RIVER TRAINING

• River training implies certain measures to be

adopted on a river to stabilise the river
channel along a certain alignment with a
certain cross section.
RIVER TRAINING & • The river training works are required to
achieve the following;
PROTECTION WORKS 1. Prevent out flanking of the structure
2. It protects the river bank
3. Prevent flooding by the river lands upstream
By Sagar Dodeja, IES 4. It contracts a river channel to improve its
depth
5. It trains the flow along a certain course

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Classification of River Training Works

• Low Water Training - It is undertaken
• High Water Training – It is undertaken
with the purpose of providing sufficient
with the purpose of providing the depth for navigation during the low water
efficient disposal of the maximum season.
floods & thereby protecting against • It is usually concerned with contraction of
damage due to floods. width
• It is also called as training for • It is also known as training for depth.
discharge.

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 GUIDE BANKS
• Mean Water Training – It is
undertaken to provide efficient • Guide Banks are made for guiding the
river near a structure so as to confine it
disposal of bed & suspended in a reasonable width of river. It is also
sediments and thereby protecting the called as BELL’s BUND,
river channel in designed shape. • The Guide Banks usually consists of a
• It is also known as training for heavily built embankment in the shape of
sediments. Bell Mouth on both sides of constricted
channel.

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GROYNES This form of R.T. works perform one or

more functions such as:
• Groynes are structures constructed • training the river along the desired
transverse to the river flow and extend course to reduce the concentration of
from the bank into river up-to a limit. flow at the point of attack,
• These Groynes are also known as spurs. • creating a low flow for silting up the
area in the vicinity, and
• protecting the bank by keeping the flow
away from it
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1. REPELLING/REFLECTING SPUR
TYPES OF GROYNES/SPURS (basis of • It points towards the U/S at an angle of
functions) 10-30 degrees to the line normal to the
bank,
1. REPELLING/REFLECTING SPUR, • The head of this spur causes the flow to be
2. DEFLECTING SPUR, deflected in a direction nearly
3. ATTRACTING SPUR perpendicular to itself
• A still water pocket is formed U/S of it and
suspended load gets deposited in the
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 2. DEFLECTING GROYNE
• It has much shorter length than repelling
•
groyne and it is built perpendicular to the
bank
• It only deflects the flow, locally

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3. ATTRACTING GROYNE
• The Attracting Groyne points D/S of the
direction of normal flow.
• It causes formation of scour holes closer
to the banks than the repelling groynes.
• Therefore, they tend to maintain deep
current close to the bank.

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LEVEES OR MARGINAL EMBANKMENTS
• Embankments & dykes also known as
levees are earthen banks constructed
parallel to the course of river to confine it
to a fixed course and limited cross-
sectional width. SAGAR SIR, MADE EASY
• The heights of levees will be higher than
the design flood level with sufficient free
board. The confinement of the river to a
fixed path frees large tracts of land from
inundation and consequent damage.

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Meandering of Rivers Causes of Meandering as per 


• A meandering type of river flows in Ingus’ Theory
consecutive curves of reverse order • When there is heavy load of bed material in
connected with short strait called as movement during floods, excess turbulent
crossing. energy is developed due to unevenness of the
bed and the banks
• In such a condition, it is observed that
symmetrical axial flow is not maintained & the
flow tends to concentrate towards one of the
banks
• Due to this concentration of flow, further
erosion takes place & finally giving the
meandering shape to the river

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 Sinuosity or Tortuosity
It is the ratio of the Actual length (along the
curve) to the Meander Length (along straight
line) between the end points of the curve of
a meandering river.
• MB = 153.42 √Q
Effect of Meandering
• ML = 53.61 √Q
The meandering action increases the
• W = 8.84 √Q length of the stream or river and tends to
Where Q is in m3/s ; reduce the slope.
MB, ML, W in metre
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Guide Bunds & Divide Walls Silt Excluders & Silt Ejectors
• Silt Excluders are those works which are
constructed on the bed of the river upstream
• It is necessary at many instances to of the head regulator. The silted water enters
narrow down and restrict the course of the silt excluders and clear water enters the
the river through the barrage and it is head regulators.
achieved by the use of the guide bunds • In this type of works, the silt is therefore,
removed from the water before it enters the
• The wall which divides the waterway into canal.
two parts, one is the weir portion and the • Silt ejectors or Silt Extractors remove the
other from which canal takes off is called remaining silt in the off-take canal and are
the divide wall. constructed some distance downstream of the
head regulator at the bed of the canal.
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 Fish Pass or Fish Ladder
• Some barrages require providing special
structures to allow migratory fishes to
flow up and down the river through
RIVER
structures called Fish Passes or Fish
Ladders
PROTECTION
WORKS
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Cutoffs
1. During low-flow periods in rivers, when most of the
gates are closed in order to maintain a pond level, the
differential pressure head between upstream and
downstream may cause uplift of river bed particles. A
• Cut-offs are barriers provided below the cutoff increases the flow path and reduces the uplift
floor of the barrage both at the upstream pressure, ensuring stability to the structure
and the downstream ends. They may be in
the form of concrete or steel sheet-piles.
The cut-offs extend from one end of the
barrage or dam up to the other end (on
the other bank). The purpose of providing
cutoff is two-folds as explained further –

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2. During flood flows or some unnatural flow condition, LACEY’S SCOUR DEPTH
when there is substantial scour of the downstream
riverbed, the cutoffs or sheet piles protect the • Lacey’s scour depth equation helps to find
undermining of the structures foundation
the depth of sheet piles by finding the
level of deepest scour below HFL.
• The sheet pile must be taken atleast upto
the level of possible deepest scour below
the bed of the river.
• The design depth of scour below HFL may
be taken as 1.5 times Lacey’s Scour
Depth.

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FORMULA Launching Apron as River

Protection Work
• Whenever a sloping face is protected by stone
pitching against scour, the pitching is extended
beyond the toe on the bed in the form of packed
stones, this stone dumping is known as launching
apron
• If no such protection is provided, scour will occur at
the toe with consequent undermining.
• In order to remove such a danger to the slope, the
pitching is extended on the horizontal river bed
portion, which falls down into the scoured portion as
soon as the scouring occurs.

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• The launching apron is generally laid in a width equal
to 1.5 times the depth of the scour D below the
original bed.
• The total scour below HFL is taken as XR where R is
Lacey’s normal regime scour depth. The value of X
depends upon the type of river training work and it’s
location

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