applied

sciences
Article
Low-Voltage Ride-Through Control Strategy for
a Grid-Connected Energy Storage System
Yeongsu Bak 1 , June-Seok Lee 2 and Kyo-Beum Lee 1, * ID

1 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, 206, World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu,
Suwon 16499, Korea; [email protected]
2 Railroad Safety Research Division, Korea Railroad Research Institute, 176, Cheoldo Bangmulgwan-ro,
Uiwang 16105, Korea; [email protected]
* Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-31-219-2487

Received: 13 November 2017; Accepted: 28 December 2017; Published: 2 January 2018

Abstract: This paper presents a low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) control strategy for grid-connected
energy storage systems (ESSs). In the past, researchers have investigated the LVRT control strategies to
apply them to wind power generation (WPG) and solar energy generation (SEG) systems. Regardless
of the energy source, the main purpose of the LVRT control strategies is to inject reactive power into
the grid depending on the grid-code regulations using the grid-side inverter; the proposed LVRT
control strategy for grid-connected ESSs also has the same purpose. However, unlike the WPG and
SEG systems having unidirectional power flow, grid-connected ESSs have a bidirectional power
flow. Therefore, the charging condition of the grid-connected ESSs should be considered for the
LVRT control strategy. The proposed LVRT control strategy for grid-connected ESSs determines
the injection quantity of the active and reactive currents, and the strategy depends on the voltage
drop ratio of the three-phase grid. Additionally, in this paper, we analyzed the variations of the
point of common coupling (PCC) voltage depending on the phase of the reactive current during the
charging and discharging conditions. The validity of the proposed LVRT control strategy is verified
and the variations of the PCC voltage of the grid-connected ESS are analyzed by simulation and
experimental results.

Keywords: low voltage ride through; wind power generation system; solar energy generation system;
grid-connected; energy storage system

1. Introduction
In recent years, the depletion of fossil fuels and environmental pollution have become important
matters of global concern because they cause the depletion of energy resources and global warming.
Accordingly, the demand for the use of renewable energy sources, such as wind power, solar energy,
and biomass, has rapidly increased [1–3]. To meet the demand and reduce the problems associated
with the depletion of fossil fuels and environmental pollution, numerous studies have been conducted
for green energy and renewable energy development [4–6]. The common renewable energy systems are
wind power generation (WPG), which uses wind turbines, and solar energy generation (SEG), which
uses photovoltaic cells. However, sources such as wind power and solar energy might be unreliable
and unpredictable because of changes in environmental conditions. Therefore, energy storage systems
(ESSs) are used for conserving energy generated by the renewable energy sources in battery systems.
The grid-connected ESS usually generates and supplies power by connecting to a grid. It is used
for conserving the additional energy with a reasonable cost, such as at night. Moreover, it can improve
the energy quality and maximize its efficiency by supplying the conserved energy on requirement.
The ESS has been made commercially available as typical renewable energy and energy conservation
systems [7–11].

Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 57; doi:10.3390/app8010057 www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci

Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 57 2 of 18

Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 57 2 of 18

Power generation
requirement. The ESSsystems
has beenconnected to the grid
made commercially canashave
available a renewable
typical negativeenergy
impactandon the grid in
energy
case theconservation
power scale of the systems
systems [7–11]. becomes large. Therefore, several countries suggest grid-code
regulations Power
to mitigate the negative
generation impacts to
systems connected onthe
the grid.
grid can Grid-code regulations
have a negative impact ondiffer from
the grid country to
in case
country;the power scale
Germany’s of the systems
grid-code becomes
regulations arelarge.
moreTherefore,
rigorous several
than the countries
grid-codesuggest grid-codeof other
regulations
regulations to mitigate the negative impacts on the grid. Grid-code regulations differ from country
countries. In general, the grid-code regulations define that systems such as WPG and SEG have to
to country; Germany’s grid-code regulations are more rigorous than the grid-code regulations of
remain other
connected to the grid when the voltage drops for a specified time and support the grid with a
countries. In general, the grid-code regulations define that systems such as WPG and SEG have
reactivetocurrent. This
remain connectedrequirement, known
to the grid when as a low-voltage
the voltage ride-through
drops for a specified time and(LVRT), is needed
support the grid withto avoid
grid blackouts.
a reactive current. This requirement, known as a low-voltage ride-through (LVRT), is needed to avoid
Thegrid
LVRTblackouts.
requirement is crucial for grid-code regulations. Figure 1 shows the LVRT requirements
in GermanyThe andLVRT
China. requirement is crucial are
The requirements for different
grid-code regarding
regulations.a Figure 1 shows and
fault duration the LVRT
the injection
requirements in Germany and China. The requirements are different regarding a fault duration and
quantity of the reactive power depending on the voltage drop ratio. This requirement ensures that
the injection quantity of the reactive power depending on the voltage drop ratio. This requirement
the system connected
ensures to theconnected
that the system grid operates properly
to the grid operateswhen thewhen
properly grid the
voltage dropsdrops
grid voltage [12–18]. The LVRT
[12–18].
requirement
The LVRT requirement contributes to the recovery of the grid voltage by supplying the reactive in the
contributes to the recovery of the grid voltage by supplying the reactive current
designated voltage
current range. In order
in the designated voltageto satisfy
range. the LVRT
In order requirement,
to satisfy a proper control
the LVRT requirement, a properof the reactive
control
current ofinthe
thereactive current in the
grid-connected ESSgrid-connected
is necessary.ESS Toiscontrol
necessary.
theToreactive
control the reactive
power andpower and the for the
the current
current for the grid-connected inverters in the WPG, SEG, and ESS is crucial. Numerous studies have
grid-connected inverters in the WPG, SEG, and ESS is crucial. Numerous studies have been conducted
been conducted for issues related to the reactive power and current compensation capabilities of such
for issues related to the reactive power and current compensation capabilities of such systems [19–25].
systems [19–25].

Figure 1. Low voltage ride through (LVRT) requirements in Germany and China.
Figure 1. Low voltage ride through (LVRT) requirements in Germany and China.
The WPG systems using wind turbines and the SEG systems using photovoltaic cells usually
Thehave
WPG a large power using
systems scale. Therefore, the LVRT
wind turbines andrequirement
the SEG needssystemsto beusing
thoroughly implemented
photovoltaic cellsin usually
these systems. The LVRT control strategies researched recently comply
have a large power scale. Therefore, the LVRT requirement needs to be thoroughly implemented in with the LVRT requirement.
In addition, these strategies focus on the additional operations that are effective and economical,
these systems. The LVRT control strategies researched recently comply with the LVRT requirement. In
which include the continuously stable operations with dynamic breakers in the WPG systems
addition, these strategies focus on the additional operations that are effective and economical, which
[26–30] and the maximum power generation with low voltages in the SEG systems [31–33]. These
includemethods
the continuously
for additionalstable operations
operations with by
are presented dynamic breakers
considering in the WPG
the characteristics systems
of the [26–30] and
source type.
the maximum power
The research generation
on the withstrategies
LVRT control low voltages
for the in WPG theand
SEG SEGsystems
systems[31–33].
is activelyThese methods for
progressed,
however,
additional the research
operations on the LVRT
are presented bycontrol strategythe
considering for characteristics
the grid-connected of ESSs is insufficient.
the source type. The research
on the LVRT The WPG and
control SEG systems
strategies are WPG
for the characterized
and SEG by unidirectional power flow,
systems is actively which are however,
progressed, unlike the
the grid-connected ESSs that are characterized by bidirectional power flow. Therefore, the LVRT
research on the LVRT control strategy for the grid-connected ESSs is insufficient.
control strategy used for the grid-connected ESSs needs to comply with the LVRT requirement,
Theadditionally,
WPG and the SEG systems areofcharacterized
characteristics bidirectional power by unidirectional powerconditions
flow, i.e., the charging flow, which are
of the unlike the
grid-
grid-connected
connected ESSs, need to be considered in the LVRT control strategy. The LVRT control strategy for control
ESSs that are characterized by bidirectional power flow. Therefore, the LVRT
strategytheused
ESSfor the grid-connected
is presented ESSs
in [34]. In [34], whenneeds to comply
the grid with the
voltage drops underLVRT requirement,
charging condition ofadditionally,
the
grid-connected
the characteristics ESS, the LVRTpower
of bidirectional control flow,
strategy
i.e.,is the
applied after the
charging condition of
conditions of the
the grid-connected
grid-connected ESSs,
need to ESS is changed to the discharging condition. It contributes to increase the voltage at the point of
be considered in the LVRT control strategy. The LVRT control strategy for the ESS is presented
common coupling (PCC). This LVRT control strategy can be applied in applications improving the
in [34]. grid
In [34], when the grid voltage drops under charging condition of the grid-connected ESS,
voltage durability such as frequency regulator that improves the grid frequency stability [35],
the LVRT control strategy is applied after the condition of the grid-connected ESS is changed to the
discharging condition. It contributes to increase the voltage at the point of common coupling (PCC).
This LVRT control strategy can be applied in applications improving the grid voltage durability such
as frequency regulator that improves the grid frequency stability [35], [36]. However, in applications
with other system connected to the DC-link of the grid-connected ESS, the charging condition of the
grid-connected ESS must be maintained although the grid voltage drops. This paper presents the
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 57 3 of 18
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 57 3 of 18

LVRT [36]. However,

control in applications
strategy with other
for grid-connected system
ESSs connected to the
by considering the DC-link of the grid-connected
characteristic of bidirectional ESS,
power
the charging condition of the grid-connected ESS must be maintained although the grid voltage
flow. The proposed LVRT control strategy complies with the LVRT requirement and operates for
drops. This paper presents the LVRT control strategy for grid-connected ESSs by considering the
contributing to increase voltage at the PCC. In other words, when the grid voltage drops, the proposed
characteristic of bidirectional power flow. The proposed LVRT control strategy complies with the
LVRT LVRT
control strategy determines
requirement and operatesthe for injection quantity
contributing of the
to increase active
voltage atand reactive
the PCC. currents
In other words,depending
when
on thethe
voltage drop ratio of the three-phase grid. Additionally, in this paper, we analyzed
grid voltage drops, the proposed LVRT control strategy determines the injection quantity the variations
of the
of theactive
PCC and
voltage depending
reactive on the phase
currents depending of voltage
on the the reactive current
drop ratio ofthree-phase
of the the grid-connected ESS during
grid. Additionally,
the charging and discharging
in this paper, we analyzedconditions.
the variationsTheofvalidity
the PCCof the proposed
voltage depending LVRT control
on the phasestrategy is verified
of the reactive
current of the grid-connected ESS during the charging and discharging conditions.
and the variations of the PCC voltage of the grid-connected ESS are analyzed by PSIM simulation The validity of and
the proposed
experimental results. LVRT control strategy is verified and the variations of the PCC voltage of the grid-
connected ESS are analyzed by PSIM simulation and experimental results.
2. LVRT Control Strategy for Renewable Energy Systems
2. LVRT Control Strategy for Renewable Energy Systems
2.1. LVRT Control Strategy in the WPG System
2.1. LVRT Control Strategy in the WPG System
Figure 2 shows the configuration of the WPG system that uses a back-to-back converter.
Figure 2 shows the configuration of the WPG system that uses a back-to-back converter. This
This system comprise a generator connected to a blade, a back-to-back converter (with a dynamic
system comprise a generator connected to a blade, a back-to-back converter (with a dynamic breaker),
breaker), a filter,
a filter, a transformer,
a transformer, and a three-phase
and a three-phase grid. Thegrid. The generator
generator with
with the blade hasthe blade
a large has atherefore,
inertia; large inertia;
therefore,
the WPGthe WPG system
system cannot
cannot instantaneously
instantaneously reducereduce the power.
the power. The The back-to-back
back-to-back converter
converter is theis the
representative
representativetopology used
topology in in
used WPGWPG systems,
systems,andand itit comprises
comprises aagenerator-side
generator-side converter,
converter, DC-link
DC-link
with awith
dynamic breaker,
a dynamic andand
breaker, grid-side inverter.
grid-side inverter.

Figure 2. Configuration of the wind power generation system that uses a back-to-back converter.
Figure 2. Configuration of the wind power generation system that uses a back-to-back converter.

When the grid voltage drops in the WPG system, the power limited by the rating current is
When
reduced thebecause
grid voltage drops
of the low gridin voltage.
the WPG system, surplus
Therefore, the powerpowerlimited
exists,by
andtheit rating current is
considerably
reduced because
increases theofDC-link
the lowvoltage.
grid voltage.
If the WPG Therefore, surplus power
system decreases exists,
the power and it considerably
generation for preventing increases
the
production of surplus power, the blade speed increases owing to the large
the DC-link voltage. If the WPG system decreases the power generation for preventing the production inertia of the generator
with power,
of surplus the blade. theFinally, the increase
blade speed increases in the
owingbladeto speed
the largeor the DC-link
inertia of thevoltage can lead
generator withto thetheblade.
destruction of the WPG system. Therefore, when the grid has a low voltage,
Finally, the increase in the blade speed or the DC-link voltage can lead to the destruction of the WPG the LVRT control
strategies for the WPG system should focus on the stable operation of the WPG system. In the WPG
system. Therefore, when the grid has a low voltage, the LVRT control strategies for the WPG system
system, another device is required to consume the surplus power, comply with the LVRT
should focus on the stable operation of the WPG system. In the WPG system, another device is required
requirement, and maintain stable operation. Therefore, a dynamic breaker is included in the back-to-
to consume the surplus
back converter; power, breaker,
the dynamic complycalledwith crow
the LVRT requirement,
bar, comprises andand
a resistor maintain
a switch. stable operation.
Therefore,Thea dynamic breaker is included in the back-to-back converter;
LVRT control strategies for the WPG system under low grid voltage determine the the dynamic breaker,
injection called
crow bar, comprises a resistor and a switch.
quantity of the reactive current (Ide) by the LVRT requirement depending on the level of low voltage.
The LVRT control
In addition, strategies
the active for
current (I thetransferring
qe) for WPG system the under low grid
active power voltage
allowed determine
in the range of thetherating
injection
current
quantity of the(Irating) of the current
reactive WPG system is calculated
(Ide ) by the LVRTasrequirement
in (1). depending on the level of low voltage.
In addition, the active current (Iqe ) for transferring the 2 active power allowed in the range of the rating
I qe  I rating  I2 (1)
current (Irating ) of the WPG system is calculated as in (1). de
where Ide and Iqe, which represent the reactive and
q active powers, respectively, are the d-q axis currents
in the synchronous reference frame. TheseIqe = Ireflected
are 2 in
2 the control of the grid-side inverter. If (1)
rating − Ide
surplus power is generated, the generator-side converter is able to reduce the power until the blade
wherespeed becomes
Ide and equal
Iqe , which to the rating
represent speed. At
the reactive andthe rating
active speed of
powers, the blade, the
respectively, are dynamic breaker
the d-q axis currents
operates to decrease the DC-link voltage.
in the synchronous reference frame. These are reflected in the control of the grid-side inverter. If surplus
power is generated, the generator-side converter is able to reduce the power until the blade speed
becomes equal to the rating speed. At the rating speed of the blade, the dynamic breaker operates to
decrease the DC-link voltage.
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 57 4 of 18
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 57 4 of 18

2.2. LVRT Control Strategy in the

the SEG
SEG System
System

Figure 3 shows the configurations of the SEG systems, which are typically classified into two
topologies: the
the one-state
one-state topology
topology without a DC/DC
DC/DC converter
converter (see
(see Figure
Figure 3a) and the two-stage
topology with a DC/DC
DC/DC converter (see
converter (see Figure 3b). The
The SEG system comprises
SEG system comprises photovoltaic
photovoltaic (PV)
DC/DC converter
arrays, a power conversion system (comprising a DC/DC converter and
and aa grid-side
grid-side inverter),
inverter), aa filter,
filter,
and a three-phase grid.

Figure 3.
Figure 3. Configurations
Configurations of
of the
the solar
solar energy
energy generation
generation systems.
systems. (a)
(a) One-stage
One-stage topology
topology without
without aa
DC/DC converter; (b) Two-stage topology with a DC/DC converter.
DC/DC converter; (b) Two-stage topology with a DC/DC converter.

If the grid voltage drops in the SEG system, regardless of the topology, reactive power is injected
If the grid voltage drops in the SEG system, regardless of the topology, reactive power is injected
in the grid-side inverter to comply with the LVRT requirement, which is similar to the case of WPG
in the grid-side inverter to comply with the LVRT requirement, which is similar to the case of WPG
system. However, the LVRT control strategies for the SEG systems are different from those for the
system. However, the LVRT control strategies for the SEG systems are different from those for the
WPG systems. In the SEG system, the LVRT control strategy with maximum power generation is
WPG systems. In the SEG system, the LVRT control strategy with maximum power generation is
widely used. Using the LVRT control strategy, the d-axis current (Ide) required for injecting the
widely used. Using the LVRT control strategy, the d-axis current (Ide ) required for injecting the reactive
reactive power into the grid having a low voltage is determined based on the LVRT requirement
power into the grid having a low voltage is determined based on the LVRT requirement depending on
depending on the level of low voltage. In addition, to transfer the maximum power from the PV arrays
the level of low voltage. In addition, to transfer the maximum power from the PV arrays to the grid
to the grid with low voltage, the active current is calculated by (1). Unlike the LVRT control strategy for
with low voltage, the active current is calculated by (1). Unlike the LVRT control strategy for the WPG
the WPG systems, in the SEG systems, the LVRT control strategy focuses on the power generation.
systems, in the SEG systems, the LVRT control strategy focuses on the power generation.
In Figure 3b, the DC/DC converter transfers the input power corresponding to the output power
In Figure 3b, the DC/DC converter transfers the input power corresponding to the output power
calculated using Iqe and the low grid voltage.
calculated using Iqe and the low grid voltage.
3. Proposed LVRT Control Strategy for Grid-Connected ESSs and Analysis of PCC
3. Proposed LVRT Control Strategy for Grid-Connected ESSs and Analysis of PCC
Voltage Variation
Voltage Variation
Figure 44shows
Figure showsthe the circuit
circuit configurations
configurations of theof grid-connected
the grid-connected ESS ausing
ESS using a voltage
voltage source
source inverter
inverter (VSI). It comprises a battery, DC-link capacitors (CDC), a VSI, a filter (Lf), the resistive
(VSI). It comprises a battery, DC-link capacitors (CDC ), a VSI, a filter (Lf ), the resistive impedance (RG )
impedance
and inductive (RGimpedance
) and inductive(LG ) impedance
elements of(Lthe
G) elements of the grid, and a three-phase grid. The VSI
grid, and a three-phase grid. The VSI comprises six
comprises six insulated gate bipolar transistors
insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) with antiparallel(IGBTs) with antiparallel
diodes. diodes.
In addition, In is
there addition, there is
a PCC between
a PCC
the filterbetween
and the the filter andgrid.
three-phase the three-phase grid.grid
The three-phase Thegenerates
three-phase grid generates
balanced three-phase balanced three-
grid voltages
phase grid voltages (V R, VS, and VT) having constant frequencies.
(V , V , and V ) having constant frequencies.
R S T
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 57 5 of 18
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 57 5 of 18

Figure 4.
Figure 4. Circuit configurations of
Circuit configurations the grid-connected
of the grid-connected energy
energy storage
storage system
system (ESS) using aa voltage
(ESS) using voltage
source inverter
source inverter (VSI).
(VSI).

3.1. Proposed LVRT Control Strategy for a Grid-Connected ESS

3.1. Proposed LVRT Control Strategy for a Grid-Connected ESS
The LVRT control strategy needs to be applied in the grid-connected ESS having a large power
The LVRT control strategy needs to be applied in the grid-connected ESS having a large power
scale. This strategy generally considers the characteristic of the source type or the application of the
scale. This strategy generally considers the characteristic of the source type or the application of the
system. However, regardless of the characteristics or application, the main purpose of the LVRT
system. However, regardless of the characteristics or application, the main purpose of the LVRT control
control strategy is to comply with the LVRT requirement and inject reactive power through the grid-
strategy is to comply with the LVRT requirement and inject reactive power through the grid-side
side inverter on the basis of the gird-code regulations.
inverter on the basis of the gird-code regulations.
The characteristics of the grid-connected ESS are different from those of the WPG and SEG
The characteristics of the grid-connected ESS are different from those of the WPG and SEG systems;
systems; the grid-connected ESS with the battery in the DC-link has bidirectional power flow
the grid-connected ESS with the battery in the DC-link has bidirectional power flow depending on the
depending on the charging and discharging conditions, unlike the WPG and SEG systems, which
charging and discharging conditions, unlike the WPG and SEG systems, which have unidirectional
have unidirectional power flow. Therefore, the LVRT control strategy for the grid-connected ESS
power flow. Therefore, the LVRT control strategy for the grid-connected ESS needs to consider the
needs to consider the charging and discharging conditions.
charging and discharging conditions.
When the grid voltage drops during ESS operation under the discharging and charging
When the grid voltage drops during ESS operation under the discharging and charging conditions,
conditions, the proposed LVRT control strategy for the grid-connected ESS becomes similar to the
the proposed LVRT control strategy for the grid-connected ESS becomes similar to the strategy for
strategy for the WPG and SEG systems. The proposed LVRT control strategy determines the injection
the WPG and SEG systems. The proposed LVRT control strategy determines the injection quantity of
quantity of the reactive current for injecting reactive power into the three-phase grid depending on
the reactive current for injecting reactive power into the three-phase grid depending on the grid-code
the grid-code regulation. In addition, the active current for transferring active power is determined
regulation. In addition, the active current for transferring active power is determined within the range
within the range of the rating current of the grid-connected ESS.
of the rating current of the grid-connected ESS.
The method for determining the injection quantity of the active and reactive currents depends
The method for determining the injection quantity of the active and reactive currents depends
on the voltage drop ratio of the three-phase grid as shown in Figure 5. The voltage-level (VLEVEL) of
on the voltage drop ratio of the three-phase grid as shown in Figure 5. The voltage-level (VLEVEL ) of
the three-phase grid is calculated by the voltage-level calculation process using the three-phase grid
the three-phase grid is calculated by the voltage-level calculation process using the three-phase grid
voltages VR, VS and VT. VLEVEL is classified into three parts depending on the LVRT requirement of the
voltages VR , VS and VT . VLEVEL is classified into three parts depending on the LVRT requirement of the
grid-code regulations, and the method for determining the injection quantity of the active and
grid-code regulations, and the method for determining the injection quantity of the active and reactive
reactive currents is selected by each part. If VLEVEL is greater than 90% of the three-phase grid voltage
currents is selected by each part. If VLEVEL is greater than 90% of the three-phase grid voltage under
under normal conditions, the reactive current injected into the three-phase grid is zero, and the active
normal conditions, the reactive current injected into the three-phase grid is zero, and the active current
current becomes the reference current. If VLEVEL is greater than 50% but less than 90% of the three-
becomes the reference current. If VLEVEL is greater than 50% but less than 90% of the three-phase
phase grid voltage, then reactive current to be injected into the three-phase grid is determined based
grid voltage, then reactive current to be injected into the three-phase grid is determined based on
on the voltage drop ratio of the three-phase grid. In addition, the active current is calculated using
the voltage drop ratio of the three-phase grid. In addition, the active current is calculated using the
the reactive current and the rating current of the grid-connected ESS. If VLEVEL is less than 50% of the
reactive current and the rating current of the grid-connected ESS. If VLEVEL is less than 50% of the
three-phase grid voltage, the reactive current injected into the three-phase grid is the rating current
three-phase grid voltage, the reactive current injected into the three-phase grid is the rating current of
of the grid-connected ESS, and the active current is zero.
the grid-connected ESS, and the active current is zero.
Figure 6 shows the voltage-level calculation process using VR, VS and VT as the three-phase grid
Figure 6 shows the voltage-level calculation process using VR , VS and VT as the three-phase grid
voltages. The voltage magnitudes (VR(mag), VS(mag) and VT(mag)) of each phase in the three-phase grid is
voltages. The voltage magnitudes (VR(mag) , VS(mag) and VT(mag) ) of each phase in the three-phase grid
calculated by VR, VS and, VT and the three-phase grid voltages (VR(shift), VS(shift) and VT(shift)), which are
is calculated by VR , VS and, VT and the three-phase grid voltages (VR(shift) , VS(shift) and VT(shift) ), which
transformed by the orthogonal signal generator such as the all-pass filter. In addition, VLEVEL is
are transformed by the orthogonal signal generator such as the all-pass filter. In addition, VLEVEL is
determined by VR(mag), VS(mag), and VT(mag) using the maximum value estimation. The VLEVEL obtained by
determined by VR(mag) , VS(mag) , and VT(mag) using the maximum value estimation. The VLEVEL obtained
the voltage-level calculation process that uses the three-phase grid voltage magnitude is important
by the voltage-level calculation process that uses the three-phase grid voltage magnitude is important
because it is used for detecting the LVRT requirement.
because it is used for detecting the LVRT requirement.
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 57 6 of 18
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Appl. Sci. 2018,
Sci. 2018, 8,
2018, 8, 57
8, 57
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Figure 5.
Figure 5. Method
5. Method for
Method for determining
for determining the
determining the injection
the injection quantity
injection quantity of
quantity of the
of the active
the active and
active and reactive
and reactive currents
reactive currents depending
currents depending
depending
Figure
on the
on the voltage
the voltage drop
voltage drop ratio
drop ratio of
ratio of the
of the three-phase
the three-phase
three-phase grid.
three-phase grid.
grid.
grid.
on

Figure
Figure 6.
6. Voltage-level
Voltage-level calculation process
calculation process using
process using three-phase
using three-phase grid
three-phase grid voltages.
grid voltages.
voltages.
Figure6.
Figure Voltage-level calculation
6.Voltage-level calculation process using

As
As aa result,
result, the
result, the proposed
the proposed
proposed LVRT LVRT control
LVRT control strategy
control strategy
strategy forfor
for aaa grid-connected
grid-connected
grid-connected ESS ESS determines
ESS determines
determines the the
the
As
As aaquantity
result, the proposed LVRT control currents
strategy depending
for a grid-connected ESS determines thethe
injection
injection
injection quantity of
of the
the active
active and
and reactive
reactive currents depending on
on the
the voltage
voltage drop
drop ratio
ratio of
of the three-
three-
injection
quantity quantity
of which of theand
the active active and reactive
reactive currentscurrents depending
depending on the voltage
on the voltage dropof
drop ratio ratio
the of the three-
three-phase
phase grid,
phase grid,
grid, which
which is is based
is based
based on on the
on the grid-code
the grid-code regulation.
grid-code regulation.
regulation.
phase
grid,Figure
which is shows
based on the grid-code regulation.
Figure 777 shows
Figure shows the the control
the control block
control block diagram
diagram of
block diagram the
the grid-connected
of the grid-connected ESS ESS
ESS with the
the proposed
with the proposed LVRTLVRT
LVRT
Figure
control 7 shows
strategy. The the
V control block diagram of of the grid-connected
grid-connected ESS with with the proposed
R, VS and VT are used to detect the phase angle of the three-phase grid using
proposed LVRT
control
control strategy. The
strategy. The V R, VS and VT are used to detect the phase angle of the three-phase grid using
TheVVR,, VVS and and VVT are
are used
usedto todetect
detectthethephase
phaseangle
angle
control
the strategy.
phase-locked loop (PLL). Additionally, they are used for the ofof
thethe
voltage-level
three-phase
three-phase grid
grid
calculation
using
using the
process,
the phase-locked
the phase-locked loop loopR(PLL). S
(PLL). T
Additionally,
Additionally, they are
they are used
used for
for the
the voltage-level
voltage-level calculation
calculation process,
process,
phase-locked
which determinesloop V(PLL). Additionally, they are used for the voltage-level calculation
LEVEL. Using VLEVEL and the LVRT control strategy, the active and reactive reference
process, which
which determines
which determines V VLEVEL
LEVEL. Using VLEVEL and the LVRT control strategy, the active and reactive reference
. Using VLEVEL and theLVRT
LVRTcontrol
controlstrategy,
strategy,the
theactive
active and
and reactive
reactive reference
determines
currents are V .
determined.
LEVEL Using VLEVEL and the reference
currents
currents are
are determined.
determined.
currents are determined.

Figure 7.
7. Control
Figure 7. block
block diagram
Control block of
of the
diagram of grid-connected
grid-connected ESS
the grid-connected with
with the
ESS with proposed
proposed LVRT
the proposed control
control strategy.
LVRT control strategy.
Figure
Figure 7.Control
Control blockdiagram
diagram ofthe
the grid-connectedESS
ESS withthe
the proposedLVRT
LVRT control strategy.
strategy.
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 57 7 of 18

Appl. Sci. 2018,

3.2. Analysis of PCC8, 57Voltage Variation 7 of 18

When
3.2. Sci.the
Appl.Analysis2018,ESS operates
of57PCC
8, Voltageunder
Variationthe discharging condition, the active current is injected7 of into
18 the
three-phase grid from the ESS. In this case, the PCC voltages are changed
When the ESS operates under the discharging condition, the active current is injected into the
by the phase of the reactive
3.2.injected
current Analysis into of PCC the Voltage Variationgrid. Figure 8 shows the variations of the PCC voltage in the
three-phase
three-phase grid from the ESS. In this case, the PCC voltages are changed by the phase of the reactive
discharging
current Whencondition
the ESS
injected ofoperates
into the
the ESS depending
under
three-phase the on the phase
discharging
grid. Figure of the
8 condition,
shows reactive
the the activecurrent.
variations current
of the PCC V isvoltage
the grid
is Ginjected intoin voltage,
the
the
three-phase
is the gridgrid
and IGdischarging from flowing
current
condition thethe
of ESS.
ESS In this case,
between
depending thethe
on PCC
ESS
theand voltages
phase the arereactive
changed
of three-phase
the by theIn
grid.
current. phase
V Gthis
is the ofgrid
the reactive
paper, when IG is
voltage,
current
and
positive, isinjected
itIGflowsthe togrid into
thecurrentthe flowing
three-phase
three-phase grid.
between
grid fromthe Figure
theESS
ESS.8and
shows
The the variations
thed-axis
three-phase to of
refers grid. In
the the PCC
this paper,
reactive voltagewhen
component, inIGthe
is and
discharging
positive,
the q-axis refers condition
it flows
to thetoactive of the ESS
the three-phase depending
component. grid V fromon the
the
is phase
ESS.
the PCC of
The the reactive
d-axis
voltage, referscurrent.
whichto theis V is
reactive
G
the the
sum grid voltage,
component,
of V and the
PCC G
and the
and IG is the grid current flowing between theVESS and
thethe three-phase grid. In thissum
paper, Vwhen
G andIG is
voltage dropsq-axis (VRGrefersand V to the
LG ) active
of the component.
resistor–inductor PCC is
of PCC
the voltage, which
three-phase grid. is the
In Figure of 8a, IG
the
includes
positive,
voltage drops it flows
(VRGtoand the Vthree-phase grid from the ESS.
LG) of the resistor–inductor of theThe d-axis refers
three-phase to the reactive 8a,component,
only the active current, which means that the reactive current is zero.grid.
VPCC In Figure
is occurred IG includes
by VG , VRG ,
and
onlythe theq-axis
activerefers
current, to the
whichactive component.
means VPCC is the
that the reactive PCC voltage,
current is zero. Vwhich is the sum
PCC is occurred byofVV G,GV and the
RG, and
and Vvoltage
LG , anddrops it has(VaRGphaseand V equal
) of the that of IG . When
toresistor–inductor of the
the inductive or
three-phase capacitive
grid. In Figure reactive
8a, I current is
includes
VLG, and it has a phase equal to that of IG. When the inductive or capacitive reactive current is injected
LG G
injected
only
into intothethe
the three-phase
active
three-phasecurrent, grid,
which
grid, isVchanged
VPCCmeans PCCthatis changed
the
by reactive by current
the variationthe variation
is zero.
of the of
VPCC
phases the phases
ofisVoccurred
RG and VLG
ofby,Vas
VRG Vand
G,shown VinLG , as
RG, and

shownV in , Figure
and it 8b,c.
has a In
phase other
equal words,
to that V
of I
PCC . decreases
When the because
inductive orof the injection
capacitive
Figure 8b,c. In other words, VPCC decreases because of the injection of the inductive reactive current,
LG G of
reactive the inductive
current is reactive
injected
current,
andand
into the it increases
three-phase
it increases because
grid,
because Vof of the injection
is changed
PCCthe injection byoftheofvariation
the the capacitive
capacitiveof the reactive
phases
reactive of Vcurrent.
current.RG andAs VaLG As, asa shown
result, result,
in the in the
in
Figure
discharging
discharging 8b,c. In
condition other
condition words,
of the V
ESS,
of the decreases
thethe
ESS,
PCC active because
activecurrent of
current with the injection
thecapacitive
with the of the
capacitivereactiveinductive
reactive reactive
current
current current,
injected
injected into into
andthree-phase
the
the three-phaseit increases
gridgrid because
contributes of the
contributes to to
aninjection
an increase
increase ofofof
the
VVPCCcapacitive
PCC and
andmeets reactive
meets the LVRT
the current.
LVRT As a result, in the
requirement.
requirement.
discharging condition of the ESS, the active current with the capacitive reactive current injected into
the three-phase grid contributes to an increase of VPCC and meets the LVRT requirement.

FigureFigure 8. Variations
8. Variations of theof point
the point of common
of common coupling
coupling (PCC)
(PCC) voltageininthe
voltage thedischarging
discharging condition
condition of
of the
the ESS depending on the phase of the reactive current. (a) Reactive current is zero; (b) Inductive
ESS depending on the phase of the reactive current. (a) Reactive current is zero; (b) Inductive reactive
Figure 8.current
reactive Variations of the point
is injected; of common
(c) Capacitive coupling
reactive (PCC)
current voltage in the discharging condition of
is injected.
current is injected; (c) Capacitive reactive current is injected.
the ESS depending on the phase of the reactive current. (a) Reactive current is zero; (b) Inductive
When the
reactive ESS operates
current is injected;under the charging
(c) Capacitive condition,
reactive current is contrary
injected. to the discharging condition, the
active current
When the ESSflows to theunder
operates ESS fromthethe three-phase
charging grid. VPCC
condition, is also changed
contrary by the phase condition,
to the discharging of the
the active When
reactive
currenttheflows
current ESS operates
flowing
to the under
to ESS
the ESS.theThe
from charging condition,
the variations
three-phase contrary
of Vgrid.
PCC inVthe tocharging
thealso
is discharging
condition
changed condition,
byof the
the the of
ESS
phase
PCC
active current
depending flows
on the to the ESS
phase oftothe from
reactive the three-phase
current grid.
is shownof in VV is
Figurein
PCC also
9. the changed
In Figure by the
9a, IGconditionphase
includes only of the
the
the reactive current flowing the ESS. The variations PCC charging of the ESS
reactive current flowing to the ESS. The variations of V in the charging condition
active current without the reactive current. It does not contribute to the increase of VPCC because IG
PCC of the ESS
depending on the phase of the reactive current is shown in Figure 9. In Figure 9a, IG includes only the
depending on direction.
has a negative the phase In of Figure
the reactive
9b,c, Vcurrent is shown
PCC is changed byinthe
Figure 9. Inof
injection Figure 9a, IG includes
the inductive only the
and capacitive
activeactive
current without the reactive current. It does not contribute to the increase of V PCC because I has
current
reactive without
currents, the reactive
respectively. VPCC current.
decreases It when
does not
the contribute to the increase
inductive reactive currentof is V and IitGG
PCC because
injected,
a negative direction.
has a negative
increases
In
whendirection.
Figure 9b,c,
In Figure
the capacitive
V is changed
9b,c, current
PCC
reactive VPCC is changed by the
by the
is injected.
injection of
injectioninofthe
Therefore,
the inductive
thecharging
inductiveconditionand capacitive
and capacitive
of the
reactive
ESS,currents,
reactive activerespectively.
the currents, respectively.
current VPCC
with the decreases
Vcapacitive
PCC decreases when the inductive
whencurrent
reactive the inductive reactive
reactive
contributes to the current
current
LVRT is is injected,
injected,
requirement. and and
it it
increases whenwhen
increases the capacitive
the capacitive reactive
reactivecurrent
currentisisinjected. Therefore,ininthe
injected. Therefore, the charging
charging condition
condition of the
of the
ESS,active
ESS, the the active current
current withwith
thethe capacitivereactive
capacitive reactivecurrent
current contributes
contributes totothe theLVRT
LVRT requirement.
requirement.

Figure 9. Variations of the PCC voltage in the charging condition of the ESS depending on the phase
of the reactive current. (a) Reactive current is zero; (b) Inductive reactive current is injected; (c)
Figure 9. Variations of the PCC voltage in the charging condition of the ESS depending on the phase
FigureCapacitive reactive
9. Variations current
of the PCCisvoltage
injected.
in the charging condition of the ESS depending on the phase of
of the reactive current. (a) Reactive current is zero; (b) Inductive reactive current is injected; (c)
the reactive current. (a) Reactive current is zero; (b) Inductive reactive current is injected; (c) Capacitive
Capacitive reactive current is injected.
reactive current is injected.
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 57 8 of 18

When the grid voltage drops in the grid-connected ESS, the proposed LVRT control strategy is
required to comply with the LVRT requirement. The proposed LVRT control strategy determines the
injection quantity of the active and reactive currents, and the strategy depends on the voltage drop
ratio of the three-phase grid. In addition, regardless of the operating condition of the ESS, such as
the charging and discharging conditions, the injection of the capacitive reactive current contributes
to the LVRT requirement because of the increase of VPCC . The validity of the proposed LVRT control
strategy is demonstrated and the variations of the PCC voltage of the grid-connected ESS are analyzed
by simulation and experimental results.

3.3. LVRT Control Strategy Depending on State of Charge of Battery

Contrary to the LVRT control strategy for the WPG and the SEG systems, in the grid-connected
ESSs with a battery in the DC-source, shown in Figure 4, a state of charge (SOC) should be considered
for the LVRT control strategy. The SOC is an essential indicator used to regulate the operating decisions
and to avoid the over-charge or over-discharge. However, it cannot be measured directly by sensors.
In general, the SOC is obtained by the battery management system or various algorithms for estimation
of the SOC using the battery model [37–39].
In case the SOC is higher or lower than the designated value under the discharging or charging
conditions of the grid-connected ESS, the proposed LVRT control strategy, which is mentioned above
can be applied. However, in case the SOC is lower or higher than the designated value under the
discharging or charging conditions of the grid-connected ESS, the SOC should be considered in the
grid-connected ESS with the LVRT control strategy. In other words, if the SOC is lower than the
designated value under discharging conditions of the grid-connected ESS, the active current cannot
be supplied to the three-phase grid. The other way, if the SOC is higher than designated value under
charging conditions, the active current is not required. Therefore, regardless of the grid voltage drops,
the grid-connected ESS controls the reactive current as rating current.

4. Simulation Results
To verify the performance of the proposed LVRT control strategy and analyze the variations of the
PCC voltage, a simulation that uses the grid-connected ESS as shown in Figure 4 was conducted using
the PSIM software. The simulation parameters are listed in Table 1. DC-link voltage (VDC ) generated
by the battery was 600 V, and the three-phase grid line-to-line voltage (VG ) was 60 Hz/380 Vrms . In
addition, Lf was 3 mH and RG and LG were 0.05 Ω and 0.04 mH, respectively.

Table 1. Simulation parameters.

Parameters Value Unit

DC-link voltage (VDC ) 600 V
DC-link capacitor (CDC ) 2200 µF
Three-phase grid line-to-line voltage (VG ) 380 Vrms
Three-phase grid frequency (fG ) 60 Hz
Filter inductance (Lf ) 3 mH
Resistive impedance of grid (RG ) 0.05 Ω
Inductive impedance of grid (LG ) 0.04 mH
Rating power (Prating ) 5 kW
Rating current (Irating ) 10.7 Apeak
Switching frequency (fsw ) 10 kHz

Figure 10 shows the simulation results of the voltage-level calculation process (given in Figure 6)
that uses the three-phase grid voltages VR , VS , and VT . Under normal conditions, VR , VS , and VT are
60 Hz/310 Vpeak . However, in Figure 10a, the grid voltage drops, and the magnitudes of VR , VS , and
VT decrease to 80%, 60%, and 40%, respectively, of the magnitudes of the phase voltages under normal
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 57 9 of 18

conditions
Appl. for intervals
Sci. 2018, 8, 57 ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 s. After that, the magnitudes increase to 70% and 100%
9 of 18
as compared with the magnitudes of the phase voltages under normal conditions. The magnitude
as compared with the magnitudes of the phase voltages under normal conditions. The magnitude
(Vmag ) of VR , VS , and VT is precisely calculated using the voltage-level calculation process as shown in
(Vmag) of VR, VS, and VT is precisely calculated using the voltage-level calculation process as shown in
Figure Figure
6. Moreover,
6. Moreover,VLEVEL asas
VLEVEL the
thevoltage-level
voltage-level of ofthe
thethree-phase
three-phase
gridgrid is determined
is determined depending
depending on on
Vmag (asVmag
shown in Figure 10b), and
(as shown in Figure 10b), and V V is used for the detecting the LVRT requirement.
LEVEL is used for the detecting the LVRT requirement.
LEVEL

Figure 10. Simulation results of the voltage-level calculation process that uses the three-phase grid
Figure 10. Simulation results of the voltage-level calculation process that uses the three-phase grid
voltages. (a) Three-phase grid voltages and magnitude; (b) Voltage-level of the three-phase grid.
voltages. (a) Three-phase grid voltages and magnitude; (b) Voltage-level of the three-phase grid.
Similar to the scenario in Figure 10, Figure 11 shows the simulation results of the proposed LVRT
control
Similar to strategy depending
the scenario inonFigure
the detecting the LVRT
10, Figure 11 requirement
shows the based on the voltage-level.
simulation results of the Figureproposed
11a shows VLEVEL of the three-phase grid when the voltage drops (as in Figure 10). Figure 11b,c show
LVRT control strategy depending on the detecting the LVRT requirement based on the voltage-level.
the d-axis and q-axis currents (Ide and Iqe) and the reference currents (I*de and I*qe) of the synchronous
Figure 11a shows
reference VLEVEL
frame. of Ithe
Ide and three-phase grid when the voltage drops (as in Figure 10). Figure 11b,c
qe stand for the reactive and the active currents in the synchronous reference
show the d-axis and q-axis currents
frame, respectively. I*de and I*qe are determined (Ide and by Iqe )the
and the reference
proposed LVRT control currents
strategy(I* de and I*on
depending qe ) of the
synchronous
the detectingreference
the LVRT frame. Ide and
requirement usingIqe Vstand
LEVEL. In for
other the reactive
words, and the
the injection active
quantity currents
of the active in the
and reactive
synchronous referencecurrents is determined
frame, respectively. fromI*the andvoltageI* qe
drop
are ratio of
determined the three-phase
by the grid
proposed usingLVRTthe control
de
method as shown in Figure 5.
strategy depending on the detecting the LVRT requirement using VLEVEL . In other words, the injection
If VLEVEL is 80% during the interval from 0.2 to 0.3 s in Figure 11a, I*de as the injection quantity of
quantitytheofreactive
the active and reactive currents is determined from the voltage drop ratio of the three-phase
current is determined to 40% (approximately 4.28 A) of Irating in the grid-connected ESS as
grid using the method
shown in Figure 11b. as shown
In addition,in Figure
if VLEVEL5.is lower than 50% during the interval from 0.4 to 0.5 s in
If V
Figure
LEVEL11a, is 80%
I*de isduring
determinedthe interval
to 100% from 0.2 to 0.310.7
(approximately s inA) Figure 11a,
of Irating I*degrid-connected
in the as the injection ESSquantity
as of
showncurrent
the reactive in Figure is 11b. After determining
determined I*de using the proposed
to 40% (approximately 4.28 A) LVRT control
of Irating instrategy, I*qe as the
the grid-connected ESS
as showninjection quantity
in Figure 11b. of In
theaddition,
active current if VisLEVEL
calculated
is lowerusingthan I*de and
50% Irating.
during the interval from 0.4 to 0.5 s
As a result, although the grid voltage drops, Ide and Iqe are controlled by I*de and I*qe, respectively,
in Figure 11a, I*de is determined to 100% (approximately 10.7 A) of Irating in the grid-connected ESS
using the proposed LVRT control strategy. The proposed LVRT control strategy complies with the
as shownLVRT in requirement,
Figure 11b. and Afterthedetermining
three-phase grid I*de using(Ithe
currents proposed LVRT control strategy, I* as the
R, IS, and IT) maintain a sinusoidal waveform,qe
injection
as quantity of the11d.
shown in Figure active current is calculated using I*de and Irating .
As a result,
In thisalthough
paper, anthe grid voltage
additional simulationdrops, wasIdeperformed
and Iqe are to controlled
analyze the by I*de andofI*the
variations qe , PCC
respectively,
voltage
using the depending
proposed LVRT on the phase strategy.
control of the reactive
Thecurrent
proposed injectedLVRTinto control
the three-phase
strategy grid. Figures 12with the
complies
and 13 show the
LVRT requirement, andsimulation results of the
the three-phase gridPCC voltage depending
currents (IR , IS , and onIthe phase of the reactive current
T ) maintain a sinusoidal waveform,
when the ESS operates under the discharging and charging conditions, respectively. In Figures 12
as shown in Figure 11d.
and 13, the magnitudes of VR, VS, and VT are decreased to 60% as compared with those of phase
In voltages
this paper, underan normal
additional simulation
conditions. was I*performed
Therefore, to analyze the variations of the PCC voltage
de was determined to 80% (approximately 8.56 A) of

depending onthethe
Irating in phase of the
grid-connected ESSreactive
throughcurrent
the proposedinjected
LVRTinto thestrategy.
control three-phase grid.
I*qe as the Figures
reference 12 and 13
active
show thecurrent is calculated
simulation resultsaccording
of thetoPCC (1) asvoltage
approximately
depending 6.42 A.on ThetheIqe phase
values asof shown in Figures
the reactive 12c when
current
the ESSand 13c are under
operates controlled the by I*qe (6.42 A in
discharging and Figure 12c and
charging −6.42 A in Figure
conditions, 13c), depending
respectively. In Figures on the12 and 13,
operating conditions of the ESS, such as the discharging and charging conditions.
the magnitudes of VR , VS , and VT are decreased to 60% as compared with those of phase voltages
under normal conditions. Therefore, I*de was determined to 80% (approximately 8.56 A) of Irating in the
grid-connected ESS through the proposed LVRT control strategy. I*qe as the reference active current is
calculated according to (1) as approximately 6.42 A. The Iqe values as shown in Figures 12c and 13c
are controlled by I*qe (6.42 A in Figure 12c and −6.42 A in Figure 13c), depending on the operating
conditions of the ESS, such as the discharging and charging conditions.
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 57 10 of 18
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 57 10 of 18
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 57 10 of 18

Figure11.11. Simulationresults
Simulation results ofthe
the proposed LVRT control
controlstrategy
strategydepending
dependingon the detecting thethe
Figure
Figure 11. Simulation resultsof of theproposed
proposed LVRT
LVRT control strategy depending onon the
the detecting
detecting the
LVRT
LVRT requirement
requirement based
based on
on the the voltage-level. (a) Voltage-level of the three-phase grid; (b)
LVRT requirement based onvoltage-level. (a) Voltage-level
the voltage-level. of the three-phase
(a) Voltage-level grid; (b) Synchronous
of the three-phase grid; (b)
Synchronous reference frame d-axis current and reference current; (c) Synchronous reference frame
reference
Synchronous d-axis current
framereference frame and reference
d-axis current;
current and (c) Synchronous
reference reference frame
current; (c) Synchronous q-axisframe
reference current
q-axis current and reference current; (d) Three-phase grid currents.
and reference
q-axis current current; (d) Three-phase
and reference grid
current; (d) currents. grid currents.
Three-phase

Figure 12. Simulation results of the PCC voltage depending on the phase of the reactive current when
Figure 12. Simulation results of the PCC voltage depending on the phase of the reactive current when
Figure Simulation
12.operates
the ESS results
under of the PCC condition.
the discharging voltage depending on the phase
(a) PCC voltage; of the reactive
(b) Synchronous current
reference when
frame
the ESS operates under the discharging condition. (a) PCC voltage; (b) Synchronous reference frame
thed-axis
ESS operates under the discharging condition. (a) PCC voltage; (b) Synchronous reference
current and reference current; (c) Synchronous reference frame q-axis current and reference frame
d-axis current and reference current; (c) Synchronous reference frame q-axis current and reference
d-axis current
current; and reference
(d) Three-phase currents.(c) Synchronous reference frame q-axis current and reference
gridcurrent;
current; (d) Three-phase grid currents.
current; (d) Three-phase grid currents.
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 57 11 of 18
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 57 11 of 18

As
As shown
shown inin Figures
Figures 12b
12b and and 13b,
13b, the
the inductive
inductive reactive
reactive current
current isis injected
injected into into thethe three-phase
three-phase
grid
grid during
during the
the interval
interval from
from 0.3 0.3 to
to 0.5
0.5 s, and the capacitive
capacitive reactive
reactive current
current is injected
injected during
during the
the
interval from
interval from 0.5 to 0.7 s. Depending on the phase of the reactive current injected into
to 0.7 s. Depending on the phase of the reactive current injected into the three-phase the three-phase
grid,
grid, the
the PCC
PCC voltage (VPCC PCC) )isischanged
changedas asshown
shownin inFigures
Figures12a
12aandand13a13awith
withan anextended
extended simulation
simulation
waveform.
waveform. Regardless
Regardlessofofthe theoperating
operatingconditions
conditionsofofthe ESS,
the thethe
ESS, VPCC magnitude
VPCC magnitude is higher when
is higher the
when
capacitive reactive current is injected as compared with the V magnitude
the capacitive reactive current is injected as compared with the VPCC magnitude when the inductive
PCC when the inductive
reactive
reactive current
current is
is injected.
injected. Therefore,
Therefore, whenwhen thethe grid
grid voltage
voltage drops,
drops, the
the capacitive
capacitive reactive reactive current
current
determined
determined by the proposed LVRT control strategy needs to be injected into the three-phase grid.
by the proposed LVRT control strategy needs to be injected into the three-phase grid.
This
This contributes
contributes to
to the PCC voltage
the PCC voltage increase.
increase. The
The three-phase
three-phase grid
grid currents
currents (I(IRR,, ISS,, and
and ITT)) are
are shown
shown
in
in Figures
Figures 12d
12d and
and 13d.
13d.

Figure
Figure 13.
13. Simulation
Simulation results
results of
of the
the PCC
PCC voltage
voltage depending
depending onon the
the phase
phase of
of the
the reactive
reactive current
current when
when
the
the ESS operates under
ESS operates underthethecharging
chargingcondition.
condition.(a)
(a)PCC
PCC voltage;
voltage; (b)(b) Synchronous
Synchronous reference
reference frame
frame d-
d-axis
axis current and reference current; (c) Synchronous reference frame q-axis current and
current and reference current; (c) Synchronous reference frame q-axis current and reference current; reference
current; (d) Three-phase
(d) Three-phase grid currents.
grid currents.

Figures 14 and 15 show the simulation results of the active and reactive currents of the grid-
Figures 14 and 15 show the simulation results of the active and reactive currents of the
connected ESS depending on the SOC under discharging and charging conditions. In the discharging
grid-connected ESS depending on the SOC under discharging and charging conditions. In the
and charging conditions of the grid-connected ESS, the proposed LVRT control strategy is applied
discharging and charging conditions of the grid-connected ESS, the proposed LVRT control strategy is
when the grid voltage drops. However, in Figure 14, the SOC of the battery in the DC-link is changed
applied when the grid voltage drops. However, in Figure 14, the SOC of the battery in the DC-link is
from 20 to 10 at 0.3 s. It is lower than designated value, which is decided to 15. Additionally, in Figure
changed from 20 to 10 at 0.3 s. It is lower than designated value, which is decided to 15. Additionally,
15, the SOC of the battery is changed from 80 to 90 at 0.3 s. It is higher than designated value, which
in Figure 15, the SOC of the battery is changed from 80 to 90 at 0.3 s. It is higher than designated value,
is decided to 85. Fundamentally, the SOC of the battery cannot change as immediately as a step
which is decided to 85. Fundamentally, the SOC of the battery cannot change as immediately as a step
function because it is a dynamic variable. However, it was simulated to show the performance of the
function because it is a dynamic variable. However, it was simulated to show the performance of the
proposed algorithm depending on the SOC of the battery. In these cases, regardless of the grid voltage
proposed algorithm depending on the SOC of the battery. In these cases, regardless of the grid voltage
drops, the grid-connected ESS controls the reactive current as rating current.
drops, the grid-connected ESS controls the reactive current as rating current.
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 57 12 of 18
Appl.
Appl. Sci.
Sci. 2018,
2018, 8,
8, 57
57 12
12 of
of 18
18

Figure
Figure 14.
Figure 14. Simulation
14. Simulationresults
Simulation resultsof
results ofthe
of theactive
the activeand
active andreactive
and reactivecurrents
reactive currentsof
currents ofthe
of thegrid-connected
the grid-connectedESS
grid-connected ESSdepending
ESS depending
depending
on
on the
on the state
the state of
state of charge
ofcharge (SOC)
charge(SOC) under
(SOC)under discharging
underdischarging condition.
discharging condition. (a)
condition. (a) SOC;
(a)SOC; (b)
SOC;(b) Voltage-level
(b)Voltage-level of
Voltage-level of the
of the three-phase
thethree-phase
three-phase
grid;
grid;(c)
grid; (c)Synchronous
(c) Synchronousreference
Synchronous referenceframe
reference framed-axis
frame d-axiscurrent
d-axis currentand
current andreference
and referencecurrent;
reference current;(d)
current; (d)Synchronous
(d) Synchronousreference
Synchronous reference
reference
frame
frame q-axis
frame q-axis current and reference current; (e) Three-phase grid currents.
q-axis current and reference current; (e) Three-phase grid currents.
currents.

Figure
Figure 15. Simulation results of the active and reactive currents
currentsofof the grid-connected ESS depending
Figure 15.
15. Simulation results of
Simulation results of the
theactive
activeand
andreactive
reactivecurrents of the
the grid-connected
grid-connected ESS
ESS depending
depending on
on
on the
the SOC
SOC under
under charging
charging condition.
condition. (a)
(a) SOC;
SOC; (b)
(b) Voltage-level
Voltage-level of
of the
the three-phase
three-phase grid;
grid; (c)
(c)
the SOC under charging condition. (a) SOC; (b) Voltage-level of the three-phase grid; (c) Synchronous
Synchronous
Synchronous reference
reference frame
frame d-axis
d-axis current
current and
and reference
reference current;
current; (d) Synchronous
(d) reference
Synchronous reference
reference frame
frame
reference frame d-axis current and reference current; (d) Synchronous frame q-axis current
q-axis
q-axis current
current and
and reference
reference current;
current; (e)
(e) Three-phase
Three-phase grid
grid currents.
currents.
and reference current; (e) Three-phase grid currents.
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 57 13 of 18

Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 57 13 of 18

5. Experiment Results
5. Experiment
Appl. Results
Sci. 2018, 8, 57
To verify the validity of the proposed LVRT control strategy and analyze the variations 13 of 18
of the
PCC5.voltage,
To experiments
verify the
Experiment Resultsvaliditywere
of theperformed
proposed using
LVRT the
control experimental
strategy and setup
analyze as
theshown in
variations Figure
of the 16.
PCC voltage, experiments were performed using the experimental setup
In the experimental setup, the DC power supply (TC.GSS.20.600.4WR.S) that has characteristic ofas shown in Figure 16. In
To verify the setup,
validity
theof thepower
proposed
the experimental
the bidirectional power flow isDCused theLVRT
for supply control strategy and analyze
(TC.GSS.20.600.4WR.S)
battery as shown in Figure that4.has the
The variations of
characteristic
experimental of the
thesetup
PCC voltage,
bidirectional experiments
powercontrol were
flow isboard, performed
used for using
theswitched the experimental
battery asmode
shown setup
in Figure as shown
4. The in Figure
experimental 16. In
setup
comprised a DC-link, relay, power supply (SMPS), fan, power board,
the experimental
comprised setup,
a DC-link, the DC
control power
board, supply
relay, (TC.GSS.20.600.4WR.S)
switched mode power supply that has characteristic
(SMPS), fan,and
power of the
board,
and magnetic contactor. The SMPS supplies the power to operate the control board power board.
bidirectional power flow is used for the battery as shown in Figure 4. The
and magnetic contactor. The SMPS supplies the power to operate the control board and power board.experimental setup
The control
comprisedboard comprised a digital signal processor that used TMS320F28335, and the power board
The controla board
DC-link, control board,
comprised relay,
a digital switched
signal modethat
processor powerusedsupply (SMPS), fan,and
TMS320F28335, power
the board,
power
consisted
and of an
magnetic inverter stage
contactor. using
The SMPS the IGBTs
supplies and
thethe
powergate drivers.
to operate The parameters
thedrivers.
control board of the experiment
and power board.
board consisted of an inverter stage using IGBTs and gate The parameters of the
wereThe
equal to those
control of
board the simulation
comprised a listed
digital in
signal Table 1.
processor
experiment were equal to those of the simulation listed in Table 1. that used TMS320F28335, and the power
board consisted of an inverter stage using the IGBTs and gate drivers. The parameters of the
experiment were equal to those of the simulation listed in Table 1.

Figure 16. Experimental setup.

Figure 16. Experimental setup.
Figure 17 shows the experimental Figure 16. Experimental
results setup. calculation process. Under normal
of the voltage-level
Figure 17 shows
conditions, VR as the theR-phase
experimental results
grid voltage ofHz/310
is 60 the voltage-level calculation
Vpeak. However, in Figureprocess. Under
17, the grid normal
voltage
Figure
drops.
conditions, The
VR as17R the
V shows
magnitudethe experimental
R-phase decreases
grid voltage results
from 60 of
is100% tothe voltage-level
80%
Hz/310 and
Vpeak calculation
further to 60%in
. However, process.
and 40%; 17,
Figure Under normal
subsequently,
the grid it
voltage
conditions,
increased toV R as the
70% and R-phase
100% as grid voltage
compared is
with 60 Hz/310
the phase Vpeak. However,
voltage magnitudein Figure
drops. The VR magnitude decreases from 100% to 80% and further to 60% and 40%; subsequently, itunder 17, the
normal grid voltage
conditions.
drops. The
Vmag astothe V R magnitude
magnitude decreases
of as
the from 100%
three-phase gridtheto 80% and
voltages further tocalculated.
60% and 40%; subsequently, it
increased 70% and 100% compared with phase is precisely
voltage magnitude under In addition,
normalVconditions.
LEVEL is
increased
determined, to 70%
and and
it 100%
was used asfor
compared with
detecting the the
LVRTphase voltage magnitude under normal conditions.
requirement.
Vmag as the magnitude of the three-phase grid voltages is precisely calculated. In addition, VLEVEL is
Vmag as the magnitude of the three-phase grid voltages is precisely calculated. In addition, VLEVEL is
determined,
determined,andandit was used
it was used forfor
detecting
detectingthe
theLVRT
LVRT requirement.
requirement.

Figure 17. Experimental results of the voltage-level calculation process.

Figure
Figure 17.17. Experimentalresults
Experimental results of
of the
the voltage-level
voltage-levelcalculation
calculationprocess.
process.
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 57 14 of 18
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 57 14 of 18

In
In aa scenario
scenario similar to that
similar to that shown
shown in in Figure
Figure 17,
17, the
the experimental
experimental resultsresults of of the
the proposed
proposed LVRT
LVRT
control strategy depending on the detecting the LVRT requirement are shown
control strategy depending on the detecting the LVRT requirement are shown in Figure 18. In Figure in Figure 18. In Figure 18,
I18,
de and Iqe , Iwhich
Ide and areare
qe, which thethe
reactive
reactiveandandactive currents,
active currents,respectively,
respectively, are are
changed
changed by the
by detecting
the detecting the
LVRT requirement
the LVRT requirement using using V LEVEL and the proposed LVRT control strategy.
VLEVEL and the proposed LVRT control strategy. When When V is 80%, I
VLEVEL is 80%,
LEVEL de Iis
de
injected into the three-phase grid with
is injected into the three-phase grid with 40% ofrating40% of I as the rating current in the grid-connected
Irating as the rating current in the grid-connected ESS. ESS.
If V
If LEVELisislower
VLEVEL lowerthan 50%,IdeIde
than50%, is is determined
determined toto 100%
100% of of Irating
Irating. In. addition,
In addition,Iqe isIqedetermined
is determined byand
by Ide Ide
and I
Irating rating after determining
after determining Ide using I de using the proposed LVRT control strategy. As
the proposed LVRT control strategy. As a result, when the grid a result, when the grid
voltage
voltage drops,
drops,the theproposed
proposedLVRTLVRTcontrol
control strategy
strategy complies
complies withwiththethe
LVRT
LVRT requirement,
requirement, andandIR asIRthe
as
R-phase grid current is maintained in a sinusoidal waveform,
the R-phase grid current is maintained in a sinusoidal waveform, as shown in Figure 18. as shown in Figure 18.

18. Experimental
Figure 18. Experimentalresults
resultsofofthe
theproposed
proposedLVRT
LVRT control
control strategy
strategy depending
depending on the
on the detecting
detecting the
the LVRT requirement.
LVRT requirement.

Figures 19
Figures 19 and
and2020show
showthe
theexperimental
experimentalresults
results
ofof
thethe PCC
PCC voltage
voltage depending
depending on the
on the phase
phase of
of the
the reactive current when the ESS operates under the discharging and charging conditions,
reactive current when the ESS operates under the discharging and charging conditions, respectively.
respectively.
In Figures 19InandFigures 19 and
20, the 20, the magnitudes
magnitudes of the three-phase
of the three-phase grid are
grid voltages voltages are decreased
decreased to 60% asto
60% as compared with those of phase voltages under normal conditions. Therefore, Ide is determined
compared with those of phase voltages under normal conditions. Therefore, Ide is determined to
to 80% (approximately 8.56 A) of Irating in the grid-connected ESS using the proposed LVRT control
80% (approximately 8.56 A) of Irating in the grid-connected ESS using the proposed LVRT control
strategy. Additionally, Iqe is approximately 6.42 A according to (1).
strategy. Additionally, Iqe is approximately 6.42 A according to (1).
Figure 19 shows that Iqe is maintained at 6.42 A because the ESS operates under the discharging
Figure 19 shows that Iqe is maintained at 6.42 A because the ESS operates under the discharging
condition. Ide is changed to 8.56 from −8.56 A, which means that the reactive current injected into the
condition. Ide is changed to 8.56 from −8.56 A, which means that the reactive current injected into
three-phase grid is changed to the capacitive reactive current from the inductive reactive current. In
the three-phase grid is changed to the capacitive reactive current from the inductive reactive current.
Figure 20, Iqe is maintained at −6.42 A because the ESS operates under the charging condition. Ide is
In Figure 20, Iqe is maintained at −6.42 A because the ESS operates under the charging condition.
changed similar to that in Figure 19. Depending on the phase of the reactive current injected into the
Ide is changed similar to that in Figure 19. Depending on the phase of the reactive current injected
three-phase grid, VPCC is changed. Regardless of the operating conditions of the ESS, the VPCC
into the three-phase grid, VPCC is changed. Regardless of the operating conditions of the ESS, the
magnitude is larger when the capacitive reactive current is injected as compared with the VPCC
VPCC magnitude is larger when the capacitive reactive current is injected as compared with the VPCC
magnitude when the inductive reactive current is injected. In other words, the capacitive reactive
magnitude when the inductive reactive current is injected. In other words, the capacitive reactive
current helps in increasing VPCC regardless of the operation conditions. Therefore, when the grid
current helps in increasing VPCC regardless of the operation conditions. Therefore, when the grid
voltage drops, the capacitive reactive current should be injected into the three-phase grid using the
voltage drops, the capacitive reactive current should be injected into the three-phase grid using the
proposed LVRT control strategy; this contributes to an increase of the PCC voltage.
proposed LVRT control strategy; this contributes to an increase of the PCC voltage.
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 57 15 of 18
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 57 15 of 18
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 57 15 of 18

Figure
Figure 19.19. Experimentalresults
Experimental resultsof
ofthe
the PCC
PCC voltage
voltage depending
dependingononthe
thephase
phaseofofthe
thereactive current
reactive current
Figurethe
when 19.ESS
Experimental
operates results
under theofdischarging
the PCC voltage depending on the phase of the reactive current
condition.
when the ESS operates under the discharging condition.
when the ESS operates under the discharging condition.

Figure 20. Experimental results of the PCC voltage depending on the phase of the reactive current
Figure
Figure
when 20.
20.
the Experimental
Experimental
ESS results
results
operates under ofcharging
of
the the PCC
the PCCcondition.
voltage depending
voltage dependingon
onthe
thephase
phaseofofthe
thereactive current
reactive current
when the ESS operates under the charging condition.
when the ESS operates under the charging condition.
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 57 16 of 18

6. Conclusions
This paper presents the LVRT control strategy for grid-connected ESSs. The LVRT requirement for
grid-connected ESSs is similar to that for other systems such as WPG and SEG systems. In other words,
the reactive current needs to be injected into the three-phase grid based on the LVRT requirement.
However, the grid-connected ESSs have bidirectional power flow, unlike other systems that have
unidirectional power flow. Therefore, the charging condition of the grid-connected ESSs needs to be
considered for the LVRT control strategy. In this paper, the proposed LVRT control strategy for the
grid-connected ESSs determines the injection quantity of the active and reactive currents depending
on the voltage drop ratio of the three-phase grid. In addition, we analyzed the variations of the PCC
voltage depending on the phase of the reactive current in the discharging and charging conditions.
As a result, the capacitive reactive current is helpful for increasing VPCC regardless of the operation
condition. Therefore, when the grid voltage drops, the capacitive reactive current needs to be injected
into the three-phase grid using the proposed LVRT control strategy. The validity of the proposed
LVRT control strategy is verified and the variations of the PCC voltage of the grid-connected ESS are
analyzed by simulation and experimental results.

Acknowledgments: This work was supported by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation
and Planning (KETEP) and the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE) of the Republic of Korea
(No. 20174030201660) and the grant (No. 20172020108970) from the Korea Institute of Energy Technology
Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) that was funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE).
Author Contributions: Kyo-Beum Lee provided guidance and supervision. June-Seok Lee conceived the idea of
this paper and performed the simulation. Yeongsu Bak implemented the main research, performed the experiment,
wrote the paper and revised the manuscript as well. All authors have equally contributed to the simulation
analysis, experiment and result discussions.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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