INTERNATIONAL

AYURVEDIC MEDICAL
JOURNAL

International Ayurvedic Medical Journal (ISSN: 2320 5091) (April - May, 2017) 1(4)

TO STUDY MONTH-WISE FOETAL DEVELOPMENT IN AYURVEDA VIS-A-VIS

MODERN EMBRYOLOGY

Darokar Shrikant Bhaurao

M.D. Sharir Rachana, Professor, Sunil Ramsinh Chunawale Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Deendayal Nagar,
Chikhli, Buldhana, ‘Kalptaru’ Girls Hostel, Cement Road, Chikhli, Buldhana, Maharashtra- 443201, India

Email: shrikantdarokar@[Link]

Published online: May, 2017

© International Ayurvedic Medical Journal, India 2017

ABSTRACT
According to Ayurveda, the union of shukra (spermatozoa), shonita (ovum) and Atma (soul) inside the uterus
is known as garbha (embryo). The linkage of prakriti (nature) and vikaras (variations) have the important im-
pact besides the soul in the development of the foetus. Different components originating from Panchamahab-
huta (Five Elements) takes part in the formation, development of the garbha. Similarly some components of
garbha (embryo) originate from the parents which are called as Matrija and Pitrija bhava. Atma and Sattva
also have their roles in the development of the foetus as some of the qualities like memory, determination,
knowledge, longevity and pride, birth in specific species, happiness are found to be arising from it. There are
some differences between the opinion of Acharya charaka and shushruta but the basic principles underlying
the foetal development are similar. The whole process of development of the foetus from two cells to mature
foetus is called Garbhavakranti. Garbhavakranti includes the basis of the earliest embryology which was
known to the human being. In the Ayurvedic texts the process of monthly development of the foetus is ex-
plained clearly. The explanation of the month wise development of the foetus as per modern embryology can
correlate with the Ayurveda view at some extent as the principles of Ayurveda are unique.

Keywords: Shukra, Shonita, Atma, Panchamahabhuta, Garbha, Matrija, Pitrija, Sattvaja.

INTRODUCTION
Ayurvedic concepts are very ancient and unique. differentiation of body parts. At this stage it will
These concepts are found to be true on the basis of be called foetus. The process of formation of emb-
modern science now a days. Shukra and Shonita ryo into the mature foetus takes place in a very
get united in the uterus and with the entry of atma slow manner and takes almost nine months.
(soul) now it is called as garbha or embryo. Later Masa-anumasika garbha vriddhi krama-
after the cell division it progresses towards clear First month:-
 Darokar Shrikant Bhaurao: To Study Month-Wise Foetal Development In Ayurveda Vis -A-Vis Modern Embryology

Tatra prathame masi kalalam jayate È 1 anila (vayu), the panchabhautik embryo
forms/turns into a compact mass i.e. ghana. Dvi-
Charaka and Shushruta say ‘Kalal’ is formed. tiye masi ghanah sampadyate pindah pecyarbu-
Kalal resembles with the mucus of nose. Likewise dam va È Tatra ghanah purushah, peci stri, arbu-
the kalal is semisolid, slimy and sticky in nature. dam nampusakam ÈÈ 5 Charaka and Vaghbhata
kalal possesses all anga, pratyanga and all the sys- also supports the above view of sushruta.5
tems that are going to form in the future. It has all According to sushruta sex of the foetus is also in-
the characteristics of Panchamahabhuta in differ- dentified in the second month of pregnancy itself.
ent proportions. For the normal development of the Depending upon the shape of the Ghana sangha-
foetus shukra and shonita must be in its pure form. tan (compact mass),the sex of the foetus is inden-
tified. If the ghana sanghata resembles with the
Sa sarvagunavana garbhatvamapannah prathame shape of pinda (bolus), circular, It would be a pu-
masi sammurcchitah sarvadhatukalushikritah maan (male) child. If ghana sanghata resembles
khetbhuto bhavatyavyaktavigrah sadsadbhutanga- with the shape of a peshi (muscle) i.e. elongated, It
vayavah È 2 would be a stree (female) child. If ghana sanghata
resembles with the shape of arbuda (semispheri-
Acharya charaka described Garbha in the first cal), it would be a child with neuter gender pos-
month having all the guna of future body. He also sessing both male and female characteristics i.e.
described it as avyakta vigraha means consisting hermaphrodite.
of all the body parts in avyakta (obscure) form. He Third month:-
further says garbha in the first month as asat Tritiye hastpadasirasam panchapindaka nirvar-
meaning all body parts are not seen in the definite tante angapratyangavibhagasca sukshmobhavati ;6
form. Charaka in its sharirsthana described garb-
ha swarupa in the first month as ‘Khetbhuta’ Anga means shadangas or 6 parts i.e. two upper
meaning the same as kalala. We can say that kalal limbs, two lower limbs, trunk (Thorax and abdo-
is nothing but the mass of cells, stained with blood. men) and head. Pratyanga means the organs lo-
In short in the first month, the embryo is not in cated in these six angas. In the third month of
clear shape. Atma or Soul gets mixed up and at- pregnancy five buds (pindaka) are formed. These
tains a phlegm appearance. The fertilized ovum buds represent the formation of 4 limbs (two upper
becomes Kalala (morula), budbuda (blastocyst), limbs and two lower limbs) and head respectively.
pinda respectively and becomes solid in one The anga-pratyanga begins to form but all these
month. Vaghbhata also supports shushruta as far are in miniature form. The foetus takes the shape
as development of the embryo in first month is of human outline. It is also an important phase in
concerned. 3 development of heart. Diet factor is essential in
Second month:- this month.
Vyaktibhavati masesya tritiye gatrapanchakam È
Dvitiye sitosmanilairabhiprapachyamananam ma- murdha dve sakthini bahu sarvasukshmangajanma
habhutanam sanghato ghana sanjayate, yadi pin- ca È 7
dah puman, stri cet pesi, napunsakam cedarbuda- Sarvendriyani garbhasya sarvangavayavastatha È
miti È 4 Tritiye masi yugapannirvartante yathakramam ÈÈ
8

In the second month of development the embryo

with the help of sheeta (kapha), ushma (pitta) and

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Vaghbhata and Kashyapa also support this view. Chaturthe masi sthiratvamapadyate garbhah tas-
In modern science also this opinion is found to be mat tada garbhini gurugatratvamdhikamapadyate
true.9 visheshena È 13
Tritiye masi sarvendriyani sarvangavayavacca
yougapadyenabhinirvartanteÈ10 Charaka says, in the fourth month the foetus be-
comes stable and dense. As the mass increases,
Charaka describes manifestation of all the sense pregnant woman develop the feeling of heaviness.
organs (i.e. Eye, Ear, Nose, Tongue, and Skin) in Fifth month:-
the third month.
Fourth month:- Pancame manah pratibuddhataram bhavati,14

Caturthe sarvangapratyangavibhagah pravyakto In the fifth month of pregnancy mind becomes

bhavati, garbhahrdayapravyaktibhavaccetanadha- more active and alert. Charaka says, the blood and
turabhivyakto bhavati, kasmat? Tatsthanatvat È muscle tissue of the foetus increases, grows com-
tasmadgarbhascaturthe masyabhiprayamindriyar- paratively.
thesu karoti, dvihrdayam ca narim dauhrdinima-
caksate È 11 Pancame masi garbhasya mansashonitopacayo
bhavatyadhikamanyebhyo masebhyah,tasmat tada
All the organs are clearly formed. Manifestation of garbhini karshamapadyate visheshena È 15
the heart-chetna (foetal movements) is evident. In
the fourth month of pregnancy organs and their As most of the nutrition of the mother goes to the
structures are distinctly developed. The sukshma foetus to nourish its blood and muscles, the mother
(minute) forms of all body parts acquire certain feels week and looks emaciated. The mana of foe-
form and shape. Due to the actions of the foetal tus becomes enlightened and consciousness devel-
heart, it can be said that chetna dhatu (presence of ops and it becomes more sajiva (capable of living
soul) becomes evident, as Ayurveda consider hri- independently).
daya (heart) is a sthana (place) of chetna dhatu
(soul). As soon as the chetna dhatu is manifested, Mansshonitavridhhistu pancame masi jeevaka
the garbha starts movements and responds to sen- Garbhini pancame masi tasmat karshen yujyate È
16
sory stimuli. In this month pregnant woman have
cravings. The woman is called Douhridini (with Kashyapa also describes the same thing as per the
two hearts). It is essential to fulfill, satisfy such development of the foetus in the fifth month is
wishes as these are the wishes of the child mani- concerned.
fested through mother. These wishes should not be Sixth month:- Sashthe Buddhih, 17
taken lightly since these are the demands of the
child. If these cravings of dauhridini are not satis- The development of intellect or buddhi is seen.
fied, the newborn child will be having defect like Intellect with the power of grasping and retaining
kubja (dwarf), kuni (short upper limbs), khanja progresses.
(limp), vamana (short), vikrutaksha (deformity in Shashthe masi balavarnopacayo bhavatyadhika-
eyes), anakshya (blind) etc.12 The wishes of the manyebhyo masebhyah, tasmat tada garbhini ba-
dauhridini must be get fulfilled so that the new- lavarnahanimapadyate visheshena È 18
born baby will be healthy and with long span of
life.

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Charaka says, in this month the bala (strength), when the oja is in her body and in the absence of
Varna (complexion) of the foetus improves. oja she looks weak tired. The mother must be kept
Complexion, Body hairs, nails, bones, tendons, away from all stressful or overwhelming stimuli to
vessels, skin, mouth, nose, eyes, and ears develop. avoid the labour in the eighth month. 22
Seven month:- 9thmonth:-

Saptame sarvangapratyangavibhagah pravyakta- Navamadasamaikadasadvadasanamanyatamas-

tarah È 19 minjayate, atonyatha vikari bhavati È 23

In the seventh month of pregnancy, all the body The process of complete development of foetus
parts of foetus develop completely. All the anga- and child birth may take place between 9th and 12th
pratyangas becomes more mature and evident. month of pregnancy. The ninth month onward is a
favorable period for childbirth. All the physical
Saptame masi garbhah sarverbharapyayyate, tas- and mental qualities are refined and complete for
mat tada garbhini sarvakaraih klantatama bhavati the baby to deliver. Charaka says after this period
È20 if garbha (foetus) still remains in the uterus, it is
called as Garbhavikriti (Vikari Garbha) i.e. foetus
Charaka describes foetus attains well developed with abnormality. In ayurved samhits normal ges-
form in view of physical and mental development. tational period is said to be 9 to12 months.24
The mother looks extremely tired.
Eighth month:- MATERIAL & METHODS
Classial literature of Ayurveda as well as modern
Astame sthiribhavatyojah, tatra jatascenna jiven- medical science on the subject of Gynaecology/
nirojastavannairrtabhagatvancca, tato balim obstetrics and embryology from the library of the
mamsaudanamasmai dapayet, 21 S.R.C. Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Chikhli, Dist-
Buldana, Maharastra, India were explored and ana-
In the 8th month of pregnancy the ojas which is lyzed for this study. The internet services of the
considered to be the purest and finest form of all S.R.C Ayurved Mahavidyalaya library IT centre
dhatus, which will decide the vitality, immunity were also used. Various references is taken from
and strength of the body and without which there Charaka, sushruta, vaghbhata, Harita samhita to
would not be any life, becomes unstable. The oja elaborate concept of month wise development of
moves from mother to the foetus and vice versa the foetus.
through the placenta and umbilical cord. As the oja
in this month is unstable, childbirth in this month DISCUSSION
may lead to complications for both the mother and Ayurveda has explained month wise foetal devel-
foetus. If the mother sustains oja, she would sur- opment comprehensively, with its own principles.
vive and if foetus sustains oja it will survive. Due There are some differences between the opinion of
to the cyclic transformation of ojas between the Charaka and Sushruta but their basic principles
mother and foetus, both can go in happy or sad are same underlying the foetal development .It is
mood. Charaka also describes the movement of interesting fact that the details regarding month
oja from mother to the foetus and vice-versa wise foetal development were noted in a period
through the nutritional system for the foetus. So when the instruments, equipments, technology of
sometimes the mother looks happy and energetic the modern science were not present. Ayurveda

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compares human conception to the germination fices. Components originating from Vayu are sense
and sprouting of a seed and its transformation into of touch, an activity of the body, synthesis and
a plant. Ayurveda gives great importance to the transportation of the tissues and expiration. Com-
quality of the seed i.e. ovum and sperm. The ponents originating from Agni are brightness, eye,
mother also provides soil (uterus), nutrition and catabolism and anabolism, complexion, tempera-
the right season for seed to grow. So, more empha- ture, enzymes and sharpness. Components origi-
sis should be given to the nutrition of the woman nating from Jala are taste perception, coldness,
to keep her vital and pure. For building a healthy moisture, softness, body fluids, blood, seminal flu-
progeny thereby building a healthy nation the id and urine. Components originating from Prithvi
woman less than eighteen years and male under are smell perception, stability, heaviness, bones
twenty one should not bear the children. As Cha- and air. We can differentiate different bhavas
raka describes, In the first month shukra (sperm) (components) that are originating from panchama-
and shonita (ovum) unite and form a seed (zy- habhuta. Different sonographic studies also reveal
gote).This seed divides and redefines and form a that maternal lifestyle, drug addiction have the
rounded mass. This seed mass has the capacity to great impact on the foetal development.
manifest all types of tissues and organs. Three In Ayurveda, it is said that a woman needs to have
days after fertilization embryo divide again to form sound mind and be in good physical condition dur-
a 16-cell morula. Embryo turns in the form of a ing pregnancy as the foetal development is directly
three layered disc i.e. three germ layers which is affected by her. The stress, sorrow, anxieties of the
called embryonic disc. All the structures and dif- mother is unknowingly passed onto the unborn
ferent organs are going to manifest from these child. So, all the feelings of a pregnant woman
three layers.25 should not be ignored.
In the beginning the foetus obtains its nourishment As in the second and third month of foetal devel-
from rasa which is supplied by mother. That clear- opment, stability of the foetus is important or it
ly means nourishment and development of the foe- becomes comparatively more stable, the pregnant
tus depends upon all the Shadbhava (six factors of woman should involve herself in gentle activities
conception).Ayurvedic Acharya mentioned six for relaxation and calmness. She should avoid an-
procreative factors (shadgarbhakarabhavas) which ger, fright, frustration, stress and tension situa-
have an important impact on the process of fertili- tions. She should avoid unhealthy habits also that
zation and development of the foetus. These fac- directly affects the growth of child.
tors are Matrija (maternal), Pitrija (paternal), Satt- Sushruta also emphasizes the role of panchama-
vaja (mind), rasaja (nutritional), Satmyaja (whole- habhuta in the foetal development especially in the
someness) and Atmaja (soul). Out of these six second month of pregnancy. Shabda, sparsha, ru-
shadgarbhakara bhavas Matrija, Pitrija and Atma- pa, rasa, gandha which are the virtues of pancha-
ja bhavas cannot be changed as they come from mahabhuta become evident in the fourth month.
the parents. But the other three i.e. Rasaja, Satt- The division into the five pinda take place by aka-
myaja and sattvaja bhavas if practiced properly sha mahabhuta in the third [Link] the 8-9 weeks
can produce healthy impact on the foetus. of foetal development sonographic study reveals
Components that are going to build foetus in the that limb bud appear, Head can be seen as separate
uterus originates from panchmahabhutas (the five from the body.26
elements). Components originating from Akasha Charaka says, In the third month, all sprouting
are sense of sound, auditory system, lightness, mi- parts become evident. In this period of foetal de-
nuteness, division, channels of circulation and ori- velopment all the systems of the body gets estab-

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lished. The head is still large in size. Using ultra- Considering each month of foetal development as
sonography the sex of the foetus can be deter- per Ayurveda, many facts that Ayurveda scholars
mined by examination. The heart of the foetus have described in their samhitas are found to be
makes relation to the mother by vessels. Foetal true on the basis of sonographic studies.
heart chambers are formed. Umbilical vein con-
veys oxygenated blood from mother to foetus CONCLUSION
through [Link] can be heard with the help At this stage, the fruitful conclusions which have
of the stethoscope. emerged through the discussion of the available
Describing the development of the foetus in the concept are being presented as follows-
fourth month Charaka says, the foetus looks like Ayurvedic embryology explains month wise foetal
human being. The shape and all the parts of the development along with the antenatal care of the
body is almost formed. As per the modern science pregnant woman which is found to be true on the
palpation of the foetal body parts can be made. basis of modern science.
Foetal movements can be felt by placing the hand By adopting various methods described in Ayur-
over uterus.27 Sushruta called the pregnant woman vedic embryology, smooth pregnancy can be en-
as dauhridini (with two hearts).Cravings of the sured. Similarly good health can be given to moth-
pregnant woman should get fulfilled. According to er and child.
my opinion, as foetus gets its nutrition from moth- While studying the foetal development in Ayurve-
er’s body, she feels the deficiency of certain things da, we are surprised to know the span of their in-
and she wishes to eat them. I think cravings of tellect. Though there is no mention of their re-
pregnant woman can be explained by it. In the search methods or any equipments, still they have
fifth month, increase in the body mass and blood described minute details of embryology long ago.
of the foetus. FHS can be clearly heard. Foetal If we can understand their line of thinking and fol-
movements can be clearly felt by mother. The FHS low their path we will be able to understand Ayur-
varies 140-160 per min. but decreases to 120-140 veda thoroughly and go ahead following their
per min. afterwards. In the sixth month, Foetus footprints.
acquires well developed form in physical and men- Mother supplies the seed (ovum) , bhumi (uterus)
tal aspect. Mother looks radiant. The skin of the as well as nutrition through blood (rasaja and satt-
foetus becomes reddish and wrinkled due to the vaja bhava) to foetus so ayurved gives utmost im-
lack of underlying connective tissue. In the se- portance to mother’s physical and mental health.
venth month, the testies descend downwards. A Ayurved has described in detail how a pregnant
foetus born during this period (i.e. sixth or the ear- mother should be happy. One should nurture a
ly seventh month)has survived with great care. In pregnant woman like a precious flower.
the eighth month, Deposition of fat under the skin
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