HABITARE

Utilizing friendly relationship between people and animals by

creating Biophilic environments through Redevelopment of Manila
Zoo into A Proposed Manila Zoological and Botanical Garden with
Taxidermy Museum for Wildlife Restoration and Research Center
CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING | SULIT, K.G.

CHAPTER I

The Problem and Its Background

1.1 Introduction

The concentration of study is directly inclined towards the redevelopment of

attractiveness and utilization of Manila Zoo, with primary focus, to allocate the things

needed to improve for attraction, utilization and how will the zoo be a tourist-friendly spot

in the metro. The study aims to adhere the current issues with regards to the Animal

rehabilitation, Park status, sanitation and Staff Service of Manila Zoological and Botanical

Garden being one of the country’s most known Wildlife Center.

The proposed Manila Zoological and Botanical Garden with Taxidermy Museum

for Wildlife Restoration and Research Center gives attention to the role of Landscape

Architecture in creating Biophilic Environments. Manila Zoo’s Botanical Garden will be

reintroduced, dedicated to the collection, cultivation, preservation and display of wide

range of plants (Philippine’s floras) labelled with their botanical names. Taxidermy

Museum will be an addition to the site as Manila Zoo will be one of few zoological parks

in asia to introduce an exhibition of still life animals in their own habitat. The conservation

of taxidermy is the ongoing maintenance and preservation of zoological specimens that

have been mounted and stuffed for diplay and study. Due to their composite nature,

taxidermy specimens require special care and conservation treatments for the different

materials. The Taxidermy Museum aims to support wildlife restoration for research

purposes and to educate the present and future generations so they can witness different

displayed animals that once lived in the zoo and from different places. It is important

because it serves as an archive to record species, including those that are rare, extinct

and threatened, in the form of study skins and life-size mounts.

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Zoo into A Proposed Manila Zoological and Botanical Garden with
Taxidermy Museum for Wildlife Restoration and Research Center
CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING | SULIT, K.G.

The proposal promotes and supports outdoor recreation, education and

experiences, which will create opportunities for everyone to engage with and actively

experience nature. The four major purpose of the project are research, preservation,

restoration and exposition. These complex schemes are breakdown into amusement and

education, scientific research, wildlife conservation (which includes feeding and medical

care), breeding, and display.

The researcher’s gathered data and information which served as guidelines that

helped the researchers study the current issues and factors of misconception in the zoo’s

over-all management. The researcher made an application purposively for their

comfortability as a living organism.

Part of the researcher’s review is how the Zoologists act as a resilient and

productive men for the animals. Researchers elaborated the study through man work

assignments in the branches of zoology. Through reading books, newspaper articles and

online websites and pages, researches thoroughly search for an answer to the statements

of the problem.

Researchers aim to give a comprehensive and broad understanding of the

qualifications of an attractive zoo and how visitors should be part of this progress.

Researchers Goal is to show this study the factors, Manila zoo needed in order to gain

back the good image of the well-known zoo in the metro, the treatment this animals should

righty receive and how the zookeepers and park administration will adhere to this

concerns.

The City of Metro Manila also known as “Metropolitan Manila” is capital region of

the Philippines. Manila was considered as the second of the most populous region of the

country, and considered as one of the original global cities. It was the second of the most

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creating Biophilic environments through Redevelopment of Manila
Zoo into A Proposed Manila Zoological and Botanical Garden with
Taxidermy Museum for Wildlife Restoration and Research Center
CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING | SULIT, K.G.

competitive city in the country, and has placed third in the Highly Urbanized City(HUC)

category assuring that the city is consistently one of the best place to live in, do business,

and to visit

The research study focuses on the proposed redevelopment of Manila Zoo in

Malate, Metro Manila that will administer a project that is utilized, yet considers the

environmental impact of the technology of today. Proposing a sustainable plan for there

are attractiveness will be the ground-zero of the study. The researcher’s duty is to create

a recommendation advice for the Manila Zoo Administration in the hopes of contributing

specific development programs for their attractiveness which will be implying after

approvals.

Zoos provide opportunities to observe and engage with exotic animals, many of

which may be threatened with extinction in the wild. Seeing them up close can spark a

passion for biology, conservation and the environment.

1.2 Background of the Study

Hailed as the center of night life in the Philippines, Malate is one of the old districts

in Manila that has been known for its wild night life and party scene. The place has a lot

of recreational facilities and amenities that will satisfy the needs of nearby residents as

well as tourists and guests. Malate is continuously transforming itself as the center of

recreation and entertainment of Manila with more restaurants, boutiques, bars, discos and

novelty stores opening for business.

The district is home to the Philippine’s first sports stadium, the Rizal Memorial

Sports Complex and the country’s premier zoological park, the Manila Zoological and

Botanical Garden. Promenades and parks by the Manila Bay have been made more

convenient and safe with the opening of the Manila Bay walk area.

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Utilizing friendly relationship between people and animals by
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Zoo into A Proposed Manila Zoological and Botanical Garden with
Taxidermy Museum for Wildlife Restoration and Research Center
CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING | SULIT, K.G.

A safari park is also known as a wildlife park, a zoo-like commercial tourist

attraction where visitors can drive in their own vehicles or ride in the ones provided by the

facility to observe freely roaming animals. An aquarium, on the other hand, is a vivarium

consisting of at least one transparent side in which water-dwelling plants or animals are

kept. While a roadside zoo is a small, unregulated, for-profit zoo, often intended to attract

visitors to some other facility, such as a gas station. Whereas a petting zoo is also known

as a petting farm or children's zoo which features a combination of domestic animals and

wild species that are docile enough to touch and feed. Lastly, an animal theme park is a

combination of a theme park and zoological park mainly for entertainment, amusement

and commercial purposes.

In the 1990’s, Malate and the nearby district of Ermita had been “cleaned-up” and

big businesses and resort hotels have sprouted in the district. Harrison Plaza, Manila’s

first enclosed shopping center, is located in the Malate district. There is one hospital, the

Ospital ng Maynila Medical Center, located at the corner of Roxas Boulevard and Quirino

Avenue.

In the Philippines, there are a total of 46 zoos: 8 in National Capital Region, which

includes Manila Zoo, 2 in Region I, 4 in Region III, 8 in Region IV–A, 4 in Region IV–B, 1

in Region V, 4 in Region VI, 10 in Region VII, 1 in Region VIII, 1 in Region X, and 3 in

Region XI.

According to the official government site of Manila City, Manila Zoo, being the

oldest zoological park in Asia, opened on July 25, 1959. The Manila Zoo used to be the

core of children’s field trips to Manila City. The administration also conducts events to

develop the Zoological Park programs and serves as one of the foremost educational

institutions where the public can learn about the Philippine animals.

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creating Biophilic environments through Redevelopment of Manila
Zoo into A Proposed Manila Zoological and Botanical Garden with
Taxidermy Museum for Wildlife Restoration and Research Center
CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING | SULIT, K.G.

The main attraction of Manila Zoo is Mali, an elephant from Sri Lanka, the only

captive elephant in the Philippines. Manila Zoo has a land area of 5.5 hectares and has a

current population of about 500 animals. There is also a kinder zoo for children to be able

to play with the animals. There is also a boat ride that serves as an attraction for visitors

who want to ride a boat in a small pond in the zoo. Moreover, there are also other facilities

like horseback riding, picture taking booth, food stalls for visitors, visitor’s area and

souvenir store. Its design might be mediocre based on Western standards, but a visit to

Manila Zoo might prove worthy if the goal is to break the monotony of urbanism

everywhere else in Manila.

Two ways capturing animals helps conserve them. Zoo conservation work can be

“in-situ”, where money, expertise and sometimes staff are provided to protect animals and

their habitats in the wild. “Ex-situ” conservation, meanwhile, takes place outside of the

animals’ natural habitats, usually back at the zoo and often involving international captive

breeding programmes. These studbooks can outline suitable genetic matches for

breeding, to maintain a sustainable captive population of a certain species and ensure

genetic variation.

Manila was considered as the second of the most populous region of the country,

and considered as one of the original global cities. Manila is a major center for commerce,

banking and finance, retailing, transportation, tourism, real estate, new media as well as

traditional media, advertising, legal services, accounting, insurance, theater, fashion, and

arts in the Philippines. Around sixty-thousand establishments operate in the city.

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Zoo into A Proposed Manila Zoological and Botanical Garden with
Taxidermy Museum for Wildlife Restoration and Research Center
CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING | SULIT, K.G.

1.3 Significance of the Study

Through this study, the proposed commercial hub will boost and improve the

district of Malate and the city of Malate. It will also benefit the following:

To the community members of Malate, Metro Manila, the redevelopment of Manila

Zoo gives way to the proposed Manila Zoological and Botanical Garden with River Safari

Park will provide more job opportunities. Improving their way of life and prospering their

economic growth will be endowed to the locality. The study will deliberately use principles

and approaches that will also improve the environment and prevent destruction among

natural resources.

To the city government of Malate, Metro Manila, the study can help utilize the

findings to make new ordinances that can be implemented not only on the site, but also to

the related future redevelopments in the city. These redevelopments can make the city an

eye for future tourists and other urbanites.

To the future occupants of the proposed Manila Zoological and Botanical Garden

with River Safari, the study will provide a world-class ecotourism site for where all the

necessities are present. Investors from different business industries will be attracted to the

proposed site as it offers a design approach in which the business operations will be lively

and continuous.

To the future researchers may use the data and information for their related

studies. This study will contribute to share important details pertaining to redevelopments

and application to the design proper. This study can be a tool for researchers to improve

the city of Metro Manila.

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Utilizing friendly relationship between people and animals by
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Zoo into A Proposed Manila Zoological and Botanical Garden with
Taxidermy Museum for Wildlife Restoration and Research Center
CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING | SULIT, K.G.

1.4 Objectives of the Study

The objectives of the study are sectioned into two parts such as the project

objectives and the design objectives. This matter is presented for readers to perceive why

the study is conducted.

1.4.1 Project Objectives

The aim of the work construed in this paper is to establish an expedient zoo and

safari that will not only attain economic and dynamic structures as well as the improvement

of the surrounding area and the people around the vicinity. The study objectives include:

[Link] To promote the Philippines’ ecotourism industry enticing foreign and

local business investors tourists.

[Link] To administer solutions to the existing and future problems that Metro

Manila is facing in achieving high qualifications for ecotourism

accommodations.

[Link] To provide sustainable and standard facilities for maintaining more

friendly relationship for people, animals and their environment.

[Link] To cope up with the ecotourism industry demands through providing

an eminent ecotourism accommodation that will help the country’s

economic development.

[Link] To help Manila Zoo in providing modern facilities that is acceptable to

the requirements of the implemented laws. Since Manila Zoo was built

1959 before The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 was

implemented. The Sewage Treatment Plant was required to be

constructed by Manila City hall following the order of President Duterte

in Rehabilitation of Manila Bay, and near western part of Manila Zoo.

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Zoo into A Proposed Manila Zoological and Botanical Garden with
Taxidermy Museum for Wildlife Restoration and Research Center
CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING | SULIT, K.G.

1.4.2 Design Objectives

The study is intended to provide an advanced approach in implementing design

applications that will result to an efficient commercial hub. The following objectives include

provident considerations and goals to be accomplished:

[Link] To preserve the natural landscape of the site and to adopt each

specie’s natural habitat to the existing land by planting appropriate

floras for the animal’s need.

[Link] To provide additional welfare to the animals at the zoo by creating

activities for them to avoid complications of stereotypic behavior,

PETA calls as zochosis.

[Link] To design facilities that would respond to the rehabilitation needs of

sick, injured, and orphaned animals to ensure their release to wildlife

or to its natural habitat in good condition. Also, to provide the city of

Manila with a resource for educational program, in giving advice and

general awareness about urban wildlife.

[Link] To provide modern facilities that are not just ergonomically acceptable

for the animals but also for their caretakers as well.

[Link] To provide efficient spaces for the future additional occupants of the

zoo by also providing a moving area for animals so that the

zookeepers won’t have a hard time in directing animals.

[Link] To apply Biophilic architecture and interactive architecture that will

complement the site making it the key element of the zoo to attract

urbanites to patronize the ecotourism, also considering the

implementation of Biomorphic architecture to the design.

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Zoo into A Proposed Manila Zoological and Botanical Garden with
Taxidermy Museum for Wildlife Restoration and Research Center
CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING | SULIT, K.G.

[Link] To set specialized standards for zoo and safari that will help more in

promoting the city of Manila as a major ecotourism and urban center

for wildlife conservation.

[Link] To support the zoo in promoting animal conservation, educate people,

and support further wildlife research by providing a museum for wildlife

restoration.

[Link] To engage in environmental responsibility, developing a project that

uses resource carefully, and preserves and safeguards the

environment.

[Link] Lastly, to develop, assure, and conform to environmental standards,

like LEED, to satisfy one of the objectives in making this proposal a

one of a kind proposition.

1.5 Statement of the Problem

The problems for this study included five major problems and three minor problems

which were structured to further offer insights to the major problem.

1.5.1 Major Problems

[Link] What is the best and suitable design for the proposed

redevelopment of Manila Zoo that attends the needs of the people

and wildlife animals in Manila?

[Link] In pursuing the study, what are the factors that can affect the

design and redevelopment of the proposed project?

[Link] How will the project affect the related environment along the

nearby cities?

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Zoo into A Proposed Manila Zoological and Botanical Garden with
Taxidermy Museum for Wildlife Restoration and Research Center
CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING | SULIT, K.G.

[Link] How to solve the poor sanitary conditions of the existing zoo

through sustainable redevelopment?

[Link] Where to get enough maintenance support for the animals, and

where to get species for Taxidermy Museum?

[Link] How to secure the welfare of the animals when interacting with

humans?

[Link] How to prove that floras (plants) and faunas (animals) are safer

in the zoo and safari than in the wild?

[Link] How does redevelopment of the Manila Zoo would not affect the

existing establishment?

1.5.2 Minor Problems

[Link] In what ways will the redevelopment re-establish the city in terms

of its decentralization of growth and decrease in overall

congestion of town center?

[Link] The number of visitors decreased recently, such a potential tourist

attraction has gradually got neglected by most of them. How does

redevelopment of Manila Zoo help in reclaiming its spot as

popular ecotourism attraction in Manila?

[Link] What are the amenities needed to ensure the populace a more

comfortable and better visiting spot?

1.6 Theoretical Framework

“Good design is sustainable, great design is responsible.”

– Richard Wittschiebe

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Zoo into A Proposed Manila Zoological and Botanical Garden with
Taxidermy Museum for Wildlife Restoration and Research Center
CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING | SULIT, K.G.

“You cannot simply put something new into a place. You have to absorb what

you see around you, what exists on the land, and then use that knowledge along with

contemporary thinking to interpret what you see”.

– Tadao Ando

Sustainable architecture seeks to construct or renovate buildings using innovative

design, renewable materials and energy-efficient technology, therefore minimizes both the

initial environmental cost of building (through reducing material waste and using

sustainable products) and the long-term environmental impact of the building.

The Role of Landscape Architecture in Creating Biophilic Environments, Biophilic

design is based around the inclusion of nature in the built environment. But it is more than

just the inclusion of plants and all things natural. Biophilic design has an underlying

philosophy. That is, as humans we have evolved in conjunction with the natural

environment and we have an innate affiliation to it. This strong leaning to the natural world

means that we feel better when we are able to connect with it. Since industrialization much

of the urban landscape has been constructed in such a way as to isolate us from nature.

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Utilizing friendly relationship between people and animals by
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Zoo into A Proposed Manila Zoological and Botanical Garden with
Taxidermy Museum for Wildlife Restoration and Research Center
CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING | SULIT, K.G.

1.7 Conceptual Framework

Problems Encountered Principles of Sustainable Redevelopment

Major Problems: 1. Site and its surroundings

1. Design Approach 2. Energy Efficiency
2. Factors that Affects the 3. Water Efficiency
Proposed Project 4. Material Efficiency
3. Related Environment 5. Outdoor Air Quality
4. Planning Strategies 6. Waste Reduction
5. Maintenance support 7. Efficient maintenance costs
6. Securing animal
welfare
7. Proving strategies
8. Redevelopment
strategies
Design Concept: Proposed Manila
\

Minor Problems: Zoological and

1. Ways of Re- Growing seed (Form) Botanical Garden with
establishing the city
2. Reclaiming its River Safari in Malate,
Philippine Eagle (Facade)
Attractions Metro Manila
3. Amenities Needed
Input Process Output

Figure 1.0 Conceptual Paradigm

Its architectural design was patterned after San Diego Zoo in New York City, and

was originally designed for animal exhibition and display, not for conservation. Animals

are distributed along different locations across the zoo terraform, and are grouped

together closely depending on their class and taxa. The zoo will not look anything like it is

today, it will be totally modern, and more friendly river safari for the animals. All the

problems will be carefully considered in redeveloping Manila Zoo with the principles of

sustainable redevelopment. It is envisioned as a world-class zoo and safari with more

attractions and animals for everyone to see, while offering visitors top-notch services.

Along with infrastructure upgrades, the project will entail building better and bigger

enclosures for the animal’s welfare as well as new attractions inside the 5.5-hectare zoo.

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Utilizing friendly relationship between people and animals by
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Zoo into A Proposed Manila Zoological and Botanical Garden with
Taxidermy Museum for Wildlife Restoration and Research Center
CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING | SULIT, K.G.

1.8 Scope and Limitation

The study focuses on the proposed commercial hub which includes physical,

environmental, social and economic aspect of the project.

This study comprises the following:

1. Architectural Planning and Design

2. Site Planning

3. Economic Feasibility Study of Redevelopment

4. Project Cost and Return of Investment

The scopes of the redevelopment include six divisions responsible for Manila Zoo’s

operation of the project are the following:

1. Revenue Collection Unit

2. Security Force Unit

3. Parks and Recreation Bureau

4. Zoological Division (ZD)

5. Maintenance Unit

6. Administration Building

Delimitations

The proponent focused her study on the architectural aspects, but utilized vital

facts so that it supported the concept or as required. This study was limited on details

regarding engineering works such as detailed mechanical, electrical, structural, seismic

analysis on the reaction of the structure to earthquake, plumbing, sanitary designs, and

specifications writing of materials used unless supporting details were provided to support

the design concept.

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Utilizing friendly relationship between people and animals by
creating Biophilic environments through Redevelopment of Manila
Zoo into A Proposed Manila Zoological and Botanical Garden with
Taxidermy Museum for Wildlife Restoration and Research Center
CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING | SULIT, K.G.

1.9 Definition of Terms

The findings of this study were applied in a practical manner as a guide for

designing the proposed redevelopment of manila zoo. Prior to a review of the literature

relevant to the research and design project, definitions are provided for several key terms

that are used throughout this thesis.

The following terms are conceptually or operationally defined to enhance the

understanding of the readers of this study.

Animal welfare. Refers to the state of the animals; the treatment that an animal receives,

animal care husbandry, and humane treatment, providing for its physical and

mental needs.

Biomorphism. Models artistic shapes or forms from nature and living organism.

Biophilia. A hypothetical human tendency to interact or be closely associated with other

forms of life in nature.

Botanical Garden. An establishment where plants are grown for display to the public and

often for display to the public and often for scientific study.

Shift Cages. Useful item in animal husbandry, an animal may be immobilized for

veterinary treatment without the need of removing it from its exhibit area.

Conservation. To promote animal conservation where species that is endangered or hard

to find and may have trouble breeding are likely to be distributed widely across

zoos in the world. Prevention of wasteful use of a resource.

Development Plan. The Development Plan sets out our policies for the development and

use of land within the City. This includes the Structure Plan and the Local Plan,

both of which are important when determining planning applications.

Ethical Redevelopment. Typical process for transformation.

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Utilizing friendly relationship between people and animals by
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Zoo into A Proposed Manila Zoological and Botanical Garden with
Taxidermy Museum for Wildlife Restoration and Research Center
CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING | SULIT, K.G.

Food Protocol. Providing a good diet which fulfills as many aspects of a natural diet as

possible, essential consideration in improving the welfare of zoo animals.

Green Building. It refers to a structure and using process that is environmentally

responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle.

Habitat. An ecological or environmental area where specific species lives. Developers of

a zoo need to study where a specific animal lives so that they can replicate the

animal’s natural home.

Interactive space. Defined by the potential functionalities afforded by spaces within a

continuous space open to interactive.

Land Use. It is the human use of land. Land use involves the management and

modification of natural environment or wilderness into built environment such as

settlements and semi-natural habitats such as arable fields, pastures, and

managed woods.

Local Development. These are applications classed as 'local' will normally be determined

under delegated powers given to case officers.

Niche. Where an organism reacts to their environment/habitat that affects them and role

played by an organism in the natural world.

Pen. It is a small yard or animal enclosure for petting zoo.

Public Aquarium. The aquatic counterpart of a zoo, houses living aquatic animal and

plant specimens for the public viewing.

River Safari. A river-themed zoo and aquarium features freshwater attractions and river

boat rides.

Sanitation. Conditions relating to public and animal health, especially the provision of

clean drinking water and adequate sewage disposal.

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Utilizing friendly relationship between people and animals by
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Zoo into A Proposed Manila Zoological and Botanical Garden with
Taxidermy Museum for Wildlife Restoration and Research Center
CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING | SULIT, K.G.

Sustainability. Avoidance of the depletion of natural resources in order to maintain an

ecological balance.

Taxa. A group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by

taxonomists to form a unit.

Taxidermy. Is the preserving of an animal's body via mounting (over an armature) or

stuffing, for the purpose of display or study. Animals are often, but not always,

portrayed in a lifelike state.

Terraform. To resemble the habitat, especially so that it can support animal niche.

Urban Regeneration. It is the reuse or redevelopment of decaying or rundown parts of

older urban areas to bring them new life and economic vitality.

Xeriscape. It is landscaping and gardening that reduces or eliminates the need for

supplemental water from irrigation.

Zoochosis. Term used to describe the stereotypical behavior of animals in captivity.

1.10 Acronyms

BAI – Bureau of Animal Industry

CLUDP – Comprehensive Land Use and Development Plan

CZS – Chicago Zoological Society

DENR – Department of Environment and Natural Resources

DILG – Department Interior and Local Government

DTI – Department of Trade and Industry

DOST – Department of Science and Technology

FAR – Floor Area Ratio

ICUN – International Union for Conservation of Nature

LGU – Local Government Unit

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Zoo into A Proposed Manila Zoological and Botanical Garden with
Taxidermy Museum for Wildlife Restoration and Research Center
CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING | SULIT, K.G.

CPDC – City Planning and Development Coordinator

CPDO – City Planning and Development Office

NRCP – National Research Council of the Philippines

NEDA – National Economic Development Authority

PETA – People for the Treatment of Animals

PRB – Public Recreation Bureau

ZCP – Zoo Crew Philippines

ZD – Zoological Division

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