CENTER FOR TECHNICAL  Associative Evidence - these are

the pieces of evidence that will link

PROFESSIONS, INC. the suspect to the crime scene .
Manila: 4/F Highland Hardware, beside
Tracing Evidence - articles which
Mini Stop and PLDT, España Bl vd.,
assist the investigator in locating
Sampaloc, Manila
the criminal.
Zabarte: Capricorn St., Ma. Luisa Subd.,
Zabarte Road, Camarin, Caloocan City  M ODUS OPERANDI - Distinct
Lucena: 3/F Gomez Building, Queblar pattern of how a crime is committed.
St.,Corner Enriquez St.,Lucena City *COL. L.W . ATC HERLY – first
Cebu: 3/F L & P bldg.., Hernan Cortes St., utilized
Wireless Subangdaku, Mandaue Ci ty *AUGUST VOLLM ER – first utilized
Tacloban: 2/F #269 P. Burgos St., Tacloban in US
City 3 M AJOR TYPES OF PIC TORIAL
Email Add: ctpreview@[Link] VIEW S
Website: [Link]  General View or Long -Range –
Contact N os: 0917-996-4386/0942-567- It will depict the location of the
3949/ (02) 734-7772/ (02) 241-3662 crime scene
 Mid-Range Photograph –shows the
FINAL BRIEFIN G
nature of the crime . (Distance: 8 or
CRIM E DETECTION AN D INVESTIGATION
10 ft. from the victim)
BY .
MR. RENZ RHIO L. SOLMAYOR., [Link].,MSCJ (I)  Close-Up Photograph –shows the
details of the crime . (Distance: 5 ft.
*Confession - It is the direct or less from the subject/ object)
acknowledgement of guilt arising from the General Kinds of Sketch:
commission of a crime. 1. Rough Sketch - it is made at the
Types of Confession: crime scene with no scale and not
1. Judicial Confession – made by the proportion
suspect/accused in open court. 2. Finished Sketch - The finished
2. Extra-Judicial Confession – made sketch is more presentable for court
by the suspect during custodial presentations.
investigation (R.A. 7438) ELEMENTS OF SKETC H
Note: An extra-judicial confession & - Measurement
admission is admissible before custodial - Compass direction
investigation. This is also applied during - Essential items
custodial investigation unless: - Scale and proportion
1. It was voluntarily given - Legend
2. It was given during the assistance of - Title
a counsel SPECIFIC KIN DS OF S KETCHES
3. In writing, in a language known to  Sketch of Locality/ Neighborhood
the confessant Sketch – scene of the crime and its
4. Signed by the confessant or thumb environs, including environs.
marked  Sketch of the Ground/ Floor
Plan/ Overview - scene of the crime
*Admission - A self-incriminatory
with its nearest physical
statement by the subject falling short of an
surrounding.
acknowledging guilt.
 Sketch in Details -the immediate
Methods of Identification by W itness
scene only.
(PRAG)
 Exploded/ Cross proje ction -gives
1. Portrait Parle (Verbal Description)
the clear impression of the scene in
2. Rogues Gallery – police files of
cases where blood stains or bullet
ph otogra ph of known criminals and
holes are found.
their Modus Operandi
Marking of Evidence.
3. Artist/Cartographi c Sketch –
Screw Driver/Blade/Knife
complete representation reduced to
-Initial must be placed on the handle.
drawing made by an artist based on
Revolver
the description of witness
- Frame, butt, cylinder, barrel or stock.
4. General Photograph – variety of
Rifles
facial types showing different
- Barrel, frame, bolt, side.
features of a person.
Fired Empty shell/Misfired
PHYSIC AL EVIDENCE TO IDENTIFY
- Near inside open mouth, near outside
CRIM INALS
open mouth and side or body.
 Corpus Delicti - is the body of the
Bullets/Slugs
crime or fact that the crime was
- Ogive/Nose, Base
committed.

CTP Review Center [Link] Final Briefing 2017 [Link]

  PHYSIC AL RECONSTRUCTION B. Verbal W arning
-reconstruction of the crime scene is Oral warning made when there is
through the direction of eyewitness newly enacted law.
 MENTAL RECONSTRUCTION C. W ritten Warning
-keen/careful observation of the nature, Combination of verbal warning and
condition or appearance of materials citation.
and objects at the scene in order to infer
an assumption of what crime may have ORGANIZED C RIM E:
happened.
 The illegal activities carried out by
(Photograph, sketch and search)
*Correct order of a crime scene analysis. an organized criminal group in order
 M APP vs. OHIO (1961) to obtain a financial or other
“exclusionary rule” material benefit.
 TERRY vs. OHIO (1968) ORGANIZED C RIM E GROUP:
“Stop and Frisk” and also the concept
“Search incident to the arrest”  A structured group of three or more
 M IRANDA vs. ARIZONA (19 66) persons, existing for a period of time
“Rights of the Accused” and acting in concert with the aim of
committing one or more serious
*What is that part of a report which
crimes of offenses in order to obtain,
includes the office logo of the investigating
directly or indirectly, a financial or
unit? (HEADING)
other material benefit (UN, Palermo,
 REGULATORY S IGNS – inform the
Italy, 2000)
road user
 TRAFFIC SIGNS - are traffic devices GENERIC TYPES OF ORGANIZED
installed along busy CRIM ES
roads/highways. Message is
conveyed by means of words or [Link] Graft = committed by political
symbols criminals
 INFORM ATIVE SIGNS – intended 2. In-Group Oriented Organized Crime -
to guide the road users manned by semi -organized individual with
 DANGER SIGNS – intended to warn
the end view of attaining psychological
road users of danger.
gratification (adolescent gangs)
*Age requirement in order to be eligible for
application of driver’s license: 3. Mercenary/Predatory OC – perpetuated
 STUDENT PERM IT – 16 yrs. ol d for the attainment of direct personal gain
(validity: 1 year) but prey upon unwilling victims.
 [Link] AL – 17 yrs. old
(validity: 5years) 4. Syn dicated Crimes – comes with a
 PROFESSION AL – 18 yrs. old structured organization that participates in
(validity: 5years) illicit activity in society using force, or
*Validity period: intimidation.
 Ordinance Violation Receipt
(5 days) local govt.  AN ENFORCER: The one who
 Traffic Violation Receipt makes arrangement for the killing
(72 hrs.) MM DA and injuring
 Temporary Operator’s Permit  A CORRUPTER: The one who
(72 hrs.) LTO bribes, buys, intimidates, threatens,
Pavement M arkings - are painted lines negotiates and “sweet talk”
foun d on busy roa d pavement.  A CORRUPTEE: A public official,
usually not a member of the
*Marks left on the roadway by tires:
organization family
 SKID M ARKS – forward w/o
rotating FEATURES/ATTRIBUTES OF
 SCUFF M ARKS – forward as well as ORGANIZED C RIM E
rotating
1. Non-ideologi cal. It has no political
 CENTRIFUGAL SKID – fast moving
vehicle on a curve road goals.

FIVE (5) ESSENTIAL STEPS IN THE 2. Hierarchi cal. An OC group has a vertical
ENFORCEMENT PROCESS: power structure with at least three (3)
1. Detection (of violation) permanent ranks-
2. Apprehension
- Authority is defined – leader
3. Prosecution
4. Adjudication - There is chain of command
5. Penalization - There is delegation of authority.
a. Boss – the head of the family whose
*Act reminding the driver of his violation in primary functions are maintaining order
order for him to not do it again. (TRAFFIC and maximizing profits.
W ARNING) b. Underboss – the vice-president or
deputy director of the Family.
TYPES OF TRAFFIC W ARNING:
c. Consigliere – same level as the
A. Visual W arning
Usually used when you observed underboss but operating in a staff capacity,
minor violation. who is a counselor or a dviser.

CTP Review Center [Link] Final Briefing 2017 [Link]

 d. Caporegime – below the level of the d. Caporegime –ca poregime serves as
underboss, some of whom serves as buffers chiefs of operating units.
between the top members of the family and
e. Soldati – The lowest level “members”
the lower echelon personnel.
of a Family.
e. Soldati – The lowest level “members”
NOTE:
of a Family. The soldiers or “buttom” men
report to the caporegime. Aside from its members, Cosa
Nostra makes extensive use of
3. Limited or exclusive membership.
“associates”. These are people who work
Qualifications may be based on ethnic
for or aid a clan but are not treated as true
backgroun d, kinship, race, criminal record.
members but more than a tool or someone
4. It constitutes a unique that they can use.
subculture. OC view themselves as distinct
FIVE CRIM E FAM ILIES OF M AFIA:
from conventional society which they
frequently view with derision if not 1. BONN ANO Crime Family – their
contempt, and therefore not subject to its operation comes into its hiatus when
rules. they were infiltrated by Donnie Brasco
2. COLOM BO Crime Family - originally
5. Perpetuates itself. The OCG continues the Profaci Family. Foun ded by Joseph
overtime. Profaci.
3. GAM BINO Crime Family - originally
6. W illingness to use illegal violence and
the Mineo Family. The most powerful
bribery. In an OC group, violence is re adily
Mafia family in the United States for
available and routinely accepted resource . the last few decades involves primarily
• Bribery in narcotics trafficking, gambling and
• Threat car-theft. The first don was Vince
• Physical violence Mangano.
• Death 4. GENOVESE Crime Family - originally
the Luciano Family. This has been
7. Demonstrate a specifi c division of called the ivy league of organized
labor. In order to maintain chain of custody crime. Charles “Lucky” Luciano was
so that if there are irregularities, they may the first don of the family.
trace who do it and punish him. 5. LUCCHESE Crime Family - originally
the Reina Family. The family’s first Don
8. Governed by explicit rules and was Tom Gagliano.
regulation. OCG is governed by rules that
members expected to follow. COLUM BIAN DRU G C ARTELS
9. It is monopolistic. An OC group A. MEDELLIN CARTEL
eschews competition.
o It was founded by Pablo Escobar
THE FOUR TYPES OF ITALIAN M AFIA: Gaviria (El Doctor)
1. SICILIAN M AFIA (early 19 th B. Cali Cartel was a drug cartel based in
century) – the oldest type of Mafia, southern Colombia that was foun ded by
2nd largest in Italy. the Rodriguez brothers, Gilberto (The Chess
2. THE NEOPOLITAN C AM ORRA (late Player) and Miguel.
19 th century) - largest group of
MEXICAN DRUG C ARTELS:
Mafia but quite not as unified as
Sicilian Mafia. A. SINALOA C ARTEL – the Mexico’s
largest drug cartel headed by
3. ‘NDRANGHETA (18 61) – A Mafia-
Joaquin Guzman-Loera (aka El
type criminal organization in Italy,
Chapo /Sh orty Guzman).
centered in Calabria. This became
B. JUAREZ CARTEL – (a.k.a. Carrillo
the most powerful crime syndicate of
Fuentes Organization), foun ded by
Italy in the late 1990’s an d early
Amado Carrillo Fuentes and bases
2000’s.
in Juarez, Mexico and is associated
4. SACRA CORON A UN ITA - smallest with Cali and Medellin Cartel.
C. TIJUANA CARTEL – among the
THE ORGAN IZATION AL STRUCTU RE Mexican drug cartels, this is the
OF M AFIA least powerful, foun ded by Arellano
a. Boss – the head of the family Felix Brothers.
(capofamiglia or rappresentante) INFAM OUS ORGAN IZED CRIM E OF ASIA
b. Underboss – the vice-president or A. YAKUZA. The Yakuza or “boryokudan”,
deputy director of the Family. (capo is the most influential organized crime
bastone or sotto capo) group in Japan
c. Consigliere – same level as the FAM ILIES OF YAKU ZA
underboss but operating in a staff
B. YAM AGUCHI GUM I –This is considered
capacity, who is a counselor or as the Japan’s most powerful syndicate
adviser.

CTP Review Center [Link] Final Briefing 2017 [Link]

 named after its founder Harukichi F. UNITED BAM BOO GANG – involves in
Yamaguchi . drug trafficking, women and child
C. 1 st Kumicho (1915 -1925): Harukichi trafficking and prostitution.
Yamaguchi G. FOUR SEAS GANG – (Si Hai Bang) is a
D. 2 nd Kumicho (1925 -1942): Noboru triad society based in Taiwan which
Yamaguchi includes mainland Chinese.
E. 3 rd Kumicho (1946-1981): Kazuo H. The 14K TRIAD - This was formed by
Taoka Kuomintang Lieutenant-General Kot
F. 4 th Kumicho (1984-1985): Masahisa Siu-Wong in Guangzhou, China in 1945
Takenaka as an anti-Communist action group.
G. 5th Kumicho (1989-2005): Yoshinori I. BORN TO KILL (BTK) - Born to Kill is a
Watanabe well-known, vicious Asian-American
H. 6th Kumi cho (2005-present): Shinobu street gang, made up of Vietnamese
Tsusaka (real name is Kenichi Shinoda) refugees.
1. ICHIW A-KAI – A Ja panese crime clan INTERPOL - International Criminal Police
foun ded by former Yamagchi -gumi Organization. Esta blished in 1923 and ha d
leader Hiroshi Yamamoto in 1982. its first headquarters in Vienna and now in
2. SUM IYOSHI-KAI – second largest with Lyon, France.
15,000 members; It is known as the Three Core Services
prime rival of Yamagchi -gumi. The
current Oya bun is Shigeo Nishiguchi. 1. A unique global police communication
system
3. INIGAW A KAI – this is reputed to be the 2. A range of criminal data bases and
third-largest gang in Japan known for
analytical services
having created most of its wealth from 3. Proactive support for police operations
sophisticated business scams. throughout the world.
4. TONA YU AI JIGYO KUM IAI – the
smallest family with 1,000 members but
ORGANIZED C RIM E GROUPS
considered as the most influential
among Yakuza families. IN THE P HILIPPINES
1. Francisco Group – composed of former
YAKUZA RITU ALS:
members of the Dragon or Kuratong
1. Yubitsume - for the first offense, the Baleleng Group.
transgressor must cut off the tip of his left
little finger and hand the severed portion to 2. Pentagon Group – a group headed by
the boss as a form of penance or apology . Tahir Alonto which is created for purposes
of generating funds for the MILF an d
2. Irezu mi - han d-poked full-body tattoos insulate MILF members from criminal
for the members through hand-made and accusation.
hand-held tools with needles of sharpened
bam boo or steel 3. Lost Command KFR Group - is mainly
composed of ex-soldiers and ex-policemen
3. Pearlings – one pearl is inserted to the who were rendered jobless after the 1986
skin of a member’s penis for every year in EDSA Revolution.
prison.
4. W aray-Abuyog Group - is composed of
4. Oicho-Kabu - the members, whenever hardened criminals from Samar and Leyte.
they play this card game, are given the
chance to display their tattoos to the other 5. Akyat – Bahay Gang - is known as a
members as they normally keep them violent home invasion-oriented gang which
concealed with long-sleeved and high- also has a history with drug dealing.
necked shirts. 6. “Bahala Na” Gang("Come What May") -
5. Sakazuki – the sake -sharing ceremony A tattoo of a Question Mark (?) is their
to seal bon ds of brotherhood between identity as members of the gang located in
individual yakuza members or groups. any of the parts of their body.

B. TRIAD - refers to Chinese societies 7. SIGUE SIGUE SPUTNIK Gang - is one of

common mystical symbol; an the largest Gangs in the Philippines. It has
equilateral triangle representing thousands of members all over the
Chinese basic concept of Heaven, Philippines.
Earth and Man .
STAGES OF M ONEY LAUNDERING
C. TONGS - translates as “hall” or “lodge”
but it usually refers to the organization 1. PLACEM ENT – the initial stage of money
itself, not the building they might meet laundering.
in.
D. BIG CIRCLE GAN GS – established by 2. LAYERING - also called “heavy soa ping”.
Chinese Immigrants to protect 3. INTEGRATION - also called “spin dry”,
themselves. the money is again available to the criminal
E. HEIJIN - Taiwanese gangsters who are
with its occupational and geographical
often executives in large corporations
origin hidden.
who are involves in white collar crimes,

CTP Review Center [Link] Final Briefing 2017 [Link]

Manners of Committing Cyber Crimes: intentional, substantial and unreasonable
intrusion into the private life of the person.
1. HACKING
- unauthorized access into or  Mental distress/psychological
distraught - the result of cyber stalking
interference in a computer system in order
to the victim.
to corrupt, alter, steal, or destroy using a
computer or other similar information and 10. Cyber Defamation - the use of the
communication devices. computer system to make false statements
against a person thereby injuring his
2. CRAC KING reputation.
-is a higher form of hacking in which
the unauthorized access culminates with TECHNICAL TERM S
the process of defeating the security system o ISP – stands for Internet Service
for the purpose of acquiring money or Provider. It provides internet service to
information and/or availing of free services. internet users.
o IP Address – series of numbers
3. Malicious Sending of E-mails
assigned by an Internet Service Provider
- the sending of malicious and to an internet user when it connects to
defamatory electronic mails for the purpose the Internet.
of extorting money, or threatening o Dynamic IP Address – a type of IP
prospective victims. Address that changes every time the
internet user accesses his Internet
4. A computer virus - is a com puter Service Provider.
program that can copy itself and infect a o Static IP Address – a type of IP Address
computer without permission or knowledge that is constant regardless of the time
of the user. or number of attempts the internet user
accesses the internet.
a. W orm - spread itself to other computers o Website – a portfolio of a person /
without needing to be transferred as part of organization / entity / company which
a host. is posted on the Internet for
b. Trojan horse - is a file that appears accessibility worldwide.
o ICT - Information Communication
harmless until executed. Trojan horses do
Technology
not insert their code into other computer
files DRUGS
 Any chemically active substance
c. Logic bomb - a set of instructions rendering a specific effect on the
secretly inserted into a program that - is central nervous system of man.
designed to execute if a particular program DRUG DOSAGE
is satisfied. The bom b lies dormant until a  A dose of a drug is the amount taken
particular date is reached or command at one time.
entered.  The most common drug in a dose can
be described as:
5. Identity theft - defined as the criminal
 Minimal dose – the amount
act of assuming person’s name, address, needed to treat or heal,
social security number, and date of birth in  Maximal dose – the largest
order to commit fraud. amount of a drug that will
6. Phishing - sending of fraudulent e - produce a desired
therapeutic effect.
mails or website pop-ups, to get victims to
 Toxic Dose – the amount of
divulge sensitive financial information such
drug that produces
as credit card numbers or social security untoward effect or
numbers. symptoms of poisoning.
7. Distributed Denial of Service Atta cks -  Abusive dose – the amount
DDOS attacks can be committed by needed to produce the side
effects and improperly uses
employing multiple computers controlled by
it.
a single master computer server to target a
 Lethal dose – the amount of
particular server by bom barding it with drug that will cause death.
thousands of packets of data in an attempt CLASSIFICATIONS OF DRU G ABUSERS
to overwhelm the server and cause it to A. Situational Users
crash.  Keep them awake and additional
8. Website defacement - is the energy (occasionally)
unauthorized modification of a website B. Spree Users
 Peer pressure
which is similar to vandalism committed by
 Adventurous dangerous
juveniles in an attempt to express their experience
thought. C. Hard Core Addi cts
9. Cyber Stalking - the criminal follows the  Those, whose activities revolve
victim by sending emails, and freque ntly almost entirely around the drug
experience and securing
entering the chat rooms that causes an
supplies.

CTP Review Center [Link] Final Briefing 2017 [Link]

 D. Hippies 12 members are ex- officio capacity and 2
 Those who are addicted to drugs regular members.
believing that drug is an integral
part of life.  PDEA is headed by Director General
ROUTES OF DRU G ADM INISTRATION with a rank of (Undersecretary)
A. ORAL INGESTION - The drugs is  2 Deputies Director General with the
taken by the mouth an d most rank of:
common ways taking a drug.  Assistant Secretary for
B. INHALATION - Drug in gaseous Operation
form enter the lungs and the second  Assistant Secretary for
most commonly used route of drug Administration
administration.
C. INJECTION - The drug can be CASES INVOLVING DANGEROUS DRUG
administered into the body by the  Preliminary investigation- 30days
use of syringe and hypodermi c  24hrs – filling of information
needle in the following ways.  60 days- Trial period of the case
 Subcutaneous (SC) - Drug is  15 days- Decision shall be rendered
administered by injecting the  15 days - If no a ppeal was taken the
drug just below the surface of the decision shall become final.
skin; this is sometimes called
“skin popping.”
 Intramuscular (IM ) - RA 6425 of 1972 RA 9165 of 2002
Administration involves the 1. Dangerous drugs All drugs are categorized
injection of a drug into a large are categorized as Dangerous
muscle as Regulated Drugs
 Intravenous (IV) - depositing & Prohibited
drug directl y into the
bloodstream, this is also the most 2. Accused can avail These privileges are
rapid method of drug of Parole, Pardon curtailed
administration. and Probation
D. SNORTIN G - Inhalation through the
nose of drugs not in gaseous form. 3. Planting of Applies to any person
E. BUCCAL - The drug is administered evidence as a
by placing them in the buccal cavi ty violation applies
just under the lips. only to Law
F. SUPPOSITORIES - The drug is En forcers
administered through the vagina or
rectum. 4. Penalties are Penalties has increased
G. TOPIC AL- a pplication of drugs lower
directly to a body site such as the
skin and the mucous membrane. 5. Quantity & It does not consider quality
H. IONTOP HORESIS- introduction of quality of drugs is as basis
the drugs i nto the deeper layer of considered in the for the imposition of
the skin by use of special type of imposition of penalty
electric current for local effect. penalties
First Important Drug Traffic Route
 Middle East – discovery, 6. Proce dures after Procedure after arrest &
plantation, cultivation, harvest arrest & confiscation of drugs has
 Turkey - preparation for confiscation of become complicated
distribution drugs does not it requires the presence of
 Europe - manufacture, synthesis, involve other other
refine personalities personalities
 USA – marketing
Second M ajor Drug Traffic Route 7. Destruction of Destruction Procedures
 Drugs that originates from the Drugs is done in on- Dangerous
Golden Triangle bulk Drugs ha ppens
 Burma/ Myanmar immediately except
 Laos retained samples
 Thailand NOTE:
 Drugs that originates from the  24hrs – upon confiscation or
Golden Crescent seizures, quantitative or qualitative
 Iran examination.
 Afghanistan  24 hrs – Certification of
 Pakistan Examination
 India  72 hrs – court shall conduct ocular
 Drugs that originates from the inspection
Silver Triangle  24 hrs – order of destruction
 Peru
 Columbia *Unnecessary Prescription – 12yrs to
 Bolivia 20yrs
 COM POSITION OF DDB *Unlawful Prescription – Life
DDB composed of 17 members wherein 3 of imprisonment to Death
which are permanent members, the other

CTP Review Center [Link] Final Briefing 2017 [Link]

FIRE TEC HNOLOGY
Fire - It is an active chemical reaction that ACTS OF THE CRIME
takes place between fuel, heat and oxygen ACCUSED COMMITED
in the form of light and noticeable heat.
INTENT was only SIMPLE ARSON
TYPES OF FLAM E:
to burn but but with a specific
1. According to color and completeness somebody died penalty (Art.326)
of combustion:
If fire was use as a MURDER
a. LUM INOUS FLAM E – reddish-orange MEANS TO KILL
in color; it deposits soot because it is a
product of incomplete combustion; it If fire was use to Separate Crimes of
has lower temperature. CONCEAL THE ARSON and
KILLING MURDER/
b. b. NON-LUM INOUS FLAME – bluish in HOMICIDE
color; it does not de posit soot because
it is a product of com plete combustion;
it has a higher temperature than
luminous flame. Kind Cylinder Applicability
c. 2. According to Smoothness: Color
a. TURBULENT – irregular, unsteady Dry Chemical Light red Class A, B, C
swirls or rough flame
b. LAM INAR – smooth flame
Dry powder Ultra- Class D
corrosion
ELEMENTS OF FIRE resistant
I. Fuel – is anything that will burn yellow
when heated with sufficient oxygen. Carbon Dark red Class B, C
The most important element for it dioxide
is what burns. (soli d, liquid, gas) Foam Light blue Class A, B
extinguisher
II. Oxygen – aids in com bustion;
(AFFF/FFFP)
comes from the atmosphere we
Wet chemical Light red Class K
breath (need not be procured);
supports life.
Pressurized Stainless Class A
III. III. Heat – the source of ignition. Water type silver
Method of Heat Transfer - CCR Clean Agent Dark Class A, B, C
1. CONDUCTION – through solid (HCFC) Green
materials, that is, direct contact. Heat
travels through solid or between solids in
contact with each other or through THANK YOU!!!
intervening heat conducting medium. FUTURE CRIMINOLOGIST!!
2. CONVECTION – heat is transferred SIR RRLS
through circulating medium either gas
or liquid, heat travel in upward movement.
The process of conduction b/n solid surface
and a moving liquid or gas.
3. RADIATION – through the motion of air
vacuum or the sun. Heat energy or through
intervening space by heat rays or
electromagnetic wave without an
intervening medium.

NOTE:
 PLANT – combustible materials
needed to start a fire
 ACCELERANT – flame
propagation
 TRAILER – flammable
substances in order to spread
the fire
 COLOR OF FLAME – intensity of
the fire
 COLOR OF SMOKE – burning
materials

CTP Review Center [Link] Final Briefing 2017 [Link]