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Origins of word “biology”
• Biology
• Bios = life
• Logos = study
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Introduction Introduction
• Biology is one of the sciences takes us: • Biology is one of the sciences takes us:
– Into a variety of environments to investigate – To the laboratory to examine how organisms
ecosystems work
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Introduction
• Biology is one of the sciences takes us:
– Into the microscopic world to explore cells and
the submicroscopic to explore molecules in cells
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Introduction
Why Study Biology?
• Biology is one of the sciences takes us:
– Back in time to investigate the history of life.
– Biology is relevant to our everyday experience
• Medical advances
• Addressing needs of growing human
population
• Challenges of decreasing rate of biodiversity
• Biotechnology advances
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What is Life? Major Themes in Biology
• Living organisms: • Evolution by Natural
– Grow. Insert F01_03b Selection
– Maintain constant • Inheritance
internal environment.
• Cells
– Produce offspring.
– Respond to
• Biological
environmental Classification
changes. • Bioenergetics
– May evolve. • Homeostasis
• Ecosystems
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Scientific Method
How is Biology studied?
• Begins with _______
about our
surroundings.
• Next, ask _______
about the phenomena
we are observing.
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Scientific Method Scientific Method
• Followed by • T_______
generating a – Scientists perform
________. t___ to determine the
– Tentative explanation accuracy of their
to the question. hypothesis.
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Hierarchical levels of life
Scientific Method
• Organelles
• Explanation • Molecules
– It is a hypothesis that
has passed the widest • Cells
and most
comprehensive series • Atoms
of tests.
• Populations
– Still subject to review
and consideration. • Tissues & Organs
– May be elevated to a
theory = well • Communities
demonstrated
principle.
• Ecosystems & Biosphere
• Organisms
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Hierarchical levels of life
Branches of Biology
• Atoms 1. Zoology- the study of animals
• Molecules
• Organelles
Invisible
Ichthyology- the study of fish
• Cells Why Important? Fish are indicator
• Tissues & Organs species. Alert humans to potential
• Organisms environmental problems
• Populations Visible
• Communities
• Ecosystems & Biosphere
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Mammalogy- study of mammals 2. Botany- the study of plants
Ornithology- the study of birds Why important? Food production,
Why important? DDT(insecticide used in medicines
‘50s and ’60s) Birds of prey #s declined
3. Microbiology- study of small life
bioaccumulation- the build up of chemicals Why important?
or toxins in living things Medicines, bioterrorism
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4. Anatomy- study of an organism’s parts 6. Entomology- study of insects
Why important? West Nile virus, Yellow
fever– carried by mosquitoes
7. Genetics- study of heredity and genetic
5. Physiology- study of how organism’s parts material (DNA/RNA, chromosomes, genes)
work Why important? Cloning, research,
Why important? Health professions, solving crime
veterinarians
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8. Ecology- study of all life in a particular 9. Cell Biology- the study of cells
area, the relationships between those life
forms and the environment Why Important?
Why important? Overpopulation Need to know about cells to learn more
Ozone Depletion/Greenhouse Effect about whole organisms
Rainforest Destruction
Pollution- other states pay to dump
garbage in PA
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Biology Pioneers More on Aristotle
1. Aristotle • Supported spontaneous generation
-Greek (1st bio. teacher) theory
“Father of Biology and • Created a theory of the elements
Zoology”
4 elements:
A. Earth B. Air
C. Water D. Fire
-1st person to start classifying organisms
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2. Hippocrates 3. Leeuwenhoek
• Greek • Dutch
• “Father of Medicine” • His hobby was lens
• Hippocratic Oath for grinding
doctors (part of his ** He did NOT invent
life-long legacy) the microscope, he
perfected microscope
lenses
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4. Lister
• He was the first person to see: • British
A. Bacteria • Hospital conditions
were dirty & infectious
B. Protozoans
• Used phenol as a
C. Red blood cells disinfectant
D. Sperm cells • “Father of Aseptic
-He did NOT support spontaneous Surgery”
generation
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5. Fleming 6. Salk and 7. Sabin
• British
• Accidentally
discovered first
antibiotic (penicillin)
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Salk and Sabin
• Developed 1st polio • Developed oral polio
vaccine injection vaccine (1959)
(1955)
• Didn’t patent vaccine, • Vaccines are
didn’t want to profit weakened forms of
from his discovery disease that tricks
body into making
antibodies
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