INTERNSHIP REPORT

ON

SURVEYING USING TOTAL STATION

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING

BY

B. AKSHITHA (167R1A0105)
B.BHANULATHA (167R1A0110)
M.LAKSHMI PRASANNA (167R1A0128)
S.SRIVARDHINI (167R1A0150)

Under the guidance of

Mr.A. Srinivas

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CMR TECHNICAL CAMPUS

Kandlakoya (vill), medchal road, 501401

2019 – 2020
 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the following students completed their internship program
in surveying using “TOTAL STATION” .

By
B. AKSHITHA (167R1A0105)
B. BHANULATHA (167R1A0110)
M.LAKSHMI PRASANNA (167R1A0128)
S. SRIVARDHINI (167R1A0150)

Internship Coordinator Head of the Department

Mr. CH. SIDDARTHA Prof. S. VIJAYA BHASKAR REDDY
Assistant professor Professor & Head
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives us immense pleasure to bring out the internship work on the “TOTAL
STATION”. This is a new experience for us in the B. Tech (Bachelor of
Technology) in Civil Engineering Course.
This project is a result of our efforts, as well as the kind support of many of those
whom I would like to thank personally.
We would like to express our sincere thanks to Mr. A. Srinivas for accepting to
be our guide and helping us throughout our project work
Our special thanks to our Prof. Vijaya Bhaskar Reddy, HOD of Civil
Engineering Department, who has given us this opportunity and their guidance.
We are thankful to MR CH. SIDDARTHA, Assistant professor in Civil
Engineering Dept, for giving us an opportunity to do this project.
 ABSTRACT

The INTERNSHIP is “SURVEYING USING TOTAL STATION”. The project

is made by us to take experience of the work in the field also. This project is also
very useful for surveyors of company to confirm their data/values (R.L., contours)
with our values to be accurate when doing surveying same area. Total area
surveyed in the project is 20000sq.m. One can easily find the location of fixed
things (like water tank, poles, building walls, different blocks, tree etc.) on ground
by seeing the map. The project is done by using Total station (LEICA TSO7)
 LIST OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS PAGE NO.

Acknowledgement i
Abstract ii
DISCRIPTION
● Introduction to total station ................................................ 1

● What is total station ................................................... 2

● Parts of total station ................................................. 3

● Advantages and disadvantages ........................................ 4
● Set up and targeting ...................................................... 5
● Functions ......................................................................... 6
● Tie distances ..................................................................... 7
● Remote elevations and heights............................................. 8
● Area and volume .......................................................... 9
● Surveying method .............................................................. 10
● Resection ....................................................................... 11
● Stakeout ..................................................................... 12
● Conclusion ..................................................................... 13

INTRODUCTION TO TOTAL STATION

The main instrument for surveyors on site today is the “total station”. A total station is a
combination of electronic theodolite, an electronic distance measuring device (EDM) and a
microprocessor with memory unit. This combination makes possible to determine the
coordinates of a reflector aligning the instruments cross hairs on the reflector and
simultaneously measuring vertical and horizontal angles and slope distances. A microprocessor
in the instrument takes care of recording, readings and the necessary computation.
What is Total station?
A total station is an electronic/optical instrument used in modern surveying and building
construction that uses electronic transit theodolite in conjunction with electronic distance meter
(EDM).It is also integrated with microprocessor, electronic data collector and storage system.
The instrument is used to measure sloping distance of object to the instrument, horizontal
angles and vertical angles. This Microprocessor unit enables for computation of data collected
to further calculate the horizontal distance, coordinates of a point and reduced level of point.
Data collected from total station can be downloaded into computer/laptops for further
processing of information. Total stations are mainly used by land surveyors and civil engineers,
either to record features as in topographic surveying or to set oust features (such as roads,
houses or boundaries). They are also used by archaeologists to record excavations and by
police, crime scene investigators, and private accident Reconstruction’s and insurance
companies to take measurements of scenes.
Parts of total station:
TRIPOD STAND

ADVANTAGES OF TOTAL STATION:

1. Quick setup of the instrument on the tripod by utilizing the laser plummets.
2. Programmed with on board area computation for computing the area of a field.

3. It supports local languages.

4. It shows the graphical view of land and plots.

5. No recording and writing errors.

6. It gives more accurate measurements than other conventional surveying instruments.

7. Data can be saved and transferred to a PC.

8. It has integrated database.

9. Computerization of old maps.

10. All in one and multitasking instrument, from surveying to GIS creation by using the
appropriate software.

11. Faster work saves time, quick finishing off the job.

DISADVANTAGES OF TOTAL STATION:

1. The instrument is costlier than other conventional surveying instruments.

2. It might be troublesome for the surveyor to investigate and check the work when surveying.

3. Working with total station is not so easy, as more skilled surveyors are required to conduct
a total station survey.

4. To check the survey, work thoroughly it would be necessary to come back to the office and
prepare the drawings by using the right software.

Set up and targeting:

1. Place the tripod approximately over the ground point.
2. Inspect the tripod from various sides and correct its position so that the tripod plate is roughly
horizontal and above the ground point (illustration, top left).

3. Push the tripod legs firmly into the ground and use the central fixing screw to secure the
instrument on the tripod.

4. Switch on the laser plummet (or, for older instruments, look through the optical plummet)
and turn the foot screws so that the laser dot or the optical plummet is centred on the ground
point (illustration, top right).

5. Centre the bull’s-eye bubble by adjusting the lengths of the tripod legs (illustration below).

6. After accurately levelling up the instrument, release the central fixing screw so that you can
displace it on the tripod plate until the laser dot is centred precisely over the ground point.

7. Tighten the central fixing screw again.

Functions of total station

 1. Angle measurement
Most total station instruments measure angles by means of electro-optical
scanning of extremely precise digital bar-codes etched on rotating glass cylinders or
discs within the instrument. The best quality total stations are capable of measuring
angles to 0.5 arc-second. Inexpensive "construction grade" total stations can generally
measure angles to 5 or 10 arc-seconds.

2. Distance measurement
The distance is determined by emitting and receiving multiple frequencies, and
determining the integer number of wavelengths to the target for each frequency. Most
total stations use purpose-built glass corner cube prism reflectors for the EDM signal.
A typical total station can measure distances with an accuracy of about 1.5 millimetres
(0.0049 ft) + 2 parts per million over a distance of up to 1,500 meters (4,900 ft).
Reflector less total stations can measure distances to any object that is reasonably light
in colour, up to a few hundred meters.

3. Coordinate measurement
The coordinates of an unknown point relative to a known coordinate can be
determined using the total station as long as a direct line of sight can be established
between the two points. Angles and distances are measured from the total station to
points under survey, and the coordinates (X, Y, and Z or easting, northing and elevation)
of surveyed points relative to the total station position are calculated using trigonometry
and triangulation. To determine an absolute location a Total Station requires line of
sight observations and can be set up over a known point or with line of sight to 2 or
more points with known location, called Resection (Free Stationing). For this reason,
some total stations also have a Global Navigation Satellite System receiver and do not
require a direct line of sight to determine coordinates. However, GNSS measurements
may require longer occupation periods and offer relatively poor accuracy in the vertical
axis.

4. Data processing
Some models include internal electronic data storage to record distance,
horizontal angle, and vertical angle measured, while other models are equipped to write
these measurements to an external data collector, such as a hand-held computer. When
data is downloaded from a total station onto a computer, application software can be
used to compute results and generate a map of the surveyed area.

Tie distances:
It is the method of determining distances and height elevation between
 two points especially where chain and tape cannot be used.

The program determines the distance and height difference between two points.

1. Set up the total station at any location.

2. Measure the distance to each of the two points A and B.

3. The distance D and the height difference H are displayed at the touch of a button.
Remote Elevation Method:
The process of finding the height of objects without
actually going to the top of the object is known as Remote Elevation Measuring (REM) i.e., a
total station placed remotely (faraway) from the object is used to measure the heights.

1. Set up a reflector vertically beneath that point the height of which is to be determined. The
total station itself can be situated anywhere.

2. Measure the distance to the reflector.

3. Target the high point.

4. The height difference H between the ground point and the high point is now calculated at
the touch of a button and is displayed.
Area and Volume:
Instrument is fixed at one place and calculating the area visible to
boundary parts without disturbing the instrument.
1. Set up the total station in the terrain so that it is within view of the entire area to be surveyed.
It is not necessary to position the horizontal circle.
2. Determine the boundary points of the area sequentially in the clockwise direction. You must
always measure a distance.
3. Afterwards, the area is calculated automatically at the touch of a button and is displayed.
Surveying method:
To create a location plan, the position and height of a point on the
object are determined by measuring angles and distances. To do this, the instrument is set up
on any prominent point in a local coordinate system. A second prominent point is selected for
the purposes of orientation; after this has been targeted the horizontal circle is set to zero (refer
to the user manual). If a coordinate system already exists, set up the instrument on a known
point within it and line up the horizontal circle with a second known point (refer to the user
manual).
Resection:
Finding the third Benchmark with the help of two Benchmarks.

In surveying, free stationing (also known as resection ) is a method of determining a location

of one unknown point in relation to known points. There is a zero point of reference called a
total station. The instrument can be freely positioned so that all survey points are at a suitable
sight from the instrument. Setting up the total station on a known point, often it is not possible
to see all survey points. With the total station, bearings and distances are measured to at least
two known points of a control network.
Stake Out:
1. Set up the instrument at a known point and position the horizontal circle (refer to the section
"Setting the station” in the user manual).

2. Enter manually the coordinates of the point to be staked out. The program automatically
calculates direction and distance (the two parameters needed for staking out).

3. Turn the total station until the horizontal circle reads zero.

4. Position the reflector at this point (point P’).

5. Measure the distance; the difference in the distance ∆D to the point P will be displayed
automatically.
 Conclusion
Though we can’t recommend you for jobs, our motto is to make ourselves ready for the
challenges from right the point we apply for job to the time you work in site..With a comfortable
way by increasing our potentiality as a civil engineer with additional and outstanding
qualifications which most of the people probably don’t have ...And helps us to be professional
opting total station as a key.