6/12/2019 awesome-cheatsheets/bash.

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awesome-cheatsheets / languages / bash.sh

keith Fix bash flag typo

6265188 on Mar 11, 2018

8 contributors

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429 lines (326 sloc) 19.1 KB

1 #!/bin/bash
2 ##############################################################################
3 # SHORTCUTS
4 ##############################################################################
5
6
7 CTRL+A # move to beginning of line
8 CTRL+B # moves backward one character
9 CTRL+C # halts the current command
10 CTRL+D # deletes one character backward or logs out of current session, similar to exit
11 CTRL+E # moves to end of line
12 CTRL+F # moves forward one character
13 CTRL+G # aborts the current editing command and ring the terminal bell
14 CTRL+J # same as RETURN
15 CTRL+K # deletes (kill) forward to end of line
16 CTRL+L # clears screen and redisplay the line
17 CTRL+M # same as RETURN
18 CTRL+N # next line in command history
19 CTRL+O # same as RETURN, then displays next line in history file
20 CTRL+P # previous line in command history
21 CTRL+R # searches backward
22 CTRL+S # searches forward
23 CTRL+T # transposes two characters
24 CTRL+U # kills backward from point to the beginning of line
25 CTRL+V # makes the next character typed verbatim
26 CTRL+W # kills the word behind the cursor
27 CTRL+X # lists the possible filename completions of the current word
28 CTRL+Y # retrieves (yank) last item killed
29 CTRL+Z # stops the current command, resume with fg in the foreground or bg in the background
30
31 ALT+B # moves backward one word
32 ALT+D # deletes next word
33 ALT+F # moves forward one word
34
35 DELETE # deletes one character backward

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36 !! # repeats the last command
37 exit # logs out of current session
38
39
40 ##############################################################################
41 # BASH BASICS
42 ##############################################################################
43
44 env # displays all environment variables
45
46 echo $SHELL # displays the shell you're using
47 echo $BASH_VERSION # displays bash version
48
49 bash # if you want to use bash (type exit to go back to your previously opened shell
50 whereis bash # finds out where bash is on your system
51 which bash # finds out which program is executed as 'bash' (default: /bin/bash, can change
52
53 clear # clears content on window (hide displayed lines)
54
55
56 ##############################################################################
57 # FILE COMMANDS
58 ##############################################################################
59
60
61 ls # lists your files in current directory, ls <dir> to print files in a
62 ls -l # lists your files in 'long format', which contains the exact size of
63 ls -a # lists all files, including hidden files (name beginning with '.')
64 ln -s <filename> <link> # creates symbolic link to file
65 touch <filename> # creates or updates (edit) your file
66 cat <filename> # prints file raw content (will not be interpreted)
67 any_command > <filename> # '>' is used to perform redirections, it will set any_command's stdo
68 more <filename> # shows the first part of a file (move with space and type q to quit)
69 head <filename> # outputs the first lines of file (default: 10 lines)
70 tail <filename> # outputs the last lines of file (useful with -f option) (default: 10
71 vim <filename> # opens a file in VIM (VI iMproved) text editor, will create it if it
72 mv <filename1> <dest> # moves a file to destination, behavior will change based on 'dest' t
73 cp <filename1> <dest> # copies a file
74 rm <filename> # removes a file
75 diff <filename1> <filename2> # compares files, and shows where they differ
76 wc <filename> # tells you how many lines, words and characters there are in a file.
77 chmod -options <filename> # lets you change the read, write, and execute permissions on your fi
78 gzip <filename> # compresses files using gzip algorithm
79 gunzip <filename> # uncompresses files compressed by gzip
80 gzcat <filename> # lets you look at gzipped file without actually having to gunzip it
81 lpr <filename> # prints the file
82 lpq # checks out the printer queue
83 lprm <jobnumber> # removes something from the printer queue
84 genscript # converts plain text files into postscript for printing and gives yo
85 dvips <filename> # prints .dvi files (i.e. files produced by LaTeX)
86 grep <pattern> <filenames> # looks for the string in the files
87 grep -r <pattern> <dir> # search recursively for pattern in directory
88
89
90 ##############################################################################
91 # DIRECTORY COMMANDS
92 ##############################################################################
93
94
95 mkdir <dirname> # makes a new directory

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96 cd # changes to home
97 cd <dirname> # changes directory
98 pwd # tells you where you currently are
99
100
101 ##############################################################################
102 # SSH, SYSTEM INFO & NETWORK COMMANDS
103 ##############################################################################
104
105
106 ssh user@host # connects to host as user
107 ssh -p <port> user@host # connects to host on specified port as user
108 ssh-copy-id user@host # adds your ssh key to host for user to enable a keyed or passwordless log
109
110 whoami # returns your username
111 passwd # lets you change your password
112 quota -v # shows what your disk quota is
113 date # shows the current date and time
114 cal # shows the month's calendar
115 uptime # shows current uptime
116 w # displays whois online
117 finger <user> # displays information about user
118 uname -a # shows kernel information
119 man <command> # shows the manual for specified command
120 df # shows disk usage
121 du <filename> # shows the disk usage of the files and directories in filename (du -s giv
122 last <yourUsername> # lists your last logins
123 ps -u yourusername # lists your processes
124 kill <PID> # kills the processes with the ID you gave
125 killall <processname> # kill all processes with the name
126 top # displays your currently active processes
127 bg # lists stopped or background jobs ; resume a stopped job in the backgroun
128 fg # brings the most recent job in the foreground
129 fg <job> # brings job to the foreground
130
131 ping <host> # pings host and outputs results
132 whois <domain> # gets whois information for domain
133 dig <domain> # gets DNS information for domain
134 dig -x <host> # reverses lookup host
135 wget <file> # downloads file
136
137
138 ##############################################################################
139 # VARIABLES
140 ##############################################################################
141
142
143 varname=value # defines a variable
144 varname=value command # defines a variable to be in the environment of a particular subproce
145 echo $varname # checks a variable's value
146 echo $$ # prints process ID of the current shell
147 echo $! # prints process ID of the most recently invoked background job
148 echo $? # displays the exit status of the last command
149 export VARNAME=value # defines an environment variable (will be available in subprocesses)
150
151 array[0]=valA # how to define an array
152 array[1]=valB
153 array[2]=valC
154 array=([2]=valC [0]=valA [1]=valB) # another way
155 array=(valA valB valC) # and another

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156
157 ${array[i]} # displays array's value for this index. If no index is supplied, arra
158 ${#array[i]} # to find out the length of any element in the array
159 ${#array[@]} # to find out how many values there are in the array
160
161 declare -a # the variables are treaded as arrays
162 declare -f # uses function names only
163 declare -F # displays function names without definitions
164 declare -i # the variables are treaded as integers
165 declare -r # makes the variables read-only
166 declare -x # marks the variables for export via the environment
167
168 ${varname:-word} # if varname exists and isn't null, return its value; otherwise return
169 ${varname:=word} # if varname exists and isn't null, return its value; otherwise set it
170 ${varname:?message} # if varname exists and isn't null, return its value; otherwise print
171 ${varname:+word} # if varname exists and isn't null, return word; otherwise return null
172 ${varname:offset:length} # performs substring expansion. It returns the substring of $varname s
173
174 ${variable#pattern} # if the pattern matches the beginning of the variable's value, delete
175 ${variable##pattern} # if the pattern matches the beginning of the variable's value, delete
176 ${variable%pattern} # if the pattern matches the end of the variable's value, delete the s
177 ${variable%%pattern} # if the pattern matches the end of the variable's value, delete the l
178 ${variable/pattern/string} # the longest match to pattern in variable is replaced by string. Only
179 ${variable//pattern/string} # the longest match to pattern in variable is replaced by string. All
180
181 ${#varname} # returns the length of the value of the variable as a character strin
182
183 *(patternlist) # matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns
184 +(patternlist) # matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns
185 ?(patternlist) # matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns
186 @(patternlist) # matches exactly one of the given patterns
187 !(patternlist) # matches anything except one of the given patterns
188
189 $(UNIX command) # command substitution: runs the command and returns standard output
190
191
192 ##############################################################################
193 # FUNCTIONS
194 ##############################################################################
195
196
197 # The function refers to passed arguments by position (as if they were positional parameters), that
198 # $@ is equal to "$1" "$2"... "$N", where N is the number of positional parameters. $# holds the nu
199
200
201 function functname() {
202 shell commands
203 }
204
205 unset -f functname # deletes a function definition
206 declare -f # displays all defined functions in your login session
207
208
209 ##############################################################################
210 # FLOW CONTROLS
211 ##############################################################################
212
213
214 statement1 && statement2 # and operator
215 statement1 || statement2 # or operator

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216
217 -a # and operator inside a test conditional expression
218 -o # or operator inside a test conditional expression
219
220 # STRINGS
221
222 str1 = str2 # str1 matches str2
223 str1 != str2 # str1 does not match str2
224 str1 < str2 # str1 is less than str2 (alphabetically)
225 str1 > str2 # str1 is greater than str2 (alphabetically)
226 -n str1 # str1 is not null (has length greater than 0)
227 -z str1 # str1 is null (has length 0)
228
229 # FILES
230
231 -a file # file exists
232 -d file # file exists and is a directory
233 -e file # file exists; same -a
234 -f file # file exists and is a regular file (i.e., not a directory or other speci
235 -r file # you have read permission
236 -s file # file exists and is not empty
237 -w file # your have write permission
238 -x file # you have execute permission on file, or directory search permission if
239 -N file # file was modified since it was last read
240 -O file # you own file
241 -G file # file's group ID matches yours (or one of yours, if you are in multiple
242 file1 -nt file2 # file1 is newer than file2
243 file1 -ot file2 # file1 is older than file2
244
245 # NUMBERS
246
247 -lt # less than
248 -le # less than or equal
249 -eq # equal
250 -ge # greater than or equal
251 -gt # greater than
252 -ne # not equal
253
254 if condition
255 then
256 statements
257 [elif condition
258 then statements...]
259 [else
260 statements]
261 fi
262
263 for x in {1..10}
264 do
265 statements
266 done
267
268 for name [in list]
269 do
270 statements that can use $name
271 done
272
273 for (( initialisation ; ending condition ; update ))
274 do
275 statements...

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276 done
277
278 case expression in
279 pattern1 )
280 statements ;;
281 pattern2 )
282 statements ;;
283 esac
284
285 select name [in list]
286 do
287 statements that can use $name
288 done
289
290 while condition; do
291 statements
292 done
293
294 until condition; do
295 statements
296 done
297
298 ##############################################################################
299 # COMMAND-LINE PROCESSING CYCLE
300 ##############################################################################
301
302
303 # The default order for command lookup is functions, followed by built-ins, with scripts and execut
304 # There are three built-ins that you can use to override this order: `command`, `builtin` and `enab
305
306 command # removes alias and function lookup. Only built-ins and commands found in the search path
307 builtin # looks up only built-in commands, ignoring functions and commands found in PATH
308 enable # enables and disables shell built-ins
309
310 eval # takes arguments and run them through the command-line processing steps all over again
311
312
313 ##############################################################################
314 # INPUT/OUTPUT REDIRECTORS
315 ##############################################################################
316
317
318 cmd1|cmd2 # pipe; takes standard output of cmd1 as standard input to cmd2
319 < file # takes standard input from file
320 > file # directs standard output to file
321 >> file # directs standard output to file; append to file if it already exists
322 >|file # forces standard output to file even if noclobber is set
323 n>|file # forces output to file from file descriptor n even if noclobber is set
324 <> file # uses file as both standard input and standard output
325 n<>file # uses file as both input and output for file descriptor n
326 n>file # directs file descriptor n to file
327 n<file # takes file descriptor n from file
328 n>>file # directs file description n to file; append to file if it already exists
329 n>& # duplicates standard output to file descriptor n
330 n<& # duplicates standard input from file descriptor n
331 n>&m # file descriptor n is made to be a copy of the output file descriptor
332 n<&m # file descriptor n is made to be a copy of the input file descriptor
333 &>file # directs standard output and standard error to file
334 <&- # closes the standard input
335 >&- # closes the standard output

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336 n>&- # closes the ouput from file descriptor n
337 n<&- # closes the input from file descripor n
338
339
340 ##############################################################################
341 # PROCESS HANDLING
342 ##############################################################################
343
344
345 # To suspend a job, type CTRL+Z while it is running. You can also suspend a job with CTRL+Y.
346 # This is slightly different from CTRL+Z in that the process is only stopped when it attempts to re
347 # Of course, to interrupt a job, type CTRL+C.
348
349 myCommand & # runs job in the background and prompts back the shell
350
351 jobs # lists all jobs (use with -l to see associated PID)
352
353 fg # brings a background job into the foreground
354 fg %+ # brings most recently invoked background job
355 fg %- # brings second most recently invoked background job
356 fg %N # brings job number N
357 fg %string # brings job whose command begins with string
358 fg %?string # brings job whose command contains string
359
360 kill -l # returns a list of all signals on the system, by name and number
361 kill PID # terminates process with specified PID
362
363 ps # prints a line of information about the current running login shell and any processes
364 ps -a # selects all processes with a tty except session leaders
365
366 trap cmd sig1 sig2 # executes a command when a signal is received by the script
367 trap "" sig1 sig2 # ignores that signals
368 trap - sig1 sig2 # resets the action taken when the signal is received to the default
369
370 disown <PID|JID> # removes the process from the list of jobs
371
372 wait # waits until all background jobs have finished
373
374
375 ##############################################################################
376 # TIPS & TRICKS
377 ##############################################################################
378
379
380 # set an alias
381 cd; nano .bash_profile
382 > alias gentlenode='ssh [email protected] -p 3404' # add your alias in .bash_profile
383
384 # to quickly go to a specific directory
385 cd; nano .bashrc
386 > shopt -s cdable_vars
387 > export websites="/Users/mac/Documents/websites"
388
389 source .bashrc
390 cd $websites
391
392
393 ##############################################################################
394 # DEBUGGING SHELL PROGRAMS
395 ##############################################################################

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396
397
398 bash -n scriptname # don't run commands; check for syntax errors only
399 set -o noexec # alternative (set option in script)
400
401 bash -v scriptname # echo commands before running them
402 set -o verbose # alternative (set option in script)
403
404 bash -x scriptname # echo commands after command-line processing
405 set -o xtrace # alternative (set option in script)
406
407 trap 'echo $varname' EXIT # useful when you want to print out the values of variables at the point
408
409 function errtrap {
410 es=$?
411 echo "ERROR line $1: Command exited with status $es."
412 }
413
414 trap 'errtrap $LINENO' ERR # is run whenever a command in the surrounding script or function exits
415
416 function dbgtrap {
417 echo "badvar is $badvar"
418 }
419
420 trap dbgtrap DEBUG # causes the trap code to be executed before every statement in a function or s
421 # ...section of code in which the problem occurs...
422 trap - DEBUG # turn off the DEBUG trap
423
424 function returntrap {
425 echo "A return occurred"
426 }
427
428 trap returntrap RETURN # is executed each time a shell function or a script executed with the . or

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