PARTICIPLE

1. Present (Verb 1 + ing)

 Sebagai adjective (sifat) → menghasilkan sifat
Contoh : Dripping tap : keran yang menetes
Deafening sound : suara yang memekakan
 Sebagai pengganti sambil (harus satu subjek)/menyatakan peristiwa yg terjadi
bersamaan yg dilakukan satu subjek.
Contoh : While my sister is playing a piano, she sings song → playing piano, my sister
sings a song.
 Sebagai pengganti setelah
Contoh : After I reach home, I sleep → Reaching home, I sleep
 Sebagai pengganti karena (satu subjek)
Contoh : Because she was angry, she doesn’t wants to talk to me → Being angry, she
doesn’t want to talk to me.
Untuk menggantikan susunan adjective clause (meringkas adjective clause) → AKTIF
Contoh : The girl who won the grand prize was invited to the tv station → The girl

Who dihilangkan, won jadikan verb1 (win) lalu +ing

winning the grand prize was invited to the tv station
Catatan :
Untuk participle yang menggantikan adjective clause, selalu hanya dalam bentuk
“Verb1 + ing” apapun tensesnya. Misal, “The girl who has won” participlenya tetap
“The girl winning” bukan “The girl having won”
 Untuk menyatakan kalimat yang artinya sesudah bisa menggunakan “Having + verb
3”
Contoh : I have had breakfast, I go to school → Having had breakfast, I go to school

2. Past (Verb 3)
 Sebagai adjective→ kena dampak/mengalami sifat
Contoh : Stolen money
Written report
Lost key
 Untuk menyatakan kalimat passive
Contoh : She enters. She is accompanied by her mother → She enters, accompanied
by her mother

He was taken to the airport. He was worried → Taken to the airport, he was
worried

 Untuk menyatakan kalimat PASIF yang artinya sesudah bisa menggunakan “Having +
been + verb 3”
Contoh : I had been bitten twice by my dog. He refused to visit me → Having been
bitten twice by my dog, he refused to visit me
  Untuk menggantikan adjective clause → PASIF
Contoh : The boy who has been punished is angry → The boy punished is aangry

HILANGKAN “WHO HAS BEEN”/AMBIL VER=B3 NYA SAJA

Latihan soal :

1. The girl left the room immediately.

a. Annoys b. Annoyed c. Annoying d. Is annoyed
2. The children are by the animals.
a. Frightening b. Being frigtening c. Frightened d. Fright
3. I watched a very movie.
a. Amazing b. Amazed c. Amazingly d. Amaze
4. The children don’t like the fish that way.
a. Cooks b. Cooked c. Cooking d. Cook
5. The boys the mountain couldn’t survive.
a. Climbing b. Climbs c. Climbed d. Climb

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE/RELATIVE CLAUSE → untuk menunjukkan sifat suatu benda di depannya

 WHO → orang berposisi subjek

Ciri : Setelah “who” biasanya langsung kata kerja
contoh : She is the one who always comes first to the class
 WHOM → orang berposisi sebagai objek
Ciri : Setelah “whom” ada subjek (I, you, we, they, he, she, it, etc) baru kata kerja.
Contoh : Santi is the student who Mrs. Lia likes
 WHOSE → kepemilikan → SELALU DIIKUTI BENDA
Contoh : Dion’s father whose car was stolen yesterday reported the case to the
police
 WHICH → benda
Contoh : I like the book which she always brings to the class.
 WHEN → waktu
Contoh : Today is the day when I will finally meet him.
 WHERE → tempat
Contoh : Indonesia is a country where I was born and brought up.
When dan where bisa digantikan dengan “preposition + which”
 Contoh : Today is the day on which I will finally meet him. (when)
Indonesia is a country in which I was born and brought up. (where)
 Dalam kalimat ada (most of, all of, some of, many of,... of, etc) → diganti dengan
most/all/some/many/... of which (benda), whom (orang), whose (kepemilikan)
Contoh : - In my class there are 20 students. Most of them are from Asia. → In my
class there are 20 students, most of whom are from Asia. (them diganti
dengan whom krn menggantikan orang. Sebelum most of whom wajib
diberi koma)
- He gave several reasons. Few of them were valid → He gave some
reasons, few of which were valid
- The teachers discussed Jim. One of his problem was poor study habit
→ The teachers discussed Jim, one of whose problem was poor study
habit
 That/this mewakili statement diganti dengan WHICH
Contoh : Tom was late. That suprised me → Tom was late, which surprised me
(koma sebelum which wajib)

Latihan soal

1. Nisa is the girl wins the lottery

a. Who b. Which c. When d. Whom
2. Romeo bought a kilogram of oranges. Some of them are sour.
a. Romeo bought a kilogram of oranges, some of them are sour.
b. Romeo bought a kilogram of oranges. Some of which are sour.
c. Romeo bought a kilogram of oranges, some of which are sour.
d. Romeo bought a kilogram of oranges, some of whose are sour.
3. Tika live in a city has a beautiful culture.
a. Who b. Which c. Whom d. Whose
4. The building height 150 m is the highest one in my city.
a. Which b. Whom c. Who d. Whose
5. April is the month I celebrate my birthday
a. On which b. In which c. Where d. Which
6. This is the line I used to sit.
a. In which b. In where c. On which d. Who
ADVERB CLAUSE (CH. 13)

TIME : After, when, while, since, before, after, until, as soon as, as long as/so long as, by the time
(that), as

REASON : Because, As, Since, Now That

CONDITION (PENGANDAIAN) : If, Unless (if...not), only if, even if, in case

CONCESSION (CONTRAST) : Although, though, even though, inspite of/despite the fact that

PURPOSE : In order that, so that

RESULT : Such...that/so....that

COMPARISSON : Superlative tdk ikut (Hanya Positive dan Comparative)

Latihan soal

1. Rumi looked very nervous he was asked to come to the stage (Time)
a. When b. Because c. Although d. If
2. Yovita is very happy she can finally meet her boyfriend from Padang. (Reason)
a. Since b. When c. Even though d. In case
3. It is a great chance that I can meet my idol.
a. So b. Despite c. Inspite of d. Such
4. the fact that today rains, I will keep going.
a. Inspite b. Despite of c. Despite d. Though
5. I won’t visit my friend in the hospital, my mom allows me to go.
a. If b. Unless c. In case d. Because

NOUN CLAUSE (CH. 12)

THAT CLAUSE :

1. Subyek kalimat
That driver could not control his car was obvious

SUBJECT

2. Obyek kalimat
Every one knows that she is frightened

OBJECT

3. Complement (subyek + be)

The truth is that he was very shy
 WH CLAUSE (What, Who, Where, When, Why, etc)
1. Subyek
Who I met yesrterday was my aunt from the USA
Where she went was a completely mystery
2. Obyek
No one knows why she is crying
I don’t care what he is trying to talk about
3. Complement (Subyek + be)
The question is what made him angry
It is why he left the room in a hurry
4. Obyek dari preposition
It depends on what you really mean
I’m interessted in what my teacher told me in the class

Latihan Soal

1. was dissapointing.
2. I hate
3. The truth is
4. Liana was afraid of
5. makes me very happy.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

TYPE ZERO : Untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang pasti terjadi (general truth)

If + S + present tense, S + present tense

Contoh : If you heat ice, it melts (udah menjadi kebeneran yang pasti kalau es dipanaskan
akan meleleh)

TYPE I : Untuk menyatakan suatu hal yang masih ada kemungkinan terjadi

If + S + present tense, S + will + verb 1

Contoh : If you study hard, you will be successful in the exam (Kamu ada kemungkinan
sukses ujian kalau kamu belajar dg giat)
TYPE II : Untuk menyatakan suatu hal yang tidak mungkin terjadi, baik saat ini maupun masa datang

If + S + past tense, S + would + verb 1

Contoh : If I had a lot of money, I would travel around the world (nyatanya sekarang saya
tidak punya banyak uang)

I would go if I were not sick (sayangnya saya sakit)

Note : Untuk cond. type II, tidak peduli apakah subyek dalam if clause tunggal atau jamak,
to be yang digunakan hanya WERE

TYPE III : Untuk menyatakan suatu hal yang tidak mungkin terjadi di masa lampau.

If + S + past perfect tense, S + would have + verb Note :

3 Can = be able to

Will = be going to

Contoh : If Shinta had taken the chance, she would have been in the top position.

If I had been able to reach him, he would have never leave me.

MIXED CONDITIONAL → Tidak mengikuti ketentuan di atas. Kadang if clause nya past perfect, tapi
karena ingin membicarakan tentang dampak terkini dari if clause yang tidak terjadi di masa lampau,
maka menggunakan would + Verb 1.

Contoh : If I had studied well when I was at school, I would not be poor like this (tidak belajar
dengan baiknya dulu waktu sekolah, tapi dampak kemiskinannya sekarang)

Latihan soal

1. If I get the prize

a. I would treat you
b. I would have treated you
c. I will treat you
d. I treat you
2. If you need me, I there for you
a. Were
b. Will be
c. Would be
d. Am
3. If you rich, what would you buy?
a. Are
b. Am
c. Was
 d. Were
4. If they had listened to their mothers,
a. It would have not happened to them
b. It would not have happened to them
c. It would not happen to them
d. It will not happen to them
5. , I would have come too.
a. If I had knew that Marry came to your house
b. If I know that Marry comes to your house
c. Had I know that Marry came to your house
d. Had I known that Marry came to your house
6. , open the door, please
a. If someone knocked
b. Should someone knock
c. Should someone knocked
d. If someone was knocking

WISH
Untuk menyatakan suatu harapan yang mustahil untuk terjadi (harapan palsu)/kontrast dengan
kenyataan saat ini. Hampir mirip dengan conditional sentence type II.

PRESENT S + Wish(s/es) + Verb 2

Contoh : I can’t speak German, but I wish I could

I wish my mom permitted me to go to the party (fact : my mom doesn’t

permit me)

S + Wish(s/es) + Verb 3
PAST
Contoh : I didn’t go to the cinema with them. I wish I had gone to the cinema with
them

Latihan soal

Make it into wish form!

1. Tony can’t go to school as he’s sick. What does Tony wish?

2. Angel doesn’t win the competition. What does she wish?
3. The students of Jaya Bangsa won’t join the competition for uncertain reason. What do they
wish?
4. Dita didn’t understand what her teacher explained yesterday. What did she wish?
5. Liana couldn’t answer Mr. Tono’s question. What did she wish?