regulation 2008)
Time: Three hours Maximum: 100 Marks

Answer ALL Questions

PART A — (10 2 = 20 Marks)
1. Sketch the following signals. [Page 5]
a) x(t) = 2t for all t b) x(n) = 2n – 3, for all n.
2. Given x[n] = {1, -4, 3, 1, 5, 2}. Represent x(n) in terms of weighted shifted
impulse functions. [Page 4]
3. State the condition for convergence of Fourier series. [Page 21]
4. State any two properties of ROC of Laplace transform X(s) of a signal x(t).
5. State the necessary and sufficient condition for an LTI continuous time system
to be causal. [Page 52]
6. Find the differential equation relating the input and output a CT system represented by
H(jΩ) = [Page 52]
7. What is anti aliasing? [Page 64]
8. State the multiplication property of DTFT [Page 86]
9. Find the overall impulse response h(n) when two systems
and = are in series [Page 91]

H(z) =

A D
10. Using Z-transform, check whether the following stable is stable,
[Page 91]

11. (a) (i) Given x(t) =

SC
PART B – (5×16 = 80 marks)
.

Sketch (1) x(t) (2) x(t + 1) (3) x(2t) (4)x(t/2). (8)

(ii) Determine whether the discrete time sequence.
x(n) = sin + cos is periodic or not (8) [Page 13]
Or
11. b) Check the following systems are linear, stable [Page 16-19]
(i) y(t) = (ii) y(n) = x(n-1)

12 (a)(ii) Obtain the trigonometric Fourier series for the half wave rectified
sine wave given below. [Page 26-31]

Fig: half wave rectified sine wave

112
 Or
12 b) Find the inverse Laplace transform of X(s) = for the ROCs. i) -5 < Re{s} < 3
ii) Re{s} > 3 (16) [Page 34-36]
13 a) Using convolution integral, determine the response of a CTLTI system y(t) given
x(t) = e-αtu(t) and impulse response h(t) = e-βtu(t), |α| < 1, |β| < 1 [Page 59]
Or

13 (b) Find the Frequency response of the system shown below

Fig: RL circuit

14. (a) Using convoluiton property of DTFT, find the inverse DTFT of X( )= ,
|α| < 1 [Page 86]

14. b) Determine the inverse Z transform of X(z) = , |Z| >1. [Page 75-79] (8)

A D
15 a) Find the convolution of sum of x[n] = r[n] and h[n] = u[n]
Or
[Page103] (16)

15(b)A causal LTI system is described by y(n) - y(n-1) + y(n-2) = x(n) where x(n) is the

(ii) Impulse response h(n).

SC
input to the system h(n) is the impulse response of the system.
Find (i) System function H(z)
[Page 99-102]

113
 B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, NOV/ DEC 2013
Third Semester
Electronics and Communication Engineering
EC2204 — SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
(Regulation 2008)
Time: Three hours Maximum: 100 Marks
Answer ALL Questions
PART A — (10 2 = 20 Marks)

1. Give the mathematical & graphical representation of continous time and discrete time
impulse function [Page 1]
2. what are the condition for a system to be LTI system ? [Page 5]
3. State Dirichlet’s condition [Page 5]
4. Give the equation for Trigonometric Fourier Series: [Page 20]
5. What are the three elementary operations in block diagram representation of continuous
time system? [Page 52]
6. Check whether the casual system with transfer function H(s) = is stable [Page 52]
7. What is aliasing? [Page 64]
8. Define unilateral &bilateral Z-transform. [Page 64]
9. Define convolution sum with its equation. [Page 92]
10. Check whether the system with system function H(z) = with ROC |Z| <

is causal & stable. [Page 91]

PART B — (5

A D
16 = 80 Marks)

find the Fundamental period

SC
11.(a) i) Determine whether the signal x(t) = sin20πt + sin 5πt is periodic and if it is periodic

(ii) Define energy & power signals. Find whether the signals x(n) =
power and calculate their energy and power.(5)
n
[Page 14]
u(n)is energy or
[Page 15]
iii) Discuss various forms of real and complex exponential signals with grapical
representation.CT: Real Exponential Signal:
Or
(b) (i) Determine whether the discrete time system y(n) = x(n) cos(ωn) is
(1) Memoryless (2) stable (3)causal (4) linear (5) Time invariant. (4) [Page 17]

12.(a) (i)Find the exponential Fourier series of the waveform x (t) (10)[Page 26-31]

Fig: Square pulse

(ii)Find the Fourier transform of the signal x(t) = (6) [Page 31-34]
Or
b) i) Find the Laplace transform of the signal f(t) = sin [Damped sine wave]

114
 [Page 34-36]
ii) Find the Inverse Fourier Transform of the rectangular spectrum given by
X(jω) =

13. (a)(i) Define Convolution integral and derive its equation. (8) [Page 59-60]
a) ii) A stable LTI system is character by the difference equation
y(t) + 4 y(t) + 3y(t) = x(t) + 2x(t)
Find Impulse Response, Frequency Response of differential equation. (8)
Or

(b) (i) Draw direct form, cascade form and parallel form of a system with system function
H( = . (8) [Page 57-59]
ii) Determine thr state variable description corresponding to the block diagram given
below.

14 a) (i) Determine the discrete time Fourier transform of x(n) = , |a| <1 [Page 71]
ii) Find the z-transform & ROC of the sequence x(n) = [Page73]
(Or)

b) i) State & prove the following properties of z-transform Linearity, Time Shifting,
Differentiation, Correlation.
ii) find the inverse z-transform of X(z) =

A D ; ROC: |z| >

15.(a) (i)Compute convolution sum of the following sequences

[Page 79-85]
[Page 75-79]

[Page 103-105]
x(n) =1,

h(n) =α n
SC
(ii) Draw direct form I and II implementations for the system described by difference
equation
y(n) + y(n-1) + y(n-2) = x(n) + x(n-1). [Page 96-98]
(Or)

15 b) i) Determine the transfer function and the impulse response of the causal LTI system
described by the difference equation. y(n) - y(n-1) - y(n-2) = -x(n) + 2x(n-1).
[Page 99-103]
(b)(ii)Describe the state variable model for discrete time systems.(8)

115
 B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, MAY/JUNE 2013
Third Semester
Electronics and Communication Engineering
EC 2204 — SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
(Regulation 2008)
Time: Three hours Maximum: 100 Marks
Answer ALL Questions
PART A — (10 2 = 20 Marks)
1. Check whether the discrete time signal sin3n is periodic. [Page 5]
2. Define a random signal. [Page 2]
3. State the time scaling property of Laplace transforms. [Page 22]
4. What is the Fourier transform of a DC signal of amplitude 1? [Page 22]
5. Define the convolution integral. [Page 52]
6. What is the condition for a LTI system to be stable? [Page 53]
7. What is the Z transform of δ(n+K)? [Page 64]
8. What is aliasing? [Page 66]
9. Is the discrete time system described by the difference equation y(n) = x(-n) causal.
10. If X(ω) is the DTFT of x(n), what is the DTFT of x(-n)? [Page 93]

PART B –(5×16 = 80 marks)

11. (a) (i) Define Energy and power signal. (4) [Page 3]
(ii) Determine whether the following signals are energy or power
and calculate their energy and power.
(1) x(n) =
(2) x(t) = rect
n
u(n) (4)
(4)
A D [Page 15-16]

(3) x(t) = cos2( 0t).

SC
(4)
Or
(b) (i) Define unit step, Ramp, Pulse, Impulse and exponential signals. Obtain the
relationship between the unit step function and unit ramp function. (10)

ii) Find the fundamental periodic T of the signal

x(n) = cos(nπ/2) – sin(nπ/8) + 3cos(nπ/4 + π/3). (6) [Page 13-14]

12 (a) (i) Compute the Laplace transform of x(t) = e-b|t| for the cases of b < 0 and b > 0
[Page 34-36] (10)
(ii) State and prove Parseval’s theorem of Fourier transform.(6) [Page 45-51]

Or
(b) (i) Determine the Fourier series representation of the half wave rectifier output shown in
fig below.(8) [Page 26-31]

Fig: Half wave rectifier output

116
(ii) Write the property of ROC of Laplace transform. (8)

13 (a) (i) Determine the impulse response h(t) of the system given by the differential equation
+ + 2y(t) = x(t)with all initial conditions are zero.(8) [Page 60]
13 a) (ii) Obtain the direct form I realization of
+4 +7 + 12 y(t) = +2 +3 + x(t). [Page 57] (8)
Or
(b) The system produces the output of y(t) = u(t) for an input of x(t) = u(t).Determine
the impulse response and frequency response of the system. Plot the magnitude and phase
plots. (16)

14. (a) (i) Determine the Z transform of x(n) = an cos (ω0n)u(n). [Page 73] (8)
(ii) Determine the inverse Z transform of
X(z) = for ROC |Z| >1. [Page 75] (8)
Or
(b) (i) State and prove the time shift and frequency shift property of DTFT.(8)
[Page 86]
(ii) Determine the DTFT of u(n) . Plot its spectrum. [Page 71] (8)

15(a) (i) Obtain the impulse response of the system given by the difference equation
y(n) - y(n-1) + y(n-2) = x(n)

A D [Page 99] (10)

(ii) Determine the range of values of the parameter “a” for which the LTI system
with impulse response h(n) = an u(n) is stable. [Page 102]
(6)

SC
(b) Compute the response of the system
Or

y(n) = 0.7y(n-1) – 0.12y(n-2) + x(n-1) + x(n-2) to the input

x(n) = nu(n) Is the system stable? [Page 102] (16)

117
 B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2012
Third Semester
Electronics and Communication Engineering
EC 2204 — SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
(Regulation 2008)
Time: Three hours Maximum: 100 Marks
Answer ALL Questions
PART A – (10×2 = 20 marks)
1. Determine whether the following signals is energy or power and calculate its energy and
power x(t) = e-2t u(t) [Page 3]
2. Check whether the following system is static or dynamic and also causal and non-causal.
y(n) = x(2n) [Page 4]
3. Give synthesis and analysis equations of continuous time Fourier transform. [Page 23]
4. Define the region of convergence of the Laplace transform.
5. List and draw the basic elements for the block diagram representation of the continuous
time system. [Page 52]
6. Check the causality of the system with impulse response h(t) = e-tu(t). [Page53]
7. Define DTFT and inverse DTFT. [Page 64]
8. State the convolution property of Z-transform. [Page 79]
9. Convolve the following two sequences: x(n) = {1,1,1,1} and h(n) = {3,2} [Page 103]
10. A causal LTI system has impulse response h(n), for which the Z-transform is
H(Z) = . Is the system stable? Explain. [Page 102]

A D
PART B –(5×16 = 80 marks)

11. (a) (i) How are the signals classified? Explain. (8) [Page 7-9]

C
(ii) Determine whether the following signal is periodic. If periodic,
determine the fundamental period: (4) [Page 14]

S
x(t) = 3cost + 4cos .
(iii) Give the equation and draw the waveform of discrete time real and
complex Exponential signals. (4)

Or
(b) (i) Determine whether the following system is linear, time invariant, [Page 17]
stable and invertible: (10)
1) y(n) = x2(n) 2) y(n) = x(-n)
(ii) Define LTI system. List the property of LTI system and explain. (6) [Page 5]

12. (a) (i) State Dirichlet’s conditions. Also state its importance. (4) [Page 22]
(ii) Obtain the trigonometric Fourier series for the half wave rectified sie wave
given below. (12) [Page 26-31]

Fig: Half wave rectified sine wave

Or

118
(b) (i) Determine the Fourier transform for double exponential pulse whose
function is given by x(t) = e-2|t|. Also draw its amplitude and spectra.(8) [Page 31]
(ii) Find the inverse Laplace transform of X(s) = , ROC : -2 < Re(s) < -1 (8)
[Page 34]
13. (a) (i) What is impulse response? Show that the response of an LTI system is convolution
integral of its impulse response with input signal? (6) [Page 59-60]
(ii) Obtain the convolution of the following two signals: (10)
x(t) = e2t u(-t)
h(t) = u(t-3)
Or
(b) The input x(t) and output y(t) for a system satisfy the differential equation, [Page 60]
+ + 2y(t) = x(t)
(i) Compute the transfer function and impulse response. (8)
(ii)Draw direct form, cascade form and parallel form representations. (8)

14. (a) (i) State and prove sampling theorem for low pass band limited signal and explain the
process of reconstruction of the signal from its samples. (10) [Page 67]
(ii) State and prove any two property of DTFT. (6) [Page 86-90]
Or
(b) (i) Find the Z-transform of the sequence x(n) =cos (n )u(n). (8) [Page 70]
(ii) Determine the inverse z-transform for the following expression
using partial fraction expansion: (8) [Page 75]
X(z) = , ROC: |z| > .

A D
15. (a) (i) Find the system function and the impulse response h(n) for a system described by
the

H(z) =
SC
following input output relationship, y(n) = y(n-1) + 3x(n). (6) [Page 99]

(ii) A linear time invariant system is characterized by the system function,

. Specify the ROC of H(z) and determine h(n) for the following
condition:
1. The system is stable
2. The system is causal
3. The system is anti-causal. (10)
Or
(b) (i) Derive the necessary and sufficient condition for BIBO stability of an
LSI system. (6) [Page 102]

(ii) Draw the direct form, cascade form and parallel form block diagrams of the
following system function:
H(z) = (10) [Page 96-98]

B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, MAY/JUNE 2012

119
 Third Semester
Electronics and Communication Engineering
EC 2204 — SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
(Regulation 2008)
Time: Three hours Maximum: 100 Marks
Answer ALL Questions
PART A — (10 2 = 20 Marks)

1. Verify whether the system described by the equation is linear and time invariant
y(t) = x(t2 ). [Page 4]
2. Find the fundamental period of the given signal x(n) =sin(6 n/7+1) [Page 5]
3. Define Nyquist rate.
4. Determine the Fourier series coefficients for signal cos t. [Page 21]
5. Determine the Laplace transform of the signal (t-5) and u(t-5). [Page 52]
6. Determine the convolution of the signals x(n) =[2,-1,3,2] and h(n)= [1,-1,1,1].
7. Prove the time sifting property of discrete time Fourier transform. [Page 86]
8. State the final value theorem. [Page 86]
9. List the advantages of the state variable representation of a system.
10. Find the system function for the given difference equation y(n)=0.5y(n-1)+x(n)

PART-B(5×16=80 Marks)

11 a) Determine whether the systems described by the following input-output equations are
linear, dynamic, casual and time variant.
i) y1(t) = x(t-3) + x(3 - t)
ii) y2(t) = dx(t)/dt
iii) y1(n) = nx(n) + bx2[n]
A D [Page 16-18]

iv) Even {x[n-1]}

SC Or
b) A discrete time system is given as y(n) = y2(n-1) + x(n).A bounded input of x(n) = 2 (n) is
applied to the system. Assume that the system is initially relaxed. Check whether system
is stable or unstable.

12 a) i) Prove the scaling and time shifting properties of Laplace transform. [Page 36-41]
ii) Determine the Laplace transform of x(t)= cos u(t). [Page 34]
Or
b) i) State and prove the Fourier transform of the following signal in terms of
X(j ); x(t- t0), x(t) t (8) [Page 45-51]

(ii) Find the complex exponential Fourier series coefficient of the signal
x(t) = sin 3 t+2cos 4 t.(8) [Page 26-31]

13. (a) Compute and plot the convolution y(t) of the signals
(i) x(t) = u(t-3) - u(t-5) , h(t) = e-3t u(t)
(ii) x(t) = u(t), h(t) = e-t u(t) (16)
Or

120
(b) The LTI system is characterized by impulse response function given by H(s) =1/(s+10)
ROC: Re > -10. Determine the output of a system when it is excited by the input x(t) = -2
e-2t u(-t) - 3 e-3t u(t). (16) [Page 60]

14.(a) Determine the z-transform and sketch the pole zero plot with the ROC for each of the
following signals [Page 73-75]
(i) x(n) = (0.5)n u(n) - (1/3)n u(n) (16)
n n
(ii) x(n) = (1/2) u(n) + (1/3) u(n-1)
Or

(b) (i) Find the inverse Z-transform of the 1/(z2-1.2z+0.2). (8) [Page 75-79]

(ii) Express the Fourier transform of the following signals in terms of X( ) (8)
1) x1[n] = x[1-n] 2) x2[n] = (n-1)2x[n]

15. (a)(i) Find the impulse response of the difference equation [Page 99-102]
y(n) - 2y(n-2) + y(n-1) + 3y(n-3) = x(n) + 2x(n-1).

(ii) Find the state variable matrices A, B, C and D for the input-output relation given by
y(n) = 6y(n-1) + 4y(n-2) + x(n) + 10x(n-1) + 12x(n-2).

Or
(b) (i)Find the input x(n) which products output y(n) = {3, 8, 14, 8, 3} when passed through
the system having h(n) ={1, 2, 3}. (10)

A D [Page 103]

(ii)Draw the direct form II block diagram representation for the system function
[Page 96-98]

SC
H(z) = 1+2z-1-20z-2-20z-3-5z-4+6z-5/1+0.5z-1-0.25z-2 (6)

121
 B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, APRIL/MAY 2011
Third Semester
Electronics and Communication Engineering
EC 2204 — SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
(Regulation 2008)
Time: Three hours Maximum: 100 Marks
Answer ALL Questions
PART A — (10 2 = 20 Marks)

1. Define step and impulse function in discrete signals. [Page1]

2. Distinguish between deterministic and random signals. [Page 2]
3. Obtain the Fourier series coefficients for x(n) = sinω0n. [Page 21]
4. State the initial and final value theorem of Laplace transforms. [Page 23]
5. What is meant by impulse response of any system? [Page 52]
6. Define convolution integral of continuous time systems. [Page 53]
7. Define sampling theorem. [Page 64]
8. What is ROC in Z transforms? [Page 65]
9. Obtain in the convolution of [Page 91]
a. x(n) *δ(n)
b. x(n)*[h1(n) + h2(n)].
10. Write the difference equation for non recursive system. [Page 91]

PART B –(5×16 = 80 marks)

y(n) = x(n) + nx(n+1).

(ii) Check whether the following are period

A D
11.(a) (i) Check the following for linearity, time invariance causality and stability. (8)
[Page 18-19]
[Page 13-14]
(8)
1) x(n) = sin
2) x(n) = ej3π/5(n+1/2)

b) Sketch the following signals: SC Or

[Page 6]
i) x(t) = r(t) ii) x(t) =r(-t+2) iii) x(t)= -2r(t) where r(t) is a
ramp signal

12 (a) (i) Distinguish between Fourier series analysis and Fourier transforms. (4)

(ii) Obtain the Fourier series of the following half wave rectified sine wave. [Page 26-31]
(12)
Or
b) (i) Find the Laplace transform of the following: [Page 34] (8)
1) x(t) = u(t-2)
2) x(t) = t2e-2tu(t).

(ii) Find the step response of the following circuit using Laplace transform. (8)

13. (a) (i) Realize the following in direct form II

122
 +4 +7 + 12 y(t) = +2 +3 + x(t). [Page 57-59] (8)

(ii) Obtain the convolution of the signals x1(t) = e-at u(t), x2(t) = e-bt u(t) using F.T. (8)
[Page 59-60]
Or
b) (i) The input and output of the system are related by the differential equation [Page 60-63]
+ + 2y(t) = x(t)Find impulse response of the system. (8)

(b)(ii)Describe the state space representation of the system.(OLD SYLLABUS) (8)

14.(a) (i) What is aliasing? Explain with the example. (6) [Page 70]
(ii) Obtain the inverse z transform of X(z) = for ROC (10) [Page 75-79]
(1)|z| >1
(2) |z| <0.5
(3) 0.5 < |z| <1.
Or
(b) State and explain the following properties of DTFT. (16) [Page 71-79]

15. (a) (i) Obtain the cascade realization of

y(n) - y(n-1) + y(n-2) = x(n) + 3x(n-1) + 2x(n-2). (12) [Page 96-98]
(ii) Obtain the relationship between DTFT and z transforms. (4)

A= , B = ,C = [3 0], D = [0]
Or

A D
(b) The state variable description of the system is given as

SC
Determine the transfer function of the system. (16)

123
 B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, APRIL/MAY 2010
Third Semester
Electronics and Communication Engineering
EC2204 — SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
(Regulation 2008)
Time: Three hours Maximum: 100 Marks
Answer ALL Questions

PART A — (10 2 = 20 Marks)

1. Define unit impulse and unit step signals. [Page 1]

2. When is a system said to be memoryless? Give an example. [Page 4]
3. State any two properties of Continuous – Time Fourier Transform
4. Find the Laplace transform of the signal x (t) = e−at u (t) . [Page 22]
5. State the convolution integral for continuous time LTI systems. [Page 52]
6. What is the impulse response of two LTI systems connected in parallel? [Page 53]
7. State the Sampling theorem. [Page 64]
8. State the sufficient condition for the existence of DTFT for an aperiodic
sequence x (n) . [Page 64]
9. Define one sided Z-transform and Two-sided Z-transform. [Page 91]
10. Define the shifting property of the discrete time unit Impulse function.

PART B — (5 16 = 80 Marks)

11) a) Distinguish between the following:

A D
(i) Continuous Time Signal and Discrete Time Signal
[Page12-13] (16)

C
(ii) Unit step and Unit Ramp functions
(iii) Periodic and Aperiodic signals

S
(iv) Deterministic and Random signals
(Or)
11) b) (i) Find whether the signal x (t) = 2 cos(10t +1) − sin (4t −1) is periodicor not. (4)
(ii) Find the Summation (4)
(iii) Explain the properties of unit impulse function. (4)
(iv) Find the fundamental period T of the continuous time signal (4)
x(t) = 20cos [Page 13-14]

12) a) Find the trigonometric Fourier series for the periodic signal x(t). [Page 26-31]
(16)

Fig: Saw tooth waveform

(Or)

124
12) b) (i) Find the Laplace transform of the signalx (t) = e- at u (t) + e- bt u (- t) [Page 34] (8)
(ii) Find the Fourier transform of x(t) = [Page 31]

13) a) (i) Explain the steps to compute the convolution integral. [Page 59-60] (8)

(ii) Find the convolution of the following signals: (8)

x (t) = u (t)
h(t) = u (t + 2) .
(Or)
13) b) (i) Using Laplace transform, find the impulse response of an LTI system
described by thedifferential equation. [Page 60] (8)

(ii)Explain the properties of convolution integral. (8)

14) a) (i) Find the Fourier Transform of x(n) = [Page 86-90] (8)
(ii) Explain any four properties of DTFT. (8)
(Or)
14) b) (i) Find the Z-transform of the given signal x (n) and find ROC. [Page73]
x(n)= (10)
(ii) Describe the sampling operation and how aliasing error can be prevented.
(6)

A D
15)a)Find the impulse response of the discrete time system described bythe difference
equation

(Or)
C
y(n − 2) −3 y(n −1) + 2 y(n) = x (n −1)

S
15) b) (i) Describe the state variable model for discrete time systems.
(ii) Find the state variable matrices A, B, C, D for the equation
(16) [Page 98-99]

(8)

y(n) - 3y(n-1) - 2y(n-2) = x(n) + 5x(n-1) + 6x(n-2)

125
 B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2009
Third Semester
Electronics and Communication Engineering
EC 2204 — SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
(Regulation 2008)
Time : Three hours Maximum : 100 Marks
Answer ALL Questions

PART A — (10 2 = 20 Marks)

1. For the signal shown in Fig. 1, find x(2t + 3) .

2. What is the classification of the systems?
3. What are the Dirichlet’s conditions of Fourier series?
4. State convolution property of Fourier transform.
5. What is the Laplace transform of the function x(t) = u(t) - u(t - 2) ?
6. What are the transfer functions of the following? [Page 52]
A) An Ideal ontegrator B) An Ideal delay of T seconds
7. What is an anti–aliasing filter? [Page 64]
8. State Parseval’s relation for discrete–time aperiodic signals. [Page 56]
9. What is the z-transform of the sequence x(n) = anu(n) ?
10. Define system function. [Page 91]

PART B — (5 16 = 80 Marks)

1)x1(t)=5cost
A D
11) a) (i) Write about elementary continuous–time signals in detail.
(ii) Determine the power and RMS value of the following signals
(8)

(4)

1)
SC
2)x2 (t) = 10 cos 5t cos10t
(Or)
11) b) (i) Determine whether the following systems are linear or not.
[Page 18-19]
(4)

(4)
2) (4)
(ii) Determine whether the following systems are time–invariant or not.
1)y(t)= tx(t)
(4)
2)y(n) = x(2n) (4)

12) a) (i) Find the trigonometric Fourier series for the periodic signal x(t)shown in Fig.
(8)

[Page 26-31]

Fig: Saw tooth waveform

(ii) Find the Fourier transform of rectangular pulse. Sketch the signal
and its Fourier transform. (8)

126
 Fig: Rectangular pulse
(Or)
12) b) (i) Determine the Laplace transform of the following signals.
1)x1 (t) =u(t − 2) (4)
2)x2 (t)= t2 e-2t u (t) (4)
(ii) Determine the Laplace transform of the signal. (8)
x(t) = sin π t; 0 < t< 1
= 0 otherwise

13) a) (i) Find the convolution of the following signals. [Page 59-60] (8)
x (t) = e−atu(t); x (t) = e−btu(t)
1 2
(ii) Find the impulse response of the system shown in Fig.
(8)

D
Fig : RC circuit
(Or)

A
13)b)For the circuit shown in Fig. 1, obtain state variable equation. The input
voltage source is x(t) and the output y(t) is taken across capacitor C2 . (16) (Old
Syllabus)

SC
Fig : RC circuit

14) a) (i) Determine the Nyquist sampling rate and Nyquist sampling
interval for the signal
x(t) = sin c2 (200 π t) [Page 70] (8)
(ii) Determine the z-transform of the signal x(n) = sinω0nu(n) (8) [Page 73]
(Or)
14) b) (i) State and prove time shifting property of discrete–time Fourier Transform.
(8)
(ii) State and prove convolution property of z-transform. [Page 79] (8)

15) (a) Find the impulse and step response of the following system : [Page 99] (8 + 8 = 16)
Y(n) - )
(Or)
(b) Obtain the cascade and parallel form realization of the following system. [Page 96]
Y(n) -

127
 A D
SC
 A D
SC
 A D
SC
 A D
S C
 A D
S C
 A D
S C