MODULE 4:

CARING FOR SPECIAL

GROUPS

Submitted by:
Hannah A. Saladaga
Bernard Christian Salupan
BTVTEd-FSMT II

Submitted to:
Mrs. Daisy Jane L. Bascon
Needs of the newborn:

 Physical Needs
 Feeding
 Bathing
 Clothing
 Sleeping
 Playing

 Emotional Needs
 The need to feel respected
 The need to feel important
 The need to feel accepted
 The need to feel included
 The need to feel secure

 Social needs
 Like adults, babies too need food, safety, love, attention and interaction. They also need
security, friendship and companionship.
 Since parents are the first individuals they met and where they get their social needs, it is
important for parents to interact with them regularly to expose them to social skills. Despite
your busy and hectic schedules, you should find time to make them feel wanted and loved.
 Since babies mimic your moves, it is best that you should act and serve as their raw models.
Be careful with your actions, words and moves because they usually emulate your actions, no
matter how positive or negative it maybe.

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Characteristics of the 1-3 year old toddler:

 Physical growth
 Most kids gain around 4 pounds and get about 2 ½ inches taller during the third year of life.
Getting adequate sleep—10-13 hours is ideal for a 2-3 year old—plenty of physical activity,
and proper nutrition contribute greatly to normal growth.

 Motor skills
 Physically active tots and preschoolers could make the most dedicated exerciser at the gym
look like a slacker. The typical 2 year old confidently walks without assistance, is starting to
run, and stands on her tiptoes. As he/she gets closer to age 3, you may spot her jumping off a
step, walking up and down the stairs, and riding a tricycle. A 3 year old will impress you with
his/her ability to hop and stand on one foot up.

 Fine motor abilities

  He's got hands and fingers and he knows how to use them! Building a six-block-high tower is
no problem for a 2-year-old. A 3-year-old can add at least three more blocks for an even taller
tower. Emptying objects from a container is an amusing pastime for a 2-year-old, while a 3-
year-old gets a charge out of manipulating small objects.

 Social and Emotional development

 Two- and 3-year-olds have a wide array of emotions. One minute your little one might seem
like "little miss negative," while the next moment she's laughing her heart out after
performing a silly trick. Since a child in this age group has little control over her emotions
she may resort to hitting, screaming, or crying. During the second year of life, toddlers
gradually make the transition from doing their own thing to cooperatively playing with other
kids. Preschoolers like to share and take turns -- but keep in mind that they're not always wild
about the idea.

 Verbal and intellectual aptitude

 Toddlers and preschoolers will make enormous strides verbally and intellectually as their
little worlds continue to expand. You'll find that "why" and "no" are probably tied for the
word they use most often.

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Factors to be considered in caring for the 1-3 year old toddler:

 Firearm hazards
 Children in homes where guns are present are in more danger of being shot by themselves,
their friends, or family members than of being injured by an intruder. It is best to keep all guns
out of the home. Handguns are especially dangerous. If you choose to keep a gun, keep it
unloaded and in a locked place, with the ammunition locked separately. Ask if the homes where
your child visits or is cared for have guns and how they are stored.

 Poisonings
 Children continue to explore their world by putting everything in their mouths, even if it
doesn’t taste good. Your child can open doors and drawers, take things apart, and open bottles
easily now, so you must use safety caps on all medicines and toxic household products. Keep the
safety caps on at all times or find safer substitutes to use.

 Falls
 To prevent serious falls, lock the doors to any dangerous areas. Use gates on stairways and
install operable window guards above the first floor. Remove sharp-edged furniture from the
room your child plays and sleeps in. At this age your child will walk well and start to climb,
jump, and run as well. A chair left next to a kitchen counter, table, or window allows your
child to climb to dangerously high places. Remember, your child does not understand what is
dangerous.
 Burns
 The kitchen is a dangerous place for your child during meal preparation. Hot liquids, grease,
and hot foods spilled on your child will cause serious burns. A safer place for your child
while you are cooking, eating, or unable to give him your full attention is the playpen, crib, or
stationary activity center, or buckled into a high chair. It’s best to keep your child out of the
kitchen while cooking.
  Children who are learning to walk will grab anything to steady themselves, including hot
oven doors, wall heaters, or outdoor grills. Keep your child out of rooms where there are hot
objects that may be touched or put a barrier around them.
 Drowning
 At this age your child loves to play in water. NEVER leave your child alone in or near a
bathtub, pail of water, wading or swimming pool, or any other water, even for a moment.
Empty all buckets after each use. Keep the bathroom doors closed. Your child can drown in
less than 2 inches of water. Knowing how to swim does NOT mean your child is safe near or
in water. Stay within an arm’s length of your child around water.

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Appropriate preparation of nutritionally balanced meals for the 1-3 year old toddler:

Menu for a one year old:

Breakfast
 ½ cup iron- fortified breakfast cereal or 1 cooked egg
 ¼ –½ cup whole milk (with cereal or without)
Fruit can be added to cereal or on its own
 ½ banana, sliced
 2–3 large sliced strawberries
Snack
 1 slice toast or whole wheat muffin with 1–2 tablespoons cream cheese or peanut butter,
or yogurt with cut-up fruit
 ½ cup whole milk
Lunch
 ½ sandwich sliced turkey or chicken, tuna, egg salad, or peanut butter
 ½ cup cooked green vegetables
 ½ cup whole milk
Snack
 1–2 ounces cubed or string cheese, or 2–3 tablespoons fruit or berries
 1 cup whole milk
Dinner
 2–3 ounces cooked meat, ground or diced
 ½ cup cooked yellow or orange vegetables
 ½ cup pasta, rice, or potato
 ½ cup whole milk

Menu for a two-year old:

Breakfast
 ½ cup nonfat or low- fat milk
 ½ cup iron- fortified cereal or 1 egg
  1⁄3 cup fruit (for example, banana, cantaloupe, or strawberries)
 ½ slice whole wheat toast
 ½ teaspoon margarine or butter or 1 teaspoon jelly
Snack
 4 crackers with cheese or hummus or ½ cup cut-up fruit or berries
 ½ cup water
Lunch
 ½ cup low- fat or nonfat milk
 ½ sandwich—1 slice whole wheat bread, 1 ounce meat, slice of cheese, veggie (avocado,
lettuce, or tomato)
 2–3 carrot sticks (cut up) or 2 tablespoons other dark- yellow or dark-green vegetable
 ½ cup berries or 1 small (½ ounce) low-fat oatmeal cookie
Snack
 ½ cup nonfat or low-fat milk
 ½ apple (sliced), 3 prunes, 1⁄3 cup grapes (cut up), or ½ orange
Dinner
 ½ cup nonfat or low-fat milk
 2 ounces meat
 1⁄3 cup pasta, rice, or potato
 2 tablespoons vegetable

Menu for a three-year old:

Breakfast
 1 slice whole grain cinnamon-raisin toast
 1 T. peanut butter
 ¾ c. skim milk
Snack
 ½ c. blueberries
 ½ c. nonfat plain yogurt
 1 T. toasted wheat germ
 1 t. honey
Lunch
 1 small or half salmon burger
 Small whole-wheat roll
 1 T. light mayo
 2 leaves romaine
 ½ c. sweet potato fries
 1 small orange
Snack
 ¼ c. carrot sticks
 2 T. hummus (counts as 1 oz. meat/beans)
Dinner
 ½ c. whole-wheat penne with 2 t. olive oil
  ¼ c. fresh tomatoes, basil
 1 oz. whole-milk mozzarella + ½ c. steamed or sautéed green beans with olive oil + ½ c.
strawberries + ½ c. ice cream
Snack
 5 multigrain crackers
 5 almonds

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Factors to be considered in caring for the 3-6 year old toddler:

 Tell your child why it is important to stay out of traffic. Tell him not to play in the street or run
after stray balls.
 Be cautious when letting your child ride her tricycle. Keep her on the sidewalk and away from the
street and always have her wear a helmet.

 Check outdoor playground equipment. Make sure there are no loose parts or sharp edges.

 Watch your child at all times, especially when he is playing outside.

 Be safe in the water. Teach your child to swim, but watch her at all times when she is in or around
any body of water (this includes kiddie pools).

 Teach your child how to be safe around strangers.

 Keep your child in a forward-facing car seat with a harness until he reaches the top height or
weight limit allowed by the car seat’s manufacturer. Once your child outgrows the forward-facing
car seat with a harness, it will be time for him to travel in a booster seat, but still in the back seat
of the vehicle.

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Plan, prepare and serve meals for the 3-6 year old:

Healthy food for school-age children includes a wide variety of fresh foods from the five food groups:
 Fruits and Vegetables
 Fruits and veggies give your child energy, vitamins, anti-oxidants, fibre and water. They
help protect your child against diseases later in life, including diseases like hear disease,
stroke and some cancers.
 Grain foods
 Grain foods include bread, pasta, noodles, breakfast cereals, couscous, rice, corn, quinoa,
polenta, oats, and barley. These foods give your child the energy she needs to grow,
develop and learn.
 Reduced-fat diary
 Key dairy foods are milk, cheese and yoghurt. These foods are high in protein and
calcium, which to build strong bones and teeth.
 Protein
  Protein-rich foods include lean meat, fish, chicken, eggs, beans, lentils, chickpeas, tofu
and nuts. These foods are important for your child’s growth and muscle development.

Healthy drinks: Water

Water is the healthiest drink for children over 12 months. It’s also the cheapest. Most tap water is fortified
with fluoride for strong teeth too.

Foods and drinks to avoid

Your child should avoid ‘sometimes’ foods. These foods include fast food and junk food like hot chips,
potato chips, dim sims, pies, burgers and takeaway pizza. They also include cakes, chocolate, lollies,
biscuits, doughnuts and pastries.

These foods are high in salt, saturated fat and sugar, and low in fibre and nutrients. Eating too much of
these foods can increase the risk of childhood obesity and conditions like type-2 diabetes.

Your child should also avoid sweet drinks like fruit juice, cordials, sports drinks, flavoured waters, soft
drinks and flavored milks. Sweet drinks are high in sugar and low in nutrients. They can cause weight
gain, obesity and tooth decay. These drinks fill your child up and can make her less hungry for healthy
meals. And if children start on these drinks when they’re young, it can kick off an unhealthy lifelong
habit.

Foods and drinks with caffeine aren’t recommended for children, because caffeine stops the body from
absorbing calcium well. Caffeine is also a stimulant, which means it gives children artificial energy. These
foods and drinks include coffee, tea, energy drinks and chocolate.

Healthy alternatives for snacks and desserts

Encourage your child to choose snacks from the healthy food groups. This can include things like nuts,
cheese, low-fat yoghurt and fresh fruit or vegetables – for example, carrot and celery sticks.

The same goes for dessert at the end of a meal. Sliced fruit or yoghurt is the healthiest option. If you want
to serve something special, try homemade banana bread. Save the seriously sweet stuff, like cakes and
chocolate, for special occasions like birthdays.

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The physiological and emotional characteristics of the adolescence:

 In trying to discuss adolescence, most adults tend to confuse the terms adolescence and
puberty, and use them synonymously.
 Adolescence refers to the stage from puberty to adulthood, and includes the psychological
experiences of the child during this period.
 Adolescence is described as being the teenage years from thirteen to eighteen years of age;
however, puberty decides the onset of adolescence.
  During adolescence there is a large degree of psychological growth as children make
adjustments in their personality due to the rapid physical and sexual development which is
characteristic of this period of life.
 What is puberty?
 Puberty refers to the physiological changes that the adolescent undergoes in order to reach
sexual maturity. It is best characterized as the gradual onset of mature reproductive hormonal
activity, triggered by the central nervous system, mainly the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.

 Emotional changes in adolescence

1. Moods and feelings
 Your child might show strong feelings and intense emotions, and her moods might
seem unpredictable. These emotional ups and downs can lead to increased conflict.
2. Sensitivity to others
 As your child gets older, he’ll get better at reading and understanding other people’s
emotions.
3. Self- consciousness
 Teenage self-esteem is often affected by appearance – or by how teenagers think they
look. As your child develops, she might feel self-conscious about her physical
appearance. She might also compare her body with those of friends and peers.
4. Decision-making
 Your child might go through a stage where he seems to act without thinking a lot of
the time. Your child’s decision-making skills are still developing, and he’s still
learning that actions have consequences and even risks sometimes.

The physiological and emotional characteristics of the elderly:

Physiological changes occur with aging in all organ systems:

 The cardiac output decreases, blood pressure increases and arteriosclerosis develops.
 The lungs show impaired gas exchange, a decrease in vital capacity and slower expiratory
flow rates.
 The creatinine clearance decreases with age although the serum creatinine level remains
relatively constant due to a proportionate age-related decrease in creatinine production.
 Progressive elevation of blood glucose occurs with age on a multi-factorial basis and
osteoporosis is frequently seen due to a linear decline in bone mass after the fourth
decade.
 The epidermis of the skin atrophies with age and due to changes in collagen and elastin
the skin loses its tone and elasticity. Lean body mass declines with age and this is
primarily due to loss and atrophy of muscle cells.
 Degenerative changes occur in many joints and this, combined with the loss of muscle
mass, inhibits elderly patients' locomotion.
 These changes with age have important practical implications for the clinical
management of elderly patients:
a) metabolism is altered
b) changes in response to commonly used drugs make different drug dosages
necessary
c) there is need for rational preventive programs of diet and exercise in an effort
to delay or reverse some of these changes.

Emotion regulation skills appear to increase during adulthood:

  Older adults report fewer negative emotions than younger persons.
 Older adults report more emotional stability and well-being than younger persons.
 Older adult may be more savvy at navigating interpersonal disagreements than younger persons.
 Older adults may pay more attention to the good and less attention to the bad. When older adults
experience a negative emotion, they may be able to recover more.

Factors to be considered when caring for the elderly in the home:

When caring for the elderly, there are a number of important things you have to take into consideration.
As well as the possibility of nursing home care and long-term care, there is an increase in the number of
older people who have complex needs. There is also an increase in the amount of home support given to
older people.

As well as any obvious health care and personal care, they are the simple things we neglect on a daily
basis. They are every human’s basic inner needs; they are just needed more by older people.

1. The care provided for seniors should be Person-Centered

2. Dignity is important

3. Make it a point to understand them

4. Be a confidant, but privacy is key

5. Report all forms of abuse accordingly

6. Be reliable and dependable

7. Explore ways to understand communication disabilities

8. Remember that elderly people desire a good quality of life