Homework Set #3 of Course AerE 541

1. Consider the incompressible, irrotational flow where the potential function is:
  K ln X 2  Y 2 ,
where K is an arbitrary constant.
(a) What is the velocity field for this flow? Y (1,1)
What is the magnitude and direction of
the velocity at ( 2, 0 ), at ( 2 , 2 ) and
at( 0, 2 )
(b) Is the flow physically possible? Is the
flow field irrotational?
(c) What is the stream function for this flow? X
Sketch the stream line pattern. (0,0) (1,0)
(d) Sketch the lines of constant potential.
How do the iso-potential lines related to
the streamlines?
   
(e) For the region shown in the figure, evaluate  ( V )  dA  ? and V  ds  ? to
demonstrate that Stokes’s theorem is valid.
Solution to question (e)
2. In an ideal, 2-D incompressible irrotational flow field, the fluid is flowing past a wall
with a sink of strength K per unit length at the origin as shown in the Figure. The potential
K
function of a 2-D sink is    ln X 2  Y 2 . At infinity the flow is parallel to wall and of
2
uniform velocity U  .
(a) Determine the location of the stagnation point X 0 at the wall in terms of U  and K.
(b) Find the pressure distribution along the wall as a function of X. Taking the free stream
statitc pressure at infinity to be p  , express the pressure coefficient as a function of X / X 0 .
(c) Sketch the resulting pressure distribution.

U
p Y

wall Sink of strength K at X=0

3. Superposition of a uniform stream ( V ) and a point source (strength q ) located at the origin
produces the flow over a smooth blunt-nosed body. The blunt-nosed body is usually called
Rankine nose. The radius of the
Rankine nose at Z   is
q
r 
V X
Z
(f) To express as a function r r
r
of  . 
(g) To express the radius of the
r Z
Rankine nose ( ) as a
r
function of  , and plot the
Y
r
curve of changing with
r
Z
.
r
2
V
(h) Derived the flow velocity ( ) on the surface of the Rankine nose as a function of
V 2
V Z
 , and plot the curve of changing with .
V  r
p  p
(i) Derived the pressure coefficient ( C p  ) on the surface of the Rankine nose as
1
V 2

2
p  p Z
a function of  , and plot the curve of C p  changing with .
1 r
V 2

2
Solution:
The stream function for the combined flow is:

V R 2 q
  sin 2   cos 
2 4
The corresponding velocity field is:

 q
VR  V cos  
 4 R 2
V  V sin 
  

At stagnation point VR  0; V  0
 q
i.e., VR  V cos   0
4 R 2
and V  V sin   0

V  V R sin   0   0 or  

q 
VR  V cos    0 q
4 R  Rstag   
2

2
It is impossible
 4 V
 0 

q 
VR  V cos    0  q
4 R 2   Rstag   Possible solution
 4 V
  

Stream line passing the stagnation point:

V R 2 q q
 stagnation  sin 2   cos  
2 4 4

Therefore, the equation of the streamline passing the stagnation point is given by:
V R 2 q
sin 2   (cos   1)  0
2 4
q
(cos   1)
4 q (cos   1)
R  2

V 2V sin 2 
sin 2 
2
q (cos   1) q (cos   1) r (cos   1)
R   
2V sin 2
V 2 sin 
2
sin  2
R sin  (cos   1)
 
r 2
r (cos   1) 
   cos
r 2 2
Z cos  (cos   1) cos  1 cos 
Since Z  r / tan     cos( / 2) 
r sin  2 2 sin( / 2)  cos( / 2) 2 sin( / 2)

Therefore:
Z 1 cos 
(a). 
r 2 sin( / 2)
 r (cos   1) 
(b).   cos
r 2 2

12 1.4
11
1.2
10 r/r
9 Z/r
1.0
8
7 0.8
r/r, Z/r

r/r
6
5 0.6
4
3 0.4
2
1 0.2
0
-1 0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

, deg. Z/r

The stream line passing the stagnation point can be treated as the surface of a solid body since no
flow will pass the stream line according to the definition of streamline.

On the surface of Rankin nose:

(cos   1)
q
R
2V sin 2 
 q V sin 2 
VR  V cos    V cos    V [cos   sin 2 ( / 2)]
Thus,  4 R 2 2(cos   1)
V  V sin 
  

Therefore:
V
( ) 2  sin 2   cos 2   2 cos  sin 2 ( / 2)  sin 4 ( / 2)  1  2 cos  sin 2 ( / 2)  sin 4 ( / 2)
V
V
( ) 2  1  2 cos  sin 2 ( / 2)  sin 4 ( / 2)
V
p  p V
Cp   1  ( )2
1 V
V 2
2
 1  [1  2 cos  sin 2 ( / 2)  sin 4 ( / 2)]
 2 cos  sin 2 ( / 2)  sin 4 ( / 2)
 1.4
1.2
1.0
Cp
0.8 2 2
U /V
CP,U /V
2

0.6
2

0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Z/r
4. Consider air flowing past a hemisphere resting on a flat surface, as shown in the Figure.
Neglecting the effects of viscosity, if the internal pressure is p i , find an expression for the
pressure force on the hemisphere. At
what angle location should a hole be
cut in the surface of the hemisphere
so that the net pressure force acting
on the hemisphere will be zero.

Solution:

On the surface of the sphere, the

local pressure is:
1 9 9 1
P  P  V (1  sin 2  )  P  q (1  sin 2  ) ; q  V
2 2

2 4 4 2

The area of a small element on the sphere can be expressed as:

dA  R sin  d Rd
The x-component of the force (i.e., along x-direct) acting on the
small element at the outer surface:
dFx  P sin  cos dA  P sin  cos   R sin  d Rd  P R 2 sin 2  cos  d d
9
 [ P  q (1  sin 2  )] R 2 sin 2  cos  d d
4

Therefore, the lift force the due to the external pressure acting on the
surface of the hemisphere is


  2
9
Loutside     [ P
0   
  q (1  sin 2  )] R 2 sin 2  cos  d d
4
2


  2
9 2
 R2  0 [ P  q (1  4 sin  )] sin  d   cos  d
2

 
2
 
9
 2R 2

 [P
0
  q (1  sin 2  )] sin 2  d
4
   
9
 2 R [( P  q )  sin  d  q  sin 4  d ]
2 2

 0
4  0

sin 2   9 3 sin 2 sin 4  
 2 R 2 [( P  q )(  )   0  q (   )  0 ]
2 4 4 8 4 32
 9 3 27 11
 2 R 2 [( P  q )  q ]  R 2 ( P  q (1  )  R 2 ( P  q )
2 4 8 16 16
If the pressure inside the semi-sphere shell is Pinside , then, the total lift force (i.e., along x-
component) acting on the semi-sphere due to the inner pressure will be Linside  R 2 Pinside

If the net lift acting on the semi-sphere shell is to be zero:

11 11
Linside  Loutside  R 2 Pinside  R 2 ( P  q )  Pinside  P  q
16 16
9
On the surface of the sphere, the local pressure is: P  P  q (1  sin 2  )
4
Therefore, at the location where the hole is made will have:
9 11
P  P  q (1  sin 2  )  P  q
4 16
9 11 9 27
 (1  sin 2  )    sin 2  
4 16 4 16
3 3
 sin 2    sin  
4 2
   60O

  120
O