Unit 2.
2
Logic
Math 10
Estadilla
Mathematical Expressions vs
Mathematical Sentences
• A mathematical expression is a correct arrangement of
mathematical symbols used to represent a mathematical
object of interest which does not state a complete thought.
• A mathematical sentence or a mathematical statement is a
correct arrangement of mathematical symbols that states a
complete thought.
NOT a
Mathematical
Statement:
X+Y
Statements
that have no
assertions.
NOT a
Mathematical
Is Jon Snow a Targaryen?
Statement:
Questions
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NOT a
Mathematical
Defend the wall!
Statement:
Commands
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A proposition is a
mathematical statement
which is always true or
Propositions always false.
vs Open
Statements
An open statement is a
mathematical statement
with unknown truth value.
• P: 𝑥 is a factor of 𝑦.
Examples of • Q: 𝑛 is a prime number.
Open −𝑏± 𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
• R: 𝑥 = .
Statements 2𝑎
• P: 1 + 1 = 483.
• False
• Q: Some infinities are larger than
others.
Examples of
• True
Propositions
• R: If 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0, 𝑎 ≠ 0,
−𝑏± 𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
then 𝑥 = 2𝑎
.
• True
LOGICAL
OPERATORS
1. Conjunction: P ∧ 𝑄
• “P and Q”
• 𝑃 ∧ 𝑄 is only true if BOTH P and Q are true.
• Otherwise, it is false.
1. Conjunction: P ∧ 𝑄
• This is a math class and the students are Ateneans.
• 𝑃: This is a math class.
• 𝑄: The students in this class are Ateneans.
• True
• 1 + 2 = 2 and it is September.
• 𝑃: 1 + 2 = 2.
• 𝑄: It is September
• False
2. Disjunction: P ∨ Q
• “P or Q”.
• P ∨ Q is true if at least one statement (P, Q, or both) are true.
• It is false if both statements are false.
2. Disjunction: P ∨ Q
• This is a science class or the students are Ateneans.
• P: This is a science class.
• Q: The students in this class are Ateneans.
• True (since at least one is true).
• 1 + 2 = 2 or it is August.
• P: 1 + 2 = 2.
• Q: It is August.
• False (since both are false).
Negation: ~𝑃
• “Not P”
• If 𝑃 is true, then ~𝑃
is false.
• If 𝑃 is false, then ~𝑃
is true.
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• P: 1 + 1 = 483
• ~𝑃: 1 + 1 ≠ 483.
• P is false, so ~𝑃 is true.
Negating
Statements • 𝑄: ℤ is a subset of ℚ.
• ~𝑄: ℤ is not a subset of ℚ.
• 𝑄 is true, so ~𝑄 is false.
IMPLICATIONS
Implication: P → Q
• Read as: “P implies Q” or “If P then Q”.
• P is called the premise.
• Q is called the conclusion.
Rewriting Sentences as Implications
All squares are rectangles.
As an implication:
If a shape is a square, then it is a rectangle.
Rewriting Sentences as Implications
All rational numbers are real numbers.
As an implication: ___________________.
Rewriting Sentences as Implications
All paintings by Da Vinci are valuable.
As an implication: ___________________.
Rewriting Sentences as Implications
Every odd prime number is greater than 2.
As an implication: ___________________.
Equivalent Forms of the Implication 𝑝 → 𝑞
• If 𝑝, then 𝑞.
• If 𝑝, 𝑞.
13 GAVINO
• 𝑝 implies 𝑞.
• Every 𝑝 is 𝑞.
• 𝑞, if 𝑝.
• 𝑞 provided that 𝑝.
(Less Obvious) Equivalent Forms of the
Implication P → 𝑄
• Not 𝑃 or 𝑄 (~𝑃 ∨ 𝑄)
• 𝑃 only if 𝑄. (𝑃 is true only when 𝑄 is true)
• 𝑄 is a necessary condition for 𝑃.
• 𝑃 is a sufficient condition for 𝑄.
“Necessary”
• If 𝑃 happens, then it is necessary or unavoidable that 𝑄 must
also happen.
“Necessary”
• Example: If I live in Quezon City, then I live in the Philippines.
• 𝑃: I live in Quezon City.
• Q: I live in the Philippines.
• If one lives in Quezon City, then it is unavoidable that one also lives in
the Philippines.
• “Living in the Philippines” is a necessary condition for “Living in
Quezon City”.
• 𝑄 is a necessary condition for 𝑃.
“Sufficient”
• If 𝑃 happens, then it is enough to trigger 𝑄.
“Sufficient”
• Example: If I live in Quezon City, then I live in the Philippines.
• 𝑃: I live in Quezon City.
• Q: I live in the Philippines.
• The fact that I am living in Quezon City is enough to say that I
am living in the Philippines.
• 𝑃 is a sufficient condition for 𝑄.
If P → 𝑄 is true…
• 𝑄 is a necessary condition for 𝑃.
• The conclusion is necessary for the premise.
• 𝑃 is a sufficient condition for 𝑄.
• The premise is sufficient for the conclusion.
But…
• Is 𝑄 a sufficient condition for 𝑃?
• Is 𝑃 a necessary condition for 𝑄?
Is 𝑄 a sufficient condition for 𝑃?
• If 𝑄 happens, does 𝑃 automatically happen?
• NO.
• Example: If I live in Quezon City then I live in the Philippines.
• One living in the Philippines is NOT ENOUGH to say that one is also
living in Quezon City (one could also be living in
Pampanga/Benguet/Bulacan, etc.).
Is 𝑃 a necessary condition for 𝑄?
• Does 𝑄 necessitate 𝑃 also happening?
• NO
• Example: If I live in Quezon City then I live in the Philippines.
• One living in the Philippines does not necessitate one also living in
Quezon City.
Express the following as an implication
(If 𝑃 then 𝑄):
• Being older than 18 is sufficient to show that I am at least 16.
• Premise: Being older than 18
• Conclusion: Being at least 16
Express the following as an implication
(If 𝑃 then 𝑄):
• Being in excellent shape is a necessary condition for running a
marathon.
• Premise: One running a marathon.
• Conclusion: Being in excellent shape.
Express the following as an implication
(If 𝑃 then 𝑄):
• We will be in good shape for summer provided we take dance
classes.
• Premise:
• Conclusion:
• Implication:
Express the following as an implication
(If 𝑃 then 𝑄):
• Today is Friday, only if yesterday was Thursday.
• Premise: Today is Friday.
• Conclusion: Yesterday was Thursday.
• Implication: If today is Friday then yesterday was Thursday.
