1.

Objective: To determine the coefficient of discharge "Cd", coefficient of

velocity "Cv" and the coefficient of contraction "Cc" for an orifice plate.

2. Experimental Apparatus:

Hydraulics Bench, designed to measure flow rate in terms of velocity, volume,

and time.

Orifice and Jet Apparatus

MUHAMMAD IRFAN MALIK 1

3. Theory

To begin the analysis of the free jet flow in terms of velocity, we can begin with
Bernoulli’s energy equation.

𝐏𝟏 𝐯𝟏^𝟐 𝐏𝟐 𝐯𝟐^𝟐
+ + 𝐳𝟏 = + + 𝐳𝟐
𝛒𝐠 𝟐𝐠 𝛒𝐠 𝟐𝐠

where, P = pressure (Pa)

Z = height displacement from the origin (m)
V = velocity of flow (m/s)
ρ = density of fluid (kg/m^3)
g = gravitational acceleration (m/s2)

We know that the pressure at (1) i.e. P1 is atmospheric and therefore negligible
because the tank is open to the atmosphere. We can see that the height displacement
term, z1, corresponds with ‘h’ on the diagram i.e. z1=h
We know that we negate the velocity at (1) i.e. v1 because the tank is significantly
larger in volume than the free jet flow. We know that the pressure at (2) i.e. P2 of

MUHAMMAD IRFAN MALIK 2

the free jet is again atmospheric and negligible. And lastly, we know that the height
displacement at (2) i.e. z2 with the orifice being the origin is zero.

Considering these things, we can reduce Bernoulli’s equation to the following:

𝐯𝟐^𝟐
=𝒉
𝟐𝐠

V2=√2gh

It is the theoretical value of speed. Therefore vth. = V2=√2gh

For actual velocity we have to multiply vth. with a factor Cv known as coefficient
of velocity.
Hence,
vact. =vth. *Cv (1)
vact. = Cv√2gh
Because the free jet can be analyzed as a projectile, we can form the following
relationships in terms of vertical and horizontal displacement of the Free Jet Flow.

X=v*t
Where,
x= horizontal distance of free jet (m)
v= actual velocity of free jet (m/s)
t= time (s)

Also,

𝟏
𝒚 = 𝒗𝟏𝒕 + 𝒈𝒕^𝟐
𝟐
As there is no initial velocity i.e. v1=0 therefore this equation can be rewritten as,

𝟏
𝒚= 𝒈𝒕^𝟐
𝟐
𝟐𝒚
t=√
𝒈
Putting values of v and t we can get x as:

x=2Cv√yh (2)
MUHAMMAD IRFAN MALIK 3
Here x and √yh are variables and hence slope= 2Cv.

Therefore,

𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆
Cv=
𝟐

Now for Cd,

𝑸𝒕𝒉=𝑨𝒕𝒉 𝑽𝒕𝒉

𝑸𝒕𝒉=𝑨𝒕𝒉√2gh
𝝅
𝑨𝒕𝒉= 𝑫𝑶^𝟐
𝟒
Where, Do= orifice diameter.

𝑸𝒂ct=𝑸𝒕𝒉. 𝑪𝒅 (3)

𝑸𝒂ct= 𝑨𝒕𝒉√2gh 𝑪𝒅 (4)

Here Qact. and √h are variables and hence slope of √h VS Qact. graph will be,

Slope= Ath.*Cd√2g
Therefore,
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒
Cd=
𝐴𝑡ℎ.∗√2𝑔

By dividing equation 3 and 1 we get:

𝑸𝒂𝒄𝒕. 𝑸𝒕𝒉.∗ 𝑪𝒅
=
𝒗𝒂𝒄𝒕. 𝒗𝒕𝒉. 𝑪𝒗
𝑨𝒕𝒉.∗𝑪𝒅
Aact. =
𝑪𝒗
𝑨𝒂𝒄𝒕 𝑪𝒅
=
𝑨𝒕𝒉. 𝑪𝒗
𝑪𝒅
𝑪𝒄 =
𝑪𝒗

Where, "Cc" is the coefficient of contraction. Ath. Is area of orifice and Aact is
area of vena contracta.

MUHAMMAD IRFAN MALIK 4

 4. Procedure:
Position the overflow tube to give a high head.
Note the value of head and determine the flow rate by timed collection using
the measuring cylinder and stopwatch.
The jet trajectory is obtained by using the needles mounted on the vertical
back-board to follow the profile of the jet.
Release the securing screw for each other needle in turn and move the needle
until its point is just immediately above the jet and retighten the screw.
Attach a sheet of paper to the back-board between the needles and board and
screw it in place with the help of clamp provided so that its upper edge is
horizontal.
Mark the location of the top of each needle on the paper.
Note horizontal distance from the plane of orifice (taken as x=0) to the
coordinate point marking the position of first needle. This first coordinate
should be close enough to orifice to treat it as having the value y=0 thus the
vertical displacement y is measured relative to this position.
Repeat these steps for different values of head and by using orifice of
different diameter.
Plot graphs and conclude results.

5. Observations and Calculations:

Table 1: For orifice diameter d=6mm and head h=300mm

No. of obs. Orifice Head Horizontal Vertical (yh)^0.5

diameter h distance distance
d (m) x y
(m) (m) (m)
1 0.006 0.3 0.0135 0 0
2 0.006 0.3 0.0635 0.004 0.034641
3 0.006 0.3 0.1135 0.012 0.06
4 0.006 0.3 0.1635 0.023 0.083066
5 0.006 0.3 0.2135 0.039 0.108167
6 0.006 0.3 0.2635 0.056 0.129615
7 0.006 0.3 0.3135 0.071 0.145945
8 0.006 0.3 0.3635 0.101 0.174069

x=2Cv√yh (2)
Here x and √yh are variables and hence slope= 2Cv.

MUHAMMAD IRFAN MALIK 5

Therefore,
𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆
Cv=
𝟐
Graph 1: Between x and √yh

x VS (yh)^0.5
0.2
0.18
0.16
y = 0.4783x + 0.0018
0.14 R² = 0.9935
(yh)^0.5

0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4

𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆
Cv=
𝟐

𝟎.𝟒𝟕𝟖𝟑
Cv= = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟗𝟐
𝟐

Table 2: For orifice diameter d=6mm and head h=350mm

No. of obs. Orifice Head Horizontal Vertical (yh)^0.5
diameter h distance distance
d (m) x y
(m) (m) (m)
1 0.006 0.35 0.0135 0 0
2 0.006 0.35 0.0635 0.005 0.0418
3 0.006 0.35 0.1135 0.013 0.0675
4 0.006 0.35 0.1635 0.021 0.0857
5 0.006 0.35 0.2135 0.044 0.1241
6 0.006 0.35 0.2635 0.062 0.1473
7 0.006 0.35 0.3135 0.082 0.1694
8 0.006 0.35 0.3635 0.111 0.1971

MUHAMMAD IRFAN MALIK 6

Graph 2: Between x and √yh

x VS (yh)^0.5

0.25
(yh)^0.5

0.2 y = 0.5466x + 0.0011

0.15 R² = 0.9933
0.1
0.05
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4

𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆
Cv=
𝟐

𝟎.𝟓𝟒𝟔𝟔
Cv= = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟑𝟑
𝟐

Table 3: For orifice diameter d=6mm and head h=400mm

No. of obs. Orifice Head Horizontal Vertical (yh)^0.5

diameter h distance distance
d (m) x y
(m) (m) (m)
1 0.006 0.4 0.0135 0 0
2 0.006 0.4 0.0635 0.005 0.044721
3 0.006 0.4 0.1135 0.016 0.08
4 0.006 0.4 0.1635 0.030 0.109545
5 0.006 0.4 0.2135 0.052 0.144222
6 0.006 0.4 0.2635 0.073 0.17088
7 0.006 0.4 0.3135 0.105 0.204939
8 0.006 0.4 0.3635 0.134 0.231517

MUHAMMAD IRFAN MALIK 7

Graph 3: Between x and √yh

x VS (yh)^0.5

0.25
y = 0.6498x + 0.0007
0.2
R² = 0.9958
(yh)^0.5

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4

𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆
Cv=
𝟐

𝟎.𝟔𝟒𝟗𝟖
Cv= = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟒𝟗
𝟐

Table 4: For orifice diameter d=3mm and head h=300mm

No. of obs. Orifice Head Horizontal Vertical (yh)^0.5

diameter h distance distance
d (m) x y
(m) (m) (m)
1 0.003 0.3 0.0135 0 0
2 0.003 0.3 0.0635 0.001 0.017321
3 0.003 0.3 0.1135 0.01 0.054772
4 0.003 0.3 0.1635 0.019 0.075498
5 0.003 0.3 0.2135 0.035 0.10247
6 0.003 0.3 0.2635 0.052 0.1249
7 0.003 0.3 0.3135 0.073 0.147986
8 0.003 0.3 0.3635 0.097 0.170587

MUHAMMAD IRFAN MALIK 8

Graph 4: Between x and √yh

x VS (yh)^0.5
0.2
0.18
y = 0.4964x - 0.0069
0.16
0.14 R² = 0.996
(yh)^0.5

0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
-0.02 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
x

𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆
Cv=
𝟐

𝟎.𝟒𝟗𝟔𝟒
Cv= = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝟖𝟐
𝟐

Table 5: For orifice diameter d=3mm and head h=350mm

No. of obs. Orifice Head Horizontal Vertical (yh)^0.5
diameter h distance distance
d (m) x y
(m) (m) (m)
1 0.003 0.35 0.0135 0 0
2 0.003 0.35 0.0635 0.002 0.026458
3 0.003 0.35 0.1135 0.012 0.064807
4 0.003 0.35 0.1635 0.023 0.089722
5 0.003 0.35 0.2135 0.040 0.118322
6 0.003 0.35 0.2635 0.060 0.144914
7 0.003 0.35 0.3135 0.081 0.168375
8 0.003 0.35 0.3635 0.112 0.19799

MUHAMMAD IRFAN MALIK 9

Graph 5: Between x and √yh

x VS (yh)^0.5

0.25

0.2
y = 0.563x - 0.0048
R² = 0.9973
(yh)^0.5

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4

𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆
Cv=
𝟐

𝟎.𝟓𝟔𝟑𝟎
Cv= = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟏𝟓
𝟐

Table 6: For orifice diameter d=3mm and head h=400mm

No. of obs. Orifice Head Horizontal Vertical (yh)^0.5

diameter h distance distance
d (m) x y
(m) (m) (m)
1 0.003 0.4 0.0135 0 0
2 0.003 0.4 0.0635 0.002 0.028284
3 0.003 0.4 0.1135 0.016 0.08
4 0.003 0.4 0.1635 0.028 0.10583
5 0.003 0.4 0.2135 0.049 0.14
6 0.003 0.4 0.2635 0.073 0.17088
7 0.003 0.4 0.3135 0.106 0.205913
8 0.003 0.4 0.3635 0.134 0.231517

MUHAMMAD IRFAN MALIK 10

Graph 6: Between x and √yh

x VS (yh)^0.5

0.25
y = 0.6704x - 0.0061
0.2 R² = 0.9951
(yh)^0.5

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4

𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆
Cv=
𝟐

𝟎.𝟔𝟕𝟎𝟒
Cv= = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟓𝟐
𝟐
Table 7: For orifice diameter d=3mm and Flow rate Qact.

No. of Orifice Head Volume Time Flow (h)^0.5

obs. diameter h V t rate (m)^0.5
d (m) (m^3) (s) Q
(m) 10^-5 (m^3/s)
10^-5
1 0.003 0.3 6.4 5 1.28 0.5477
2 0.003 0.35 7.3 5 1.46 0.5916
3 0.003 0.4 8.4 5 1.68 0.6324

MUHAMMAD IRFAN MALIK 11

Graph 7: Between Qact vs √h

Q vs (h)^0.5

0.000018
0.000016
0.000014
0.000012
y = 5E-05x - 1E-05
0.00001
R² = 0.9938
Q

0.000008
0.000006
0.000004
0.000002
0
0.54 0.55 0.56 0.57 0.58 0.59 0.6 0.61 0.62 0.63 0.64
(h)^0.5

As
𝑸𝒂ct=𝑸𝒕𝒉. 𝑪𝒅 (3)

𝑸𝒂ct= 𝑨𝒕𝒉√2gh 𝑪𝒅 (4)

Here Qact. and √h are variables and hence slope of √h VS Qact. graph will be,

Slope= Ath.*Cd√2g
Therefore,

𝑺𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆
Cd= =𝝅
𝑨𝒕𝒉.∗√𝟐𝒈 𝒅𝟐 ∗√𝟐𝒈
𝟒

𝟓∗𝟏𝟎^−𝟓
Cd= 𝝅(𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟑)𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟎
∗√𝟐∗𝟗.𝟖𝟏
𝟒

MUHAMMAD IRFAN MALIK 12

Table 8: For orifice diameter d=6mm and Flow rate Qact.

No. of Orifice Head Volume Time Flow (h)^0.5

obs. diameter h V t rate (m)^0.5
d (m) (m^3) (s) Q
(m) 10^-4 (m^3/s)
10^-5
1 0.006 0.3 2.74 5 5.48 0.5477
2 0.006 0.35 2.8 5 5.60 0.5916
3 0.006 0.4 3 5 6.0 0.6324

Graph 8: Between Qact vs √h

Q vs (h)^0.5
0.000061

0.00006
y = 6E-05x + 2E-05
R² = 0.8995
0.000059

0.000058
Q

0.000057

0.000056

0.000055

0.000054
0.54 0.55 0.56 0.57 0.58 0.59 0.6 0.61 0.62 0.63 0.64

(h)^0.5

𝑺𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆
Cd= =𝝅
𝑨𝒕𝒉.∗√𝟐𝒈 𝒅𝟐 ∗√𝟐𝒈
𝟒

𝟔∗𝟏𝟎^−𝟓
Cd= 𝝅(𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟔)𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖
∗√𝟐∗𝟗.𝟖𝟏
𝟒

MUHAMMAD IRFAN MALIK 13

 6. Interpretation of Results or Discussions:
From the values of Cv it can be said that by increasing head velocity of jet
increases as Cv becomes closer to unity at higher values of head. Orifice of smaller
diameter face more friction and viscous effects and hence its actual velocity and
flow rate deviate more from the theoretical values of velocity and flow rate
respectively.

MUHAMMAD IRFAN MALIK 14