2ND QUARTER

SCIENCE REVIEWER

 Higher frequency, shorter wavelength

𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 22 𝑣𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
 Ex.: f = = = 0.73 v/s or Hz
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 30 𝑠
 WAVELENGTH – distance from one crest to another crest or one trough to another trough.
 λ - LAMBDA
o Used as a symbol in measuring wavelength.
 VACUUM – empty space
 HANS CHRISTIAN OERSTED – electric current creates magnetic field.
 MICHAEL FARADAY – a changing magnetic field produces an electric field.
 JAMES CLERK MAXWELL – an electronic wave exists when the changing magnetic field causes a
changing electric field, which then causes another changing magnetic field, and so on…
 HEINRICH RUDOLF HERTZ – proved the existence of electromagnetic waves.

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES – the successive production of electric and magnetic field results to
the creation of electromagnetic waves.
 The electric and magnetic fields vibrate.
 The modern understanding of light and color begins with ISAAC NEWTON. Newton set up a
prism near his window, and projected a beautiful spectrum of 22 ft.
 HEINRICH HERTZ – RADIO WAVE
 PERCY SPENCER – MICROWAVE
o He invented the microwave oven.
 FREDERICK WILLIAM HERSCHEL – INFRARED
o He tried to measure the temperature of different colors of the spectrum by placing a
thermometer on each other. He noticed that there was a hotter spot beyond red.
 ROGER BACON – THEORIZED
o Theorized that rainbows were produced by a similar process to the passage of light
through glass or crystal.
 ISAAC NEWTON – DISCOVERED
o Discovered that prism could disassemble and reassemble white light.
 JOHANN WILHELM RITTER – ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT
o In chemistry at that time, there was a humor that blue light was more efficient at initiating
chemical.
 WILHELM CONRAD ROENTGEN – X-RAYS
 PAUL ULRICH VILLARD – GAMMA RAYS
 EM spectrum is a continuum of EM waves arranged according to frequency and wavelength.
 It shows a gradual progression from the waves of lowest frequency to the waves of highest
frequency or vice versa.
 The different EM waves do not have exact dividing region.
 RADAR – RADIO DETECTION AND RANGING
 A. RADIO WAVES
 Type of EM radiation best-known for their use in communication technologies such as television,
mobile phones, and radios. These devices receive radio waves to produce sound waves.
FREQUENCY WAVELENGTH
APPLICATIONS
RANGE RANGE
EXTREMELY LOW 100,000 to Submarine
3 to 30 Hz
FREQUENCY (ELF) 10,000 km communication
SUPER LOW FREQUENCY 10,000 to 1,000 Submarine
30 to 300 Hz
(SLF) km communication
ULTRA LOW FREQUENCY Communication with
0.3 to 3 kHz 1,000 to 100 km
(ULF) mines
VERY LOW FREQUENCY 10 km deep submarine
3 to 30 kHz 100 to 10 km
(VLF) communication
Radio communication,
navigation, time signals,
LOW FREQUENCY (LF) 30 to 300 kHz 10 to 1 km
AM longwave
broadcasting
Radio communication
MEDIUM FREQUENCY (MF) 0.3 to 3 MHz 1000 to 100 m
(AM radio broadcasting)
Radio communication
(AM radio broadcasting,
HIGH FREQUENCY (HF) 3 to 30 MHz 100 to 10 m
Intl shortwave
broadcasting)
Radio communication
VERY HIGH FREQUENCY 30 MHz to 300
10 to 1 m (FM radio broadcasting),
(VHF) MHz
TV broacasting
Radio communication
ULTRA HIGH FREQUENCY 300 MHz to 3 (FM radio broadcasting),
1 m to 1 dm
(UHF) GHz TV broadcasting,
cellphones
Radio communication,
SUPER HIGH FREQUENCY
3 to 30 GHz 1 dm to 1 cm Satellite communication,
(SHF)
Wireless communication
EXTREMELY HIGH
30 to 300 GHz 1 cm to 1 mm
FREQUENCY (EHF)
 AM RADIO BROADCASTING – a radio broadcasting technology, which employs amplitude
modulations (AM) transmissions.
 International Shortwave Broadcasting – these frequencies are suitable for long-distance
communication across intercontinental distances and for mountainous terrains which prevent
line-of-sight communications.
 FM RADIO BROADCASTING – is capable of better sound quality.
 v = λf

𝑣
λ=𝑓

𝑣
f=λ
 B. MICROWAVES
 Type of EM radiation.
 It falls in range of the EM spectrum between radio and infrared lights.
 It have frequencies ranging from about 1,000,000,000 cycles per second.
 Or 1 gigahertz (GHz), up to about 300 GHz and wavelengths of about 30 centimeters (12 inches)
to 1 millimeter (0.4 inches).

APPLICATIONS:

 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
o Broadcasting and telecommunication transmissions
o In the cellulax n/w like GSM (1.8 – 1.9 GHz)
o Satellite communication
o In military fox communication (X or Ku band)
 RADAR
o Application in military, commercial, and scientific fields to detect and locate air, ground,
and seagoing target, missile guidance, and fire central.
o In scientific applications of radar include weather predictions, remote sensing of
atmosphere.
 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION (HEALING PROPERTY)
o Food processing industries
o Microwave oven (2.45 GHz)
o Drying grains, textile industries, leather industries
o Plastic industries, chemical industries, rubber industries
 MEDICAL APPLICATION
o Medical diagnostic and therapy
o Monitoring heartbeats and detecting lung water
 MICROWAVE RADIOMETER (Passive sensing of microwave energy emitted by an object)
o Used for remote sensing of the atmosphere and earth
o Imaging fox security app

C. INFRARED
 EM waves beyond red
 EM waves that are between 700 nm and 1 mm
 Warm objects release radiation of this wavelength
o Half of the energy emitted by the sun is infrared
 William Herschel discovered infrared light in 1800, according to NASA

USES OF INFRARED TECHNOLOGY RADIATION:

 MEASURE BODY HEAT PATTERNS

o RED/ORANGE – warmer temperature (in night vision cameras)
 HEATING – infrared radiation can be used as a deliberate heating source. For example, it is used
in infrared saunas to heat the occupants. It may also be used in other heating applications such
as to remove ice from the wings of aircraft. Infrared can be used in cooking and heating food as
it predominantly heats the opaque, absorbent objects, rather than air around them.
 COMMUNICATIONS
o Infrared data transmission is also employed in short-range communication.
 o Free space optical communication using infrared lasers can be a relatively inexpensive
way to install a communications link in an urban area reporting at up to 4 gigabits
compared to the cost of buying fiber optic cable, except for the radiation damage.
Infrared lasers are used to provide the light for optical fiber communications systems.
Infrared light are used to provide the light with a wavelength around 1,300 nm (lease
dispersion) or 1,500 nm (best transmission) are the best choices for standard silica
fibers.
 NIGHT VISION – infrared ise used in night vision when there is insufficient visible light to see.
Night vision devices operate through a process involving the conversion of ambient light photons
into electrons that are then amplified by a chemical and electrical process and then converted
back into visible light.
o THERMAL CAMERA – larger wavelength of infrared are captured.
o NIGHT VISION DEVICES – shorter wavelength of infrared are captured.
 CLIMATOLOGY – atmospheric infrared radiation is monitored to detect trends in the energy
exchange between the earth and the atmosphere. These trends provide information on long-
term changes in Earth’s climate. It is one of the primary parameters studied in research into
global warming together with solar radiation.
o PYRGEOMETER – is utilized in this field of research to perform continuous outdoor
measurements. This is broadband infrared radiometer with sensitivity for infrared
radiation.
 SPECTROSCOPY
o To study organic compounds.
o Commonly conducted by laboratories.

D. VISIBLE LIGHT
 Are the only EM waves we can see. We see these waves as the colors of the rainbow. Each color
has a different wavelength; red has the longest, violet has the shortest.

APPLICATIONS:

 HOSPITALS AND HEALTHCARE – it can be used to remove tattoos, fill cavities, treat skin cancer,
and correct vision.
 COMMERCIAL USES – can be used in printer lasers. Lasers are used in these type of printers and
lasers are visible light spectrum because of the bright colored light. CDs o DVDs consists of laser
and when any type of light shines on the disc, rainbow colors appear.
 WI-FI SPECTRUM RELIEF – VLC (Visible Light Communication) is a data communications variant
which uses visible light between 780-375 nm. The technology uses fluorescent lamps to transmit
signals at 10 kbits or LEDs for up to 500 mbits over short distances.
 VEHICLE AND TRANSPORTATION – many cars already use LED lamps. Traffic signage, traffic
lights, and street lamps are adapting the LED technology or there are massive applications here.
 PHOTOSYNTHESIS – Photosynthesis organisms such as plants and algae use EM radiation from
visible spectrum to drive the synthesis of sugar molecules. Special pigments of chloroplasts of
plant cells absorb the energy of certain wavelengths of light, causing a molecular chain raction
known as the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. The best wavelengths of visible light
for photosynthesis fall within the blue range (425-450 nm) and red range (600-700 nm).
 Too much light can damage the sensitive area in our eyes which is called retina.
 WAVELENGTH (380-740 nm)
 FREQUENCY (430-790 Hz)
 LASER (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation)

E. ULTRAVIOLET
 Shorter wavelength than visible light (10-400 nm).
 Invisible to human eye but insects like bumble bee can see them.
 Johann Wilhelm Ritter (photo paper)
 Sun is the source of the full spectrum of ultraviolet radiation.
 UV-A – are not absorbed by the ozone layer.
 UV-B – sunburn, 95% of it is absorbed by ozone layer.
 UV-C – most harmful, completely absorbed by ozone layer.
 PHOSPHOROUS, a mineral element found in rocks and bone, is a critical ingredient in fertilizers,
pesticides, detergents and other industrial and household chemicals. Now chemists have
developed a new way to attach phosphorus to organic compounds by first splitting the
phosphorus with ultraviolet light. Their method eliminates the need for chlorine, which is usually
required for such reactions and poses health risks to workers handling the chemicals.

APPLICATIONS:

 FORENSICS – UV is an investigative tool that is helpful in locating and identifying body fluids such
as semen, blood, and saliva. UV- Vis microspectrophotometry is also used to analyze trace
evidence such as textile fibers.
o LUMINOL – is a chemical that exhibits chemiluminescence, with a blue glow, when
mixed with an appropriate oxidizing agent. Forensic investigators use luminol to detect
trace amounts of blood at crime scenes.
 DETECTING FORGED BANK NOTES – a UV detector verifies the UV marks on authentic notes by
shining ultraviolet.
 PHOTOLIOGRAPHY
o Also called optical lithography.
o Process that transfers template using light.
 DISINFECTION – UV disinfection is a strategy for treating drinking water by the utilization of
ultraviolet radiation to inactive small scale creatures.
 STERILIZE DRINKING WATER – UV light is a method for destroying or rendering harmless
microorganisms.
 PHOTOTHERAPY – Ultraviolet light therapy/ultraviolet phototherapy is a form of treatment for
certain skin disorders including atopic skin disorders.

F. X-RAY
 Are a type of radiation called electromagnetic waves. Discovered on 1901. Revolutionized the
world of modern medicine. German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen. Effortlessly pass
through skin. Different tissues absorb x-rays the most, so bones look white. Fat and other soft
tissues absorb less, and look gray. Air absorbs the least, and look black.

APPLICATIONS:

 DETECTING BROKEN BONES

o Computed Tomography Scan (CT Scan)
 RADIATION THERAPY
o Cancer – (external-beam radiation therapy) inserted in the body in close proximity to
cancer cells. This is called internal radiation therapy or brachytherapy. Radiation therapy
can be dangerous, yet it’s still received by around 50% of cancer patients during the
course of their treatment.
 AIRPORT SECURITY
o Scans baggage to check for dangerous items.
 REVEALING COUNTERFEIT ART
o X-rays are also used by art historians to detect whether or not a painting is painted over,
is fake, how old the art is, what are the materials used, did the artist painted with hard
brush strokes, etc.

FUN FACTS:

 1920’s x-rays were used to remove unwanted hair.

 Shoe shopping. Early 20th century shoe stores installed shoe-fitting fluoroscopes to know the size
of the customer’s feet.
 Parents 100 years ago thought x-rays were made for great entertainment.

G. GAMMA RAY
 Highest energy EM radiation. It reaches energies greater than 100 kiloelectron volts and
frequencies greater than 1019 Hz.
 Have wavelengths less than 10 picometers. Gamma rays are stopped by direct collision with an
atom. These rays are extremely penetrating.
 1 picometer = 0.001 nm
 3 main types of radiation:
o Alpha – helium nucleus consisting of 2 protons and 2 neutrons. Best at ionizing.
o Beta – high energy electrons. Next best.
o Gamma – EM waves of very short wavelength ang high frequency. Worst at ionizing.
 Ernest Rutherford – named the Gamma rays
 Gamma rays are ionizing radiations. They can damage DNA and push electrons from an atom.

APPLICATIONS:

 MEDICAL USE IN RADIATION THERAPY

o Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS) and Stereotactic Radiotherapy
o Gamma knife – used in SRS which is a bloodless surgery for neurological diseases. 192
radioactive beams are focused on the target in the brain to be treated through a metal
helmet.
o Gamma camera – used to locate cancerous tumors, minor bone fractures, abnormal
functioning of organs, and other medical problems. Give structural and functional image
of the body, but before anything else, titanium is injected to the patient.
 FOOD IRRADIATION
o Gamma irradiators are powered by Cobalt-60, effectively killing microorganisms
throughout the product and its packaging with very little temperature effect and no
residues.
o Fact is most often irradiated commercially to extend shelf-life, eliminate insect pest, or
reduce numbers of photogenic microorganisms using gamma rays.
 o WHY IRRADIATE FOOD?
 Prevention of foodborne illness
 Preservation
 Gamma sterilization
 MEDICAL STERILIZATION
o Gamma rays sterilize surgical instruments because they easily penetrate through most
materials.
o THINGS GAMMA RAYS CAN STERILIZE:
 Single-use medical devices
 Tissue based services
 Implantable devices
 Pharmaceuticals
 INDUSTRIAL USE – used in industrial setting to detect gammaradiography
 TECHNOLOGY FOR SCANNING CARGO CONTAINERS
o Imaging radiation scanning, ocr, elemental analysis and other technologies are used to
scan containers for nuclear materials and other hazards in normal terminal traffic.
 Nuclear Energy: A key to humanity’s future
o Gamma rays are also beneficial in achieving
 A Savior from Afar!
o Gamma rays bursts blocked by the Earth’s ozone layer.