DE LA SALLE LIPA

COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
COMPRO1 – COMPUTER PROGRAMMING 1 LABORATORY MANUAL
Name: Ramirez, Nerisse Allyztair M.
LABORATORY #5: Looping Statements

I. OBJECTIVES
1. To introduce counter and event controlled loops
2. To work with the while loop
3. To introduce the do-while loop
4. To work with the for loop
5. To work with nested loops

II. DISCUSSION
Increment and Decrement Operator
To execute many algorithms we need to be able to add or subtract 1 from a given integer
quantity. For example:

count = count + 1; // what would happen if we used ==

// instead of = ?
count += 1;

Both of these statements increment the value of count by 1. If we replace “+” with “-” in the
above code, then both statements decrement the value of count by 1. C++ also provides an
increment operator ++ and a decrement operator -- to perform these tasks. There are two
modes that can be used:

count++; // increment operator in the postfix mode

count--; // decrement operator in the postfix mode
++count; // increment operator in the prefix mode
--count; // decrement operator in the prefix mode

The two increment statements both execute exactly the same. So do the decrement operators.
What is the purpose of having postfix and prefix modes? To answer this, consider the following
code:

int age = 49;

if (age++ > 49)
cout << "Congratulations - You have made it to the half-century"
<< " mark !" << endl;

In this code, the cout statement will not execute. The reason is that in the postfix mode the
comparison between age and 49 is made first. Then the value of age is incremented by one.
Since 49 is not greater than 49, the if conditional is false. Things are much different if we replace
the postfix operator with the prefix operator:

int age = 49;

if (++age > 49)
cout << " Congratulations - You have made it to the half-century"
<< " mark !" << endl;
 In this code age is incremented first. So its value is 50 when the comparison is made. The
conditional statement is true and the cout statement is executed.

The while Loop

Often in programming one needs a statement or block of statements to repeat during execution. This
can be accomplished using a loop. A loop is a control structure that causes repetition of code within
a program. C++ has three types of loops. The first we will consider is the while loop. The syntax is the
following:

while (expression)
{
statement_1;
statement_2;
:
statement_n;

If there is only one statement, then the curly braces can be omitted. When a while loop is encountered
during execution, the expression is tested to see if it is true or false. The block of statements is
repeated as long as the expression is true. Consider the following:

Sample Program 5.1:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {

int num = 5;
int numFac = 1;

while (num > 0)

{
numFac = numFac * num; num––; // note the use of the decrement operator
}

cout << " 5! = " << numFac << endl;

return 0;
}

This program computes 5! = 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1 and then prints the result to the screen. Note how the
while loop controls the execution. Since num = 5 when the while loop is first encountered, the block
of statements in the body of the loop is executed at least once. In fact, the block is executed 5 times
because of the decrement operator which forces the value of num to decrease by one every time the
block is executed. During the fifth iteration of the loop num becomes 0, so the next time the
expression is tested num > 0 is false and the loop is exited. Then the cout statement is executed. What
do you think will happen if we eliminated the decrement operator num–– in the above code? The
value of num is always 5. This means that the expression num > 0 is always true! If we try to execute

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the modified program, the result is an infinite loop, i.e., a block of code that will repeat forever. One
must be very cautious when using loops to ensure that the loop will terminate. Here is another
example where the user may have trouble with termination.

Sample Program 5.2:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {

char letter = 'a';

while (letter != 'x')

{
cout << "Please enter a letter" << endl;
cin >> letter;
cout << "The letter your entered is " << letter << endl;
}

return 0;
}

Note that this program requires input from the user during execution. Infinite loops can be avoided,
but it would help if the user knew that the 'x' character terminates the execution. Without this
knowledge the user could continually enter characters other than 'x' and never realize how to
terminate the program. In the lab assignments you will be asked to modify this program to make it
more user friendly.

Counters

Often a programmer needs to control the number of times a particular loop is repeated. One common
way to accomplish this is by using a counter. For example, suppose we want to find the average of
five test scores. We must first input and add the five scores. This can be done with a counter-
controlled loop as shown in Sample Program 5.3. Notice how the variable named test works as a
counter. Also notice the use of a constant for the number of tests. This is done so that the number of
tests can easily be changed if we want a different number of tests to be averaged.

Sample Program 5.3:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

const int NUMBEROFTESTS = 5;

int main(){

int score ; // the individual score read in

float total = 0.0; // the total of the scores float average;
// the average of the scores
int test = 1; // counter that controls the loop

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while (test <= NUMBEROFTESTS) // Note that test is 1 the first time //
the expression is tested
{
cout << "Enter your score on test " << test << ": " << endl;
cin >> score;
total = total + score; test++;
}

average = total / NUMBEROFTESTS;

cout << "Your average based on " << NUMBEROFTESTS << " test scores is "
<< average << endl;

return 0;
}

Sample Program 5.3 can be made more flexible by adding an integer variable called numScores that
would allow the user to input the number of tests to be processed.
Sentinel Values
We can also control the execution of a loop by using a sentinel value which is a special value that
marks the end of a list of values. In a variation of the previous program example, if we do not know
exactly how many test scores there are, we can input scores which are added to total until the sentinel
value is input. Sample Program 5.4 revises Sample Program 5.3 to control the loop with a sentinel
value. The sentinel in this case is -1 since it is an invalid test score. It does not make sense to use a
sentinel between 0 and 100 since this is the range of valid test scores. Notice that a counter is still
used to keep track of the number of test scores entered, although it does not control the loop. What
happens if the first value the user enters is a -1?

Sample Program 5.4:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main(){
int score ; // the individual score read in
float total = 0.0; // the total of the scores float average;
// the average of the scores int test = 1;
// counter that controls the loop

cout << "Enter your score on test " << test << " (or -1 to exit): " << endl;
cin >> score; // Read the 1st score
while (score != -1) // While we have not entered the sentinel
// (ending) value, do the loop
{

total = total + score; test++;

cout << "Enter your score on test " << test << " (or -1 to exit): "
<< endl; cin >> score; // Read the next score

if (test > 1) // If test = 1, no scores were entered

{
average = total / (test - 1);
cout << "Your average based on " << (test - 1) << " test scores is "
<< average << endl;

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 }
return 0;
}

Notice that the program asks for input just before the while loop begins and again as the last
instruction in the while loop. This is done so that the while loop can test for sentinel data. Often this
is called priming the read and is frequently implemented when sentinel data is used to end a loop.

Data Validation

One nice application of the while loop is data validation. The user can input data (from the keyboard
or a file) and then a while loop tests to see if the value(s) is valid. The loop is skipped for all valid
input but for invalid input the loop is executed and prompts the user to enter new (valid) input. The
following is an example of data validation.

cout << "Please input your choice of drink "

<< "(a number from 1 to 4 or 0 to quit)" << endl;

cout << " 1 - Coffee" << endl

<< " 2 - Tea" << endl
<< " 3 - Coke" << endl
<< " 4 - Orange Juice" << endl << endl
<< " 0 - QUIT" << endl << endl;

cin >> beverage;

while (beverage < 0 || beverage > 4)

{
cout << "Valid choices are 0 - 4. Please re-enter: ";
cin >> beverage;
}

What type of invalid data does this code test for? If beverage is an integer variable, what happens if
the user enters the character ‘’ or the float 2.9?

The do-while Loop

The while loop is a pre-test or top test loop. Since we test the expression before entering the loop, if
the test expression in the while loop is initially false, then no iterations of the loop will be executed.
If the programmer wants the loop to be executed at least once, then a post-test or bottom test loop
should be used. C++ provides the do-while loop for this purpose. A do-while loop is similar to a while
loop except that the statements inside the loop body are executed before the expression is tested.
The format for a single statement in the loop body is the following:

do
statement;
while (expression);

Note that the statement must be executed once even if the expression is false. To see the difference
between these two loops consider the code

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int num1 = 5;
int num2 = 7;
while (num2 < num1)
{
num1 = num1 + 1;
num2 = num2 - 1;
}

Here the statements num1 = num1 + 1 and num2 = num2 - 1 are never executed since the test
expression num2 < num1 is initially false. However, we get a different result using a do-while loop:

int num1 = 5;
int num2 = 7;

do
{
num1 = num1 + 1;
num2 = num2 - 1;
} while (num2 < num1);

In this code the statements num1 = num1 + 1 and num2 = num2 - 1 are executed exactly once. At this
point num1 = 6 and num2 = 6 so the expression num2 < num1 is false. Consequently, the program
exits the loop and moves to the next section of code. Also note that since we need a block of
statements in the loop body, curly braces must be placed around the statements. In Lab 5.2 you will
see how dowhile loops can be useful for programs that involve a repeating menu.

The for Loop

The for loop is often used for applications that require a counter. For example, suppose we want to
find the average (mean) of the first n positive integers. By definition, this means that we need to add
1 + 2 + 3 + . . . + n and then divide by n. Note this should just give us the value in the “middle” of the
list 1, 2, ...,n. Since we know exactly how many times we are performing a sum, the for loop is the
natural choice. The syntax for the for loop is the following:

for (initialization; test; update) {

statement_1;
statement_2;
:
statement_n;

Notice that there are three expressions inside the parentheses of the for statement, separated by
semicolons.

1. The initialization expression is typically used to initialize a counter that must have a starting
value. This is the first action performed by the loop and is done only once.
2. The test expression, as with the while and do-while loops, is used to control the execution of
the loop. As long as the test expression is true, the body of the for loop repeats. The for loop
is a pre-test loop which means that the test expression is evaluated before each iteration.

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 3. The update expression is executed at the end of each iteration. It typically increments or
decrements the counter. Now we are ready to add the first n positive integers and find their
mean value.

Sample Program 5.5:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {

int value;
int total = 0;
int number;
float mean;

cout << "Please enter a positive integer" << endl;

cin >> value;

if (value > 0) {
for (number = 1; number <= value; number++) {
total = total + number; } // curly braces are optional since
// there is only one statement

mean = static_cast<float>(total) / value;

// note the use of the typecast // operator

cout << "The mean average of the first "

<< value << " positive integers is " << mean << endl;
}
else

cout << "Invalid input - integer must be positive" << endl;

return 0;
}

Note that the counter in the for loop of Sample Program 5.5 is number. It increments from 1 to value
during execution. There are several other features of this code that also need to be addressed. First
of all, why is the typecast operator needed to compute the mean? What do you think will happen if it
is removed?

Finally, what would happen if we entered a float such as 2.99 instead of an integer? Lab 5.3 will
demonstrate what happens in these cases.

Nested Loops

Often programmers need to use a loop within a loop, or nested loops. Sample Program 5.6 below
provides a simple example of a nested loop. This program finds the average number of hours per day
spent programming by each student over a three-day weekend. The outer loop controls the number
of students and the inner loop allows the user to enter the number of hours worked each of the three

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days for a given student. Note that the inner loop is executed three times for each iteration of the
outer loop.

Sample Program 5.6:

// This program finds the average time spent programming by a student each
// day over a three day period.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {

int numStudents;
float numHours, total, average;
int count1 = 0, count2 = 0; // these are the counters for the loops

cout << "This program will find the average number of hours a day"
<< " that each given student spent programming over a long weekend"
<< endl << endl;

cout << "How many students are there ?" << endl << endl;
cin >> numStudents;

for (count1 = 1; count1 <= numStudents; count1++) {

total = 0;
for (count2 = 1; count2 <= 3; count2++) {
cout << "Please enter the number of hours worked by student "
<< count1 << " on day " << count2 << "." << endl;
cin >> numHours;

total = total + numHours;

}
average = total / 3;

cout << endl; cout << "The average number of hours per day spent programming
by" << " student " << count1 <<" is " << average << endl << endl << endl;
}

return 0.
}

In Lab 5.4 you will be asked to modify this program to make it more flexible.

III. SOFTWARE NEEDED

ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION QUANTITY

1 Visual Studio C++ / DevC++ 1

IV. METHODOLOGY

LAB 5.1 Working with the while Loop

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Bring in program while.cpp from the Lab 5 folder. (This is Sample Program 5.2 from the Pre-lab
Reading Assignment. The code is shown below:

// PLACE YOUR NAME HERE

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
char letter = 'a';

while (letter != 'x') {

cout << "Please enter a letter" << endl;
cin >> letter;
cout << "The letter you entered is " << letter << endl;
}

return 0;
}

1. This program is not user friendly. Run it a few times and explain why. 2.
2. Add to the code so that the program is more user friendly. 3.
3. How would this code affect the execution of the program if the while loop is replaced by a
do-while loop? Try it and see. “There is no difference at all.”

Bring in program sentinel.cpp from the Lab 5 Folder. The code is shown below:

// This program illustrates the use of a sentinel in a while loop.

// The user is asked for monthly rainfall totals until a sentinel
// value of -1 is entered. Then the total rainfall is displayed.

// PLACE YOUR NAME HERE

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{

// This program illustrates the use of a sentinel in a while loop.

// The user is asked for monthly rainfall totals until a sentinel
// value of -1 is entered. Then the total rainfall is displayed.

// PLACE YOUR NAME HERE

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{

// Fill in the code to define and initialize to 1 the variable month float
total = 0, rain;

cout << "Enter the total rainfall for month " << month << endl;
cout << "Enter -1 when you are finished" << endl;

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// Fill in the code to read in the value for rain

// Fill in the code to start a while loop that iterates

// while rain does not equal -1

{
// Fill in the code to update total by adding it to rain
// Fill in the code to increment month by one
cout<< "Enter the total rainfall in inches for month "
<< month << endl;

{
// Fill in the code to update total by adding it to rain
// Fill in the code to increment month by one
cout << "Enter the total rainfall in inches for month "
<< month << endl;

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 cout << "Enter -1 when you are finished" << endl;
// Fill in the code to read in the value for rain
}

if (month == 1)
cout << "No data has been entered" << endl;
else
cout << "The total rainfall for the " << month-1
<< " months is "<< total << " inches." << endl;

return 0;

4. Complete the program above by filling in the code described in the statements in bold so
that it will perform the indicated task.
5. Run the program several times with various input. Record your results. Are they correct?
What happens if you enter –1 first? What happens if you enter only values of 0 for one
or more months? Is there any numerical data that you should not enter? “Enter -1 will
end the program, while entering a zero will have a same output as entering various
number.
6. What is the purpose of the following code in the program above?

if (month == 1)
cout << "No data has been entered" << endl;

LAB 5.2 Working with the do-while Loop

Bring in the program dowhile.cpp from the Lab 5 folder. The code is shown below:

// This program displays a hot beverage menu and prompts the user to
// make a selection. A switch statement determines which item the user
// has chosen. A do-while loop repeats until the user selects item E
// from the menu.

// PLACE YOUR NAME HERE

#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
// Fill in the code to define an integer variable called number,
// a floating point variable called cost,
// and a character variable called beverage

bool validBeverage;

cout << fixed << showpoint << setprecision(2);

do
{

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cout << endl << endl;

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cout << "Hot Beverage Menu" << endl << endl;
cout << "A: Coffee 1.00" << endl;
cout << "B: Tea .75" << endl;
cout << "C: Hot Chocolate 1.25" << endl;
cout << "D: Cappuccino 2.50" << endl << endl << endl;
cout << "Enter the beverage A,B,C, or D you desire" << endl;
cout << "Enter E to exit the program" << endl << endl;

// Fill in the code to read in beverage

switch(beverage)
{
case 'a':
case 'A':
case 'b':
case 'B':
case 'c':
case 'C':
case 'd':
case 'D': validBeverage = true;
break;
default: validBeverage = false;

if (validBeverage == true)
{
cout << "How many cups would you like?" << endl;
// Fill in the code to read in number
}

// Fill in the code to begin a switch statement

// that is controlled by beverage

{
case 'a':
case 'A': cost = number * 1.0;
cout << "The total cost is " << cost << endl;
break;

// Fill in the code to give the case for hot chocolate (1.25 a cup)
// Fill in the code to give the case for tea ( 0.75 a cup)
// Fill in the code to give the case for cappuccino (2.50 a cup)

case 'e':
case 'E': cout << " Please come again" << endl;
break;

default:cout << // Fill in the code to write a message

// indicating an invalid selection.
cout << " Try again please" << endl;
}
} // Fill in the code to finish the do-while statement with the
// condition that beverage does not equal E or e.
// Fill in the appropriate return statement
}

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 1. Fill in the indicated code to complete the above program. Then compile and run the
program several times with various inputs. Try all the possible relevant cases and record
your results.
2. What do you think will happen if you do not enter A, B, C, D or E? Try running the program
and inputting another letter.
3. Replace the line
if (validBeverage == true)
with the line
if (validBeverage)
and run the program again. Are there any differences in the execution of the program? Why
or why not?

LAB 5.3 Working with the for Loop

Bring in program for.cpp from the Lab 5 folder (this is Sample Program 5.5 from the Pre-lab
Reading Assignment). This program has the user input a number n and then finds the mean of the
first n positive integers. The code is shown below:

// This program has the user input a number n and then finds the
// mean of the first n positive integers

// PLACE YOUR NAME HERE

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
int value; // value is some positive number n
int total = 0; // total holds the sum of the first n positive numbers
int number; // the amount of numbers float mean;
// the average of the first n positive numbers

cout << "Please enter a positive integer" << endl;

cin >> value;

if (value > 0)
{
for (number = 1; number <= value; number++)
{
total = total + number;
} // curly braces are optional since there is only one statement

mean = static_cast<float>(total) / value; // note the use of the

typecast
// operator here

cout << "The mean average of the first " << value
<< " positive integers is " << mean << endl;

}
else
cout << "Invalid input - integer must be positive" << endl;

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return 0;
}

Exercise 1: Why is the typecast operator needed to compute the mean in the statement mean =
static_cast(float)(total)/value;? What do you think will happen if it is removed? Modify the code and
try it. Record what happens.
total back in the program. Make sure that you try both even and odd cases. Now put
static_cast<float> Exercise 2: What happens if you enter a float such as 2.99 instead of an integer for
value? Try it and record the results. Exercise 3: Modify the code so that it computes the mean of the
consecutive positive integers n, n+1, n+2, . . . , m, where the user chooses n and m. For example, if
the user picks 3 and 9, then the program should find the mean of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, which is 6.

LAB 5.4 Nested Loops

Bring in program nested.cpp from the Lab 5 folder (this is Sample Program 5.6 from the Pre-lab
Reading Assignment). The code is shown below:

// This program finds the average time spent programming by a student

// each day over a three day period.

// PLACE YOUR NAME HERE

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int numStudents;
float numHours, total, average;
int student,day = 0; // these are the counters for the loops

cout << "This program will find the average number of hours a day"
<< " that a student spent programming over a long weekend\n\n";

cout << "How many students are there ?" << endl << endl;
cin >> numStudents;

for(student = 1; student <= numStudents; student++)

{
total = 0;
for(day = 1; day <= 3; day++)
{
cout << "Please enter the number of hours worked by student " <<
student <<" on day " << day << "." << endl;
cin >> numHours;
}
average = total / 3;

cout << endl; cout << "The average number of hours per day spent programming
by " << "student " << student << " is " << average << endl << endl << endl;

return 0;

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1. Note that the inner loop of this program is always executed exactly three times—once for each
day of the long weekend. Modify the code so that the inner loop iterates n times, where n is a
positive integer input by the user. In other words, let the user decide how many days to
consider just as they choose how many students to consider.

Sample Run:

This program will find the average number of hours a day that a student spent
programming over a long weekend

How many students are there?

2

Enter the number of days in the long weekend

2

Please enter the number of hours worked by student 1 on day 1

4

Please enter the number of hours worked by student 1 on day 2

6

The average number of hours per day spent programming by student 1 is 5

Please enter the number of hours worked by student 2 on day 1

9

Please enter the number of hours worked by student 2 on day 2

13
The average number of hours per day spent programming by student 2 is 11

2. Modify the program from Exercise 1 so that it also finds the average number of hours per day
that a given student studies biology as well as programming. For each given student include two
prompts, one for each subject. Have the program print out which subject the student, on average,
spent the most time on.

LAB 5.5 Student Generated Code Assignments

Option 1: Write a program that performs a survey tally on beverages. The program should prompt
for the next person until a sentinel value of –1 is entered to terminate the program. Each person
participating in the survey should choose their favorite beverage from the following list:

1. Coffee 2. Tea 3. Coke 4. Orange Juice

Sample Run:
Please input the favorite beverage of person #1: Choose 1, 2, 3, or 4 from
the above menu or -1 to exit the program
4

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Please input the favorite beverage of person #2: Choose 1, 2, 3, or 4 from
the above menu or -1 to exit the program
1

Please input the favorite beverage of person #3: Choose 1, 2, 3, or 4 from

the above menu or -1 to exit the program
3

Please input the favorite beverage of person #4: Choose 1, 2, 3, or 4 from

the above menu or -1 to exit the program
1

Please input the favorite beverage of person #5: Choose 1, 2, 3, or 4 from

the above menu or -1 to exit the program
1

Please input the favorite beverage of person #6: Choose 1, 2, 3, or 4 from

the above menu or -1 to exit the program
-1

The total number of people surveyed is 5. The results are as follows:

Beverage Number of Votes

********************************
Coffee 3
Tea 0
Coke 1
Orange Juice 1

Option 2: Suppose Dave drops a watermelon off a high bridge and lets it fall until it hits the water. If
we neglect air resistance, then the distance d in meters fallen by the watermelon after t seconds is d
= 0.5 * g * t2, where the acceleration of gravity g = 9.8 meters/second2. Write a program that asks
the user to input the number of seconds that the watermelon falls and the height h of the bridge above
the water. The program should then calculate the distance fallen for each second from t = 0 until the
value of t input by the user. If the total distance fallen is greater than the height of the bridge, then
the program should tell the user that the distance fallen is not valid.

Sample Run 1:
Please input the time of fall in seconds:
2

Please input the height of the bridge in meters:

100

Time Falling (seconds) Distance Fallen (meters)

*******************************************
0 0
1 4.9
2 19.6

Sample Run 2:

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Please input the time of fall in seconds:
4

Please input the height of the bridge in meters:

50

Time Falling (seconds) Distance Fallen (meters)

*******************************************
0 0
1 4.9
2 19.6
3 44.1
4 78.4

Warning-Bad Data: The distance fallen exceeds the height of the bridge

Option 3: Write a program that prompts the user for the number of tellers at Nation’s Bank in
Hyatesville that worked each of the last three years. For each worker the program should ask for
the number of days out sick for each of the last three years. The output should provide the number
of tellers and the total number of days missed by all the tellers over the last three years. See the
sample output below.

Sample Run:

How many tellers worked at Nation’s Bank during each of the last three years?
2

How many days was teller 1 out sick during year 1 ?

5

How many days was teller 1 out sick during year 2 ?

8

How many days was teller 1 out sick during year 3 ?

2

How many days was teller 2 out sick during year 1 ?

1

How many days was teller 2 out sick during year 2 ?

0

How many days was teller 2 out sick during year 3 ?

3

The 2 tellers were out sick for a total of 19 days during the last three
years

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V. OUTPUT
5.1
1.

2.

3.

5.

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5.2
2.
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3.

5.3
1.

2.

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3.

5.4
1.

2.

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3.

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5.5

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VI. GRADING CRITERIA

Criteria Weight Rating

Functionality 40%
Coding 50%
Layout / Interface 10%
TOTAL 100%

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 VII. QUESTIONS
1. A block of code that repeats forever is called loop.
2. To keep track of the number of times a particular loop is repeated, one can use a(n) loop control
variable.
3. An event controlled loop that is always executed at least once is the do-while.
4. An event controlled loop that is not guaranteed to execute at least once is the while.
5. In the conditional if(++number < 9), the comparison number < 9 is made
Second and number is incremented .
(Choose first or second for each blank.)
6. In the conditional if(number++ < 9), the comparison number < 9 is made
First and number is incremented .
(Choose first or second for each blank.)
7. A loop within a loop is called a nested loop.
8. To write out the first 12 positive integers and their cubes, one should use a(n)
for loop.
9. A(n) sentinel value is used to indicate the end of a list of values. It can
be used to control a while loop.
10. In a nested loop the loop goes through all of its iterations for
each iteration of the inner loop. (Choose inner or outer for each
blank.)

VIII. CONCLUSION

Looping allows the programs to execute many times until a particular condition is
satisfied. It is also divided into two parts, its body and a control statement. There are
various types of loops, the for, while, do-while, and nested loop; “for” loop is used to
execute a sequence of statements multiple times and shorten the code that manages the
loop variable, “while”loop is used to examine the condition before executing the loop,
“do-while is similar with the “while” loop but it only examines the condition at the end of
the loop body, and nested loop is used to execute one or more loop inside any other such
as “while”, “do-while”, and “for”.

Prepared by: Noted by:

Engr. Eloisa G. Lecaroz Engr. Agnes Z. Perez

Subject Teacher Department Chair

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