Learning objective: ADJUSTING THE ACCOUNTS - Necessary because the trial balance may not

contain up-to-date and complete data.

1) Explain the accrual basis of accounting and the
- Required every time a company prepares
reasons for adjusting entries.
financial statements.
2) Prepare adjusting entries for deferrals. - Will include one income statement account
and one balance sheet account.
3) Prepare adjusting entries for accruals,
Deferrals – are expenses or revenues that are
4) Describe the nature and purposes of an adjusted trial recognized at a date later
balance.
1) Prepaid expenses
5) Explaining the accrual basis of accounting and the - Expenses paid in cash before they are used or
reasons for adjusting entries. consumed
Time Period Assumption - Examples of Prepayments are: Insurance,
- Accountants divide the economic life of a business Supplies, Advertising, Rent, Equipment, and
into artificial time periods Building
- Equipment and Buildings are Fixed Assets that
are gradually converted into expenses due to
depreciation.
Fiscal and Calendar years
Adjusting Entry:
Fiscal year
- increase (debit) to an expense account and
Calendar year is an accounting time period that starts
on January 1 and ends in December 31 - decrease (credit) to an asset account.

Accrual-Basis Accounting problem 1 - Supplies

-Transactions recorded in the periods in which the Oct. 31 Supplies 2500
events occur Cash 2500
- Companies recognize revenues when they
perform services (Rather than when they receive Supplies Expense 1500
cash). Supplies 1500
-Expenses are recognized when Incurred (Rather
than paid_ problem 2 – Insurance
- In accordance with Generally accepted
Oct. 31 Insurance Expense 50
accounting principle (GAAP)
Prepaid Insurance 50
Cash-basis accounting
Depreciation
- Revenues recognized when Cash is received.
- Expenses recognized when Cash is Paid. -Buildings, equipment, and motor vehicles (assets that
- Cash—basis accounting is not in accordance provide service for many years) are recorded as assets,
with generally accepted accounting principles rather than an expense on the date acquired.
(GAAP)
-Depreciation is the process of allocating the cost of an
asset to expense (Time Period Assumption) over its
useful life.
Revenue & Expense Recognition Principle
-Two types are…
1) Cause and effect
Physical Depreciation
2) Immediate
- kakagamit
Adjusting Entries - Exposure to the elements
Economic Depreciation
- Ensure that the Revenue recognition and - Obsolescence
expense recognition principles are followed.
Common Methods of Depreciating Trial Balance
1) Straight-line Depreciation
- Depreciation=cost-salvage value/estd. useful life Each account is analyzed to determine whether it is
complete and up-to-date
2) SYD
To check whether the total Debit is equal to the total
_____________________________________________ Credit.

2) Unearned revenues Adjusted trial Balance

- Cash received before services are performed - Prepare after all adjusting entries are journalized and
posted.
Example of Unearned revenue are:
Rent, Magazine Subscriptions, Airline tickets, - Purpose is to prove the equality of debit balances and
Customer deposits credit balances in the ledger

Adjusting entries:
- Results in a decrease (debit) to a liability account and
an increase (credit) to a revenue account.
problem 3 – Unearned revenues
Oct. 31 Cash 1200
Unearned Revenue 1200
Unearned Revenue 400
Advertising Income 400

Accruals - are expenses or revenues that are

recognized
1)Accrued revenues
Revenues for services performed but not yet received
in cash or recorded
_____________________________________________

2)Accrued Expenses
Expenses incurred but not yet paid in cash or recorded.
See problem 4 – Accrued Interest
Oct 31. Interest Expense 50
Interest Payable 50
See problem 5 – Accrued Salaries
Oct 31. Salaries expense 1200
Salaries Payable 1200