CHAPTER 4

Fourier series
 FOURIER SERIES
■ A series of periodic function and represent in term of cosines and sines.
■ Almost all periodic function of fourier series is in period 2L / 2.
Is defined on the interval [0,L] but the period of the functions is 2L.
EVEN FUNCTION
ODD FUNCTION
Neither
Example
A function 𝑓 𝑥 is define by

𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥, 0<𝑥<𝜋
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 2𝜋)

Find 𝑎0 and 𝑎𝑛
𝐿
2
𝑎0 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 0

𝜋 𝜋
2 4 4 𝑥 2 2𝑥 2 2𝜋 2 2 0 2
𝑎0 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = = = − = 2𝜋
𝜋 0 𝜋 0 𝜋 2 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Example
𝐿
2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑓 𝑥 cos 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 0 𝐿
𝜋
2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = 2𝑥 cos 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0 𝜋 𝜋 0
4 𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
4 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = +
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 0
Note:
4 𝜋𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋 cos 𝑛𝜋 0𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛0 cos 𝑛0
𝑎𝑛 = + − +
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛 𝑛2 1) sin n = 0
4 (−1)𝑛 1 4 𝑛
2) cos n = (-1)n
𝑎𝑛 = − = (−1) −1
𝜋 𝑛2 𝑛2 𝜋𝑛2
1
4 𝑎1 = −2, 𝑎3 = −2 , …
𝑎𝑛 = 32
𝜋 𝑎2 , 𝑎4 = 0
Example

■ Therefore, the Fourier series

∞
1
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑥
2
𝑛=1

∞
1 4 2
𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝜋 + −2 cos 𝑥 − 2 cos 3𝑥 − ⋯
2 𝜋 3
𝑛=1