EXAMPLE 19-1 Recurring bass patterns in the 17th century A. Romanesca B, Folia a |: EXAMPLE 19-2 Typical settings of the descending tetrachord (in minor) A. Diatonic B. Chromatic \TION Fo ‘The principle of variation is found not only throughout the entire corpus of Western musie but also in the musics of other cultures. Since the repetition of a musical idea is essential to the establishment of its ide 3 ity, His not sur- prising that composers modified the musical idea in various ways, either uupon its immediate repetition or later on in the piece{ “Variation” implies that one or more elements of the original material undé¥gbes change while other elements remain relatively fixed. We may find examples of this prove- dure within the sections of a single movement, where the immediate repeti- tion of a phrase may be modified, or in the case of a ternary form, where the return of the initial section may be varied. Melodic elaboration is common and can be heard in the ternary da capo aria, where the singer freque ‘embellishes the melodic repetition, or in the Doubles, or varied repeats, Baroque suite movements. In the slow moven i ‘of his Piano Sonata in D major, K.311, Mozart embellishes the successive recurrences of the opening, melody with increasingly complex elaborations (Example 4),{We wll fas onto vation proerestht serve asthe fonnal as an entire composton:continnos variations and sectional variations, theme and aration Continuons Variations ‘Continuous variation fll one other without ntrrupion. They Insel on a theme of fur to cht mesures, sally rater eb pute in the bos voice, The names pasacilia,caconne, and grt Js were used intercaneably fordhese pres. Most are in minor 4tsow tempo, and ple meter They tend to real nthe same Be) rehome, Pai of tad varai apn bar arto, while the shove the bas ten 0 from to Xreach new mtv ile confine ose vari Bach Ch ted al 1 te hanno the fl measure ofeach alton vl fen ofthe net sin Bas Pusan in © for orgy The wsdering Tai ofthe themes of thee fo murs ane quoted in Example 5 In some continuous movements, ser vasaions are grouped together rate a tater sense of unis: One commen foal design esing these groupings the soled double rie in which & frie motion increase in testa density cc ee The thee and the ie several variations of psa quoted in. Example 6 (net py shri pas Some famous amples of continous vations fv the Bare period ince “Dido Lament” fom Parcells opera Dido and. Aeneas lwhere a wpa ara i supported by «ground bas) Mand hela (Glace i major, ed the aby Hane are The successive varatons follow ame rcs” from Buchs Beinn Mas From later pos we may ete Beethoven's Thirty Teo Veriton anOriginal Thee i minor {WoO 80), the Fal of Brass Veriton om (Theme of Haya, the lst event of Bess Syphony No.4 the Pasacaa fom Britews opera Pter Gries, and the last overeat of Hindemis Nobiisina Visine. Jaze iprensations on standard popair Songs aso represent examples of continous varatons, since they stay retain the armies ad phasing of the gal tne. ‘We my loft instances of tinato sections in which dhe “there” a recurring mei ragment nether he bass o ope; se the losing Section of Srstly’ Symphony of Puls, The following excerpt from the Finale of Brdnss Symphony No, 1 wes descending tetrachord a the Sectional Variations, or Theme and Variations Sectional variations, or theme and variations, grein popula dari 1s Cla peiod ned rally replace te thr Barrer eo tino saritions The theme, either at orga or bored tune, as anos rays ei ound t-reprie form ora leat consisted of one fr move perads (swe Movats "Ah, sous diate, Maman” Variations in eerie bei The cet Hee-endonciatos seth, nde oy of a peris of lich rele hort acs. cach of whichis trully hated aed pura hy el panes The orgs of etna arta sance, Each dance in 43 Pocon and Gallardo the Tan ad Neon, wan ws est 4 6 repre for, the secon dance being a shythnie varation of the ist ‘own the begining ofthe seventeenth century, keyboard variations on popular dines tunes or ars were frequently writen by composers ofthe Eeglsh signal school The practice of erating sectional varatons from Popular tune contest this days some ofthese pees, nce Jour Aen The Carnet of Venice for trumpet ard Artur Pyors The Blu 1 Sean for trombone, eve become vito shompicees Daring the Baroque ef, we nay occa irl Heme-an-varaions seis in which the the sat ne worrisome most sis exam He & Backs Goldieg Variation, wee the ondering of the theh-t0o Rena of enaisance dances, ich a the280 (excunsios 1) siwpue romwe ‘aration adheres to a precise oer fra scheme With lengthy themes ing the arian sty wok cul per snl aration ss, the harmonies “i fe wie the melo, teste, register, an aviation, Each aration as based on th Chase ping. a fc Ayn woul vary «ifeent melo r rth note, A vasations were normaly et abo the ode cook ge. The Bist ict measur of cr several vrais of Mozart arto on 4 wel te me qed in Exc, vanterion Fors 281282 yexcus eet eee eee ‘Vasaton sets were compe th sepa pices and as movements of sonst, quartets and ayaponies. Although in Css mulkmovement trorks avanition set ocr appeus a these movement, might a eeu a the fst mavement (Morar Pan Sonata i A majo, K-31) oF the st movement (Beethoven Symphony No.3) In Kesar warton sce of ths period, the Bs varatons ae tien un expressive Adagio atl an Aloo Finale: seo the ast mevereat Maras Piano Sonat nD maj K254 Later composes wrested wi the problem of imposing overall wit ‘coherence on the varaton set_One ston ws to ide the pices nt fdsint group, using certs sartlons a "anstons to dhe neat om “This appreel ay te found in Beethoven Dill Vriatons fr pia and Bross Hay Veriton For ochestra Other famous sets of sto sarstonsinlude the second move ent of Hayne Sting Quire nC major Op. 78, No. 3 (whose theme Tater came the German atonal aren), dhe dw movements of Be thovens ith and Ninth Symphonies (hth of which empey to themes only de ist of which underges extensive aration), Brabins Varato nospo roxu 289 on a Theme by Handel (bic closes wit gal Finale) ad Variations on Theme of Pagan Eas Ene Veriaions, al Briton’ Young Pron’ Gude tothe Orca th gl conclusion that event alycombine Parcells hme with Brite’ figue tne aie