Basic Hydraulics
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Hydraulics is the science of forces and movements transmitted by means
of liquids.
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FLUID TECHNOLOGY
Fluid transport systems Fluid power systems
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. • FLUID POWER CONCEPT
In The Beginning…
In the 17th century Pascal developed the law of confined fluids.
Pascal’s Law
“Pressure applied on a confined fluid is transmitted
undiminished in all directions, and acts with equal force on
equal areas, and at right angles to them”.
FORCE F1
SMALL AREA P = F1
A1
A1
F2 = P x A2
LARGE AREA
A2
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FORCE F2
HYDROSTATICS
F1 = 1 Kg
A1 = 1 Cm2
P = F1 = 1 Kg
A1 1 Cm2
= 1 Kg / Cm2
( Same Pressure P )
A2 = 10 Cm2
F2 = P x A2
= 1 x 10
= 10 Kg
PASCAL’S Law
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HYDRODYNAMICS
LIQUID AT
HIGH
VELOCITY
Hydraulic System Applications
Fig: Hydraulic press Fig: Hydraulic disc brakes
Fig: Hydraulic lift table Fig: Excavator
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Hydraulic System
Electrical Energy to
Mechanical Energy
Mechanical Energy
PRESSURE to Hydraulic
CONTROL Energy
ACTUATOR
CONTROL
VALVES
PRIME
MOVER PUMP
TANK Hydraulic Energy
FILTER to Mechanical
Energy
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Hydraulic System Components
1. Power pack
a) Tank / reservoir e) Prime movers
b) Oil f) Pumps
c) Filters g) Oil level and Temperature indicators
d) Strainers h) Heat exchangers
2. Control valves 4. Accessories
a) Direction a) Accumulators
b) Pressure b) Pressure gauges
c) Flow c) Temperature gauges
3. Actuators
a) Cylinders
b) Motors
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. • POWER PACK
Technical data Elements
Capacities - litres Tank
Oil
Type of pump ( Fixed / Variable Filters & Strainers
displacement) Breathers
Displacement V g max cm³ Pump
Electrical Motor
Operating pressure p max bar Heat Exchangers
El. motor power P kW Oil level indicators 11
Pressure and Temperature gauges
Tank / reservoir
Symbol
Hydraulic Oil
Temperature range: -54° C to 135° C
NAS class, ISO class
Viscosity, Viscosity Index
Compressibility
Foaming
Hydraulic Filters
Symbol
Beta ratio (β) = Upstream particle count / Downstream particle count.
Breathers and Strainers
1. Air Filtration
2. Dehumidification
Symbol
Types of Filters
Suction Filter
• Located in the suction line of the pump
• Only filtered oil entered the system
• Grade of filtration is 60 µm – 100 µm
• Purely to protect the pump from contamination
• That is why suction filters are equipped with by-pas valves
• Can also be used ahead of the pump as a coarse filter
Types of Filters
Pressure Filter
• Installed in the pressure line of the hydraulic system ahead of the device which are
sensitive to dirt e.g. at the pressure port of the pump ahead of valves or flow control
valves
• Since this filter is subjected to maximum pressure, it must be of robust design
• Should not have a by-pass but have a contamination indicator
• Operating pressure up to 420 bar
• Grade of filtration 3 µm– 5 µm
• Requires a pressure tight housing and contamination indicator
• The effectiveness of the filter is checked be the contamination indicator
Types of Filters
Return Filter
• Installed in the return line
• Cheaper than the high pressure filter
• Operating pressure up to max. 30 bar
• Grade of filtration 10 µm – 25 µm
Main stream Filtering
Suction filter : Pr. Difference = 0.05 to 0.1 bar at operating temperature
Pressure filter : Pr. Difference = 1 to 1.5 bar at operating temperature
Return filter: Pr. Difference = 0.5 bar at operating temperature
•HYDRAULIC PUMPS
Principle – What is Pump ?
Pump is a Source of Power
Primary Function is to develop
flow not pressure
Hydraulic Pumps
(i) Non-positive displacement or Hydrodynamic
pumps
• Low pressure high flow applications
(ii) Positive displacement or Hydrostatic pumps
• High pressure low flow applications
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Centrifugal Pump
Non- Positive Displacement Pump
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Classification of Positive Displacement Pumps
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
VANE
GEAR PISTON
1. Unbalanced
1. External Gear 1.Axial Design
a) Fixed Displacement
2. Internal Gear a) Bent axis type (F/V)
3. Gerotor b) Variable b) Swash plate type (F/V)
4. Lobe Displacement 2. Radial Design
5. Screw
2. Balanced (Fixed)
Volumetric efficiency
1.Gear pumps – 80% to 90%
2.Vane pumps - 82% to 92%
3.Piston pumps - 90% to 98%
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Gear Pumps
Fig: External gear pumps
Important Parameters
1. Displacement Volume – 0.2 to 200 cc
2. Maximum pressure – up to 300 bar
3. Speed range – 500 to 6000 rpm
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Internal gear pumps
Important Parameters
1. Displacement Volume – 0.2 to 200 cc
2. Maximum pressure – up to 300 bar
3. Speed range – 500 to 6000 rpm
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Internal Gear Pump
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Vane Pumps
Unbalanced vane pumps
Fixed displacement pumps
Important Parameters
1. Displacement Volume – 18 to 195 cc
2. Maximum pressure – up to 210 bar
3. Speed range – 600 to 2700 rpm
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Variable Displacement Pump
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Axial Piston Pump – Bent Axis Design
1. Fixed displacement
Important Parameters
1. Displacement Volume – 18 to 1000 cc
2. Maximum pressure – up to 400 bar
3. Speed range – 600 to 6000 rpm
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Axial Piston Pump – Swash Plate Design
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Radial Piston Pump
Important Parameters
1. Displacement Volume – 500 cc
2. Maximum pressure – up to 700 bar
3. Speed range – 1000 to 3400 rpm
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Control Valves
1. Non-return Valve (NCV)
2. Flow control valve (FCV)
3. Pressure control valves (PCV)
4. Direction control valves (DCV)
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Actuators
1. Single acting 2. Double acting
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. • Accessories
Accumulator
It is the Energy storage device which is used when
The pump cannot meet the extremes of fluid demand in the circuit
Supply circuit needs to respond more quickly to any temporary demand
Bladder type
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Heat Exchanger
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Oil Temperature Indicators
Oil Level Indicators
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Simple open-loop open-center circuit
cylinder
Actuating solenoid
Spring return
Pressure relief valve
4-way, 3 position valve
filter
Fixed displacement pump
Fluid tank or reservoir
Fluid power symbols
Main Line Variable
Pilot Line Temperature
Drain Line Pneumatic
Lines Crossing Hydraulic
Lines Joining Flexible line
Plugged Port
Filter or Strainer
Vented Pressurized
Below fluid level Above fluid level
Lubricator
Accumulator Single Acting
Cylinder
Double Acting
Cylinder
Heat Exchanger
Double Acting
Double rod
Cylinder
Double Acting Cylinder
Lever
with Cushion
Double Acting Cylinder
with adjustable Cushion Pedal or Treadle
Pressure Intensifier
Mechanical
Spring
Detent
Manual Pressure Compensated
Push Button Solenoid
Rotary Devices Pressure compensated variable
displacement pump
Rotary Device
with ports Hydraulic Motor
Hydraulic Pump - Unidirectional
Air Compressor
Hydraulic Pump - Bidirectional
Pneumatic Motor
Electric Motor
Pump with rotating shaft,
control, and Drain
Internal Combustion Engine
Pressure Indication
Shut Off
Temperature Indication
Check Valve
Flow Meter
Pilot operated Check Valve
Envelopes or Positions
Pilot to open
One Two Three
Pilot to close
Ports
Two Two Four
Two position, Two port, (2/2) DCV
Three Positions, Four Ports (4/3)
Infinite position
2/2 DCV
4/3 DCV
Pressure Relief Valve
4/3 DCV, Left actuated
Pressure Reducing Valve
4/3 DCV, Right actuated
Flow Control Valve with
bypass check valve
Hydraulic Fluids
The hydraulic fluids used must fulfill the following properties:
• Pressure transfer
• Lubrication of moving parts
• Cooling
• Corrosion protection
• Scuff removal
• Signal transmission
Types of Hydraulic Oils
• Hydraulic Oils are divided according to their characteristic and
composition into three classes:
1. Hydraulic oil HL
2. Hydraulic oil HLP
3. Hydraulic oil HV
Characteristics of Hydraulic Oil:
The Hydraulic oil exhibits certain qualities under the relevant
operating conditions:
Low possible density
Minimal compressibility
Viscosity not too low – high viscosity results in increased friction leading to excessive
pressure losses and
heating at the throttling points and too low viscosity creates leakages
Good viscosity – temperature characteristics
Low flammability
Hydraulic Symbols
Hydrauli Pump
Hydraulic Pump
Ports & Positions
Method of Actuations
Hydraulic Symbols
Hydraulic power Pack
Measuring devices
Signal flow in Hydraulic System
Hydraulic System
Hydraulic System
Technical data
Directional Control Valve
Flow Control valve
Pressure relief valve
Non return Valve
Double Acting Cylinder
Hydraulic Motor(gear motor)
Hydraulic Power Unit
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