SINDH IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE AUTHORITY

Sindh Water Sector Improvement Project Phase-I (WSIP-I)

PREPARATION OF REGIONAL PLAN FOR THE LEFT BANK OF

INDUS, DELTA AND COASTAL ZONE

Phase – III Draft Report

Regional Master Plan for the Left Bank of Indus, Delta and
Coastal Zone

MAIN REPORT
Volume I – PRESENT SITUATION

The Louis Berger Group Inc.

In Association with
Indus Associated Consultants (Pvt.) Ltd.

November 2012
 SINDH WATER SECTOR IMPROVEMENT PHASE-I PROJECT
Preparation of Regional Plan for the Left Bank of Indus, Delta and Coastal Zone

Table of Contents
Acronyms ...................................................................................................................... i
List of Tables ................................................................................................................ ii
List of Figures .............................................................................................................. iv
1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Introduction to the Project and this Report ............................................................... 1
1.2 Context and Rationale .............................................................................................. 1
1.2.1 The World Bank Country Assistance Strategy (CAS) ................................................................... 1
1.2.2 Project Objectives ....................................................................................................................... 1
1.2.3 Context ........................................................................................................................................ 2
1.2.4 Background to the Project .......................................................................................................... 3
1.2.5 Salinity and waterlogging ............................................................................................................ 4
1.2.6 Project/Study Area ...................................................................................................................... 5
1.3 Objectives of the study ............................................................................................. 7
1.4 Scope of Work and TORs........................................................................................... 7
1.5 Study Approach and Methodology ............................................................................ 8
1.5.1 Study phases and outputs (tasks) ............................................................................................. 10
1.5.2 Participatory and Consultative approach .................................................................................. 12
1.5.3 Collection and review of primary and secondary data ............................................................. 17
1.5.4 Investigation Surveys and Studies ............................................................................................. 18
1.6 Constraints and limitations of the study .................................................................. 20
1.6.1 Critical Risks .............................................................................................................................. 21
1.7 Report Outline ....................................................................................................... 21
2 Project Area ........................................................................................................ 22
2.1 Location and Area .................................................................................................. 22
2.2 Topography and Physiography ................................................................................ 23
2.2.1 Topography of the Study Area .................................................................................................. 23
2.2.2 Physiography of the Study Area ................................................................................................ 23
2.3 Climate .................................................................................................................. 23
2.3.1 Climatic regions of Sindh ........................................................................................................... 23
2.3.2 Delta and Coastal Zone in Sindh ............................................................................................... 24
2.4 Soils of Study Area.................................................................................................. 24
2.5 Water logging and Salinity ...................................................................................... 26
2.6 Demography, Literacy and other Indicators of study Area ........................................ 27
2.6.1 Project Area............................................................................................................................... 27
2.6.2 Project Area Population and other social/demographic details ............................................... 27
2.6.3 Project Area Population ............................................................................................................ 29
2.6.4 Other Parameters of Demography ............................................................................................ 29
2.7 Social Services ........................................................................................................ 29
2.7.1 Education Sector ....................................................................................................................... 30
2.7.2 Education Performance............................................................................................................. 30
2.7.3 Education Status of Left Bank Districts ..................................................................................... 30
2.7.4 Field Observations..................................................................................................................... 31
2.7.5 Health Sector ............................................................................................................................. 31
2.7.6 Water and Sanitation ................................................................................................................ 33
2.8 Physical Infrastructure ............................................................................................ 33
2.8.1 Roads ......................................................................................................................................... 33
2.8.2 Markets ..................................................................................................................................... 34
2.8.3 Water Diversion ........................................................................................................................ 34
2.8.4 Tillage Equipments .................................................................................................................... 35
2.8.5 Electricity and Gas ..................................................................................................................... 35
2.9 Sector support organizations .................................................................................. 35
2.9.2 Institutional Constraints ............................................................................................................ 36
 SINDH WATER SECTOR IMPROVEMENT PHASE-I PROJECT
Preparation of Regional Plan for the Left Bank of Indus, Delta and Coastal Zone

2.10 SIDA, Its Authority, Responsibilities and its Future .................................................. 37

2.10.1 The Sindh Irrigation and Drainage Authority (SIDA) ............................................................. 37
2.10.2 Threat to SIDA and In-Turn to the Economy of Pakistan ...................................................... 38
2.10.3 Analysis of the Two Major Weaknesses of the SWMO Process ........................................... 38
2.10.4 Revenue Based on Abiana .................................................................................................... 40
2.11 Partner Organizations, NGOs in the study area ........................................................ 40
2.11.1 NGOs Active in Sindh ............................................................................................................ 41
2.12 Employment and Livelihood Opportunities ............................................................. 46
2.13 Poverty incidence and Social Protection Programs .................................................. 47
2.13.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 47
2.13.2 Social Protection Programs/ Projects ................................................................................... 47
2.13.3 National Rural Support Programme ..................................................................................... 49
2.13.4 Sindh Rural Support Programme .......................................................................................... 49
2.13.5 Benazir Bhutto Shaheed Youth Development Program ....................................................... 50
2.13.6 Sindh Skills Development Project ......................................................................................... 50
2.13.7 Community Development Program...................................................................................... 50
2.14 Challenges and Weaknesses ................................................................................... 51
2.15 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 51
2.16 Role of Gender as Partners in the Development Process .......................................... 51
2.16.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 51
2.16.2 Existing policies and laws related to water, women and land rights ................................... 52
2.16.3 Gender role in water sector ................................................................................................. 54
2.16.4 SIDA gender segregated data of Farmers Organizations ...................................................... 54
2.16.5 Analytical View Point ............................................................................................................ 55
2.16.6 Gender perceptions, actions and practices in visiting area .................................................. 55
2.16.7 Barriers for women to play role in water sector & development ........................................ 56
2.16.8 Overview of Consultation Process ........................................................................................ 57
2.16.9 Women in the Local Context ................................................................................................ 57
2.17 Recommendations for Increasing Women Participation In Development Process ..... 61
2.18 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 62
PRESENT SITUATION ......................................................................................................... 63
3 Resource Base (Status and Issues) ........................................................................ 63
3.1 Land Resources ...................................................................................................... 63
3.1.1 Land Development Potential in the Study Area........................................................................ 63
3.1.2 Land with a very high economic potential under irrigation ...................................................... 64
3.1.3 Land with a high economic potential under irrigation ............................................................. 64
3.1.4 Land with a moderate economic potential under irrigation .................................................... 64
3.1.5 Land with poor grazing potential .............................................................................................. 64
3.1.6 Agriculturally unproductive land .............................................................................................. 64
3.2 Land Capability Classification .................................................................................. 65
3.2.1 Class I: Very good agricultural Land .......................................................................................... 66
3.2.2 Class II: Good agricultural Land ................................................................................................. 66
3.2.3 Class III: Moderate agriculture Land ......................................................................................... 66
3.2.4 Class IV: Poor (Marginal) Agricultural Land .............................................................................. 66
3.3 Land Use of the study area ..................................................................................... 67
3.3.1 Background ............................................................................................................................... 67
3.3.2 Methodology used for land use classification .......................................................................... 67
3.3.3 Cultivated Land ......................................................................................................................... 67
3.3.4 Perennially Canal Irrigated ........................................................................................................ 68
3.3.5 Non- Perennially canal Irrigated Lands ..................................................................................... 68
3.3.6 Canal Irrigated supplemented with Tube Wells ....................................................................... 68
3.3.7 Forest ........................................................................................................................................ 68
3.3.8 Presently unproductive Lands .................................................................................................. 68
3.3.9 Miscellaneous Land type .......................................................................................................... 68
3.4 Agro-Climatic Zones ............................................................................................... 70
 SINDH WATER SECTOR IMPROVEMENT PHASE-I PROJECT
Preparation of Regional Plan for the Left Bank of Indus, Delta and Coastal Zone

3.4.1 Agro-climatic zone under Guddu Barrage ................................................................................. 70

3.4.2 Agro climatic zone under Sukkur Barrage System .................................................................... 70
3.4.3 Agro Climatic Zone under Kotri Barrage ................................................................................... 71
3.5 Water Resources .................................................................................................... 71
3.5.1 Rainfall ...................................................................................................................................... 71
3.5.2 Surface Water ........................................................................................................................... 72
3.5.3 Groundwater ............................................................................................................................. 74
3.6 Agriculture ............................................................................................................. 76
3.6.1 Farm Area, Ownership and Tenure ........................................................................................... 76
3.6.2 Crop Area yields and Production............................................................................................... 76
3.6.3 Shift in Cropping Pattern ........................................................................................................... 78
3.7 Livestock ................................................................................................................ 85
3.8 Fisheries ................................................................................................................. 86
3.9 Forestry ................................................................................................................. 87
3.9.1 Forest Resource in Sindh ........................................................................................................... 88
3.9.2 Forest resource base in study area ........................................................................................... 88
3.9.3 Management Objectives of forests ........................................................................................... 89
3.9.4 Sources of irrigation of Forests ................................................................................................. 89
3.9.5 Coastal/Mangrove Forests ........................................................................................................ 89
3.10 Wetlands ............................................................................................................... 91
4 Sector Context ..................................................................................................... 94
4.1 Chronology of Irrigation and Drainage development in Sindh .................................. 94
4.1.1 Irrigation Infrastructure ............................................................................................................ 95
4.1.2 Development of irrigation System ............................................................................................ 96
4.1.3 Water Diversion in Study Area .................................................................................................. 96
4.2 Drainage Infrastructure .......................................................................................... 96
4.3 Vertical drainage .................................................................................................... 97
4.3.1 Ghotki Fresh Ground Water Project ......................................................................................... 97
4.3.2 Khairpur SCARP Project ............................................................................................................. 98
4.3.3 SCARP North Rohri Fresh Ground Water Project. ..................................................................... 98
4.3.4 SCARP South Rohri Fresh Ground Water Project. ..................................................................... 98
4.4 Surface and sub-surface drainage ........................................................................... 98
4.4.1 LBOD Stage – 1 .......................................................................................................................... 98
4.4.2 Nawabshah Component ............................................................................................................ 99
4.4.3 Sanghar component .................................................................................................................. 99
4.4.4 Mirpurkhas Component ............................................................................................................ 99
4.4.5 Overall Operational Status of Tube wells in Study area .......................................................... 100
4.5 Flood Protection Infrastructure ............................................................................. 100
4.5.1 Flood Embankments ............................................................................................................... 100
4.5.2 Barrages of Left Bank Area ...................................................................................................... 101
4.5.3 Drainage Infrastructure of Left Bank Area .............................................................................. 102
4.5.4 Drainage Infrastructure for Storm Water Control – LBOD Project ......................................... 102
4.6 Performance of the Infrastructure......................................................................... 103
4.6.1 Performance of Flood Bunds ................................................................................................... 103
4.6.2 Performance of LBOD Drainage Network ............................................................................... 104
4.6.3 Performance of Flood Protection Embankments .................................................................... 104
4.6.4 Future Trend of Flood Threats in Sindh .................................................................................. 104
4.6.5 Impact of Flooding on Sindh Agriculture................................................................................. 105
4.6.6 Integrated Flood Management Concept ................................................................................. 105
4.6.7 Perception of Stockholders about Drainage Network and Flood Protection Infrastructure .. 106
4.6.8 Operation & Maintenance of Irrigation and Drainage Infrastructure ..................................... 107
4.7 LBOD Project and Outfall Debacle ......................................................................... 107
4.7.1 Failure of Tidal Link ................................................................................................................. 107
4.7.2 Probable Causes of Failure of Tidal Link and Cholri Weir ....................................................... 107
4.7.3 Implication of Tidal Link Failure .............................................................................................. 110
 SINDH WATER SECTOR IMPROVEMENT PHASE-I PROJECT
Preparation of Regional Plan for the Left Bank of Indus, Delta and Coastal Zone

4.7.4 International Policy Guide Lines and Practices for Coastal Erosion Management ................. 110
4.7.5 Recommended Action Plan for Outfall of LBOD ..................................................................... 111
4.8 Status and Inventory of waterways and depressions ............................................. 111
4.8.1 Inventory ................................................................................................................................ 111
4.8.2 Status ...................................................................................................................................... 112
4.9 Scope for Water Harvesting and Storm Water Retention ....................................... 112
4.9.1 Small scale rainwater harvesting for household use .............................................................. 112
4.9.2 Large scale rainwater harvesting in sindh............................................................................... 112
4.9.3 Depressions (Dhoras) in left Bank study area ......................................................................... 113
4.9.4 Past and Present Physical Status of Depressions (Dhoras) ..................................................... 113
4.9.5 Depth & Quality of Water in Depressions (Dhoras): ............................................................... 115
4.9.6 Limitations Rainwater Harvesting ........................................................................................... 115
5 Environmental Issues of the Study Area.............................................................. 116
5.1 Seawater Intrusion - Causes and Impacts .............................................................. 116
5.1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 116
5.1.2 Sea Intrusion Phenomenon .................................................................................................... 116
5.1.3 Causes of Indus Delta Degradation ......................................................................................... 117
5.1.4 Seawater Intrusion in Badin and Thatta ................................................................................. 117
5.2 Flow Downstream Kotri ........................................................................................ 118
5.2.1 Effect of reduced river flow downstream Kotri ...................................................................... 118
5.2.2 Tidal influence......................................................................................................................... 119
5.3 Impact of Tidal Link Outfall Structure on Seawater Intrusion ................................. 119
5.3.1 Seawater intrusion, its impacts on Dhand Complex ............................................................... 119
5.4 The Dhand Complex and its Degradation .............................................................. 120
5.4.1 Recent visit of the Tidal link and Dhands complex by the consultants ................................... 120
5.5 Proposal to revive the dhand ecosystem through “Ecosystem Approach” .............. 122
5.5.1 Recommendations of the International Panel of Experts (IPOE) ............................................ 122
5.6 Conclusions .......................................................................................................... 123
5.7 Desertification ..................................................................................................... 123
5.7.1 Desertification Process ........................................................................................................... 123
5.7.2 Effects of desertification ......................................................................................................... 124
5.7.3 The process of desertification falls into three categories ....................................................... 125
5.7.4 Main causes of desertification ................................................................................................ 126
5.7.5 Proposal to Reduce the Impacts of Desertification ................................................................ 127
5.7.6 Impacts of desertification ....................................................................................................... 128
5.7.7 Consequences of desertification ............................................................................................ 128
5.7.8 Organizations involved in desertification control ................................................................... 129
5.7.9 Causes, consequences and global responsibility .................................................................... 129
5.7.10 Pakistan Scenario................................................................................................................ 130
5.7.11 Sindh Scenario (arid zones)................................................................................................. 130
5.7.12 Sea Intrusion ....................................................................................................................... 130
5.7.13 ICARDA’S Approach Module ............................................................................................... 130
5.7.14 Combating Measures ......................................................................................................... 130
5.7.15 Core Programs .................................................................................................................... 132
5.7.16 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 133
5.8 Flow Downstream Kotri ........................................................................................ 133
5.8.1 Flow downstream Kotri and Sustainability of Indus Ecosystem ............................................. 133
5.8.2 Environmental Use of IBIS System Waters ............................................................................. 136
5.8.3 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 139
5.8.4 Recommendations .................................................................................................................. 140
5.9 Water Quality in the Project Area ......................................................................... 140
5.9.1 Water Quality Deterioration: .................................................................................................. 140
5.9.2 Surface and Groundwater Quality - its impact on Ecosystem and Environment.................... 141
5.9.3 Water Quality in Southern Sindh ............................................................................................ 142
5.9.4 Groundwater Scenario of Left Bank area ................................................................................ 142
 SINDH WATER SECTOR IMPROVEMENT PHASE-I PROJECT
Preparation of Regional Plan for the Left Bank of Indus, Delta and Coastal Zone

5.9.5 Extent of Arsenic Contamination in groundwater .................................................................. 143

5.9.6 Impact of water pollution ....................................................................................................... 144
5.9.7 Sources of Water pollution in Sindh ....................................................................................... 144
5.9.8 Water Quality of Surface Drains Out Falling in LBOD System ................................................. 144
5.9.9 Water quality of Drinking Water Samples: ............................................................................. 145
5.9.10 Water Quality of the Province of Sindh with respect to Canal Command: ........................ 147
5.9.11 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 147
5.10 Impacts of Climate Change ................................................................................... 148
5.10.1 Task Force on Climate Change ............................................................................................ 150
5.10.2 Pakistan’s Status as a GHG Emitter ..................................................................................... 150
5.10.3 Past and Expected Future Climatic Changes over Pakistan ................................................ 151
5.10.4 Climate changes and their impacts ..................................................................................... 151
5.10.5 Major Climate Change Related Concerns ........................................................................... 152
5.10.6 Sectors at Risk in Pakistan .................................................................................................. 152
5.10.7 Mitigation and Adaptation Measures ................................................................................. 153
5.10.8 Mitigation ........................................................................................................................... 153
5.10.9 Adaptation .......................................................................................................................... 155
5.10.10 Agriculture and livestock .................................................................................................... 155
5.10.11 Coastal Areas and Indus Deltaic Region.............................................................................. 155
5.10.12 Forests and other vulnerable ecosystems .......................................................................... 156
5.10.13 Recommended measures for forestry: ............................................................................... 156
5.10.14 Organizational Structure to Address Climate Change ........................................................ 156
5.10.15 Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Activities .............................................................. 156
5.10.16 Education, Communication and Awareness ....................................................................... 156
5.10.17 Institutional Capacity for Addressing Climate Change ....................................................... 156
5.10.18 Needs for International Cooperation ................................................................................. 157
5.11 Recommendations to address the issue ................................................................ 157
5.12 International Negotiations for Future Climate Change Regime ............................... 158
6 Disaster Management ....................................................................................... 160
6.1 Definition and Concepts Used ............................................................................... 160
6.2 Natural Hazards in Pakistan and Sindh .................................................................. 161
6.2.1 Hazards Affecting the Project Area ......................................................................................... 161
6.2.2 Water Hazards Affecting the Project Area .............................................................................. 162
6.3 Hazard Variables .................................................................................................. 165
6.3.1 Seismic Hazards and Drainage Infrastructure ......................................................................... 165
6.4 Climate Change and Potential Impacts on Water Disasters .................................... 166
6.5 Increased Vulnerabilities to Water Hazards and Floods .......................................... 167
6.5.1 Dynamic Population Pressures and Water Disasters and Floods ............................................ 168
6.6 Disaster Management .......................................................................................... 169
6.6.1 Legal Framework for Water Hazard and Flood Management ................................................. 169
6.6.2 Water Sectoral Policies and Protocols with Links to Disaster Risk Management ................... 178
6.6.3 Disaster Management Institutions .......................................................................................... 179
6.6.4 Policies and Mandates of the Disaster Management Institutions in Pakistan ........................ 183
6.6.5 Role of Other Disaster Management Related Agencies .......................................................... 187
6.6.6 Water Disaster and Flood Management for SIDA ................................................................... 194
6.6.7 Plans for Flood Management Improvement ........................................................................... 195
6.7 Lessons Learnt ...................................................................................................... 199
6.7.1 Lessons Learned from the Year 2010 Super-flooding ............................................................. 199
6.7.2 Lessons Learned from the Year 2011 storm water -flooding .................................................. 200
7 Institutional and Drainage Arrangements .......................................................... 204
7.1 Primary agencies concerned with water, drainage, and flood management in Sindh
Province .......................................................................................................................... 204
7.2 Two operating agencies, IPD and SIDA .................................................................. 205
7.3 Non-Operating Agencies with Responsibilities for Program Implementation,
DGAEWM, WAPDA and NGOs .......................................................................................... 213
 SINDH WATER SECTOR IMPROVEMENT PHASE-I PROJECT
Preparation of Regional Plan for the Left Bank of Indus, Delta and Coastal Zone

7.4 Organizational Review, Resources and Capacity .................................................... 213

7.5 Resources and Technical Capacity ......................................................................... 214
7.5.1 Provincial Irrigation Department ............................................................................................ 215
7.5.2 Sindh Irrigation and Drainage Authority ................................................................................. 217
7.6 Abiana, Funding Requirement Incidence and Repayment Capacity ........................ 219
7.7 Beneficiaries Participation in the Project and Implementation of O&M Systems .... 221
DEVELOPMENT PLAN...................................................................................................... 227
8 Regional Development Plan for the Left Bank of Indus ....................................... 227
8.1 Strategy for formulation of Plan ........................................................................... 227
8.1.1 Proposed Regional Plan preparation Process ......................................................................... 228
8.1.2 Proposed Regional Plan Strategy ............................................................................................ 229
8.1.3 Pillars of the Strategy .............................................................................................................. 230
8.2 Stakeholder Voices, Perceptions, and Aspirations ................................................. 232
8.2.1 Approach and methodology ................................................................................................... 232
8.2.2 Sampling Design and Sample Size ........................................................................................... 232
8.2.3 Stakeholder consultations ...................................................................................................... 233
8.2.4 Stakeholder Perceptions about the Issues and Problems ...................................................... 235
8.3 Proposed Interventions as Agreed by the Stakeholders ......................................... 240
8.4 Preparation of pre-feasibilities ............................................................................. 245
8.5 Screening, and ranking of selected interventions................................................... 246
8.6 Prioritizing Interventions ...................................................................................... 249
8.6.1 First Priority Core Interventions ............................................................................................. 249
8.6.2 Second Priority Interventions ................................................................................................. 250
8.7 Overview of Federal and Provincial Policies and Ordinances .................................. 252
8.7.1 Interprovincial policies and accords ....................................................................................... 252
8.7.2 Federal Acts/Laws/Ordinances ............................................................................................... 252
8.7.3 Provincial acts/ordinances/rules ............................................................................................ 254
9 The Perspective Plan .......................................................................................... 260
9.1 Plan Objectives and Strategy ................................................................................ 260
9.2 Core Interventions ............................................................................................... 261
9.3 Outputs ............................................................................................................... 262
9.4 Impacts of Proposed Interventions ....................................................................... 263
9.4.1 Social Impact ........................................................................................................................... 263
9.4.2 Economic Impact .................................................................................................................... 265
9.4.3 Environmental Impact ............................................................................................................ 265
9.4.4 Storm Drainage Impact ........................................................................................................... 274
9.4.5 Hydrology Analysis 2012 ......................................................................................................... 276
9.4.6 Lessons Learnt ........................................................................................................................ 276
9.5 Plan Period / Time Frame ..................................................................................... 280
9.6 Financial Outlay ................................................................................................... 280
9.7 Implementation Arrangements ............................................................................. 280
9.7.1 Supervision of implementing agencies through private sector organizations for effective
implementation of livelihood activities ............................................................................................... 281
9.8 Legal and Policy Safeguards framework ................................................................ 283
9.8.1 The World Bank Policy on Involuntary Resettlement OP–4.12 .............................................. 283
9.9 Social Acceptability .............................................................................................. 302
9.9.1 Community Perceptions for Proposed Interventions ............................................................. 302
9.9.2 Resettlement Considerations ................................................................................................. 308
9.9.3 Monitoring Framework to be adopted by the Client .............................................................. 310
9.10 Capacity Building and Training .............................................................................. 325
9.10.1 Master/Regional Plan Consultants Training Proposal ........................................................ 326
9.11 Criteria for the Selection of Poor Beneficiaries ...................................................... 329
10 Water Balance and Drainage Assessment ....................................................... 336
10.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 336
 SINDH WATER SECTOR IMPROVEMENT PHASE-I PROJECT
Preparation of Regional Plan for the Left Bank of Indus, Delta and Coastal Zone

10.2 Water Balance of the Indus Left-Bank ................................................................... 336

10.3 Water Balance Approach ...................................................................................... 337
10.3.1 Data used for the Analysis .................................................................................................. 337
10.3.2 Water Balance Equations.................................................................................................... 338
10.3.3 Sector-wise Water Requirements ....................................................................................... 338
10.3.4 Water Supply ...................................................................................................................... 339
10.3.5 Salient Water-Balance Results ............................................................................................ 339
10.4 Water Use Efficiency in the Agriculture ................................................................. 340
10.5 The Rainfall Frequency and Runoff Estimations ..................................................... 341
10.5.1 Estimating Rainfall Probability ............................................................................................ 341
10.5.2 Frequency Estimates for Longer Periods ............................................................................ 343
10.5.3 The Design Storms for LBOD ............................................................................................... 344
10.5.4 Rain-Runoff Estimates ........................................................................................................ 344
10.6 Components of the Drainable Flows in LBOD ......................................................... 345
10.7 Characteristics of the Flood Routing through LBOD................................................ 346
10.7.1 The Drainage Capacity and Evacuation Period ................................................................... 346
10.7.2 The Catchment Evacuation Patterns .................................................................................. 347
10.8 Recommendations ............................................................................................... 348
11 Feasibilities .................................................................................................... 350
11.1 Rehabilitation and Improvement of LBOD Drainage Infrastructure......................... 350
11.2 Revival of Natural Waterways to Drain out Storm Water ....................................... 361
11.3 Protective Plantation of Mangroves in the Coastal Areas of Left Bank .................... 370
11.4 Use of Drainage Water for Forestation in LBOD Area ............................................. 373
11.5 Rehabilitation of Deh Akro II and Chotiari Wetland Complexes .............................. 377
11.6 Promotion of Brackish Water Fish in LBOD drainage Area ...................................... 381
11.7 Shrimp and Mud Crab Farming in coastal areas of Badin and Thatta districts ......... 385
11.8 Bio-saline Agriculture in Badin and Thatta Districts ............................................... 388
11.9 Rehabilitation of Coastal Wetlands ....................................................................... 394
12 O & M Arrangements and Yardsticks for Drainage ......................................... 400
12.1 Estimated O&M Requirements of the Project Facilities over the Project Life .......... 400
12.2 Drainage Structures .............................................................................................. 400
12.2.1 Ghotki Fresh Ground Water Project ................................................................................... 400
12.2.2 Khairpur SCARP Project ...................................................................................................... 401
12.2.3 SCARP North Rohri Fresh Ground Water Project................................................................ 401
12.2.4 SCARP South Rohri Fresh Ground Water Project ................................................................ 401
12.2.5 LBOD Stage-1 ...................................................................................................................... 401
12.3 Operational Deficiencies ....................................................................................... 403
12.3.1 Good Operating Maintenance System ............................................................................... 404
12.4 Effective institutional arrangements, enhancement in rates/charges ..................... 404
12.4.1 Contract Water and Water Rates ....................................................................................... 404
12.4.2 Financial obligations and sources of income ...................................................................... 404
12.4.3 Payments to Area Water Boards (AWB) ............................................................................. 405
12.4.4 Water Rates Assessment and Collection ............................................................................ 405
12.4.5 Reasons of low recovery ..................................................................................................... 408
12.4.6 Steps for improvement and enhancement in recovery of Abiana ..................................... 408
12.4.7 Way Forward ...................................................................................................................... 409
12.5 Development of O&M Yardstick for Irrigation and Drainage System 2012 .............. 409
12.5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 409
12.5.2 Operation and maintenance yard-stick: ............................................................................. 410
12.5.3 Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 411
12.5.4 Maintenance Objectives and Activities .............................................................................. 412
12.5.5 Categories of Drains............................................................................................................ 412
12.5.6 Water Rates Assessment and Collection ............................................................................ 414
12.6 Irrigation System of Left Bank of River Indus ......................................................... 415
 SINDH WATER SECTOR IMPROVEMENT PHASE-I PROJECT
Preparation of Regional Plan for the Left Bank of Indus, Delta and Coastal Zone

12.6.1 Summary of Yardstick ......................................................................................................... 416

12.6.2 Yardstick per Cusec Utilization ........................................................................................... 416
12.6.3 Yardstick Rate per Acre Cropped ........................................................................................ 417
12.6.4 Yardstick per Virtual Mile (Of flow Irrigation) .................................................................... 417
12.6.5 Unit Rate per Actual mile: .................................................................................................. 417
12.6.6 Lift Irrigation Maintenance Yardstick ................................................................................. 422
12.6.7 Yardstick of Reasonable Requirement for O&M of Low-Lift (Pumping) Schemes along River
and Main Canals................................................................................................................................... 422
12.6.8 Yardstick for Flood Protective Bunds Maintenance and Flood Control ............................. 425
12.6.9 SCARP tubewells, surface & carrier drains & pumping station yardstick ........................... 432
12.6.10 Yardstick for O & M of One Tubewell SCARP North Rohri Naushehro Feroze ................... 433
12.7 Role of users, farmers’ organizations or user associations in O&M of the project
facilities and identifying training requirements and a training program. ........................... 439
12.8 O&M Manual ....................................................................................................... 443
12.9 Cost Recovery Systems ......................................................................................... 448
12.10 Allocations of Funds for Operation and Mainteance (Budget Estimate for 2011-12)
453
13 Summary Recommendations .......................................................................... 472
13.1 Indicative Financial Outlay of Master Plan (REVISED)............................................. 473
Annexure 6-A: Distinctions Used In Disaster Risk Management ................................. 475
Annexure 6-B: NGOs Working On Disaster Risk Management.................................... 482
References................................................................................................................ 483
Appendix – I: Geo Technical Investigations
Appendix – II: Socail Impact Studies
Appendix – III: Technical Specifications
Appendix – IV: Environmental Impact Assessment
 SINDH WATER SECTOR IMPROVEMENT PHASE-I PROJECT
Preparation of Regional Plan for the Left Bank of Indus, Delta and Coastal Zone

Acronyms

ADB Asian Development Bank

DCO District Coordination Officer
DDMA District Disaster Management Agency
DERA Drought Emergency Relief Assistance
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
ERC Emergency Relief Cell
FFC Federal Flood Commission
GoP Government of Pakistan
LGO Local Government Ordinance
NWFP North Western Frontier Province
NA Northern Areas
NCMC National Crisis Management Cell
NDMA National Disaster Management Agency
NDMF National Disaster Management Framework
NDMO, 2007 National Disaster Management Ordinance of 2007
NEAP National Environmental Action Plan
NEC National Economic Council
NEQS National Environmental Quality Standards
NFFB National Flood Forecasting Bureau
O&M Operations and maintenance
P&D Planning & Development
PCMC Provincial Crisis Management Cell
PID Provincial Irrigation Department
PDMA Provincial Disaster Management Agency
PPA Participatory Poverty Assessment
PSDP Public Sector Development Program
SUPARCO Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission
TOR Terms of Reference
TMA Tehsil Municipal Administration
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UWP Urban Works Program
VC Village Council
WAPDA Water & Power Development Authority
WMO World Meteorological Organization

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 SINDH WATER SECTOR IMPROVEMENT PHASE-I PROJECT
Preparation of Regional Plan for the Left Bank of Indus, Delta and Coastal Zone

List of Tables

Table 1.1: Components of the World Bank Funded WSIP-I Project ................................................................ 2
Table 1.2: Major Barrages on the Indus River in Sind Province ...................................................................... 3
Table 1.3: Summary of Water Sector Improvement Project Phase-I (WSIP-I) for the Lower Indus River
Basin ........................................................................................................................................................ 8
Table 1.4: Summary of Study Requirements .................................................................................................. 10
Table 2.1: Soil Textural Groups ..................................................................................................................... 24
Table 2.2: Command wise & total area of Left Bank under different Textural Groups ................................. 25
Table 2.3: Left Bank Command Wise Salinity Status of the Area ................................................................. 26
Table 2.4: The district-wise area .................................................................................................................... 27
Table 2.5: District Wise 1998 Census Information of Left bank of Indus (Project Area) .............................. 28
Table 2.6: Educational facilities in Sindh ....................................................................................................... 31
Table 2.7: Government Health Facilities in the Project Area ......................................................................... 32
Table 2.8: NGOs Active in Health in Sindh ................................................................................................... 41
Table 2.9: NGO‘s Active in Rural Development in Sindh ............................................................................. 41
Table 2.10: NGOs Active in Village Life and Social Welfare in Sindh -1 ..................................................... 43
Table 2.11: NGO‘s for Village Life and Social Welfare in Sindh 2 ............................................................... 44
Table 2.12: NGOs for Village Life and Social Welfare in Sindh 3 ................................................................ 45
Table 2.13: Relevant policies and laws .......................................................................................................... 52
Table 2.14: Women in water management ..................................................................................................... 54
Table 2.15: Stakeholders‘ Workshops ............................................................................................................ 57
Table 2.16: Village Level Community Consultations .................................................................................... 58
Table 2.17: Phase-I Consultations .................................................................................................................. 59
Table 2.18: Phase II Consultations ................................................................................................................. 59
Table 2.19: Phase III Community Consultations participation status ............................................................. 60
Table 3.1: Summary of Land Development Potential..................................................................................... 65
Table 3.2: Land Use Categories of Study area ............................................................................................... 69
Table 3.3: Climatic Normals of Rainfall at Left-bank Meteorological Stations in mm– updated 2010 ......... 72
Table 3. 4: Surface Water Allocations (1991) and Actual Supply (2007-08) to the Left-bank Canals .......... 74
Table 3.5: Actual and estimated number of Public and Private Tubewells Installed in Sindh ....................... 75
Table 3. 6: Crop Wise Details of Area Sown In Badin & Thatta Districts during Last 20 Years from The
Year 1991 To 2010 ................................................................................................................................ 80
Table 3. 7: Crop Wise Index of Area in Badin & Thatta Districts during Last 20 Years ............................... 81
Table 3. 8: Share of Different crops in total cropped Area (Excluding Sunflower) In Badin & Thatta Districts
during Last 20 Years .............................................................................................................................. 84
Table 3. 9: Number of Livestock in Sindh, 1986, 1990, 1996, 2000 and 2006 Census (in ‗000‘) ................. 85
Table 3. 10: Number of Livestock by district in Left Bank of Indus (1996 Census) (in ‗000‘) ..................... 85
Table 3. 11: Number of Livestock in Badin and Thatta District ..................................................................... 86
Table 3. 12: Categories and types of Forests and area in Sindh ..................................................................... 88
Table 3. 13: District-wise Area of Irrigated Plantations on Left Bank of Indus in Sindh ............................... 89
Table 4.1: Major Barrages on the Indus River in Sind Province .................................................................... 94
Table 4.2: Drainage facilities of the LBOD Stage-1 Project. ....................................................................... 100
Table 4.3: Left Bank Area Bund System of Districts ................................................................................... 101
Table 4.4 : Infrastructure of Barrages ........................................................................................................... 101
Table 4.5: Historical and 2010 Flood Peaks and Return Period for Barrages on Indus ................................ 102
Table 4.6: Salient Features of 3 Units of LBOD .......................................................................................... 103
Table 4. 7: Summary of Year 2010 Super-flood Damage in Sindh .............................................................. 105
Table 4. 8: Annual Rainfall Potential and Available Water for Storage ....................................................... 113
Table 4. 9: Location of Naturally Occurring Dhoras and Dhands ................................................................ 114
Table 4. 10: List of Dhands in Badin Area ................................................................................................... 115
Table 5.1: Area affected by wind erosion (000 ha)....................................................................................... 126
Table 5.2: Area affected by water erosion (000 ha)...................................................................................... 126
Table 5.3. Rangeland and Forest Area of Pakistan ....................................................................................... 127
Table 5. 4: Indigenous tree/shrub species for plantation in areas affected by desertification in monsoon
season ................................................................................................................................................... 133
Table 5. 5: IBIS Environmental Flow Requirements ................................................................................... 137
Table 5. 6: Recommendations of the Study-I Consultants............................................................................ 137
Table 5. 7: Minimum Water Requirements for various Interventions proposed by the Study-II.................. 137

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 SINDH WATER SECTOR IMPROVEMENT PHASE-I PROJECT
Preparation of Regional Plan for the Left Bank of Indus, Delta and Coastal Zone

Table 5. 8: Suggested outflow downstream Kotri on 10 daily basis (Flow in cusecs) .................................. 138
Table 5. 9: Level of TDS of the Groundwater in Left Bank area .................................................................. 142
Table 5. 10: Results of Sugar Mill Effluent Analyses of Sugar Mills of Badin District during the year 2011
.............................................................................................................................................................. 146
Table 5. 11: Water samples Sugar Mill effluent laden Drain water collected in April 2012 from the various
drains of LBOD and Kotri Surface Drainage System .......................................................................... 146
Table 5. 12: Percentage of Canal Command Area with Useable, Marginal and Hazardous Water Quality in
all Three Barrages. ............................................................................................................................... 147
Table 6.1: Primary Disaster Hazards in the Lower Indus Basin and Sindh .................................................. 161
Table 6.2: Major Flood Events in Pakistan ................................................................................................... 163
Table 6.3: Major flood events affected and flooded area .............................................................................. 164
Table 6.4: Principal Legal Instruments Concerned With Disaster Management and Disaster Risk Reduction
in Pakistan ............................................................................................................................................ 169
Table 6.5: Disaster Management and Related Environmental Responsibilities Assigned to SIDA in the Sindh
Water Management Act of 2002 .......................................................................................................... 172
Table 6.6: Protocols Concerned with Water Disaster and Flood Disaster Risk Management ..................... 178
Table 6.7: Agencies Concerned with Disaster Risk Management in Pakistan:............................................. 179
Table 6.8: Relationship of Historically Concerned Disaster Management Organizations and the New
National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA) and the National Disaster Management Framework
(NDMF) ............................................................................................................................................... 187
Table 6.9: Primary Disaster Hazards in the Lower Indus Basin and Sindh Affecting SIDA ........................ 195
Table 6.10: Summary of Modern Water Disaster and Flood Management Programmes undertaken in
Pakistan and Sindh ............................................................................................................................... 198
Table 6.11: Historical and 2010 flood peaks at Barrages on Indus ............................................................... 200
Table 7. 1: Summary – Staffing And Budget of IPD Left Bank 2010-2011 ................................................. 206
Table 7. 2: Summary – Staffing and Budget of IPD Earmarked For SIDA and AWBS 2010 – 2011 (Except
Land Reclamation) ............................................................................................................................... 208
Table 7. 3: SIDA Allocated Budgets 2010-2011, Drainage Divisions, For Land Reclamation .................... 209
Table 8.1: Issues & Solutions ....................................................................................................................... 241
Table 8.2: Pre-feasibility Studies and Position Papers .................................................................................. 245
Table 8.3: Ranking Based on Standardized Z scores .................................................................................... 249
Table 9.1: Pre-feasibility Interventions / Position Papers ............................................................................. 261
Table 9.2: Entitlement Matrix ....................................................................................................................... 287
Table 9.3: Management of socioeconomic Impacts / Social risks ................................................................ 290
Table 9.4: Conflict resolution process at project level .................................................................................. 299
Table 9.3: Detailed costs ............................................................................................................................... 313
Table 9.4: Performance Monitoring Plan ...................................................................................................... 315
Table 10. 1: Left-Bank Water Demands at the Use-level – Year 2007-08 ................................................... 339
Table 10. 2: Water Availability and Diversion (bcm) 2007-08 .................................................................... 339
Table 10. 3: Water-Balance Outputs from the Canal Command Area and the Left Bank ............................ 340
Table 10. 4: Gross Drainable Discharges in cubic feet per second ............................................................... 346
Table 12.1: Command area and drainage infrastructure in LBOD stage-1 component ................................ 403
Table 12.2: Abiana Assessment V/s Collection ............................................................................................ 405
Table 12.3: Establishment of Area Water Board (AWB) ............................................................................. 405
Table 12.4: Area Wise Abiana Responsibility of FOs .................................................................................. 406
Table 12.5: Number of Abdar vs Area .......................................................................................................... 406
Table 12.6: Statement of Target & Achievement of Abiana in Nara, Left Bank and Ghotki Feeder AWBs 406
Table 12.7: Summary of abiana collection in 3 AWBs in Sindh (as of June 2012) ...................................... 407
Table 12.8: Agency wise outstanding Dues .................................................................................................. 408
Table 12.9: Left Bank Canals ....................................................................................................................... 411
Table 12.10: Abiana Assessment V/s Collection .......................................................................................... 414
Table 12.11: O&M Requirement and Budget (Million Rs.) ......................................................................... 415
Table 12.12: Operation & Maintenance of Irrigation & Drainage Infra-Structure ....................................... 416
Table 12.13: Statement showing barrage wise costs of M&R ...................................................................... 421
Table 12.14: Abstract of yardstick for requirement as per actual mile of flow irrigation ............................. 421
Table 13.1: Indicative Financial Outlay of Master Plan ............................................................................... 473

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 SINDH WATER SECTOR IMPROVEMENT PHASE-I PROJECT
Preparation of Regional Plan for the Left Bank of Indus, Delta and Coastal Zone

List of Figures

Figure 1.1: Barrage wise irrigation network system of Left Bank Indus Region ............................................. 3
Figure 1.2: Waterlogging and Surface Salinity Status Left Bank of Lower Indus Region ............................... 4
Figure 1. 3: Map Showing the Study Area: Left Bank of Indus, River Delta and Coastal Zone ...................... 5
Figure 1.4: Extent of Indus River Delta and Coastal Zone During 2010 .......................................................... 6
Figure 1.5: Google Earth Photo of Indus River Delta and Coastal Zone in the Study Area ............................. 6
Figure 2.1: Map Showing the Study Area: Left Bank of Indus, River Delta and Coastal Zone ..................... 22
Figure 2.2: No of Participants – Phase I and II ............................................................................................... 59
Figure 3.1: Total Annual Rainfall of 34 years at three MET Stations in LBOD catchment ........................... 72
Figure 3.2: Annual Canal Diversion to Eight Left-Bank canals ..................................................................... 73
Figure 3.3: Growth of Tube-wells in Sindh from 1970 to 2010 ..................................................................... 75
Figure 3. 4: Trend of Crop Cultivation Badin Area ........................................................................................ 82
Figure 3. 5: Trend of Crop Cultivation Thatta Area ....................................................................................... 83
Figure 3.6: The Indus Delta ............................................................................................................................ 90
Figure 3. 7: Sindh Province and location of Wetland Complex sites ............................................................ 92
Figure 4.1: Map showing the drainage system of Lower Indus Region ......................................................... 95
Figure 4. 2: LBOD Schematic Diagram ......................................................................................................... 99
Figure 4. 3: Overall Tubewells Operational Status in Study Area ................................................................ 100
Figure 4. 4: Pictorial View of Tidal Link - .................................................................................................. 109
Figure 5.1: Seawater Intrusion Phenomenon ................................................................................................ 116
Figure 5.2: Ghyben-Herzberg equation and its description .......................................................................... 117
Figure 5.3: Satellite Imagery of the Indus +dhands ...................................................................................... 117
Figure 5. 4: No of Days Flow Downstream Kotri Barrage is Zero MAF ..................................................... 118
Figure 5. 5: Seawater River water interface with respect to flow quantity +dhands .................................... 118
Figure 5. 6: Google image of Creek towards dhands .................................................................................... 119
Figure 5. 7: Average Rainfall and High Velocity Wind Belt in Sindh ........................................................ 124
Figure 5. 8: Flow downstream Kotri Barrage from 1937 till 2010 ............................................................... 134
Figure 5. 9: Decline in Pala Fish catch ......................................................................................................... 136
Figure 5.10: Water Quality of Sindh Province ............................................................................................. 142
Figure 5. 11: Cyclone Hitting the Cost of Sind and Resulting Flood Impacts on Stakeholders ................... 150
Figure 5. 12: Severe Drought with Soil Showing Severe Cracks ................................................................ 151
Figure 5. 13:Highest Per Capita Energy consumption is less than half of the World‘s average ................... 154
Figure 6.1: Disaster management cycle ........................................................................................................ 161
Figure 6.2: Pattern of Drought in Pakistan and Sindh in Year 2000............................................................. 162
Figure 6.3: Seismic Risk Map of Pakistan .................................................................................................... 165
Figure 6.4: Recent Earthquake Events (2150 BC to present) Recorded for Sindh (USGS) ......................... 165
Figure 6.5: Map of the Makran Coast West of Karachi Showing the Epicentre of the 1945 Makran
Earthquake in Red ................................................................................................................................ 166
Figure 6.6: Structure for Disaster Risk Management Established by the National Disaster Management
Ordinance, 2006 ................................................................................................................................... 180
Figure 7. 1: Organizational Chart of Irrigation & Power Department, Sindh ............................................... 210
Figure 7. 2: Functional Relationships within Sindh Water Sector Improvement Project (WISP –I) ............ 211
Figure 7. 3: Sindh Water Sector Improvement Project Organogram, SIDA Headquarters .......................... 212
Figure 7. 4: Project Planning Process ........................................................................................................... 224
Figure 7. 5: Action plan for roles and activities ............................................................................................ 225
Figure 7. 6: Agreement on Participation Responsibilities ............................................................................ 226
Figure 8.1: Strategy for Regional Plan for the Left Bank of Indus Delta and Coastal Zone ........................ 230
Figure 8.2: Ranking Tree .............................................................................................................................. 248
Figure 9.1: Flooded Area 2011 in LBOD Area ............................................................................................ 274
Figure 9.2: Rainfall Frequency Analysis ...................................................................................................... 275
Figure 9.3: The Project Control Cycle .......................................................................................................... 281
Figure 9.4: Earned Value Chart .................................................................................................................... 283
Figure 10. 1: Average Groundwater Aquifer Level Left-bank from 2007 to 2010, based on twice a year
monitoring 340
Figure 10. 2: Water use Efficiencies 341
Figure 10.3: Log Pearson III curves showing the probability of one day maximum rainfall in Nawabshah 342
Figure 10.4: Sensitivity of the Return Period (probability) estimates with reference to extreme values 343
Figure 10. 5: Recurrence Intervals (Return Periods) for 24 hour maximum rainfall 343

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 SINDH WATER SECTOR IMPROVEMENT PHASE-I PROJECT
Preparation of Regional Plan for the Left Bank of Indus, Delta and Coastal Zone

Figure 10. 6: Rainfall frequency for one to thirty day maximum rainfall 344
Figure 10. 7: Inlet Capacity and Evacuation Period for 50 mm to 250 mm rainfall 347
Figure 10. 8: Direct Runoff and routed-flows from the Badin catchment area are drained into the LBOD
Spinal. Net evacuation potential of 2100 cfs has been estimated for 10 year return period Storm. 348

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 SINDH WATER SECTOR IMPROVEMENT PHASE-I PROJECT
Preparation of Regional Plan for the Left Bank of Indus, Delta and Coastal Zone

1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction to the Project and this Report
The present document is a Regional Master Plan document for the Left Bank of Indus covering the
strategy for ensuring safe disposal of the drainage effluent, storm water, and riverine floods to
mitigate damages from water hazards and to agriculture and livestock, productive, physical, and
communication infrastructure, vital installations, and most importantly human lives and
livelihoods in the left bank of Indus encompassing the command areas of Guddu, Sukkur, and
Kotri barrages, and the coastal areas. The report also outlines a phased investment plan, and
detailed feasibilities of the selected core projects that were identified and prioritized in
consultation with the stakeholders at large. This report is being submitted as the Phase III of the
Regional/Master Plan Study, and will be followed by the submission of detailed designs and tender
documents for the core projects as the final deliverable.
1.2 Context and Rationale
1.2.1 The World Bank Country Assistance Strategy (CAS)
According to the World Bank Project Appraisal Document 20071the infrastructure challenge is
particularly acute with respect to water as Pakistan relies on the largest contiguous irrigation
system in the world to provide basic food security (90% o f food production and 25% o f the Gross
Domestic Product GDP). Agriculture is the single most important source of employment and
exports (two thirds of employment and 80% of exports) and irrigation represents more than 95% of
the total consumptive use of water. However, this massive infrastructure is deteriorating and in
need of rehabilitation along with reforms to improve the allocation of water as well as the
efficiency o f its use. Moreover, competition for water is growing among the provinces and across
the varied needs for irrigation, industrial and domestic use, and the environment.
In irrigation the Bank is to support a combination of institutional reforms and investments
throughout the system including major investments in rehabilitation of critical assets and reforms
to improve the quality, efficiency, and accountability with which irrigation services are delivered.
The Project fits extremely well in the CAS and it is a major element of Bank‘s assistance to
Pakistan in the water sector.
1.2.2 Project Objectives
The World Bank identifies three inter-linked and mutually reinforcing pillars of the CAS
i. ¨sustaining growth and improving competitiveness;
ii. improving government effectiveness and service delivery; and
iii. improving lives and protecting the vulnerable¨

The World Bank further indicates that the Sindh Water Sector Improvement Phase-I (WSIP-I)
Project supports all three pillars o f the CAS by:
(a) ¨rehabilitating/improving the hydraulic and irrigation infrastructure on which the
irrigated agriculture is fully dependent and thus avoiding social and environmental
disaster in case of I&D infrastructure collapse;
(b) deepening and widening the reforms already underway in Sindh‟s I&D sector and thus
improving the efficiency, quality, accountability and sustainability of I&D services,
supporting the second pillar of CAS and,
(c) improving the agricultural production, employment in rural areas o f Sindh which is
one o f the poorest regions in the country, leading to improving the lives of vulnerable.¨

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World Bank. Project Appraisal Document. WSIP-I. Report No: 37923-PK. August 2007

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 SINDH WATER SECTOR IMPROVEMENT PHASE-I PROJECT
Preparation of Regional Plan for the Left Bank of Indus, Delta and Coastal Zone

1.2.3 Context
Government of Sindh started the reforms of the management of the entire irrigation system with
the approval of SIDA Act 1997, shifting the responsibilities for the management of irrigation and
drainage infrastructure from the governmental centralized provincial Irrigation and Power
Department (IPD) to autonomous bodies: the Sindh Irrigation and Drainage Authority (SIDA),
Area Water Board (AWBs) and Farmers Organization (FOs). The Sindh Water Management
ordinance 2002 replaced SIDA Act 1997.
The immediate goal of reforms in Sindh is to restore equitable and reliable water delivery to the
farmers. The ultimate goal is, of course, the improvement of agricultural production. At present
Sindh Irrigation and Drainage Authority (SIDA) is executing the World Bank funded Water Sector
Improvement Project Phase–I (WSIP-I) The overarching objective of WSIP is to improve the
efficiency and effectiveness of distribution of irrigation water in three Area Water Boards (Ghotki
Canal AWB, NARA Canal AWB, Kotri Left Bank Canals AWB), particularly with respect to
measures of reliability, equity and user satisfaction. This will be achieved by:
1. Strengthening and fast tracking the institutional reforms that are already underway in Sindh2.
2. Improving the irrigation system in a systematic way covering key hydraulic infrastructure,
main and branch canals, and distributaries and minors;
3. Enhancing long-term sustainability of the irrigation system through participatory irrigation
management and developing institutions for improving operation and maintenance (O&M) of
the system and cost recovery
The project also has a component3 to support detailed studies and preparation of a Regional Plan
for the area on the Left Bank of the Indus River, for rehabilitation and improvement of collection
and safe disposal of drainage effluent, flood and storm water in the left bank of Indus, and
rehabilitation of wetlands and the coastal zone; considering the environmental importance of the
region and its economic potential drawing upon international experience. The various components
of the WSIP-I project are shown in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1: Components of the World Bank Funded WSIP-I Project

WSIP-I Description of Component

Component
A Community Development and Capacity Building
B Improvement of Irrigation and Drainage System
C Management Plans for Major Irrigation and Drainage Infrastructure
Preparation of Regional Plan to Deal with Floods & Drainage Issues on Left
Bank of Indus River and Designing Measures for Improvement of the Indus
Delta and the Coastal Zone [This Study]
D Project Monitoring, Evaluation and Supervision of Environmental Management
Plan
E Project Coordination, Monitoring, Technical Assistance and Training

2
Sindh Irrigation and Drainage Authority (SIDA) has established a total of 345 Farmer Organizations (FOs),
in three Area Water Boards (AWB) - as legal entities under the Sindh Water Management Ordinance of
2002 (SWMO 2002)
3
The sub-component C-2 of SWIP-I deals with the provision of these studies

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 SINDH WATER SECTOR IMPROVEMENT PHASE-I PROJECT
Preparation of Regional Plan for the Left Bank of Indus, Delta and Coastal Zone

1.2.4 Background to the Project

Sindh Province has a vast irrigation and drainage network and it is one of the primary beneficiaries
of the Indus Basin Irrigation System of Pakistan (IBIS). The IBIS is considered as one of the
largest contiguous irrigation systems in the world. Of the total 14 barrages of the IBIS, Sindh has
three major barrages on the Indus River that divert approximately 48 million acre feet MAF (59.0
billion cubic meters- BCM) of water annually to the 14 main canal commands in Sindh Province.
These canal systems have an aggregate length of 13,325 miles (21,445 Km), which serve a gross
command area (GCA) of 14.391 million acres (5.8 million ha). There are also about 42,000
watercourses (tertiary channels), which have an aggregate length of about 75,000 miles (120,000
Km). The water diversion in the study area (Table 1.2) is approximately 11.6 MAF for eight canal
commands.

Table 1.2: Major Barrages on the Indus River in Sind Province

Barrage Name Year Diversion Quantity Left Bank

constructed (MAF)
Guddu 1962 3.484
Sukkur 1932 5.532
Kotri 1955 2.577

A plan showing this extensive barrage, canal and drainage system is shown in Figure 1.1

Figure 1.1: Barrage wise irrigation network system of Left Bank Indus Region

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 SINDH WATER SECTOR IMPROVEMENT PHASE-I PROJECT
Preparation of Regional Plan for the Left Bank of Indus, Delta and Coastal Zone

1.2.5 Salinity and waterlogging

Around 78% of the area in Sindh Province is underlain by saline groundwater which is unsuitable
for irrigation and other uses. Surface and sub-surface drainage systems are inadequate, resulting in
much of the drainage effluent being either retained in the basin or disposed of into rivers, canals,
and through a drainage network. There are 13 existing surface drainage systems in Sindh, which
serve a total area of over 6.2 million acres (2.5 million hectares) and have an aggregate length of
about 3.8 thousand miles (about 6.1 thousand Kms). In addition, there are two sub-surface
drainage systems, which serve an area of 0.10 million acres (0.04 million ha).
Due to an inadequate drainage network and the flat topography of the basin, nearly one-fifth of the
canal command area is affected by water logging and salinity – widely referred to as the twin
problems or twin menace. A map showing the surface areas of water logging and salinity is given
in Figure 1.2.

Figure 1.2: Waterlogging and Surface Salinity Status Left Bank of Lower Indus Region
To address the problems of water logging and salinity in the Left Bank of the Indus River, the Left
Bank Outfall Drain (LBOD) was constructed. The LBOD collects drainage water from the three
districts of Sukkur Barrage command area (Shaheed Benazirabad, Sanghar, and Mirpurkhas) and
drains to the sea through a Tidal Link drain constructed as part of the LBOD project. LBOD has
performed well and the upper part of the LBOD area has benefited from the drainage. However,
there are several issues unresolved in the outfall area and coastal zone.
A chronological history of the development of irrigation and drainage, and a genesis of the salinity
and drainage problems in the study area are shown in Fig-1.2. These twin problems, combined
with increased development in the region, demand the preparation of a comprehensive Regional

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 SINDH WATER SECTOR IMPROVEMENT PHASE-I PROJECT
Preparation of Regional Plan for the Left Bank of Indus, Delta and Coastal Zone

Plan for the handling of flood and drainage problems of the area on the left Bank of the Indus
River, the River Delta and its Coastal Zone.
1.2.6 Project/Study Area
The project study area includes the areas in Sindh Province lying on the Left Bank of Indus River,
including the river delta, associated wet lands, and adjacent coastal zone. In particular, it covers
the irrigation areas served by the Indus River canals off-taking from the left bank of Guddu,
Sukkur and Kotri barrages; the area covered by the Left Bank Outfall Drain (LBOD), and its
catchment and backwash areas.
The delineation of the project areas for the study is shown in Figure 1.3.

Left Bank

Delta &
Coastal
Zone

Figure 1. 3: Map Showing the Study Area: Left Bank of Indus, River Delta and Coastal Zone

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 SINDH WATER SECTOR IMPROVEMENT PHASE-I PROJECT
Preparation of Regional Plan for the Left Bank of Indus, Delta and Coastal Zone

Figure 1.4: Extent of Indus River Delta and Coastal Zone During 2010

Figure 1.5: Google Earth Photo of Indus River Delta and Coastal Zone in the Study Area

Originally it was expected that it would be possible to consider the Indus River Delta and Coastal
Zone separately, and to develop different Phase-I issues and problems for the two areas. However
the complex nature of the morphology and the interaction of tides and river morphology in the two
areas shown in Figure 1.4 and Figure 1.5 make it impossible to separate out drainage and flooding
effects in the Delta and Coastal Zone. For this reason, the two areas are taken as one morphologic
regime in the study.

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 SINDH WATER SECTOR IMPROVEMENT PHASE-I PROJECT
Preparation of Regional Plan for the Left Bank of Indus, Delta and Coastal Zone

1.3 Objectives of the study

The objective of consultancy services is to prepare for the Government of Sindh (GoSindh) a
Regional Plan for addressing the flooding issues and providing proper drainage to the area on the
Left Bank of the Indus River - including the River‘s Delta and Coastal Zone - through appropriate
structural and non-structural measures, including remedial measures for any outstanding
deficiencies in the Left Bank Outfall Drainage (LBOD) system; measures for retention and/or safe
disposal of drainage; storm and flood water; improvement of wetlands in the delta area and in the
coastal zone; recognizing their environmental importance and considerable economic potential for
local communities.
These studies have been carried out in consultation with the stakeholders starting from the
beginning to the end of the process covering the identification of the issues, and an analysis and
detailed design of the solutions selected. The work has been performed in a phased manner. Each
phase was conducted through consultations and shared understanding with the stakeholders
leading to key decision necessary for carrying out further work under subsequent phases of the
study.
The World Bank (2007) emphasizes that the detailed design would be prepared and made ready for
implementation of the priority works identified under the master plan under a future investment
project that Sindh may undertake with the assistance o f i t s development partners.

1.4 Scope of Work and TORs

In order to achieve the objectives of WSIP-I and also the Regional Master Plan objectives, the
assignment was designed to be performed in four phased studies as defined below:
Phase-I: Inventory and assessment of existing conditions and identification of issues and
problems, preparation of a report that will form the basis of consultations with all stakeholders to
reach an agreement on definitions of issues and problems. This will also cover issues related to
supply of water and management of drainage & waste water effluent expected to be generated by
development of the Thar Coal mines and power complex in the future as planned by the
government. The Phase-I report will be finalized through extensive consultations with the
population, water users and stakeholders in area on the Left Bank of the Indus River, delta and
coastal zones; and should help identify and prioritize issues for which the solutions have to be
developed during the Phase-II study.
Phase-II: Identification of solutions covering structural and non-structural options, and
institutional and management measures and their technical, environmental and social feasibility,
approximate cost, workability and ranking based on pre-feasibility level studies and analysis.
Development of a comprehensive Regional Plan to address the problems of flooding and drainage
composed of an optimal mix of improved structural, non-structural, institutional and management
measures selected to enhance developmental objectives in the study/project area. This phase will
also include consultations with stakeholders in order to identify solutions for which detailed
feasibility is to be carried out under Phase-III studies.
Phase-III: Preparation of detailed feasibility including technical, economic, environmental and
social viability and implementation/institutional arrangements for the solutions identified under
Phase II as high priority. This phase will also result in consultations based on the feasibility
studies, and identification and prioritization of structural and non-structural solutions and their
ranking for which detailed designs will be prepared.
Phase-IV: Preparation of detailed designs and bidding documents for the most preferred solution
for implementation according to international standards and implementation manuals, and
institutional arrangements for non-structural solutions.

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1.5 Study Approach and Methodology

General Strategy
The strategy followed for the preparation of the Regional Master Plan is summarized in the
following points:
 Prepare for the Government of Sindh a Regional Master Plan for addressing the flooding
issues and providing proper drainage to the area on Left of River Indus through structural
and non structural measures.
 Suggest remedial measures for any outstanding deficiencies in the LBOD.
 Suggest measures for retention and / or safe disposal of drainage, storm and flood water.
 Suggest improvement of wetlands in the delta area and coastal zone recognizing their
environmental importance and considerable potential for the local communities.
 Studies to be carried out in consultation with the stakeholders starting from beginning to
end, covering identification of the issues, analysis and design of solutions.
Methodology
A summary of the characteristics of the WSIP-I project and its Preparation of a Regional Plan for
the Left Bank of the Indus, Delta and Coastal Zone sub-project is given in Table 1.3.
Table 1.3: Summary of Water Sector Improvement Project Phase-I (WSIP-I) for the Lower
Indus River Basin
Period Sponsor Project and Abbreviation Objective Methodology
component
name
Dec World Project: WSIP-I Improve the efficiency (a) Deepening and
2007 Bank Water Sector and effectiveness of broadening the
– Improvement distribution of institutional reforms that
April Project – irrigation water in three are already underway in
2013 Phase I4 AWB5s (Ghotki, Nara Sindh;
and Left Bank),
(b) Improving the
particularly with
irrigation system in a
respect to measures of
systematic way covering
reliability, equity and
key hydraulic
user satisfaction.
infrastructure, main and
branch canals, and
distributaries and
minors;
(c) Enhancing long-term
sustainability of
irrigation system through
participatory irrigation
management and
developing institutions
for improving operation
and maintenance (O&M)
of the system and cost
recovery

4
Project Implementing Agency is the Sindh Irrigation and Drainage Authority (SIDA)
5
AWB are Area Water Boards – There are 345 Farmer‘s Organizations in three Area Water Boards in the
Lower Indus River Basin

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Period Sponsor Project and Abbreviation Objective Methodology

component
name
April Subproject: LBG Prepare for the Phase-I: Preparation of
2010 Preparation of Government of Sindh Inventory, Assessment
- a Regional (GoSindh) a regional of Existing Conditions,
Plan for the master plan for Identification of Issues ,
April
Left Bank of addressing the flooding and Methodology and
2013 the Indus, issues and providing Plan for consultations
Delta and proper drainage to the and Stakeholders
Coastal Zone area on the left bank of participation
the Indus River through
Phase-II:
appropriate structural
Development/Identificati
and non-structural
on of Options,
measures, including
Formulation of a
remedial measures for
Regional Master Plan,
any outstanding
preferred solutions and
deficiencies in the Left
their ranking.
Bank Outfall Drainage
system, measures for Phase-III: Preparation of
retention and/or safe the Detailed Feasibility
disposal of drainage, Studies for Selected the
storm and flood water, Options/Solutions.
improvement of Phase-IV: Preparation of
wetlands in the delta Detailed Design and
area and in the coastal Preparation of Bidding
zone recognizing their Documents and
environmental Implementation Manuals
importance and and Standard Operating
considerable economic Procedures for non-
potential for the local structural and
communities. improvement
management measures.

Summary of the Project

The key components of the Regional Plan Study are given in Table 1.4. In addition, the following
requirements of the project Terms of Reference were followed in undertaking all aspects of the
study:
1.1. The Client for the Regional Plan is the Government of Sindh, and all of its administrative
components. However implementation of the Regional Plan is to be designed and to be
implemented by a wide range of actors and civil society.
1.2. The beneficiaries of the Regional Plan are the populations on the Left Bank of the Indus
River; and the population in the Delta and Coastal Zone. Other areas in Sindh, including the
Right Bank of the Indus River, were not part of the study area.
1.3. The development sectors that the Regional Plan was to focus on drainage and flooding only.
Other development sectors such as irrigation and or social sectors are being considered in
other components of the WSIP-I and are not a part of the Master Plan study.

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1.4. Particular interest has been directed to the assessment of deficiencies in the Left Bank
Outfall Drain System (LBOD). This was further divided into assessment of drainage
collection, drainage conveyance and drainage disposal.
1.5. The study considered combined collection, transport and disposal of both drainage water and
excess flood water. This is similar to studies in urban areas where combined collection of
waste water and storm water require remediation before the combined polluted water flow
can be safely discharged to existing water courses.
1.6. Particular attention was directed to improvement of the wetland environment in the Indus
River Delta and Coastal Zone.
1.7. Any remedial measures selected to address issues and problems were to include both
structural and non-structural options
1.8. The study was based on an assessment of Issues and Problems; to be followed by proposed
Options and Solutions.
1.9. All work efforts were to be based on extensive consultations with stakeholders: i) to identify
issues and problems; ii) to analyse options and solutions; to design remedial measures;
Consultations and a shared understanding with stakeholders were required before work on a
primary phase of the study could be completed; and the successive phase of the study could be
started.

Table 1.4: Summary of Study Requirements

Study Characteristic: Study Requirement

Client: Government of Sindh Province
Beneficiaries: Sindh Province:
1. Population on Left Bank of Indus River
2. Population of Delta and Coastal Zone
Sectors to be 1. Drainage
considered: 2. Flooding
Executing
Agency: Planning & Development Department,
Government of Sindh Province
Implementing Sindh Irrigation and Drainage Authority
Agency:
Sponsor: The World Bank

1.5.1 Study phases and outputs (tasks)

1.5.1.1 Brief Overview of Phase I Study
The Phase study commenced in April 2010, and a draft was submitted in December 2010. The
phase I study report, after a series of reviews and incorporation of comments was finalized and
approved in the June 2011. This Phase of the study was dedicated to the identification of issues
and problems associated with the impacts of spreading water logging and salinity; institutional
breakdown for management of water delivery, drainage, floods, and disasters; environmental

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problems and resultant spread of poverty and deteriorating livelihoods among the growing
population.
The main activities during the preparation of the study Phase-I were i) review of available relevant
reports and interaction with staff of relevant agencies, ii) field visits to assess the performance of
existing infrastructure, wetlands, and coastal areas and improvements and revival needs; iii)
preparation of technical, descriptive and analytical reports on area description, inventory of
existing irrigation and drainage infrastructure and issues related to its operation and maintenance,
impact of seawater intrusion, institutional issues, disaster management etc.; iv) scoping sessions
and intensive consultation with the stakeholders at the village, district, regional, and provincial
levels.
About 5,000 persons were consulted/participated in the workshops. The objective was to solicit the
perceptions about issues related to safe disposal of drainage, flood and storm water, and impact of
these infrastructures on poverty and livelihoods.
The Phase I report was organized in eight thematic areas detailing of the work and findings that
addressed the requirements of the scope of work mentioned in the contract. The thematic areas
included: i) overview and development of planning for drainage and flooding; ii) water resources
and water usage for drainage and flooding; iii) impacts of drainage and flood on environment and
wetlands; iv) flooding, disaster management and mitigation; v) structures for irrigation drainage
and flood protection; vi) overview of current agriculture, livelihood, and economic aspect of
drainage & floods; vii) social issues of drainage operation and flooding; and viii) review of
capacities of provincial agencies involved in execution of the irrigation and drainage projects and
its management.

1.5.1.2 Brief Overview of Phase II Study

Following the submission of Phase 1 study report, as a proactive strategy, the Consultants
embarked on the preparation of pre feasibilities for solutions for intervention aspired by the
stakeholders. This was based on review of available studies, field studies, surveys, procurement of
satellite imagery, and ongoing process of consultation with the stakeholders. The near finished pre
feasibilities, that were technically feasible and economically viable were presented to the
stakeholders, along with the selection criteria, at the district and Area Water Board (AWB) levels.
Based on feedback from the stakeholder workshops, 19 pre-feasibilities were presented at the
national stakeholder workshop, held on 14 January 2012 in Karachi. The participants agreed with
the Consultants selection and advised to submit the pre-feasibilities for approval and final selection
of interventions for detailed feasibilities.
During the course of preparation of pre-feasibilities, the unprecedented rains and havoc thereof,
provided an opportunity to monitor the performance of the drainage system to cope with the strain
and weaknesses in the system, and its damage to the human lives, agriculture, livestock, private
properties, irrigation, drainage, and physical infrastructures, miseries of the flood displaced
persons including their constrained access to social services, and livelihoods. This required
reallocating Consultants focus and resources to closely evaluate the systems‘ capacity and
alternatives options and interventions to ensure safe disposal of storm water in the event of future
similar extremes.
During the preparation of the report sufficient Consultants resources were reallocated to provide
support and assistance to SIDA and the Core 5 Engineers, and providing information and analysis
to the irrigation department and senior politicians, including the President and at the provincial
Cabinet level. This also included preparation of a plan of emergency works to restore the capacity
of the drainage system, and measures to ensure safe disposal through natural waterways in the
event of similar rains.
During the Phase II of the Study, pre-feasibilities were prepared for eight structural, six quasi-
structural, and two institutional interventions that were selected and agreed in the national
workshop. In addition to this three position papers were developed to address and recommend
actions required to the identified relevant issues.

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The Phase II report was organized in five thematic areas detailing of the work and findings that
addressed the requirements of the stakeholders at community, district, and regional levels. The
stakeholders` perceptions about the drainage disposal related issues and problems and their
perceived solutions and aspirations and identification of priority interventions lead to the
formulation of regional plan and action/implementation plan.
The five thematic areas included: i) Safe and timely disposal of surplus drainage effluent, and
storm water flood, ii) Combating waterlogging and salinity in non-LBOD areas, iii) Environmental
mitigation, iv) Institutional Strengthening and capacity building of SIDA and, v) Livelihood
support to water hazard affected communities. During the Phase II of the Study, pre-feasibilities
were prepared for eight structural, six quasi-structural, and two institutional interventions that were
selected and agreed in the national workshop. Please refer to Chapter 9 for the list of pre-feasibility
studies.
The phase II study report was initially submitted in March 2012 and after a series of reviews and
incorporation of comments was finalized and a final version was submitted in May 2012, to be
approved in September 2012.
1.5.2 Participatory and Consultative approach
A brief summary of consultative process to i) identify the issues and problems related to the
drainage sector; ii) identification of solutions and selection of interventions, iii) preparation of pre-
feasibilities; iv) ranking and prioritizing and phasing of core interventions; and vi) review and
approval of the detailed feasibilities of the core projects.

1.5.2.1 Participatory Approach

A central point in the preparation of the WSIP Regional Plan is preparation of the Plan in
consultations with communities and other major stakeholders. One of the key ‗lessons learnt‘ (see
PAD, WB, 2007) has been to make participatory approaches to development crucial to project
design based on social considerations.
The participation and meaningful involvement of the community and other relevant stakeholders
are essential throughout the planning, design and implementation phases of the Project. The
emphasis in genuine community participations is on fostering a sensitive and mutually beneficial
dialogue. The stakeholders‘ and community participation encourages ownership of the Project and
its outputs, provides improved visibility and education regarding the complex issues as well as the
activities initiated by the Government of Sindh and SIDA to identify and solve the problems.
Often marginalized and underrepresented groups such as women, disabled, ethnic minorities,
landless and poor are included and empowered through the participation process. The method
encourages the active involvement of local people with own perspective and valuable knowledge
of the area‘s conditions, traditions, local values and social and cultural structure. With its specific
tools, the participatory approach allows community/ stakeholders‘ concerns to be voiced,
identified and adequately addressed. In addition, a genuine participation generates alternative
solutions as seen by the communities and stakeholders and improves transparency and
accountability.
It is essential that all major stakeholders are identified and given the opportunity to be involved
and informed regarding the Project, the irrigation and drainage issues and potential structural and
non-structural solutions for the current issues/problems. Open public consultation sessions,
workshops and other systems for receiving comments are indispensable for encouragement and
opportunity for any interested parties to access information about the Project and to express their
opinions, suggestions and recommendations relevant to the Project.
A meaningful community and stakeholders‘ engagement goes beyond formal dissemination of the
Project information or people‘s bare voicing their opinions. It should build trust, rapport and
understanding between the stakeholders and to ensure that the perspectives and realities of the
Project beneficiaries are developed into longer term strategies and concrete actions.

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Participatory methods and techniques used tend not to follow a standardized procedure. The tools
used are often creative and generative and are often considered less important than the attitudes
and beliefs of those carrying out the investigation. In particular, facilitators need skills for
facilitation and negotiation, as well as a range of personal qualities, attitudes and behaviors which
are appropriate for designed intervention with communities.
The community consultations are imperative in addressing social concerns and fostering
participation and community support for the Project. People should be correctly informed of the
issues and potential solutions and allowed to voice their comments and concerns – which should in
turn feedback into the planning and design process. It is especially important when the reality of
the Project is not perceived in the same way by those who implement the Project, and by the
communities who should benefit from it.
In order to ensure the stated principles of the adopted participatory approach, the Consultant has
taken a range of steps during the preparation of the stakeholders/ community participation plan.
The early drafts of the stakeholders/community participation plan were shared at numerous
meetings with the SIDA‘s social team and the field staff, working in the Area Water Boards.

1.5.2.2 Consultative Approach to the Studies

Since phase I to phase III, all the issues and problems had been identified through the participatory
and consultative process with the stakeholders of the project area; the identification of solutions
and selection of interventions have also been ensured through participatory approach and with the
consultation of project population of left bank of Indus and coastal area; similarly, ranking and
prioritizing and phasing of core interventions are being taking place with the same techniques of
conducting consultations with the stakeholders and finally same techniques are being considered
with priority in order to take review and approval of the detailed feasibilities of the core projects.
To address the diverse requirements and outcomes required in the 34 tasks of Phase I of the
Project, the Consultant grouped tasks under eight themes and carried out the work of each thematic
area in four steps:
Planning process
 Secondary data collection, review, critical evaluation and analyses
 Primary data collection, review and critical analyses
 Collation of findings and identification of resultant problems and issues for presentation to
stakeholders.
Each sub-team planned the activities and approaches according to the particular task groups
assigned. Sources of required data were identified, followed by informational meetings with
concerned departments, reconnaissance surveys, and specially developed interaction with
communities and other major stakeholders. Stakeholders associated with each topic were identified
and consulted during the process of data collection. Stakeholders included beneficiaries, affected
communities, NGOs, influential local people, and staff of government line departments.

1.5.2.3 Conceptual Approach of community consultations

During the phase I of the project, participatory approach was adopted and community
consultations were made with the stakeholders in order to identify the issues and problems.
Community consultations were the venue for collection of most of the raw data and information
for all themes and issues of phase I of the study. An important objective of this phase of the project
was to identify, together with communities and other stakeholders, relevant issues and problems.
The community consultations involved the collection of primarily qualitative data from primary
sources at sample village/district/ Area Water board level, as well as the collection of data from
relevant secondary sources. Information gathered through consultations with stakeholders, open
consultations with communities, key informants' interviews and focus group discussions were
complemented by related information derived from government population censuses and relevant
studies and reports.

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The Consultant established the Study Team consisting of four experienced sociologists/
anthropologists (three local and one international). The Team planned to conduct 15 workshops
out of which 12 were be conducted on the Area Water Board or/and district level, two for SIDA‘s
social team and field staff and one for other major stakeholders. In addition, during October-
December 2010, the Consultant conducted community consultations in 36 sample villages in 14
districts in the Project area.
The consultations process outlined in the set methodology and the set objectives require
workshops for main stakeholders, open consultations for men, focus group discussions with
women in selected villages and key informant interviews in each selected village. A female group
facilitator and a note taker were available at each consultation with women. The Consultant used
pre-prepared discussion guidelines for group facilitators.
The main objective of community consultations during phase I was to identify project relevant
issues/problems and get communities‘ views and opinions. In accordance with the objectives of
stakeholders‘ consultations, the data collection and analysis required a primarily qualitative
approach. The corresponding sample methodology involves a non-probability sampling as it does
not aim to produce a statistically representative sample or draw statistical inference. The targeted
phenomenon/issue needs only to appear once in the sample. Nevertheless, relevant quantitative
data on the village level were also collected and analyzed in this study.
The major related issues within communities had been pre-identified and grouped. The pre-
identified issues were served as the platform for discussions with communities. To identify the
most severe issues, the Consultant pursued practical steps and gathered information from
numerous sources.
Methodology during Phase II
In addressing the tasks and objectives stated in the Terms of Reference, the Consultant formulated
the methodology which would realistically cover the project area and issues relevant to the Project.
In order to cover a large geographical area and a number, diversity and complexity of issues, a
three-dimensional methodological approach was adopted. The approach focused on: a) location, b)
persisting issues and c) current flooding issues.
Primary data were collected in two stages. The first round of consultations was done by the
Consultant‘s social team comprised of three local sociologists/ anthropologists and one
international sociologist. The consultations were conducted in October 2010 in ten villages. Five
workshops with stakeholders were organized in selected districts and two with SIDA field staff.
The second round of consultations was subcontracted and conducted in November – December
2010. The consultations included seven workshops at district level/area Water Board and
consultations with men and women in twenty six sample villages. The consultations were
supervised by the Consultant‘s social team members and SIDA. In total, 12 workshops at Area
Water Board/district level were planned.
The primary data collection included workshop consultations with stakeholders, open community
consultations with males, focus groups discussions with female adult groups, and key informant
interviews in selected villages. Before commencing the consultations at workshops with
stakeholders and in villages with the local population, the Consultant conducted one information
session. The objective of the sessions was to inform the participants about the scope and objectives
of the Project, the objectives of the community consultations, and to discuss issues and concerns
relevant to the Project objectives. A Power Point presentation or A1 flip charts used at workshops.
A verbal introduction to the Project and the purpose of consultations were used in the sample
villages. The team encouraged the participants not only to list the problems and issues relevant to
the Project but to express their perception and to give their suggestions and recommendations
about the implementation of the Project.

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1.5.2.4 Participatory and consultative workshops with stakeholders

The preparation of the Master Plan followed the consultative process at all stages of the study,
namely, identification of the issues and options and preparation of pre feasibilities, and detail
designing. The consultations with communities and other main stakeholders were organized at
multiple levels.
Phase I: During the phase I of the study, in order to cover a geographically large Project area, the
Consultant organized and conducted 12 stakeholders‘ workshops at the district/Area Water Board
level. The stakeholders were invited from a variety of organizations and groups such as farming
communities, fishermen, villagers, urban populations, non-government organizations (NGOs),
water user groups, groups interested in environmental and social issues, women‘s groups, civil
society organizations, universities, local media and others. All interested parties were given an
opportunity to express their concerns and opinions and to access information relevant to the
Project. Each workshop lasted for a minimum of three hours.
To achieve transparency, continuity in stakeholders‘ participation and encourage ownership of the
Project, the Consultant shared the workshop records, notes, and photographs with participants and
asked them to review the records, fill in the gaps in information recorded and give additional
comments and opinions. The received individual feedbacks were incorporated into workshop
records and the final analysis of the stakeholders/community consultations.
Preliminary findings from the first round of community consultations were shared with the
numerous stakeholders at the workshop which were organized by the Consultant at the end of the
first round of consultations. The workshops' outcomes were analyzed and used for fine tuning the
stakeholders/community participation strategy, refining of the methodology and tools used at the
consultations and focusing on under-represented community issues and problems in the
Consultant‘s approach.
Phase II: During the Phase II of the study, 12 workshops were organized at the district level, 3 at
the Area Water Board (AWB) level, and one regional/national level, The Consultants supported by
fifteen local partner NGOs and a consortium of six organizations/NGOs, strived hard to bring
relevant stakeholders into the workshops, attended by about a little over one thousand participants,
of which 121 were women. The main purpose of the workshop was to present solutions proposed
during the consultations with communities and stakeholders in the Phase-I, and to solicit additional
suggestions and solutions if any; and their endorsement of the proposed solutions, mainly to
resolve issues related to drainage, flooding, environment, natural resources, socio-economic and
institutional issues, and to prioritization the proposed interventions.
To ensure full and equal involvement of men and women of all ages, backgrounds and social
status, a wide range of stakeholders were invited to participate in the workshops in project area
based on fifteen districts of Sindh, three area water boards including national potential
stakeholders. Several interventions were proposed and presented to the stakeholders for the
identified problems related to drainage, flooding, environment, and socio-economic issues.
The main objective of this process of community consultations was to identify structural and non-
structural environment friendly solutions/interventions, ranking and detailed designing of selected
interventions. The solutions to the problems/issues identified during the phase I, have been
compiled, discussed, ranked and endorsed by the stakeholders at intensive Phase II consultations.
Overall, the phase II consultations were comprised of the workshops organized at three levels i.e.:
i) twelve district level workshops; ii) three Area Water Board level workshops; and iii) one
national/regional level workshop. The workshops at the district level were organized in the
following districts: Ghotki, Sukkur and Khaipur, Noushero Feroze, Shaheed Benazirabad,
Mirpurkhas and Tando Allahyar, Sanghar, Hyderabad and Matiary, Badin, Thatta, Tando
Muhammad Khan, Tharparkar and Umerkot. In addition, one workshop was organized for each of
the three Area Water Boards (Ghotki Feeder Canal AWB, Nara Canal AWB and Left Bank Canal
AWB). The final wrap up workshop was conducted in Karachi with participation of regional and
national stakeholders.

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The participants included representations from the farming communities, fishermen, villagers,
urban populations, and line agencies, such as departments of agriculture, livestock, fisheries,
forestry, farmer organizations (FOs), Abadgar Board, (AWBs), SIDA, civil society. Women were
especially encouraged to participate. These workshops were organized in coordination with fifteen
local partner NGOs and Consortium teams. Based on these consultations and stakeholders‘
suggestions, the Consultants have formulated several interventions to mitigate the issues and
problems mainly pertaining to drainage, flooding, environment, natural resources, socio-economic
and institutional issues in the left bank of Indus, delta and coastal area. The stakeholders were
given the opportunity to discuss, endorse or reject those interventions with adding alternative
solutions according to their opinions.
In these workshops, the stakeholders were facilitated to express their aspirations and
apprehensions vis-à-vis the possible solutions and interventions proposed by the Consultants.
Based on the stakeholder consensus and agreement, 16 interventions were selected for preparing
the pre-feasibilities. The conceptual outline of the selected pre-feasibilities was presented in a
regional/national workshop, held on 14 January 2012 in Karachi, for the final selection and
approval of the stakeholders.
The participatory consultative approach was used throughout all consultations. During the phase II
of the study, the stakeholders were given detailed presentations on issues and problems identified
during the first phase of the project. The Consultants have identified several interventions as
solutions of the issues and problems and were presented in the phase II workshops.
The total number of participants in the workshops held during the two phases was 9,077, of which
female participants were 2,455 (about 27 percent). Out of these women 229 were women active in
the professional fields. In the district level workshops held during the second phase of the study,
1,442 stakeholders were invited. Of them 1,014 (70 percent) participated in the workshop. Of those
who attended, twelve percent were women (121).
Based on the participatory approach, during and after the 2011 storm water floods, the social team
visited each district in the project area, assessed the situation and consulted with the flood affected
communities. The team visited 89 villages in fifteen project area districts and consulted with 1,740
persons in order to assess the losses/damages of villages, crops destruction, people and livestock
affected, chicken and fish farms destroyed, diseases spread, government/private assistance
provided, source of income available etc. In each district, the team has a partner NGO that gave us
the first hand information about the situation on the ground, suggested villages, and communities
to be visited and accompanied our team on each visit.
Information sharing through print and electronic media
In order to disseminate the preparation of master plan process, project fliers in local languages
were distributed prior to the community consultations. About 10,000 project pamphlets each in
Sindhi and English languages were distributed, along with 81 news cuttings published in the local
media in English, Urdu and Sindhi languages. In addition to this, six TV programs about the
preparation of the master plan and related issues were organized local TV channels. In order to
reach a wider community, a questionnaire to identify problems and solutions was published in the
Sindhi and English newspapers. The feedback received from stakeholders indicates stakeholder‘s
satisfaction and keen interest in the participatory process. This also helped the consultants in
understanding the perceptions and aspirations of the stakeholders.
Phase III: During phase III of the study, consultations were conducted with the stakeholders by
the team of consultants and in cooperation with the local Partner NGOs. The consultations were
aiming at assessing the social impact assessment of the proposed dhoras revival, potential
resettlement need, environmental assessment study and economic assessment study with the
stakeholders living in settlements in the location of natural Dhoras. The objective of the study was
to assess the socio-economic conditions of the people, beneficiaries, who would be affected by the
development process and proposed revival of natural Dhoras, to assess the level of community
involvement and kind of support of the beneficiaries and to assess the benefits and negative

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impacts of the proposed interventions. In order to foster participatory dimension of the process and
developing the local ownership, the assessment studies in phase III were conducted in
collaboration with local NGOs working as partner organizations. These partner NGOs worked at
district level with the Consultant‘s social since the project phase I.
The team was comprised of sociologists and anthropologists (two local and one international) in
order to conduct social impact assessment study along with the focal person of the partner NGO in
each affected district. As per plan, the team conducted separate open consultations with male and
female groups; interview with head of households, (male and female member) and collected
village profile data from the key informants in each sampled village having agriculture land in the
area of natural Dhoro.
The team conducted consultative sessions in the location of six natural dhoros and proposed drain
D4 covering 543 households from 91 sampled villages of 32 talukas and seven districts. In the
whole process of consultation, 2815 people were consulted with the ratio of 1,482 females and
1,333 males. For primary data, through the consultative process, qualitative and quantitative data
were collected by designing guidelines and data collection tools. During the field work, the
primary data collected were included the open community consultations with males and females
and key informant interviews in sampled villages.
In order to foster and enforce the ownership of the project, informal sessions were also conducted
with local people especially with community leaders, influential, political personnel, and landlords
and with partner organizations. In the sessions, people were informed about the scope of the work,
intervention proposed, government‘s initiative and importance of the community consultations.
The main objective of the sessions was to assess the people‘s willingness, issues and concerns,
commitment, endorsement and ownership with the proposed intervention. During the consultative
sessions, people were encouraged for discussion on any issue, concern, suggestion, and
recommendation for the development process.
Knowledge sharing, the level of the community involvement and different kinds of support with
full or partial cooperation from community, were also brought under consideration. Indigenous
knowledge sharing process was supported and emphasized by the local people.
The consultants working on the environmental issues of the project conducted field visits and
consultations in 40 villages located in the critical areas and met with the stakeholders and discuss
the environmental issues, impacts of interventions/ proposed projects on the overall environment
with respect to flora, fauna, archeological sites and other aspects.
1.5.3 Collection and review of primary and secondary data

1.5.3.1 Methodology for Planning Studies

Each major study conducted in the preparation of the Regional Master Plan under the Consultancy
was executed according to the objectives of the particular subject. Generally, all studies and
approaches followed the main criteria outlined as follows:
1. Identifying existing legal, budgetary and other official documents
2. Identifying existing relevant studies/reports/maps
3. Identifying different parameters/indicators, ideas and applications used in the studies/
reports
4. Identifying the main methods and techniques used in the analysis and design of the reports
5. Understanding and rationalizing the significance of the problems, solutions and structures
6. Synthesizing and developing own professional judgement.
7. Developing appropriate approach, methodology and tools

1.5.3.2 Secondary Data Collection, Revision and Critical Analysis

In accordance with the outlined planning criteria, the Consultant collected, reviewed and analysed
extensive secondary data, publications consulted are listed in the bibliography of the different
phases of the Study. Each study/task required review of selected literature, relevant reports and

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existing studies as well as contacts with relevant agencies and organizations involved in the
specific area.
The first step was identification of stakeholders for each area of interest and introductory meetings
with them during the process of data collection. These included beneficiaries, affected
communities, NGOs working in respective areas, and local influential people. Government line
department officers were contacted at the Meteorological Department, Forestry Department,
Coastal Development Authority, Agricultural Department, Cane/Production Managers of Sugar
Mills, civil society representatives, AWBs, CBOs, FOs, WUAs, Abadgar Water Board,
Environmental agencies, representatives and technocrats including personnel from PCMU, SIDA,
IPD, WAPDA and Water Experts, just to name a few.
Information about relevant organizations and NGOs were assessed through the local networks and
the internet. Follow up for information was accomplished by visits and telephone and email
contacts. Personnel, equipment and transport capacities and legal and financial standing of NGOs
were secured for use during implementation to facilitate short listing. The Consultant established a
database of relevant NGOs working in the Project area.
The next step was collection of data (reports, literature, maps, data on rainfall, water table depth,
relevant revenue, provincial budget, barrages, siphons, side weirs, cross-regulators, head
regulators, drains, canals, irrigation, geotechnical data, soil parameters data, environmental data,
environmental impact assessments, available statistics on population and economic indicators etc).
Library resources of SIDA, local universities, private consulting firms and individuals were
accessed. Information gained was complemented by the Web search on various subjects such as
environmental and wetland problems of the project area, pollution of surface and underground
water, socioeconomic and poverty characteristics of the project area, flood etc. Each Consultants
sub-team gained considerable information and perspective through revision of these documents
and reports.
Revision of literature and other relevant data were assessed and used for the planning by each
Consultant‘s sub-team. It formed a solid base for familiarization with and understanding of the
project area and relevant components of the Regional Master Plan. In addition, it served as the
base for a variety of specific assessments, critical analysis and evaluations of existing situation,
identifications of strengths and gaps of relevant past and ongoing projects and other relevant
structural and non-structural interventions in the project area. Furthermore, the secondary sources
were of the utmost importance for identification of the core issues as well as for setting the
appropriate communication strategy and methodological tools for interaction with communities
and stakeholders.

1.5.3.3 Internet Web Sites

Web search was conducted basically on all subjects of the planning. Substantial consultations were
on environmental and biodiversity problems of the project area with special reference to pollution
of surface and underground waters. Literature on Water disasters and measures taken to mitigate
the effects of flood and drainage challenges was reviewed. The consultants reviewed reports of the
national and international renowned organizations working on the issues of the communities
locally and globally. Copies were collected of up-dated progress reports, completed and on-going
development projects, issues and problems to manage them, lessons learnt, activities undertaken to
develop and monitor the resources.
1.5.4 Investigation Surveys and Studies
During the phase-III of the Regional Master Plan Study a number of diagnostic and design related
surveys and investigation studies were undertaken as an input to the preparation of the feasibility
studies and assessment of the likely impact of the interventions that are likely to be included in the
Regional Master Plan. A brief scope of the studies/surveys is presented below.

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1.5.4.1 Physical Condition Survey

A survey of drainage system and outfall structures was undertaken to observe and document the
number of size of breach sections, weak and vulnerable points, condition of embankments and
inlets etc. and areas that were ponded and its length of stagnation.
1.5.4.2 Current Metering for Discharge Measurement
The discharge levels in the main drains and outfall drains were periodically monitored to estimate
the actual flow, and to monitor the drain out rate immediately after the rainy season was over. The
consultants procured a boat for the purpose and staff guages were fixed at appropriate points to
record the levels and estimate drainage flows.
1.5.4.3 Farm Household Damage Assessment Survey
A survey of farm household was conducted to estimate the damages from rain to crops, livestock,
stored grains, agricultural machinery and equipment, irrigation turnouts and ditches, and injuries or
loss of human life.
1.5.4.4 Water Quality Monitoring in the Drains and Sugar Mills outlets
Water quality was monitored to estimate the pollution in the drains and coastal wetlands mainly
caused by the sugar mills effluent. Both physical and chemical parameters were assessed. The
quality of disposed-off from sugar mills was also mentioned to determine the extent of pollution.
In addition about 100 water bodies use for drinking in the project area were sampled to
determining the water quality.
1.5.4.5 Resettlement Surveys
A resettlement survey was conducted along the dhoras covering all the likely affected people
(census) to document the value of land to be acquired, standing crops, household effects, and
livelihood means.
1.5.4.6 Topographic surveying
The topographic surveying of selected representative sites of the dhoras and the full length of the
LBOD are being conducted for establishing and constructing the bench marks, and to record the
cross sections and long section measurements, earthwork requirements, profile plane, and to
prepare the detailed topographic maps and overall natural features to locate the main structures.
1.5.4.7 Geotechnical Investigations
Site and laboratory investigations are planned in the Left bank of Indus River at selected
representative sites where main structures are proposed along the dhoras and also the LBOD,
including the tidal check structure, where the soils are predominantly silty clay; clayey silt and
silty fine sand. The explorations are to determine the ground geotechnical properties to depths up
to 100 feet below the ground surface.
The site investigations are required to collect suitable samples for laboratory testing and for
undertaking field tests, geotechnical investigations, and analysis. All sampling, testing and
reporting are in strict accordance with ASTM/BS protocols.
1.5.4.8 Tubewell Surveys
A survey of SCARP tube wells are being planned to i) prepare an inventory of fresh ground water
tubewells that will be divested; and ii) to prepare an inventory of functional and nonfunctional
saline groundwater tubewells that need to be rehabilitated, repaired, and replaced.
1.5.4.9 Environment Assessment Studies
Following environmental assessment related studies were undertaken: i) baseline survey of fauna
and the impacts on environment; ii) baseline survey of flora and impact on the environment; iii)

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Preparation of Regional Plan for the Left Bank of Indus, Delta and Coastal Zone

baseline survey of archaeological sites in the study area and impacts of project interventions on
these sites
1.6 Constraints and limitations of the study
The title of the Contact Agreement signed by SIDA and the Consultants is: “Preparation of
Regional Plan to Deal with Floods & Drainage Issues on Left Bank of Indus River and Designing
Measures for Improvement of the Indus Delta and the Coastal Zone”, where it refers the study
as a regional plan. The World Bank Project Appraisal Document (2007) defines the study as:
―Preparation of Master Plan for Left Bank of Indus, Delta, and Coastal Zone,‖ but describes it as:
―regional master plan.‖
There are a number of definitions of what a master plan and a regional plan are, mainly according
to the objective of the plan itself. A search on the Internet has rendered the following definitions of
a Master Plan:
i. A plan giving comprehensive guidance or instruction.
ii. A plan giving overall guidance
iii. A comprehensive long-term strategy
iv. And a more elaborated: ―The master plan is the orderly planning of a system‘s future
improvement program; it‘s the initial step before specific designs of parts of the system.‖
Nassar, I.S. The importance of Master Planning SAWEA 2007.

The same exercise on Internet about the definition of a Regional Plan was conducted. According
to the Webster‘s on-line dictionary: “Regional planning is the science of efficient placement of
infrastructure and zoning for the sustainable growth of a region”
The contractual tasks of the TORs were grouped into four phases, the total being close to 150
tasks. The tasks range is very broad, from health, education and cash transfers to contract
documents for the implementation of the designs, with a vast variety of topics in-between. Some of
the tasks could be independent projects by themselves. Others lack clarity and/or cohesion. In
some cases there is duplicity of phase wise tasks and at times they are contradictory.
The title of the Contact Agreement directs the study to Deal with Floods & Drainage Issues.
However, the Terms of Reference tasks constantly mix irrigation topics with drainage and flooding
issues, which even though are related, they are conceptually different. During the meetings with
the Sindh Irrigation and Drainage Authority the two concepts were often mixed and obviously
irrigation issues were often referred to by the stakeholders in the consultative exercises, along a
number of subjects not related to the study.
The extraordinary climatological phenomena observed in 2011, comparable only to a tsunami
and/or earthquake of significant magnitude, changed the whole scenario and actors of the drainage
and flooding issues, affecting significantly the work approach. The 2011 flooding unveiled the
lack of outlet (outfall) for the rain waters to be evacuated. The natural water ways created by
nature in millions of years had been in some cases partially and entirely blocked in others by
agricultural fields, roads, and housing and also by the LBOD. The dhoras became an essential
component of the Plan.
The Agreement calls to Select appropriate areas for detailed studies representing various agro-
climatic, topographic, irrigation and drainage, and socio-economic conditions in the project area so
that they can serve as a representative of sub-project area for the engineering designs, water use
and water balance, cost and benefit estimates, and assessment of environmental and social
conditions. The TORs also instructs to prepare terms of reference for the consulting services for
designing the remaining project works during the project implementation period. The Plan puts
emphasis on the activation of the dhoras and in the rehabilitation of LBOD including the green
protection proposed to control the Tidal Link.

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 SINDH WATER SECTOR IMPROVEMENT PHASE-I PROJECT
Preparation of Regional Plan for the Left Bank of Indus, Delta and Coastal Zone

1.6.1 Critical Risks

The World Bank Project Appraisal Document (2007) appraised the overall risk as ―Substantial‖.
Here below is duplicated what the Bank says:
“SIDA, AWBs and FOs may not function in a coordinated manner to make the system
responsive to the farmers‟ needs and Irrigation and Power Department which is still the
technical arm of SIDA for operations of the canal system may be threatened by the
reforms and retard the process.”
The Bank also proposes some risk mitigation measures, which would need to be revised before the
implementation of the Plan.
1.7 Report Outline
The first two chapters present and introduction to the report and description of the study area. The
chapter 1 introduces the report, scope and objectives of the study, approach and methodology
adopted, and limitations of the study. Chapter 2 describes the project area, including physical
features and social and institutional setup, livelihood opportunities, incidence of poverty and social
protection approaches, and role of gender in the development and planning of the drainage
infrastructure ,
The next six chapters describe the present situation vis-à-vis the resource base and its use,
performance of the irrigation and drainage subsectors, environmental issues, and present practices
of disaster management. More specifically, Chapter 3 outlines the resources base, including land
use, water resources, agricultural, livestock, and fisheries subsectors, and wetlands. Chapter 4
presents an overview of present state of irrigation and drainage, and flood protection infrastructure
and its performance, and potential for water harvesting. Chapter 5 highlights the environmental
issues, including impact of reduction in downstream Kotri flows, and impact of seawater intrusion,
degradation of water bodies, and water quality in the drains and sugar mills, and impact of climate
change. Chapter 6 describes the disaster management approaches and the need for better protocols
to cope with the water hazards. Chapter 7 reviews the present institutional arrangements for safe
disposal of drainage effluent, storm and flood waters.
The following chapters outline the stakeholder‘s perceptions of issues, problems, and possible
solutions, perspective plan, its strategy, and feasibilities of the proposed interventions. Chapter 8
presents the strategy adopted for the formulation of regional plan, stakeholder consultation process
in the identification of issues, problems, and suggestions for interventions, and basis of screening
and prioritization of interventions. Chapter 9 outlines the perspective plan, specific interventions,
their output and impacts, plan period, financial outlay, implement arrangements, and policy and
regulatory pre-requisites. Chapter 10 describes the water balance and estimates of drainage
surpluses, water use efficiency, and characteristics of drainage flow routings. Chapter 11 presents
the technical aspects of feasibilities/intervention, their objectives, outputs, impact, and safeguards.
Chapter 12 outlines the yardsticks for O&M of the drainage infrastructures, institutional
arrangements, and pricing policy.
Chapter 13 presents the summary and recommendations of the regional plan, and
recommendations for sequencing of interventions, policy issues to be considered, compliance of
environmental protection laws and regulations, and pricing policy.

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2 Project Area
2.1 Location and Area
The Indus River bisects the Sindh province into left and right bank. The right bank consists of
irrigated plain and dry land along the foothills of the Khirthar mountain of Sulaiman range. The
left bank consists of irrigated plains, and flanked in the eastern belt by arid Nara and Thar Desert,
delta, Halar range (Karonjhar), and the coastal zone.
The project study area includes all areas in Sindh Province lying on the Left Bank of Indus River,
including the river delta, associated wet lands, and adjacent coastal zone. In particular, it covers
the irrigation areas served by the Indus River canals off-taking from the left bank of Guddu,
Sukkur and Kotri barrages; the area covered by the Left Bank Outfall Drain (LBOD), and its
catchment and backwash areas. The districts covered are Ghotki, Sukkur, Khairpur, Naushahro
Feroz, Shaeed Benazeerabad, Sanghar, Mirpurkhas, Umerkot, Matyari, Hyderabad, Tando
Muhammad Khan, Tando Allah yar, Tharparkar, Badin and left bank of Thatta.
The study area is bordered by India towards eastern side, the Punjab province in the north, Indus
River in the west, and a coastline along the Arabian Sea in the south. The Study area is also linked
to upcountry with inter district and interprovincial road network, and a railroad.
The left bank of Indus, for the purpose of this report is delineated into three sub-regions. These
include i) Guddu sub-region in the north irrigated by Guddu barrage; ii) Sukkur sub-region
(middle) mainly irrigated by Sukkur barrage, and iii) the Kotri sub-region irrigated by Kotri
barrage, including delta and coastal areas, which is generally outside the canal command. The
Ghotki sub-region includes districts of Ghotki and Sukkur. The Sukkur sub-region include districts
of Khairpur, Naushero Feroze, Shaheed Benazirabad (formerly known as Nawabshah), Sanghar,
Matiari, Tando Allahyar, Hyderabad, Mirpurkhas, Umerkot, and parts of Tharparkar and Tando
Mohammed Khan districts. The Kotri sub-region comprises parts of Tando Muhammad Khan and
Badin district, and eastern part of the Thatta district. The Delta and coastal sub-region include
southern parts of the above two districts. The delineation of the project areas for the study is shown
in Figure 2.1.

Left Bank
Delta &
Coastal
Zone

Figure 2.1: Map Showing the Study Area: Left Bank of Indus, River Delta and Coastal Zone

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 SINDH WATER SECTOR IMPROVEMENT PHASE-I PROJECT
Preparation of Regional Plan for the Left Bank of Indus, Delta and Coastal Zone

2.2 Topography and Physiography

2.2.1 Topography of the Study Area
The general slope of study area is flat and is considered as level to nearly level with an average
gradient 0.75 ft per mile. The contours are almost at right angles to the river from Guddu Barrage
to Nawabshah, and this has been the zone of the most persistent movement of the river course in
the past. In Guddu barrage left command there are number of drainage lines, especially in the
desert fringe, running south-west wards, towards the head reaches of Nara Canal. South of
Nawabshah the valley broadens and general slope is to the south-east, towards Nara and eastern
flanking trough of the valley. Likewise the old river courses fan out in this direction with several
drainage lines between them, the most important drainage line is the Dhoro Puran, which runs
south-east of from Mirpur Khas to the old Nara bed (Dhoro Nara), and eventually into Rann of
Kutch. However, the Nara itself does not run along the lowest line for its entire length, as the
ground level continues to fall eastwards, towards the Thar Desert, resulting in several lakes
between the sand hills. On the left bank the old bed of Nara was utilized as a canal as early as 1859
and was connected to Sukkur barrage in 1932. Further south the alignment of the Fuleli canal runs
on the ridge caused by the change of slope of the ground from south east to south.
2.2.2 Physiography of the Study Area
The study area is divided into three ecosystems viz. agricultural tract irrigated by three barrages
Guddu, Sukkur and Kotri, desert ecosystem parallel to agricultural tract and coastal/ deltaic
ecosystem. The great Thar desert form an equally well defined shape, the sand hills in the south
are strongly aligned along a north east to south west axis and reach an elevation of about 200 feet.
The greatest aggradations occur near the river, which consequently flows along a slight ridge of its
own making. In Past River has flowed across most parts of the region and the meander plain
represent the strips of slightly elevated alluvium with comparatively rough surface topographically
features lying along these early courses. Between these lie the cover flood plains, shallow basins of
very smooth topography, where floods used to accumulate.
The cover flood plain extends in the lower reaches of the study area towards the lateral margins of
the valley and delta. The delta flood plain is distinguished principally by its extensive cover flood
plain and narrow meander flood plain, the former deltaic distributaries. The Nara canal is aligned
along the bed of an old river that formerly had no direct connection to Indus system. South of
Sukkur it cuts off a portion of Thar Desert, and then flows along the eastern margin of the region
into the Rann of Kutch.
Within the boundary limits of study area, the Indus enters from the north at an elevation of 240
feet (amsl) above mean sea level, and the level of flood plain falls south wards at an average rate
of seven inches (Inches ―) per mile. The overall slope is somewhat less than as compared to the
northern region (Punjab). The modern course of Indus River is at a comparatively recent delta. It
began to flow through the gap in the Rohri hills at Sukkur only about fifteen hundred years ago
and adopted its present course west of the Ganjo Takkar out crop at Hyderabad as late as 1758 AD.
Elsewhere the slight projections in the contours indicate the various courses; the river has followed
across the region.
2.3 Climate
2.3.1 Climatic regions of Sindh
Sindh is divided into three climatic regions: Siro (the upper region, centered on Jacobabad),
Wicholo (the middle region, centered on Hyderabad), and Lar (the lower region, centered on
Karachi). The thermal equator passes through upper Sindh, where the air is generally very dry.
Central Sindh's temperatures are generally lower than those of upper Sindh but higher than those
of lower Sindh. Dry hot days and cool nights are typical during the summer. Central Sindh's
maximum temperature typically reaches 43–44 °C (109–111°F). Lower Sindh has a damper and
humid maritime climate affected by the southwestern winds in summer and northeastern winds in
winter, with lower rainfall than Central Sindh. Lower Sindh's maximum temperature reaches about

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 SINDH WATER SECTOR IMPROVEMENT PHASE-I PROJECT
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35–38 °C (95–100 F). In the Khirthar range at 1,800 m (5,900 ft) and higher at Gorakh Hill and
other peaks in Dadu District temperatures near freezing have been recorded and brief snowfall is
received in the winters.
2.3.2 Delta and Coastal Zone in Sindh
The Sindh coastal region is located in the south-eastern part of the country between the Indian
border along the Sir Creek on the east, and the Hub River along the Balochistan coast on the west.
The Sindh coast can be subdivided into the Indus Delta/creek system and the Karachi coast. The
Indus Delta (2,560 sq. km) is the most prominent ecological feature of the coast and covers 85
percent of the coastal belt. The coastal morphology is characterized by a network of tidal creeks
and several small islands with scattered mangrove vegetation.
Situated between the Indus Delta on the southeast and Hub River on the west, the Karachi coastal
belt is about 100 km in length. Most of which, with the exception of scattered patches of
mangroves, is devoid of any kind of vegetation and consists of shallow lagoons, sea cliffs, stacks
and terraces, wave cut platforms, sea caves and notches.
The coastal waters have high salinity (Hein Van Gils, 2006) due to high evaporation rates,
combined with negligible rainfall. Oxygen-poor water layers sometimes rise to the surface along
the coast, leading to fish mortality. The wildlife along the Pakistani coast consists of both marine
and terrestrial species.
Cyclones on the Sindh coast are not common but do occur periodically causing considerable
damage to coastal villages. After 1947 (post partition), major cyclones occurred in June 1948,
November 1993, and in May 1999.
2.4 Soils of Study Area
The soils of the Left Bank area are mainly formed by alluvial sediments deposited by Indus river.
Only the old dissected desert on eastern border of Left bank contains an admixture of aeolian sand
transported from Rann of Kutch, later on dissected by river Indus. The extreme lower Southern
part of Badin area is a mixture of river alluvial and sea deposits.
Soil Textural classification
Soil survey in past has been conducted by different Govt/ Semi Govt agencies. The latest survey
conducted by soil and Reclamation Directorate SCARP Monitoring organization WAPDA during
2005 by following the criteria used for appraisal was the same as given in Soil Survey Manual
Agriculture Hand Book 18. The Textural groups and their corresponding five soil series
recognized and mapped by WAPDA and updated by consultants selecting the sample
representative sites within the study area are listed as under Table 2.1.
Table 2.1: Soil Textural Groups
Textural Textural
S.No Soil Series Characteristic
Group Classes
Soils are excessively drained and have
Sand and
1. Coarse Jhang very low nutrient and Water holding
Loamy sand
capacity.
Fairly retentive of moisture for plant
Sandy loam nutrients. Potentially productive and
Moderately
2. Farida and Fine sandy capable of producing normal yields of
Coarse
loam crops under good management. Not
advised for raising high delta crops.
Soils are moderately permeable and well
Loam, Silt retentive of moisture for plant nutrients,
3. Medium Buchiana
loam and Silt these have a high productivity potential
and can grow wide variety of crops.
4. Moderately Chuharkana Sandy clay Soils are moderately permeable and retain

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Fine loam, Clay good quantity of moisture for plant

loam and Silty nutrients. These are suited to grow high
clay loam delta crops.
These soils have low permeability and
Sandy clay, develop cracks on alternative drying and
5. Fine Nokhar Silty clay and wetting and pose difficulty in
Clay workability. These are mostly used for
high delta crops.

The investigations carried out throughout the Left Bank of Indus depend upon approximately one
to two sites per square miles. These locations or sites were augured up to 180cm depth for textural
classification. For mapping purpose, the data of previous survey by LIP & MP&RD WAPDA has
been utilized and updated by consultants, selecting the representative sites for verification and
maps showing soil textural groups have been prepared by using GIS technology.
Overall and command wise acreage and their percentages of five (5) textural groups are given in
Table 2.2
Table 2.2: Command wise & total area of Left Bank under different Textural Groups
Percent of each Textural Group

Miscellaneous
Fine texture
Moderately

S. Main Area in Moderately

Remarks
Medium
Texture

Texture

No Canal Acres
texture
Coarse

coarse

Total
Fine
1. Ghotki

The miscellaneous Land type mostly covers the urban areas,

304286 8.0 11.0 26.0 46.0 - 9.0 100
Feeder
2. Nara
1286746 3.0 20.0 43.0 29.0 - 5.0 100
Canal

grave yards, canal, drains and other Linear features.

3. Rohri
998588 5 11.0 46.0 32.5 - 5.5 100
Canal
4. Khairpur
Feeder 506000 18 11.0 49.0 18.0 - 4.0 100
East
5. Khairpur
Feeder 300000 1.0 44.0 25.0 18.0 5.0 7.0 100
West
6. Pinyari 548672 3.0 23.0 31.0 29.0 - 14.0 100
7. Fuleli 74726 1.0 14.0 38.0 42.0 - 5 100
8. Lined
(Akram 339108 0.5 11.5 36.0 39 - 13 100
Wah)
Total Left
Bank
9708725 5.0 18.0 37.0 32.0 - 8 100
Command
area

It is obvious from the table that as a whole the dominant textures within the study area are medium
(37.0% Buchiana Series) and moderately fine textured (32.0% chuarkana) soils, where as minor
part of area is covered by moderately coarse (18% Farida) and coarse textured (5.0% Jhang) soils.

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2.5 Water logging and Salinity

Command wise surface salinity status was observed during the S&R studies conducted by
WAPDA Water wing (SMO) South in 2005. These are the latest studies conducted by this
organization, later on such type of studies have not been conducted by any organization. Hence
data is collected, processed and presented by consultants after rechecking and updating the study
area on reconnaissance level for each canal command and on over all basis the statistical status of
Left Bank area is presented in table 2.3
Total four categories namely Non-saline, slightly saline, moderately saline and strongly saline
have been recognized and mapped. The categories criteria for classification are according to the
soil survey manual Agricultural Hand Book 18. These classes are briefly described as under.
Table 2.3: Left Bank Command Wise Salinity Status of the Area
Salinity Class- ECe dS/m at 25° C
(% of area)
S. Area in Strongly Miscellaneous Total
Main Canal Non Slightly Moderately
No Acres Saline area
Saline saline saline
more
0-4 4-8 8-15
than 15
1. Ghotki 100
984795 73 6.0 3.0 9.0 9.0
Feeder
2. Nara Canal 2431394 29 23 10 33 5.0 100

3. Rohri Canal 998588 57 22 6.0 9.5 5.5 100

4. Khairpur 7.0 100

300000 72 13 4.0 4.0
Feeder West
5. Khairpur
506000 61 17 7.0 6.0 9.0 100
Feeder East
6. Pinyari 981207 22 19 5.0 40 14 100

7. Fuleli 1045651 44 21 10 20 5.0 100

8. Lined
Channel 531965 27 23 15 22 13 100
Akram Wah
9. Total area of
Left Bank 9708725 48 18 7.5 18 8.5 100
Command

Non Saline
There are no visible salts on the soil surface and plant growth is not affected by salinity, this type
of area covers about 48 percent of the total area in Left Bank.
Slightly Saline
Plant growth is uneven patchy, salts are mostly present in patches and cover about 18 percent of
the total area.
Moderately Saline
Salts are fairly visible on the soil surface and growth of plants is affected and covers 7.5 percent of
the total area.

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Strongly Saline
There is no cultivation except some salt loving natural vegetation. Mostly this area is lying
abandoned and covers about 18 percent of the total area.
Miscellaneous Land type
This is most important unit and includes built up area like cities, town, road, railway, canal drains
and Industrial areas. It covers about 8.5 percent of the area.
2.6 Demography, Literacy and other Indicators of study Area
2.6.1 Project Area
The project area is located on the left bank of Indus comprising of 15 districts namely, Ghotki,
Sukkur, Khairpur, Naushahro Feroze, Nawabshah (Shaheed Benazirabad), Hyderabad, Matiari,
Sanghar, Mirpurkhas, Umerkot, Thatparkar, Badin, Thatta (left bank), Tando Muhammad Khan
and Tando Allahyar. The data for area for Hyderabad includes newly created districts namely
Matiari, Tando Muhammad Khan and Tando Allahyar as in 1998 these districts were part of
Hyderabad. The total area of the project is 102,984 sq. kms Table 2.4.
Table 2.4: The district-wise area
Name of District Area (sq. kms)
Ghotki 6,083
Sukkur 5,165
Khairpur 15,910
Naushahro feroze 2,945
Shaheed Benazirabad 4,502
Hyderabad/Matiari/T.A.Yar/ T.M. Khan 5,519
Sanghar 10,608
Mirpurkhas 2,925
Umerkot 5,608
Tharparkar 19,638
Badin 6,726
Thatta including right bank 17,355*
Total 102,984
* Thatta district falls on both sides of Indus, Ref: 1998 Population Census
2.6.2 Project Area Population and other social/demographic details
Following parameters of all the project districts have been studied and analyzed:
1. District-wise population for men and women
2. Sex ratio
3. Population density (urban/rural)
4. Average household size
5. Literacy Ratio Sex-wise
6. Population -1981
7. Average Annual Growth Rate (1981-1998)
8. Total Housing Units
9. Pacca Housing Units
10. Housing Units having Electricity
11. Housing Units having Piped water
12. Housing Units using gas for Cooking
13. Administrative Units (Towns, Talukas, Union Councils and number of Villages

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 SINDH WATER SECTOR IMPROVEMENT PHASE-I PROJECT
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Table 2.5: District Wise 1998 Census Information of Left bank of Indus (Project Area)

Tharparkar

Nawabshah
Hyderabad

Khairpur

N / feroze
Umerkot
M / khas
Details

Sanghar

Sukkur
Ghotki

Thatta
Badin
Area (Sq.km) 5,519 15,910 2,925 19,638 5,608 6,726 6,083 2,945 10,608 5,165 17,355 4,502
Population - 1998 (Person) 2,891,488 1,546,587 905,935 914,291 663,095 1,136,044 970,549 1,087,571 1,421,977 908,373 1,113,194 1,071,533
Male 1511025 810448 471096 499859 349754 597573 511363 568574 746127 483251 589341 555677
(52.26 %) (52.40 %) (52.00 %) (54.67 %) (52.75 %) (52.60 %) (52.69 %) (52.28 %) (52.47 %) (53.19 %) (52.94 %) (51.86 %)
Female 1380463 736139 434839 414432 313341 538471 459186 518997 675850 425122 523853 515856
(47.74 %) (47.59 %) (48.00 %) (45.33 %) (47.25 %) (47.40 %) (47.31 %) (47.72 %) (47.52 %) (46.80 %) (47.06 %) (48.14 %)
Sex Ratio (males per 100 109.50 110.10 108.30 120.60 111.60 111.00 111.40 109.60 110.40 113.70 112.50 107.70
females)
Population Density (Per Sq. 523.9 97.2 309.7 46.6 118.2 168.9 159.6 369.3 134.0 175.9 64.1 238.0
km)
Urban Population 1469101 365216 300175 39827 111464 186488 158501 192404 331316 462105 124739 282359
(50.81 %) (23.61 %) (33.13 %) (4.36 %) (16.81 %) (16.42 %) (16.33 %) (17.69 %) (23.29 %) (50.87 %) (11.20 %) (26.35 %)
Rural Population 1422387 1181371 605760 874464 551631 949556 812048 895167 1090661 446268 988455 789174
(49.19 %) (76.38 %) (66.87 %) (95.64 %) (83.19 %) (83.58 %) (83.67 %) (82.31 %) (76.70 %) (49.12 %) (88.79 %) (83.19 %)
Average Household Size 6 6.1 6.1 5.6 5.4 5.3 505 5.8 5.8 6.6 5.1 6
Literacy Ratio (10 +) 44.20% 35.50% 36.00% 18.30% 24.80% 24.60% 29.01% 39.10% 31.00% 46.60% 22.10% 34.13%
Male 52.63% 49.70% 45.99% 28.33% 36.32% 35.07% 44.21% 24.27% 42.88% 59.83% 31.58% 47.62%
Female 34.97% 19.70% 25.05% 6.91% 11.94% 12.90% 11.85% 22.60% 17.45% 31.32% 11.40% 19.62%
Population - 1981 (Person) 2,059,026 981,190 287,570 540,985 383,018 776,614 562,105 829,051 893,047 560,566 761,039 813,534
Average Annual Growth 2.02% 2.71% 2.37% 3.13% 3.28% 2.26% 3.26% 1.61% 2.77% 2.88% 2.26% 1.63%
Rate (1981 - 98)
Total Housing Units 476,321 255,261 148,470 163,147 122,335 211,354 177,432 187,988 245,479 138,553 220,068 177,522
Pacca Housing Units 259973 53751 46395 11509 15945 34201 53072 40017 69264 53926 36841 47339
(54.58 %) (21.05 %) (31.25 %) (7.05 %) (13.03 %) (16.18 %) (29.91 %) (21.29 %) (28.22 %) (38.92 %) (16.74 %) (26.67 %)
Housing Units having 145838 168173 82814 11011 47857 74268 105301 130311 127255 101853 57069 134053
Electricity (56.55 %) (65.88 %) (55.78 %) (6.75 %) (39.12 %) (35.14 %) (59.35 %) (69.32 %) (51.84 %) (73.51 %) (25.93 %) (75.51 %)
Housing Units having Piped 53399 40796 45140 3757 (2.30 14797 27485 25589 30257 51636 52190 32274 41835
Water (20.71 %) (15.98 %) (30.40 %) %) (12.09 %) (13.00 %) (14.42 %) (16.09 %) (21.00 %) (37.67 %) (14.66 %) (23.57 %)
Housing Units using Gas for 7476 (2.90 24927 (9.76 1722 (1.16 788 (0.48 734 (0.59 7184 (3.40 8995 (5.07 16682 23799 (9.69 41230 6000 (2.72 23197
Cooking %) %) %) %) %) %) %) (8.87 %) %) (29.76 %) %) (13.07 %)
Administrative Units
Talukas 8 8 3 4 4 4 5 4 6 4 9 3
Union Councils 102 89 40 44 29 49 34 51 69 46 55 50
Villages 410 382 369 166 228 505 284 231 412 251 652 310

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 SINDH WATER SECTOR IMPROVEMENT PHASE-I PROJECT
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2.6.3 Project Area Population

According to population census 1998 the total population of the project area located on left bank of
Indus is 14,630,637 million. Since 1999 to date no census has been carried out in the project area.
Thus in order to estimate the population the average growth rate of the previous census (1981-
1998) has been used to estimate the population till 2011. The average annual growth rate of
population from 1981 -1998 census is 2.52%. Applying this average growth rate the population in
2011 works out to about 30 million.
2.6.4 Other Parameters of Demography
The average literacy ratio (10+) as per 1998 census is 32.11%. At present this ratio is estimated to
44% at country level. Like- wise other parameters/indicators have literacy also changed over a
period of more than 13 years (from 1998 to 2011).
2.7 Social Services
Pakistan is facing low economic development that has badly damaged the rural development
process of the country and the conditions in rural Sindh are getting worse. In Sindh, the health,
education, drinking water supply and sanitation facilities need a proper re-thinking in order to
fulfill the basic necessities of the rural population. The lack of safe drinking water is the main
problem facing the rural people. Due to this problem, water-borne diseases have badly affected the
health of people. The problems of food security and deficiency of hygienic food has raised the
ratio of undernourished and malnourished children. Similarly, in addition to pure drinking water
and nutritional problems, the unavailability of formal education system in hard-to-reach areas has
produced illiterate generations. In order to solve the problems of basic needs, people spends on
acquiring needs whatever they earn. As a result, poverty level has risen in rural areas of Sindh.
According to an article ―National Finance Commission Award and social services in Sindh‖ of
DAWN newspaper (www.dawn.com) written by Abdul Samad Channa, ―The satisfaction of basic
human needs is an essential element for poverty reduction. Overall emphasis for adequate social
investment, particularly in human capital development, through education and health is the need of
time. Inadequacies in relation to meeting such basic needs as nutrition, health, water and
sanitation, education, housing and participation in social and cultural life must be featuring
prominently in virtually all action plans of the provincial government for poverty reduction.‖
(Source: http://archives.dawn.com/archives/51056)
In the same article, he has recommended some major steps to be taken urgently. He has written
that, the government of Sindh should, therefore, formulate a roadmap for sustainable prosperity of
the poor of the province. The following areas merit priority of the government for more
investment.
i. Improvement of nutrition especially for children and youth of rural areas
ii. Extended facilities of healthcare.
iii. Extension of universal and quality education right from primary education with one
syllabus for haves & have-nots.
iv. Creation of employment opportunities in the agriculture sector through research and
modern technology.
v. Extended technical trainings, especially for urban poor.
vi. More investment for micro-credit both in rural and in urban areas for creating self
employment by the poor and unemployed youth.
vii. Development of the energy with special reference to the Thar coal project.
viii. Improvement of the irrigation system
In order to observe the low social indicators of Pakistan, Asian Development Bank has been
offering financial support to Pakistan Government for years.
During 2003 – 2007, Asian Development Bank (www.fsindh.gov.pk) had provided financial and
technical support to Government of Sindh in implementing ―Sindh Devolved Social Services

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Program‖. The goal of the program was to improve education and health services, and access to
water and sanitation, thereby, helping to reduce poverty and gender imbalances. The principal
objectives of the Program were to: (i) increase primary and middle school enrolment of children;
(ii) increase immunization coverage; (iii) increase the proportion of pregnant women who are able
to deliver their children in hospitals; (iv) increase the proportion of households with access to safe
drinking water; and (v) increase the proportion of households with proper sanitation facilities.
Source: (www.fdsindh.gov.pk/sdssp/SDSSP%20RRP%20final.pdf)
Similarly during 2012, Asian Development Bank continued its support for social services program
and provided financial support for implementing ―Sindh Devolved Social Services Program‖
(DSSP). The overall goal of the DSSP is to improve people's education and health, thereby helping
to reduce poverty and gender imbalances. The broad purpose is to increase school enrolment, and
coverage with health and clear water and sanitation services. These objectives are to be primary
achieved by improving governance and financial situation of social services that should result in
increased access to basic social services, in particular for women; and improved quality,
efficiency, affordability and sustainability of services. The Program has 5 principal policy
outcomes, namely: 1) to further administrative devolution of social services, 2) improve social
sector financing and flow of funds, 3) promote participation, linkages, and public accountability,
4) rationalize services and set minimum standards, and 5) encourage public-private partnership.
The DSSP covers all 16 districts and 102 taluka/town municipal administrations (TMAs) of Sindh
for a time slice of 3 years for the program loans and 4 years for the TA loan.
Source: (http://www.adb.org/projects/34337-013/main)
2.7.1 Education Sector
Education plays the important role in development of the human dignity, personality, vision, life
stability with persons‘ strong economy by using knowledge for his/her earnings in applying his/her
physical / mental role within the different sectors of life; for example, engaging oneself in public
or private sectors so that his livelihood would improve.
The Studies on the earnings of education have shown that income increases by 2.7 percent with
every additional year of primary school and by 4 percent with every additional year of secondary
school. Currently, adult literacy rate shows that there is a gap between males and females in
literacy role and enrolment ratio. Recently literacy rate was 58.6 percent for male and 36.3 for
female during the period 2007. The table below shows that there is incomparably lower number of
educational facilities available to girls than to boys. The number of Degree schools for girls has
fallen or stagnates between years 2004 and 2007, while training institutions for girls do not exist at
all.
(Source: Development Statistics of Sindh 2008, Bueru of Statistics GOS)

2.7.2 Education Performance

Due to the poor governance, the education sector is still in the state of crises. The factors
responsible include lack of access to education facilities and poverty that prevents families from
bearing the cost of education. Moreover, unsatisfactory quality of education arising from absent or
poorly trained teachers, shortage of school supplies and inadequate infrastructure ( Shelter-less
school, 1-2 room schools, school without drinking water and sanitation facilities), lack of
accountability of school‘s management and service users weak monitoring and evaluation of
performance.
2.7.3 Education Status of Left Bank Districts
The present Status of Left Bank (Study area) education stage wise i.e. Primary, Middle, Secondary
school, Intermediate collages, Degree collages, Post graduate collages and Commercial Institutions
are presented in the following table 2.6:

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 SINDH WATER SECTOR IMPROVEMENT PHASE-I PROJECT
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Table 2.6: Educational facilities in Sindh

Number of Education Facilities Available in Sindh Province

2004-05 to 2006-07
Bureau of Statistics 2008 Government of Sindh

2004-05 2005-06 2006-07

S.# Status Male Female Male Female Male Female

1 Number of Primary Schools 34,573 6,642 35,902 7,116 37,048 7,452

2 Number of Middle Schools 1,754 785 1,834 814 1,916 816
3 Number of Secondary Schools 1,204 521 1,229 527 1,250 246
4 Number of Intermediate Schools 25 13 22 13 22 13
5 Number of Degree Schools 113 97 127 83 127 83
Number of Post Graduate
6 Institutions 6 2 6 2 6 2
7 Number of Training Institutions 14 __ 14 __ 14 __
Total 37,689 8,060 39,134 8,555 40,383 8,612
2.7.4 Field Observations
During the extensive field work performed for the Project, a numerous consultations with local
communities and studies were conducted. The consultations and the studies revealed local
perception of education, access to educational services, quality of education offered and
prevalence of cultural values which determine local perceptions and attitude towards education.
Some of the most typical statements are given in the following paragraphs:
„We don‟t have enough food for our children, how can we send them to schools. Therefore, we like
them to work with us into field‟, Budho Uner village, Dhoro Puran, Badin
„Teachers are not sincere with their profession. They remain mostly absent from schools in our
area and do their personal activities at school time‟, Dhano Kolhi village, Bhai Khan Dhoro,
Badin
„There is no any basic facilities available like drinking water, electricity, latrines and so on in the
schools of our area therefore, there is no benefit of sending children to school‟ , Kaloiabad village,
Dhoro Puran, Tharparkar
„There are so many people in our area who are educated and passing useless life because they are
jobless. Therefore, it will be again useless to send more children to schools‟, Long Khan Gurgez
village, Dhoro Naro, Tharparkar
„We are already passing poor life, our children are good source of our income. They don‟t like to
go school‟, Misri Khaskheli village, Dhoro Puran, Mirpurkhas
2.7.5 Health Sector
Health plays a main role in the lives of human beings; it is a famous proverb that ‗health is
wealth‘. According to the 1948 universal declaration of Human Rights, everyone has the right to a
standard of living adequate to health and well-being of himself/ herself and his / her family. As it
is correct to say that human development is a basic right of any individual and health is a
prerequisite for its development. Poor health can directly influence individual‘s opportunities,
earning capacity, performance at school, ability to care for children, participation in community
activities and so on.

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 SINDH WATER SECTOR IMPROVEMENT PHASE-I PROJECT
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In the perspective of above facts it is observed that health indicators of Study area and overall
Sindh, lag behind of many low- income countries. According to analysis done in the late 1990s,
applicable to this province, priority should be given to the basic preventable and readily treatable
diseases. Government of Sindh (GoS) has taken the lead in preparing and announcing a
comprehensive Health Policy covering long term targets and addressing all the impediments
hampering progress. The Government is committed to continue all efforts including the following
actions:
 Implementation of the health policy
 Re- Invigorating the immunization and tuberculosis programmes.
 Improving health sector governance,
 Promoting public -private partnership by inviting NGOs.
2.7.5.1 Health Organization
The health Institutions are administratively governed by Director General Health Services in the
province and this institution maintains the records of hospitals and health centers provided by
offices of the District Health office. Table 2.7 shows the number of health facilities in each district
distributed by the number of Union councils. The data shows that there is on average at least one
health facility on the Union Council level. However, the local population has a vast reservation on
type and quality of services available in these facilities.
Table 2.7: Government Health Facilities in the Project Area
Number of Number of Number of
No District Taluka Union Councils heath Facilities
1 Hyderabad 4 48 50
2 Matiari 3 31 31
3 Tando Mohammad Khan 3 20 20
4 Tando Allahyar 3 20 20
5 Thatta 8 86 86
6 Badin 5 62 79
7 Mirpurkhas 6 84 88
8 Umerkot 4 53 54
9 Tharparkar 4 76 77
10 Sanghar 6 91 95
11 Sukkur 4 49 51
12 Ghotki 5 47 51
13 Khairpur 8 155 155
14 Naushahro Feroze 5 90 93
15 Benazirabad 4 79 80
Total 72 991 1,030

Field Observations
During the extensive field work performed for the Project, a numerous consultations with local
communities and studies were conducted. Some of the most typical statements are given in the
following paragraphs:
„We need proper health facilities in our area with full operating facilities and qualified doctors‟,
Bacho Khan Tangri village, Naro Dhoro, Mirpurkhas

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 SINDH WATER SECTOR IMPROVEMENT PHASE-I PROJECT
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„Doctors mostly remain absent from hospital in our area therefore in emergency we face treatment
problems and we travel for long distance to city hospital‟, Haji Sultan Tangri village, Dhoro Naro,
Mirpurkhas
„Here we face big problem of timings in hospitals. Doctors used to go away after lunch time and
don‟t come back‟, Mir Allah Bachayo village, Sohni Dhoro, Mirpurkhas
„Hospitals are not clean and have dirty basic facilities like drinking water and latrines for the
patients. Even now buildings are very close to get down and still repairing is not being done‟, Piru
Fiqir Shoro village, Sohni Dhoro, Sanghar
2.7.6 Water and Sanitation
F. H. Mughal Reported that, in Sindh, water and sanitation scenario is pathetic. Almost all cities in
Sindh are getting unsafe water. Similar is the case with sanitation which does not exist in many
towns of Sindh. Even schools in Sindh have no proper water and sanitation facilities. Ingredients
for improving water and sanitation facilities in Sindh include robust institutional framework;
policy guidelines; rational strategic approach to the choice of water and wastewater treatment
technologies; and sense of ownership.
Source: http://archives.dawn.com/archives/49216
The recent floods of 2010, 2011 and 2012 in Sindh province ruined the system of water and
sanitation badly especially in rural areas where the system was already burdened with weaknesses.
"Access to a basic water requirement is a fundamental human right implicitly and explicitly
supported by international law, declarations, and State practice. Governments, international aid
agencies, non-governmental organizations, and local communities should work to provide all
humans with a basic water requirement and to guarantee that water as a human right. By
acknowledging a human right to water and expressing the willingness to meet this right for those
currently deprived of it, the water community would have a useful tool for addressing one of the
most fundamental failures of 20th century development."
Source:http://www.huffingtonpost.com/peter-h-gleick/the-human-right-to-water_b_671175.html
2.8 Physical Infrastructure
2.8.1 Roads
Background
Road and railways are the main source of communication in the Study area. During past days long
before the partition of Indo-Pak the main source for transport and trade was the Indus which
provided the main communication and trade route between the hinterland and parts of the Arabian
Sea. With the passage of time and development of Karachi as a port and the buildup of Railway
facilities, the Indus river route declined in usefulness and as the Barrages were built, it ceased to be
important.
Development & Extent of Roads
After Indo-Pak partition, National Highway was the only source of main transport within the
province which served as a trunk road connected with the small metalled / weathered roads of
major cities on Left bank like Hyderabad, Nawabshah, Mirpurkhas, Sanghar, Khairpur, Pano Akil
and Ghotki etc. Later on with the passage of time the network of roads (Farm to Market Roads)
have been developed and linked with the remaining cities, towns and major villages of the study
area (Ref Atlas Fig road map of the area). These roads have provided the major facilities for
transporting agriculture commodities to the nearest markets as well as to the Agro-Industrial areas
like Sugar Mill Industries etc.
Adequacy
Over all the network of roads is still in need of development for connecting further with the remote
area villages and towns. Also the condition of the existing roads under present situation is poor and

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 SINDH WATER SECTOR IMPROVEMENT PHASE-I PROJECT
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requires the immediate attention of concerned authorities for minor/ major repairs for keeping light
and heavy transport road worthy.
2.8.2 Markets
Role of Markets
Major role for establishment of markets depends upon the availability of raw material as well as
the production of agriculture commodities and the approach facilities for transporting those goods
to the markets. In addition to that the agriculture lands should be utilized in proper way for
production of food and fiber, which can be transported from small markets to big markets and
further extra available commodities for export to international markets (Mandies).
The marketing of the Study area mainly depends upon the trade with cities like Karachi,
Hyderabad, Sukkur, Nawabshah, Sanghar, Mirpurkhas, Khairpur and other local markets of the
interior Small Towns/ Villages of the left Bank of Lower Indus Region (Fig- Ref Atlas) showing
the location of Markets (Mandies).
Markets and Markets Committees
Over all at Tehsil (Taluka) Level Government of Sindh has established the Market committees, the
function of these committees is to establish and control the rates of agriculture commodities of the
area and also facilitate them by providing the Market places or Market Mandies (Infrastructures)
where a common man could be able to bring the agriculture produce for sale and also purchase the
agriculture inputs like fertilizer insecticides/ Pesticides, Seed for growing cash crops and
vegetables. Over all, market committees on Tehsil (Taluka) level are about 62 in the Study area
and big cities are having the mega markets where all types of goods are sold and purchased.
Adequacy
It has been observed that Markets are not located in a proper way and at proper places where a
poor farmer could be able to bring his agriculture commodities without facing any problem.
Infrastructures (Mandies) have got no capacious space to keep the raw material safely so that it
may not be damaged, for example fruits which are counted as perishable items are not preserved
properly. However, it is need of time that on large scale for big towns/cities and at small scales on
village basis Markets (Mandies) are required to be developed so that a common man can approach
easily and able to bring his agriculture commodities without facing any problem.
2.8.3 Water Diversion
Irrigation Water in Study area is diverted from Indus River through Guddu barrage at Kashmore in
the north. Ghotki Feeder Canal off takes from Guddu Barrage, Khairpur feeder East Canal,
Khairpur feeder west Canal, Rohri Canal and Nara Canal off takes from Sukkur barrage and
Akram Wah, Fuleli and Pinyari Canal off take from Kotri Barrage. Gross Command Area of 8
Canals is 9.75 MA and Cultivable Command Area 8.58 MA.
The annual Water entitlement of Ghotki Feeder Canal is 3.484 MAF Khairpur West is 1.148 MAF
Khairpur East 0.369 MAF, Nara Canal 7.803 MAF, Rohri Canal 8.297 MAF, Fuleli Canal 3.280
MAF, Pinyari Canal 2.593 MAF, and Akram Wah 1.786 MAF with total annual entitlement of all
8 Canals is 29.562 MAF.
Adequacy
It has been observed that diversions system on Left Bank area is in need of O&M, so that they can
carry the water according to their entitlements. The canals which have been silted up should be
rehabilitated and most important factor is the adding of the drainage effluent of Town/Cities into
irrigation system, which has not only polluted but also have, deposited its bad waste material into
the System. Therefore, for running the system in proper way, the concerned authorities should take
immediate action for rehabilitation of canals, branches, distributaries and also to stop the drainage
effluent of cities and Industrial area into the irrigation system.

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 SINDH WATER SECTOR IMPROVEMENT PHASE-I PROJECT
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Agricultural Inputs
Common person, either belonging to agriculture sector or business community or any other
discipline, are more or less dependent on utilities for their livelihood. Here specially with reference
to agriculture / agro-Industrial people who are dependent on the important utilities like seed,
fertilizer, insecticides, electricity, tillage equipments are the basic needs for agriculture production
as well as for livelihood of people. The important basic utilities required from agriculture point of
view are discussed as under.
2.8.4 Tillage Equipments
The first and foremost requirement for cultivating the land is the availability of equipments
required for tilth & tillage.
Seed for Growing of Different Crops
After tillage the next requirement is to have a good variety of seed for obtaining best agriculture
production of crops.
Fertilizer & Insecticides
Fertility level in soils of study area is very low, therefore, different type of fertilizers are required
by crops and soils, which are necessary to apply for obtaining good yields. Moreover, during the
crop growth period there is attack of insets & pests, hence proper chemicals with proper doses are
required to save the crop from disease.
2.8.5 Electricity and Gas
Among all utilities the most important is the electric supply to the consumers, especially for
agriculture sector to run the tube wells for irrigation purpose as well as to lower down the
underground water to a certain depth, so that water logging and salinity may not affect the soil and
crops of the area. Also for running the agro-industries both electricity and Gas energies are
required, because many industries and some power plants are also running on gas. Hence, both are
important from life line point of view.
Adequacy
Overall in study area it has been observed that there is deficiency in supplying all the above
required utilities to a common man which plays the main role in livelihood of people of the area.
This is because of the mismanagement of the concerned organizations responsible for supplying
the above most important utilities, especially for running the agriculture sector.
2.9 Sector support organizations

2.9.1.1 Agriculture support services

Both public and private sectors support agriculture, livestock, and fisheries subsectors through a
network of research, extension, and teaching institutions. The research institutes provide improved
production packages and improved seeds for dissemination through extension service. Private
sector companies that market agricultural inputs also provide extension services through their
dealers and some print media. Research being a public good, and have long gestation period,
private sector is still shy to invest in the research endeavors.
Agricultural Engineering Department is responsible to provide services to farmers for improving
watercourses, land leveling, both heavy and precision land leveling, and development of tubewells.

2.9.1.2 Agriculture Research Extension

Both public and private sectors support agriculture, livestock, and fisheries subsectors through a
network of research, extension, and teaching institutions. The research institutes provide improved
production packages and improved seeds for dissemination through extension service. Private
sector companies that market agricultural inputs also provide extension services through their
dealers and some print media. Research being a public good, and have long gestation period,
private sector is still shy to invest in the research endeavors.

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 SINDH WATER SECTOR IMPROVEMENT PHASE-I PROJECT
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2.9.1.3 Agricultural Marketing

The agriculture markets are reasonably liberalized, safe for wheat, paddy, and sugarcane. These
are partially liberalized, as the federal government continues to announce the reference price to set
the prices. Farmers are free to sell their produce to any of the preferred buyer. In case of wheat, the
provincial food department procures wheat to meet their targets. To meet the procurement target,
the food department uses administrative leverage to claim the first charge. Once the target is
achieved met the farmers are free to sell their produce to any buyer. Farmers sell their rice and
sugarcane to buyer of their choice and at a negotiated price.
The provincial agriculture department, however, regulates the markets through quality control and
ensuring fair deal to the growers. The public sector grain, vegetable, and fruit markets are managed
by the Market Committees elected by the commission agents, representatives of the growers and
ex-officio officers from the department of agriculture. In the later report a description of marketing
channels will be detailed for each crop.

2.9.1.4 Agriculture Credit

Agriculture credit is one of the main constraints to finance the short term inputs, along with
medium term and long term inputs/investment. Various studies show that despite special allocation
by the State Bank of Pakistan through commercial banks, agriculture development bank,
microfinance bank, PPAF, rural support programs, and NGOs, the preference is still the informal
sector, mainly, commission agents, money lenders, friends, and relatives. It is estimated that still
the informal sources that charge exorbitant explicit and implicit interest rate/service charge
account for 70 to 80 percent of the credit market.
2.9.2 Institutional Constraints

2.9.2.1 Uncertain Future for Operation, Maintenance and Management of the River Indus,
Canals and Drainage Systems
This regional planning program is a continuation of over two decades of effort by the Government
of Sindh and International Donors to reform and make self sustainable the delivery of irrigation
water. Several serious problems and short comings in institutional arrangements currently are
being addressed through financing and sponsorship of IBRD; it is urgent that Provincial
Government now take vigorous action through this project. Otherwise known shortcomings and
conflicts, if allowed to persist, will worsen and could become un-resolvable. Several problems
have occurred because the objective of the Sindh Water Management Ordinance of 2002 is not
clearly stated and this ambiguity results in conflicting provisions of the Ordinance. Additionally, a
primary impediment to success is the perception that the Ordinance is designed to promote the
dissolution of an organization of some 30,000 persons, the IPD, with the folding of its functions
into an entirely new organization, SIDA. The new organization is mandated to be built afresh with
no roadmap, vision, and clearly stated objectives, and most seriously, the lack of a comprehensive,
focused plan for financing. A number of financing provisions are included in the Ordinance, yet
potential sources of financing identified therein are totally inadequate for sustainable performance
of each assigned responsibility.
A number of the issues that must be dealt with can be traced directly to specific provisions of the
Ordinance. In this report problems, issues and some perceptions of potential solutions are laid out
following, the below, brief reviews of the IBRD program and the functioning of SIDA, AWBs,
FOs, and the IPD.

2.9.2.2 Review of the GOP/IBRD Continuing Program

A number of initiatives of several donors had contributed to on-farm water management
improvements and programs over several decades. By the 1980s, it had become apparent to the
Government of Pakistan and the World Bank that functioning of the irrigation, drainage and flood
management through national and provincial organizations had declined to the point that the
viability of irrigated agriculture was threatened. The Government of Pakistan (GOP) decided
during 1996 to establish irrigation and drainage authorities in each province and introduce

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institutional reform. It was through the National Drainage Program begun in 1997 and the SIDA
Act of 1997, that reform was begun in Sindh Province; the process envisioned was for
decentralization and management transfer of irrigation and drainage systems and functions to
newly created entities, primarily for transfer to the Sindh Irrigation and Drainage Authority
(SIDA) and its subsidiary AWBs and FOs. SIDA was envisioned to become an autonomous
authority with responsibility for all aspects of the water delivery and drainage systems from
barrages to canal head works and farm to main drains. Utility-like AWBs were to be established
around canal commands. FOs were to be small self sustaining units controlled by farmers for
management of distributaries and minor canals.
With the establishment of SIDA it was intended that new personnel would be recruited or
transferred from IPD (SWMO, Article 16 2) and the functions of Sindh IPD would transition from
an inefficient, entirely government run operation (bureaucracy) to one that would function more
like self-sustaining business entities in series from farm to canal to river.
The Nara Canal AWB was established in name only in 1999 without proportional transfer of
budget or system property. Two additional AWBs were named subsequently as the Ghotki Feeder
Canal AWB and the Left Bank Canal AWB. Thus, to date, institutional reforms have been initiated
in name only for four of 14 canal systems. There has been no transfer of system property from IPD
to SIDA. Considering the dismal initial record, over the past five years there has been no will to
initiate formation of additional AWBs for extending the area theoretically under the administration
of SIDA.
After 10 years of effort it is widely recognized that the Ordinance is overly ambitious in that it
posits that an existing organization with thousands of employees should be absorbed by an
organization with a permanent staff numbering less than 100 and an inadequate revenue stream in
prospect.
2.10 SIDA, Its Authority, Responsibilities and its Future
2.10.1 The Sindh Irrigation and Drainage Authority (SIDA)
The formation, legal status, functions; tasks of SIDA and responsibility to form Water Allocations
Committees are detailed in Articles 3 through 27, Chapter 2, of the Ordinance. Three articles, 4,
10, and 11 are quoted in detail in the Box below.
SIDA, from its headquarters at Hyderabad, oversees three AWBs Ghotki, Nara and Left Bank
Kotri. Its mandate is to transform the IPD into autonomous bodies, i.e. SIDA itself, the AWBS and
the FOs The intention is to involve farmers at all levels, including tail area and small farmers, to
achieve fair distribution of water.
In summary, responsibilities of SIDA, as the prime agent of change provided in the SWMO 2002,
are mandated to maintain barrages, deliver water to the AWBS, and maintain Main and Outfall
drains and bunds along the river. SIDA currently oversees the formation of AWBs and FOs,
provides training, and manages donor funds to rehabilitate and upgrade channels and structures
under the WSIP.
SIDA has acted for the Regulatory Authority for supervision and for conflict resolution. The
Regulatory Authority is intended to be an independent government body that sets policy and
arbitrates. Membership of the RA is to be headed by a Chairman, two member Advocates of the
High Court and four academics as appointed by the Governor
Under SIDA jurisdiction are the AWBs and FOs. AWBs are responsible to maintain canals, deliver
water to FOs, and pay SIDA for services. FOs are responsible to maintain distributaries and
minors, deliver water to farmers at the intake to the watercourse, collect revenue, and pay AWBs
for services.
FO‘s are officially formed and ready for business when an Irrigation & Drainage Management
Transfer (IDMT) is signed with SIDA. At September 2010, SIDA reported that 354 of a projected

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383 FOs inside the three AWBs had registered with SIDA and of those 314 had signed their
IDMT. Only some 215 of the FOs had become organized to collect Abiana.
2.10.2 Threat to SIDA and In-Turn to the Economy of Pakistan
As reported in 2009, by AHT Consultants², ―SIDA is empowered, legislatively, under the Sindh
Water Management Ordinance 2002 to take control of, ―the water management system as a whole
e.g. irrigation or drainage contribution rates, drought management and sea water intrusion; manage
the transition process; promote the formation, growth and development of the AWBs and FOs into
self-supporting and financially self- sustaining entities within a period of seven to ten years of their
establishment; and perform any other function conferred on it.
―The SIDA has, so far, been mainly an implementing agency for the World Bank funded
SOFWMP and a major stakeholder in the WSIP Phase-I project. The regulatory authority has been
reconstituted with the provincial IPD minister as its chairman. Recruitments on merit basis were
initiated under the WSIP by the FAO Consultants keeping in view the complaints of rampant
corruption especially in its Operations and Finance wings. The process has, however, been
interrupted due to political interference. So far, during the last ten years, 6 managing directors of
the SIDA have been replaced, mainly on charges of inefficiency, corruption and/or misuse of
powers.‖ The report continues,
It is the view of this Regional Planning Project that, if SIDA is assimilated into IPD, all that the
GOP, GOS, IBRD, and others have worked toward for more than a decade would be lost. There no
longer would be effort to bring about self-management and self-financing of water and its
distribution by Utility supplied farmers/users. There likely would be a halt of meaningful reform
for realization of efficient, fair delivery of irrigation water countrywide.
2.10.3 Analysis of the Two Major Weaknesses of the SWMO Process
Provisions of the SWMO institutionalize a situation that: 1) makes it difficult for SIDA to achieve
sustainable financing for water and drainage operations and 2) for cooperation between SIDA and
IPD over the near term and throughout the Transition Period, perhaps an additional 10 years once
firm, enforceable plans and regulations are in place and handover of budget begins
The poor record of SIDA, the AWBs and FOs for collection of revenue to date make operations of
SIDA and it units financially unsustainable; and
There is serious conflict between SIDA and IPD because IPD does not want to have SIDA, AWBs
and FOs succeed and displace the IPD top level management completely as is specified or implied
in Articles 16 and 97 of the SWMO 2002.
Below is explored the current situation regarding collection of revenue (totally Abiana) and a
review of the provisions of the SWMO of 2002. The Ordinance briefly addresses every aspect of
the delivery of water from the Indus River to watercourses. The Ordinance does not, however,
provide the depth of guidance required for an orderly transition of functions and responsibilities of
a large bureaucracy (IPD) to business oriented utilities (SIDA, AWBs, and FOs).

SWMO - 2002
Select Legal Articles That Established the Responsibilities of SIDA
Article 4 of the SWMO 2002 stipulates, the “Legal status of the SIDA –
 “The SIDA-

“shall be a body corporate, having perpetual succession and a common seal and shall by the
same name, sue and be sued;
“shall have power to lease, acquire, hold and dispose of property save that it shall not hold or
dispose of land belonging to Government all of which shall be held in trust for Government.
 “The jurisdiction or the Authority shall follow hydrological boundaries and be clearly

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delineated by Government by notification.”

Article 10 of the SWMO outlines the “Functions of the SIDA shall be to -

1) “operate and maintain the parts of the irrigation system such as Barrages and outlets
assigned to it;
2) “operate and maintain the parts of the drainage system. assigned to it including
3) spinal drains;
4) “carry out river flood protection and maintain the infrastructure of the Province of Sindh;
5) “advise Government of any matter strategic or tactical, related to its functions and tasks
or to the water management system as a whole e.g. irrigation or drainage contribution
rates, drought management and sea water intrusion;
6) “manage the transition process, to promote the formation, growth and development of the
AWBs and FOs into self-supporting and financially self-sustaining entities within a period
of seven to ten years of their establishment; and
7) “perform any other function conferred on it under this Ordinance”.
Article 11 of the SWMO notes that, “In order to perform its role and functions, the SIDA shall
perform the following tasks:
Strategy
1) to develop, on a periodic basis, a strategy statement for improvement of irrigation and
drainage services, integrated water management, flood protection. Prevention of sea
water intrusion, water distribution in times of drought and wetlands management within
its command and catchment areas setting goals and objectives, formulating
implementation policies and identifying priority and other actions;

2) to formulate annually a Business Plan setting out its proposals for its own activities for the
following five financial years;

3) subject to provisions agreed with the Indus River System Authority, to receive Irrigation
Water of the Barrages within the Province and/or from the inter-Provincial/link canals
and deliver the same in agreed quantities to the various AWBs, FOs or, as the case may he
to other agricultural users, local Councils, industries or wetlands, guaranteeing the
minimum discharge below Kotri Barrage to prevent sea water intrusion, in the manner
and on the terms and conditions as may be negotiated between the SIDA and the parties
concerned and to receive drainage effluent at the designated points and convey the same
to the sea;

4) to maintain the irrigation, drainage and flood protection infrastructure located within its
territorial jurisdiction:

5) to levy and collect irrigation and drainage service fees, rates or cess and surcharge for
late payment on such fees. rates or cess outside the areas of jurisdiction of AWBs and
FOs, as prescribed by the SIDA

6) to coordinate/regulate measures being undertaken … in the total water management

system, e.g. the recording/gauging of surface waters, monitoring of the ground water table
and the quality of waters with compilation of data relevant thereto, and as provided in

Article 13, SIDA shall establish at each Barrage a Water Allocation Committee (WAC).

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2.10.4 Revenue Based on Abiana

Dire Situation of Revenue Collections Based on Abiana
As collected during the past 9 years, Abiana provides a small fraction of financial requirements of
AWBs and FO s and nothing for SIDA operations. Specifically:
An FO with 10,000 acres and 40% retention of Abiana can currently collect a maximum Rupee
equivalent of Rs. 190,000 (US $2,000) to Rs. 475,000 ($5,000)/year and remit 60percent of
collections to the AWB.
During the past nine years, the three functional AWBs, Ghotki, Nara and Left Bank Kotri, have
collected a combined total of Rs 400 Million/yr or money equivalent to $0.5 Million/yr for an area
of 4.75 Million acres that are served by four networks of very large canals that extend for hundreds
of miles across the Province.
The definition of Abiana in The Sindh Water Management Ordinance, 2002 is: ―service charge
levied on farmers by a FO or, where there is no FO, by an AWB or by SIDA for the supply of
surface irrigations water and the provision of drainage‖.
Earlier studies, analyses of the status of SIDA and its AWBs and FOs, and field surveys of this
project confirm that Abiana as it now is structured does not provide even a small fraction of the
budget required to support SIDA. Current collections are inadequate to only partially sustain the
FOs should they be allowed to retain all Abiana collections.
The lack of provision for and capacity to secure revenue adequate for both the period of transition
and for long term operations likely is the most important defect in the Ordinance of 2002 that, in
turn, makes achievement of Reform Goals of GOP, GOS and donor institutions unlikely to be
achieved.
This point may be considerably ameliorated should powers authorized under Article 105 of the
SWMO be fully implemented by SIDA. Article 105 states, ―The powers conferred on the Canal
Officers under the Sindh Irrigation Act 1879 and
The Financial Delegation of Powers Rules, 1962 relating to Infrastructure, Water Management,
Flood Protection and Finances, shall be exercised by the SIDA and the AWBs in their respective
areas of jurisdiction.‖ The Delegation of Powers Act does not address revenues but provides
guidance as to how and how much can be spent on construction and organizational housekeeping.
In the following sections of this report, the revenue deficiency that prevails after a decade of
indecisive administration is successively stated as a Problem, Issues and Potentials for redress.
2.11 Partner Organizations, NGOs in the study area
During the first phase of the Consultancy agreement, NGOs were evaluated with respect to their
capacities to perform components of the Regional Plan with a focus on livelihoods, poverty and
health. Based on results of Social and Economic Surveys, abilities of villagers to contribute to
availability of non-contaminated water, better health and sanitary conditions should be essential
elements of the Regional Plan.
Use of the term NGOs herein includes both NGOs and GONGOs (government organized NGOs).
They are well suited to partner for the conduct of economic, social and environmental elements of
the Regional Master Plan at district, Taluka, village and household levels. Generally, a number of
NGOs are promoting and executing programs that have an objective of sustainable community
development for achieving equitable economic, social, political, and cultural development. As
documented below, twelve listed NGOs have submitted information and have ongoing programs.
They are staffed and equipped to carry out education, training and organization of local persons
and communities.
The list of NGOs refers only about NGOs that currently are actively engaged in Sindh and who
were responsive to invitations to prequalify. The list was drawn from among more than 100 NGOs
who are registered. During the first phase, NGOs were invited through newspaper advertising to

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submit prequalification documents both for future implementation of planned works and for
conduct of current investigations. Additionally, available fact sheets for more than 30 NGOs were
downloaded from web sites. Tables 2.6 to 2.10 present the area of engagement, names, location
and contact information.
2.11.1 NGOs Active in Sindh
Table 2.8: NGOs Active in Health in Sindh

No. Name of NGO Contact Email Address Phone No City

Person
1 Health And Nutrition Dr. Shaikh Tanveer.ahmed@han 021-4532804 Hyderabad
Development Society Tanveer ds.org.pk
(HANDS) Ahmed
2 Center for peace & Jammi Chandio [email protected] 0300-3013436 Hyderabad
civil Society (CPCS)
3 Root Work Mr. Sartaj [email protected]
Foundation (RWF) Abbasi k
4 Shah Abdul Latif Danish Channa [email protected] 021 34978281 Karachi
Bhitai welfare
Society (SALBWS)
5 Management & Dr. Yameen [email protected] 022 2652290 Hyderabad
Development Memon
Center(MDC)

Table 2.9: NGO‟s Active in Rural Development in Sindh

No. Name of NGO Contact Contact No. Email District

Person
Village Development Ali Hasan
1. 0300-3192276 [email protected] Ghotki
Organization Mahar
Allakh Welfare Shabir
2. 0300-3263491 [email protected] Ghotki
Association Ahmad
Gazi Social Welfare Lala
3. 0333-7563355 Larkana
Association Maqbool
Sindh Rural Abdul
4. 0300-3046328 Hyderabad
Development Society Samad
Sharifabad Social Raoof
5. 0321-3108248 Sukkur
Welfare Association Mirani
Abdul Latif Bhitai
Assadullah 0300-3136238
6. Social Welfare [email protected] Sukkur
Shaikh 0333-7128004
Association
Abaas
7. Saami Foundation 0345-3714181 Umerkot
Khoso
Village Community
Maqbool
8. Development 0302-3348665 Mirpurkhas
Dal
Organization

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 SINDH WATER SECTOR IMPROVEMENT PHASE-I PROJECT
Preparation of Regional Plan for the Left Bank of Indus, Delta and Coastal Zone

No. Name of NGO Contact Contact No. Email District

Person
Khaalid 0302-3319533
9. Jaggarta Organization Mirpurkhas
Babbar 0334-3553908
Human Development Karam
10. 0333-7279190 Shikarpur
Society Mangi
Lateef Development Ghafoor 0300-3152411
11. Kashmore
Organization Noonari 0333-7342832
Baiqar Development Akhtar
12. 0306-3455484 Saangharr
Organization Nizamani
Ayaz
13. SEHRA Thraparkar 0333-2977248 Thraparkar
Bajeer
Indus Community
Murtza
14. Development 0300-3010135 [email protected] Nosheroferoz
Arain
Organization
Shah Sachal Sami, Waahid
15. 0333-7065601 [email protected] Dadu
Sindh Surhio
Gorakh Development Fida
16. 0300-3279389 Dadu
Organization Pirzado
Peoples Organization 0300-3148070
Manzoor
17. for Welfare and Khairpur
Laarrik 0333-7580858
Awareness
Khairpur Rural
Ikhtiar
18. Development 0306-3693812 [email protected] Khairpur
Khaskheli
Organization
Farhada Development Hasan
19. Badin
Organization Mashwari
Rahbar Social
Basheer Qambar-
20. Development 0333-7538628
Chandio Shahdadkot
Organization
Village Development Wali
21. 0300-3201323 Nawabshah
Organization Jokhio
Shah Sachal Sami, Yaseen
22. 0302-3221312 [email protected] Nawabshah
Sindh Khaskheli

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Table 2.10: NGOs Active in Village Life and Social Welfare in Sindh -1

No. Name Of NGO Based Contact Telephone Email Recommended

person Cell phone
1 Village Ghotki Mr. Ali 03003192276 Ghotki and
Development Org Hassan Sukkur
Mahar
2 Indus Resource Khairpur Sadiqa 03323793716 Salahuddinsa Khairpur and
Center Mir‘s Salhuddin diqa@yahoo. Sukkur
& Naveed com
Khayal

3 SEEDA Khairpur Khairpur Mukhtair 03003181901 Khairpur Mir‘s

Mir‘s Mirs Solangi
4 Sath Development Naushero Mirza 03003207382 Naushero
Society Feroze Khan Feroze
Ghanghro
5 Badin Rural Badin Dr. Akash 03008373293 Badin
Development Socity Ansari
6 Wahdat Thatta Thatta Mr. Qadir 03012403211/ Thatta
Lashari 03212675877
7 SAWFCO Hyderaba Mr. 03003012303 Suleman.abro Hyderabad,San
d & Suleman G @yahoo.com ghar,Mirpurkha
Sanghar Abro s
8 Strengthening Hyderaba Ghulam 022 2654725 Mustafa@sp Hyderabad
Participatory d Mustafa opk.org
Organization
9 Indus Development Hyderaba Zain 03313556353 Matyari and
Organization d Daood Hyderabad
poto
10 Research and Hyderaba Masood 0222651728 mmahesar@r Hyderabad
Development d Ahmed dfoundation.
Foundation Mahesar org.pk
11 Sindh Net Mirpurkh Mr. Zahoor 03312782473 Mirpurkhas
as Leghari

12 AWARE Umer kot A.Akbar 03337092067 Umar Kot

13 TRDP Mithi Zafar Tharparkar

Junejo

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Table 2.11: NGO‟s for Village Life and Social Welfare in Sindh 2

No. Organization Contact Contact No. Email District

Person
Village Development Ali Hasan
1 0300-3192276 [email protected] Ghotki
Organization Mahar
Allakh Welfare Shabir
2 0300-3263491 [email protected] Ghotki
Association Ahmad
Gazi Social Welfare Lala
3 0333-7563355 Larkano
Association Maqbool
Sindh Rural Abdul
4 0300-3046328 Hyderabad
Development Society Samad
Sharifabad Social Raoof
5 0321-3108248 Sukkur
Welfare Association Mirani
Abdul Latif Bhitai
Assadullah 0300-3136238
6 Social Welfare [email protected] Sukkur
Shaikh 0333-7128004
Association
Abaas
7 Saami Foundation 0345-3714181 Umerkot
Khoso
Village Community
Maqbool
8 Development 0302-3348665 Mirpurkhas
Dal
Organization
Khaalid 0302-3319533
9 Jaggarta Organization Mirpurkhas
Babbar 0334-3553908
Human Development Karam
10 0333-7279190 Shikarpur
Society Mangi
Lateef Development Ghafoor 0300-3152411
11 Kashmore
Organization Noonari 0333-7342832
Baiqar Development Akhtar
10 0306-3455484 Saangharr
Organization Nizamani
Ayaz
11 SEHRA Thraparkar 0333-2977248 Thraparkar
Bajeer
Indus Community
Murtza
12 Development 0300-3010135 [email protected] Nosheroferoz
Arain
Organization
Shah Sachal Sami, Waahid
13 0333-7065601 [email protected] Dadu
Sindh Surhio
Gorakh Development Fida
14 0300-3279389 Dadu
Organization Pirzado
Peoples Organization 0300-3148070
Manzoor
15 for Welfare and Khairpur
Laarrik 0333-7580858
Awareness
Khairpur Rural
Ikhtiar
16 Development 0306-3693812 [email protected] Khairpur
Khaskheli
Organization

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No. Organization Contact Contact No. Email District

Person
Farhada Development Hasan
7. Badin
Organization Mashwari
Shafique
18 03322053221 Thatto
Jokhio
Rahbar Social
Basheer Qambar-
19 Development 0333-7538628
Chandio Shahdadkot
Organization
Village Development Wali
20 0300-3201323 Nawabshah
Organization Jokhio
Shah Sachal Sami, Yaseen
21 0302-3221312 [email protected] Nawabshah
Sindh Khaskheli

Table 2.12: NGOs for Village Life and Social Welfare in Sindh 3

No. Name Contact person Telephone - Email Area served

Mobile
1 Bhitai Social Welfare Khadim Mirani 0300 9314605 Kingri Khairpur
Association President
2 Rural Education& Lutuf Ali Sher, 0301 3211226 Faiz Ganj
Socio-Economic General Secretery
Development
Association (RESDA)
3 Goth Seengar Nazir Ujun Chief 0300 8316137 Thari Mirwah
Foundation Executive Officer
4 Shahbaz Young Welfare Qurban Shah, 0303 2141276 Sobhodero
Association President
5 Health Education Mahboob 0321 3122720 Nara
literacy Program Ali,President
6 Sindh Health Education Sikandar 0301 3420337 Khairpur
& Development Society Soomro,President
7 Saint Michel Banazir Bhitti, 0300-3134649 Gambat
Educational Society President Kot Diji
8 Sharfabad Social Dilbar Meerani, 0300 3135708 Roheri, Sukkur
Welfare Association President
9 Al-Mehran Social Talib Hussain 0346 3666084 Salih Put
Welfare Association
10 Marvi Welfare Allah Wadhayo 0300 3145048 Pano Aquil
Association
11 Allakh Welfare Illum Din, 0300 3263491 Mirpur Mathelo,
Association Jarwar President Ghotki
12 Roshini Educational Co- Rasool Bux 0300 3197049 Daharki
operative Society Mahar

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No. Name Contact person Telephone - Email Area served

Mobile
13 Indus Community Yasin Kalari 0300 3729860 Khan Garh
Development Shareef
Organization
14. Organization For Muhammad 0336 2099716 young_sameer Badin
Development of Siddique @yahoo.com
Mariginalized People Kumbhar
15. Badin development & M. Khan Samo 0333-2524272 [email protected] Badin
Research Origanization
(BDRO)
16. Thardeep Rural 0232-261462 info@thardeep. Badin
development Programme org
(TRDP)
17. Society For poverty Jameel Ahmed 022-2650451 Speed_sindh1 Hyderabad
Eradication and Qureshi @yahoo.com
Education Development
(SPEED)
18. Rural development Muhammad 0342-3609963 Drmsiddique88 Mithi (Thar)
Association (RDA) Siddique @yahoo.com
Tharparkar

International NGOs (INGOs)

There are two international NGOs actively working in the study area mainly IUCN and WWF.
Both of them are headquarter at Karachi and work on development, advocacy, monitoring and
evaluation, support to rural NGOs and their capacity building.
2.12 Employment and Livelihood Opportunities
Project area comprises of 15 districts of Sindh Province located on left bank of river Sindh. Being
predominantly agricultural area, the available industries are argo-based. Presently there are 14
large scale units engaged in the production of fertilizer (2 units in Ghotki), Textile (1 unit in
Sanghar ) and sugar (11 units in Badin ,Mirpurkhas and Sanghar) and are providing employment
to nearly 25,000 persons.
Besides there are 104 cotton ginning factories mainly located in Sanghar and Ghotki districts. A
large number of skilled, semi-skilled, and unskilled labour force is gainfully employed in these
factories. There are bright prospects of agro-based and agro allied industry as adequate raw
material is available.
The pattern of occupational status varies significantly between rural and urban areas. In rural areas,
most of employed persons are associated with ―Skilled Agricultural and Fishery‖ workers followed
by Element Occupations like making Sindhi ajrak. Making khurzins carpets, woolen khatas and
khes.
In urban area, more than one third of the employed class is engaged in ―Elementary Occupations‖
followed by Services Workers and Shop and Market Sales. The working population is also
associated with ―Community, Social, and Personal Services.

There are bright prospects of agro-based and agro allied industry as adequate raw material is
available in the project area. With the implementation of the proposed project Employment
opportunities will further accelerated due to increased trade and economic activities. A brief

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description of pervailing trade and commerce activities is given below to have a good idea of
potential of the project area districts to generate employment opportunists in future
Ghotki district has been progressing in trade and commerce. Cotton is grown in abundance in the
district and supplied to other areas of the region. Mangoes and dates are produced in appreciable
quantity in Ghotki taluka and also supplied to adjacent districts of Sindh and Punjab
The cotton, wheat, pulses, oil seeds and other agricultural products are main item of trade.
Sanghar, Shahdadpur and Tando Adam cities of this district are good trading centers. Shahdadpur
is famous for agriculture production and Tando Adam is famous for the trade of cotton. 58 cotton-
ginning factories are running in this district.
Khairpur district has been progressing in trade and commerce. Dates are the main produce of this
district and are grown in abundance. These are supplied to other places of the country. Pottery
works of various designs are also produced in Gambat taluka. Sandles of good quality and costly
as well as impressive khes are also prepared at Gambat
Umerkot is a trade center with eastern side of desert area. All type of goods are available, both on
wholesale and retail, in the big markets of the district
The important items of trade in Thatta district are rice, leather and wool. The district has surplus in
rice which is supplied to other parts of Pakistan. Bananas of very good quality are also cultivated
in the district and are exported to Iran and other Middle East countries. The main commercial
centers in the district are Sujawal, Jati, Chuhar, Jamali, Shah Bunder, Ghora Bari, Mirpur Sakro,
Daro, and Mirpur Bathoro.
A brief glance of above mentioned trade and commerce activities indicates that with the improved
irrigation water availability will bring boom in all walks of the regional economy resulting in
great employment opportunities in the area ultimately help in poverty alleviation in the region.
2.13 Poverty incidence and Social Protection Programs
2.13.1 Introduction
According to the definition of the World Bank, ―poverty incidence: is the share of the population
whose income or consumption is below the poverty line, that is, the share of the population that
cannot afford to buy a basic basket of goods. An analyst using several poverty lines, say one for
poverty and one for extreme poverty, can estimate the incidence of both poverty and extreme
poverty.
Poverty has remained one of the most serious problems of Pakistan- over one third of the
population is living under the poverty line. About forty-four percent of population is below the
poverty line on the human poverty index (UNDP, 2002). Although governmental bodies, local and
international NGOs, and international organizations operating in Pakistan have made eradication
of poverty a top priority and have operated many social development programs, poverty has been
on a rise when compared to the level of 26 percent in 1988 (GoP, 2003).
As per ADB report 2006, the Badin and Thatta are the poorest districts. Among them the costal
areas constituting at talukas have poverty line of 79% of which 54% are the poorest.
2.13.2 Social Protection Programs/ Projects
Pakistan and especially Government of Sindh have been working hard for launching series of
development projects for socio-economic development of the people of Sindh. The Indus delta and
coastal community have been given due consideration in the development process. In this regard,
the launching of the Sindh coastal development authority by Sindh government has proved
hallmark in the community development process of coastal community. Reviving Pakistan‘s
Mangroves program and the Sindh coastal community development program are one of the major
social protection programs being initiated with the financial support of the Asian development
program.

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Keeping in view the rising level of poverty and adverse impacts of LBOD project, social
protection and development programs are being initiated by the government of Sindh and Pakistan
in the project area of left bank of Indus and coastal delta zone for the socio-economic development
of the area. In this connection, Sindh coastal development authority and the Sindh Irrigation and
Drainage Authority are some of the key role players in the development process for the people of
Sindh. Few major programs from the series of development processes such as the Sindh coastal
community development projects, Zakat program, Pakistan Bait-ul-Mal, Benezair Income support
program, National rural support program, Sindh rural support program and Youth development
program among others, have played key roles in producing skilled labour, removing disparity
from masses and developing copying strategies for people facing poverty. They are described in
the following paragraphs.

2.13.2.1 Benazir Income Support Program

According to the BISP website (www.bisp.gov.pk), the Benazir income support program is an
initiative of current government of Pakistan and this was started in October 2008 with an initial
allocation of Rs. 34 billion. The program is being implemented in all four provinces including
Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK), Gilgit Baltistan
(GB) and Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT). By considering the rising inflation, the program was
basically launched to provide a big support to underprivileged sections of the society. This year,
under this program, Rs. 70 billion are allocated to provide cash assistance to 5.5 million families
covering around 18% of the entire population. The cash assistance of Rs. 1000 per month is
provided on quarterly basis to poor families. In addition to this, interest free returnable financial
assistance, vocational & technical training, health & life insurance coverage are also provided. The
program objectives are to: enhance financial capacity of the poor people and their dependent
family members; formulate and implement comprehensive policies and targeted programs for the
uplift of underprivileged and vulnerable people; and reduce poverty and promote equitable
distribution of wealth especially for the low income groups.

2.13.2.2 Pakistan Bait-ul-Mal

According to the PBM website (www.pbm.gov.pk), Pakistan Bait-ul-Mal (PBM) was established
through 1991 Act as an autonomous body. The Bait-ul-Mal has provided large financial support to
orphans, widow and poor needy persons. Therefore, it has played a great role in alleviation of
poverty. The mission of Bait-ul-Mal is to provide social protection to the poor marginalized
segments of the society. The main goals are focused on educational assistance to needy orphan and
scholarship for the outstanding students, accommodation and necessary facilities for the deserving,
free medical treatment for indigent sick people, free hospitals and rehabilitation centers for the
poor, financial aid to charitable institutions including educational & vocational setups; self-
employment schemes; and some other purposes approved by the Board.
The main projects running under Bait-ul-Mal are: Individual financial assistance (IFA); Child
support programme (CSP); Institutional rehabilitation through NGOs / CSW; National centers for
rehabilitation of child labour (NCRCL); Vocational training centers (VTC); Food support
programme (FSP); Pakistan sweet home; Special friends; Lungar project; Free skill development at
Zia Siddique Foundation; and Jinnah burn surgery center. In addition to these projects, other
initiatives are being considered to be implemented and these are: Launching of special nutrition
package; Bone marrow transplant unit (BMTU); Out-reach programme for poor patients; Jahez
package for orphan girls; Activation of PBM special friends park for the amusement & welfare of
the disabled; Complimentary lunch boxes; and distribution of stitching units.

2.13.2.3 Sindh Coastal Community Development Project

According to the SCCDP website (www.sccdp.gos.pk), the Sindh Coastal Community
Development Program is initiated by Sindh Coastal Development Authority of Sindh government
with the financial assistance of Asian Development Bank. The main objectives of the program are
to address the issues and to reduce poverty in vulnerable coastal communities (where 54% people
are the poorest), access to public services and improve environment of the coastal areas of district

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Thatta and Badin. Along with achieving the program objectives, the project has to create
community awareness, community participation and local ownership. The project also focuses on
the re-structuring and capacity building of three Sindh government departments i.e., Coastal
Development Authority, Sindh Fisheries Department and Agriculture Department were considered
on priority basis.
The program has the following four components:
 Improved Coastal Management
 Community Development
 Institutional Capacity Development
 Project Management
In institutional component, the following major activities are envisaged:
 Organizational restructuring of coastal development authority
 Institutional strengthening of fisheries department
 Reform process in fisheries department
 Institutional strengthening of agriculture department by following two strategies
 Improved land management in pilot areas
 Dry land area strategy
In community development component, the following major activities are planned:
 Infrastructure development
 Mari culture and mangrove plantings
 Income generation and skills development
According to the reports in local newspapers, the project has raised the productivity and incomes
and provided the indigenous people with access to basic amenities. The community organizations
were established as part of the project and similarly village development plans were prepared and
small-scale schemes were implemented by community organizations formed under the project.
Hence, the role of Sindh Coastal Development Authority is being considered highly important in
the fields of development, land management, alternate energy, hydrogeology, resource
management, disaster management, environment, aquaculture, agriculture and natural coastal
fisheries.
2.13.3 National Rural Support Programme
According to the NRSP website (www.nrsp.org.pk), the National Rural Support Programme is
basically a non-profit organization that runs the largest rural support programme in Pakistan. The
main focus is on outreach, capacity building and development activities in order to alleviate
poverty. It operates in all four provinces of Pakistan through its field offices. The NRSP has
established a large number of community organizations through which it has approached a big
number of poor households. Therefore, through rural support programme, the NRSP has played a
successful role in community and rural development. The overall purpose of the programme is
alleviation of poverty. Through the process of social mobilization and by implementing conceptual
tools, the programme polishes the skills of vulnerable male and female and enables them to meet
their needs. The NRSP has provided the quality primary education, infrastructure schemes, and
opportunities for income generation, improved agricultural productivity and so on.
2.13.4 Sindh Rural Support Programme
According to the Sindh RSP website (www.sindhrsp.org), the Sindh Rural Support Programme
was formed in 1995 in order to reduce the poverty from rural areas of Sindh through sustainable
development process of poverty alleviation, social, rural and community development. The vision
of the programme is to promote sustainable development in Sindh through community
participation in reducing poverty, hunger and unemployment. The programme mostly works in
marginalized communities like haris (sharecroppers), small landowners and wage earners. In order
to build local ownership, the SRSP has implemented so many programs with community

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organization and working with them as development partner. Therefore, the SRSP is focusing on
the organizational capacity of community organizations. The main objectives of the programme
are to mobilize disadvantaged groups for socio-economic empowerment, to enhance capacity of
mobilized groups, to provide micro credit, to facilitate in social infrastructure, to engage in
research and advocacy, to enhance the institutional capacity of civil society organizations and to
support the communities in environmental protection and conservational of natural resources.
2.13.5 Benazir Bhutto Shaheed Youth Development Program
According to the BBSYDP website (www.bbsydpsindh.gov.pk), The programme of Benazir
Bhutto Youth Development is an initiative of the provincial government of Sindh (GoS) in order to
address the issues of poverty and un-employment through Human Resource Development in the
province. The aim of the programme is to register the semi-literate and educated unemployed
youth in Sindh and to provide them with opportunities for skill development. The duration of the
training programmes vary from three months to one year. The courses designed are certified and
provides various training options to unemployed youth to attend the course according to local and
international job markets. Through this practice, the program aims for the improvement of the
socio-economic conditions of the common citizens and efficiency of the public and private sector
through skilled workforce.
The main objectives of the programme are: to train human resources in Sindh to cater to the needs
of public and private sector in local and international markets; to provide scholarships to various
categories of unemployed educated youth, to provide quality trainings and certification to
approximately 100, 000 unemployed educated youth in first phase through technical and
professional institutes and ―On-Job training‖ by the public and private sector to increase their
employability; and to provide linkage to the trained manpower to the local and international job
market and explore self-employment opportunities.
2.13.6 Sindh Skills Development Project
According to the STEVTA website (www.stevta.gos.pk), the project is launched in support of
Sindh Government in strengthening and expanding its programme of skills development by
improving the quality of vocational training to produce high quality skilled workforce from the
Government funded training institutions and to provide better and decent employment
opportunities to un-employed youth of the province. In order to build organizational capacity, the
project would also seek to promote institutional reforms and innovations in the selected training
institutions, improvement in the existing and development of new programmes and to strengthen
the overall management capacity of the technical vocational education and training system in
Sindh province.
According to the aims and objectives, the project has to establish responsive and market driven
institutional training programmes in the institutions under the Administrative control of STEVTA
to meet the growing demand of skilled workforce on one hand and to provide maximum
opportunities for decent employment to trainees on the other hand.
2.13.7 Community Development Program
According to the CDP website (www.cdpsindh.gov.pk), the program of community development
was initiated in 2008-09 with the allocation of Rs. 500 million by the Government of Sindh. The
program aims to alleviate poverty and to bring about improvement in the lives of ordinary people.
The program is being implemented through civil society organizations (CSOs) by using their
expertise to bring change in the development sector. All the program activities are being monitored
by the project coordination unit.
The working areas of the program include education, health, water & sanitation, women
empowerment, skill development and legal aid. According to the one of their reports, about 36
projects with the funding of Rs. 609 million have been initiated through this program.

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2.14 Challenges and Weaknesses

According to the review of some reports such as (A Profile of Social Protection In Pakistan: An
Appraisal of Empirical Literature By Haroon Jamal, May 2010), there are few challenges and
weakness of the described programs:
 Poor accountability and monitoring mechanism
 Bad implementation strategies
 Limited coverage of programs
 Non-preparation of coping strategies
 Bad governance
 Fail to access hard to reach areas
 Lack of coordination and cooperation
 Rising corruption
 Spending more on plans, design, policy and planning and less on implementation
 Inadequate cash or in-kind assistance
 Program overlap and duplication
 Less concentration on sustainability of programs
 Less ownership interest of locals for development programs
 High level corruption in recruitment process
2.15 Conclusion
The programs of social protection are designed to enable poor people to fulfill their basic
necessities, to protect vulnerable people against livelihood risks. . The government of Pakistan has
played a key role in implementing the programs. Besides government initiatives, there are various
international and local organizations that work hard to provide social protection to the vulnerable
and marginalized communities of Pakistan. Among all those organizations, there are few very
active ones: s Food and agriculture organization, United Nations Development Fund, International
union for conservation of nature and natural resources, National commission for human
development, Pakistan fisher folk forum, Strengthening participatory organization, World wide
fund for nature, Indus earth trust, Pakistan poverty alleviation fund and so on. In order to
strengthen the protection process, government has taken serious step in reaching inaccessible
population through public private partnerships (PPPs) with non government organizations.

2.16 Role of Gender as Partners in the Development Process

2.16.1 Introduction
"No nation cannot rise to the height of glory unless your women are side by side with you; we are
victims of evil customs. It is a crime against humanity that our women are shut up within the four
walls of the houses as prisoners. There is no sanction anywhere for the deplorable condition in
which our women have to live." Mohammad Ali Jinnah 1944 (US Library of Congress report
"Pakistan - A Country Study")
http://womenissuespk.blogspot.com/2010/10/situation-of-women-in-pakistan.html

Gender is the culturally specific set of characteristics that identifies the social behavior of women
and men and the relationship between them. Gender, therefore, refers not simply to women or
men, but to the relationship between them, and the way it is socially constructed. Because it is a
relational term, gender must include women and men. Like the concepts of class, race and
ethnicity, gender is an analytical tool for understanding social processes (Status of Women,
Canada, 1996). Existing policies and laws related to water, women and land rights are given in
table 2.13.

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2.16.2 Existing policies and laws related to water, women and land rights
Table 2.13: Relevant policies and laws

Water rights policies Human Right/Women rights /policies

Year Year
1 1879 Sindh Irrigation Act 1948 Muslim Personal Law of Sharia
2 1879 Sindh Land Revenue Code 1955-56 The Commission on Marriages and Family Laws
3 1914 Amendment of the Sindh Irrigation (Amdt.) Act, 1961 Muslim Family Laws Ordinance
Ordinance 2
4 1955 Amendment of the Sindh Land Revenue Code, 1973 Sindh Civil Service Act
Ordinance 5
5 1997 Sindh Irrigation & Drainage Authority Act 1973 Sindh Civil Service E&D Rules
6 1998 Establishment of the Sindh Irrigation and Drainage 1976 Women‘s Rights Committee
Authority
7 2001 National Drinking Water Policy 1985 Pakistan Commission on the Status of Women

8 2001 Water Vision 2025 (Water and Power Development 1991 Shariat Bill
Authority, 2001)

9 2002 The Pakistan Water Resources Strategy (Ministry of 1997 Commission of Inquiry for Women
Water and Power, 2002)
10 Oct The Sindh Water Management Ordinance No. XL, 1997 Ministry Of Women Development
2002
2002

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12 Tenants act 1998 National Plan of Action, Ministry of Women‘s

Development

13 2000 National Commission on the Status of Women

(NCSW)

14 2001 Sindh Local Government Ordinance

15 March National Policy for Development and

2002 Empowerment of Women, (MoWD)

16 2004 The National Gender Reform Action Plan (GRAP)

17 2005 CEDAW Debriefing session

Sources: SIDA 2004, Gender Equity Strategy, page# 10

These policies represent Government‘s effort to reduce gender gaps, empower women and create an environment that cultivates women‘s
involvement in the public sphere. The Government has ensured the reservation of seats for women in local government and provincial and national
assembly which has considerably increased women‘s political participation, made women‘s voice heard and concerns visible.

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2.16.3 Gender role in water sector

Kamal (2005), in „Women and Water Issues of Entitlement, Access and Equity‟, underlines the prevailing
view in the country which sees women‘s role in the water sector only in the sector of water for domestic
use and sanitation. Consequently, with this view, there are no issues of ownership, control and access to
water. Land ownership is usually a proxy for ‗water rights‘ and access to water. Considering women‘s
extremely limited ownership or control over the owned land, women have little or no control over water
rights.
In addition, the author emphasized absence of gender-disaggregated data, which are rarely available, or if
available, the data are very basic and fragmented. Some projects maintain reference to gender but these are
usually relevant to the local area covered by the project.
Without aspiration to analyze every aspect of women‘s life and existing barriers to their full participation
in the public sphere of life and ultimately in management of water, we will just briefly mention some
relevant point of women‘s position under current circumstances. As already mentioned, women‘s role in
water management is seen only in the domestic use of water. Fetching water is a ‗women‘s job‘ and
women are considered as users and beneficiaries of any domestic water projects. However, there is a
chronic lack of involvement of women in planning, implementation and operation stages of such projects.
Rural women are mostly engaged in agriculture and domestic chores as unpaid workers. Paid work in
agriculture is limited and women are usually paid much less than men for the same work. In fisheries,
women used to play a much greater role in the past. Fishermen use to take the whole family for fishing and
each member had its role in catching, cleaning, drying fish etc.
Expansion and commercialization of fisheries, as well as intrusion of non-indigenous fishermen in the
coastal area, pushed out of business local fishermen and in particular, local women.
Pakistan: Country Gender Profile Study, (SDPI) reveals that there is no government policy framework or
administrative action which deals with the socio-economic support of fisherwomen and sustainability of
their livelihoods. Moreover, there is no any acknowledgement at the women‘s entire role in the fisheries
sector and consequently, in the government policy documents, laws and rules etc. The situation in forestry
is not much different either.
Employment of women in particular in water sector departments, is very low. The study on ―Feminizing
Water Institutions in Sindh”, stated that women constitute just 1% and 0.8% of total employment of
WAPDA-WW (water wing) and WASA (Water and Sanitation Authority). There were only 5 women out
of 1001 employees in WAPDA-Water Wing, and 20 out of 2294 in WASA. SIDA had seven females out
of 141 employees in the main office and 5 out of 56 in the field teams in August 2009.
„…there is about 30-33% land holding possessed by women farmers in the command area of the three Area
Water Boards (AWB) in Sindh province. So far, 1905 active women farmers have been identified by social
cell SIDA out of which 914 are the registered members of Water Course Association and 15 Women
groups have been formed to promote the women farmers in irrigation sector…Also, 1750 women
khatedars are registered with SIDA ‟.
2.16.4 SIDA gender segregated data of Farmers Organizations
According to data on Farmers Organizations (FOs) maintained by SIDA, there is 383 FOs in the command
area as of June 2011. Total No of FOs having women membership is 146, which makes 38% of all formed
FOs. Table 2.14 illustrates a very symbolic role of women in water management organizations. Moreover,
women‘s part decision-making position such as chairman‘s position is zero.
Table 2.14: Women in water management
Farmers organizations profile Number No of women

Number of Farmers Organizations 383

Land shareholder registered in Farmers Organizations 119,786 146

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Chair person in Farmers Organizations 383 0

Land shareholder members in Water Course Associations 119,786 924
Chairperson of Water Course Associations 9,582 3
Farmers Organizations Board of Management 383 4
General Body of Farmers Organizations 383 5
FOs profile and gender data by SIDA secretariat (2011)

2.16.5 Analytical View Point

The team of consultants during the field took primary data based on following guidelines. The responses
received were analyzed and gender strategy was developed and the responses helped the team of
consultants to assess the role of gender in development process.
The analysis of the responses loudly speaks about the status of women in water management sector and the
stakeholders‘ perceptions of women‘s roles and position in the society as a whole. In addition, it shows the
level of information and knowledge that highly qualified members and stakeholders such as AWB
directors, FO chairpersons, NGO representatives and female employees have about existing policies, laws
and women role in water management.
In order to get perceptions, opinions and learn about attitude prevalent, the team visited all three Area
Water Board offices, SIDA field and the main office and some local NGOs offices.
There are no women working in LBC and GFC AWB office either. Consequently, there cannot be any
discussion about working environment from the gender perspective.
AWB Nara office in Mirpurkhas has a much better working environment and there are four women
employed on the WSIP. Women are satisfied with their working environment and professional relationship
with male colleagues. The common complaints from male and female employees were lack of transport
facilities for fieldwork for both, males and females.
There is 130 staff working in the SIDA‘s main Hyderabad office. Out of 130 employees, only five are
females. In this almost exclusively male working environment is not rare to hear that women are not
treated equally as their male colleagues.
From the gender perspective, men and women working in visited NGOs are active, more open to
discussions and gender sensitized. They work in a relatively comfortable office setup and have basic
services available.
2.16.6 Gender perceptions, actions and practices in visiting area
Gender perceptions, practices and information about existing policies in all three AWBs are almost at the
same level. There is a prevalent opinion that the water sector activities are not related to women‘s role and
are not considered important to women. Women are perceived (and treated) just as water users and
beneficiaries. However, AWBs representatives and NGOs endorsed to some degree the importance of
women role in water management stating that women need intensive involvement, stronger motivation and
mobilization, trainings, awareness and separate well-defined budget.
In irrigation water management, people relate women‘s work with watering to land and as water users.
Consequently, all water schemes and projects are designed in a way that cut off any female involvement in
the whole sector. The stakeholders think that involvement of women as laborers in the field of irrigation is
impossible as land is watered during the odd hours, which are not suitable and safe for women. However,
women, regardless of how much land they own, are not allowed to manage land or water use, make
important decisions and/or for example, manage conflicts between minors and water course associations.
Therefore, overwhelming majority of men and some women and NGOs think that this field is not
appropriate for women.
The consulted stakeholders think that women are just good in “…misuse of water at home but not in
management‟. In addition, constraints and barriers for any active women participation in the public sphere

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are deeply embedded in the local communities‘ values. The following comments recorded during the focus
group discussions, summarize one of the most dominated perceptions about women‘s role outside her
home and therefore in the water management too:

“I don‟t know why you took this issue? This is completely men‟s field…We cannot trust even our relatives;
we can‟t give permission to our women to go outside with our relatives, our brothers, then how can we
trust rickshaw drivers as they are totally outsiders”. (Male, FOC Mirpurkhas)

“My wife is a doctor, truly, I don‟t like her to go to work, but she is getting handsome salary, so for that, I
let her to go “(Male, AWB Badin)

“I am an engineer. I sent my CV to many water related departments including SIDA but I didn‟t get job
relevant to my degree because I am a woman engineer. Now I work in an NGO”. (Female, Hyderabad)

“By law, we have to give share of land and property to our wives, daughters and sisters but we don‟t give
them or they withdraw from their share because we feed them and fulfill all their requirements”. (Male,
FO Badin)

“My aunt is a shareholder of 80 acres of land. She is managing her land and income from crops but she
still needs male to work on her land; my son helps her in watering land; however she is making decisions
and managing her land”. (Male, FO Badin)

“I worked In SIDA office and did lot of work in my duty, established communication strategy for SIDA still
they are following , without any solid reason they kick me out because I am a woman” (Female, NGO
Hyderabad)

“Now time is changed, people‟s mentality is going to change towards women and girls; this is very rigid
community, women are working in various sectors and with time, women will also join water sector
although it is a new topic or sector for us”. (Male, AWB Ghotki)

2.16.7 Barriers for women to play role in water sector & development
Unclear entitlements in water and land share for women and poor increase barriers for them to participate
in water related activities. According to the focus groups discussions, the barriers for women‘s full
participation in any sphere of public life and therefore in water management too, are multifaceted: cultural,
political and religious. Participants think that it is extremely difficult to overcome barriers in the male
dominant society, where women depend financially on men and are often perceived and treated as male‘s
property.
In conclusion, the main attitude towards women engagement in the water management is dominated by the
following perceptions:
 Women are weak for labor work
 Women are not able to take decisions
 Women are generally less educated
 Women are too busy at home so they do not have time to participate in public affairs
 Environment is not safe for women due to men‘s behavior

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 Women are unaware of water management due to lack of education and exposure
 Women do not contribute financially to family income
 Women are treated as a man‘s property in a typical family setup
 Cultural restrictions of women‘s mobility are strong
2.16.8 Overview of Consultation Process
The consultation process with project stakeholders has been carried on since Phase I of the master plan. In
accordance with the analysis, the women participation has remained high in number. The overall status of
consultation from Phase I to phase III is mentioned as under:
During Phase I, overall, 3,376 persons participated in community and stakeholders consultations. There
were 669 at 15 stakeholders‘ workshops (Table 2.15) and 2,761 participants in 36 villages (Table 2.16).
On average, there were 77 persons per village consultation and 45 per stakeholders‘ workshops. Ismail
Bhud village in Benezirabad had the highest number of participants (259), while the stakeholders‘
workshop in Ghotki had the highest number of district stakeholders participating in consultations (73).
2.16.9 Women in the Local Context
The shortage of water, land salinity, ruined agriculture and livestock has changed women‘s lives. They
used to work in the fields with their husbands and minded livestock. The loss of these major sources of
women‘s work has had a substantial impact on local women. In many villages, they must walk long
distances to fetch drinking water. In others, they sit all day at home without work, caring for children and
waiting for their husbands to bring some food for the family. Some women go with husbands to cut wood
while others, in villages where some land is cultivated, pick cotton or do some other agricultural work.
The consulted women underlined the following issues/needs:
 creation of opportunity for women‘s employment
 low literacy rate
 too many children per family
 lack of education and other basic facilities in villages
 lack of sanitation facilities for women
 increase in crime rate
 begging
 drugs and prostitution in urban settlements
 increased poverty
 child delivery problems and women‘s and children‘s health problems

The consulted women asked for schools for their children, particularly girls, help with the establishment of
small home-based businesses such as rali making, embroidery, stitching or small industries where women
can find some work and work opportunities for their men.

Table 2.15: Stakeholders‟ Workshops

District No of participants
Umerkot 36
Sanghar 57
Thatta 46
Shaheed Benazirabad 54
Naushero Feroze 52
Khairpur 66
Ghotki 73
Hyderabad 17
Mirpurkhas 38
Matiary 29

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Tando Muhammed Khan 28

Hyderabad 54
Badin 26
SIDA 22
SIDA 17
Stakeholders Region 54
Total 669

Table 2.16: Village Level Community Consultations

Participants
Number Village District
Male Female Total
1. Sahib Khan Lund Ghotki 29 16 45
2. Pir Bux Lund Ghotki 18 28 46
3. Tig Ghotki 36 20 56
4. Hamzo Mahar Ghotki 32 35 67
5. Kazi Muhammad Murrad / Kazi Ghotki
Faqeer 34 38 72
6. Khan Muahmmed / Mir Khan Ghotki
Gabool 30 21 51
7. Khan Samejo Ghotki 25 23 48
8. Alam Khan Jatoi Sukkur 68 23 91
9. Mir Akhtar Talpur Sukkur 22 15 37
10. Mir Ashique Hussian Sukkur 18 16 34
11. Gaagri Khairpur 41 37 78
12. Tando Nazar Ali Khairpur 67 43 110
13. Dhakaie, (Dhakhani) Naushero Feroz 64 80 144
14. Rasool Bux solangi Naushero Feroz 66 57 123
15. Muhammed Usman Othoo Benazirabad 75 36 111
16. Ismail Bhund Benazirabad 155 104 259
17. Ahmed Din Laghari (Sanghar Sanghar 43 27 70
18. Razi Khan Rind (Kunri, Umerkot) Umerkot 20 30 50
19. Ghulam Mohammad Rind Umerkot 29 21 50
20. Abdul Aziz Maheri Badin 35 37 72
21 Sirai Fazal Badin 41 30 71
22 Jano Dale Badin 10 12 22
23 Muhammad Khan Lund Badin 33 17 50
24 Arab Mallah Racho Thatta 21 33 54
25 Ladiyoon Thatta 133 89 222
26 Qadir Dino Shah Thatta 42 27 69
27 Ahmed Ajib Jat / Abdullah Jat Thatta 25 36 61
28 Mureed Khoso Thatta 32 15 47
29 Gul shah Colony Hyderabad 22 13 35
Dani Miyar, Major Bakar and
30 Usman Malandi Hyderabad 13 45 58
31 Ramzan Lashari Mirpurkhas 16 14 30
32 Saindad Aliani Mirpurkhas 39 17 56
33 Muhammd Ali sungrasi Matiary 53 51 104
34 Ali Navaz Khoso Matiary 53 44 97
Katy Mehran, Nim Khoso and Tando Muhammad
35 Mutko Khan 44 47 91
36 Massan Waddi (Bari) Tando Allah Yar 31 49 80
Total 1515 1246 2761

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Table 2.17: Phase-I Consultations

PHASE-I CONSULTATIONS ON ISSUES
No. of No. of No of No of
No. of No. of key community case No. of No. of women in women in
Study workshops informants consultations studies villages participants villages w.shops

LBOD/
drainage 19 36 72 0 36 3,689 1,246 98

Poverty
0 8 16 16 40 296 110 0
assessment
Environmental
0 0 12 0 12 846 0 0
study
Socio-
economic study 0 0 0 0 60 633 0 0

Total Phase I 18 44 100 16 148 5,464 1,356 98

Table 2.18: Phase II Consultations

PHASE-II CONSULTATIONS ON SOLUTION /FIELD TRIPS SUMMARY

No of consolations

No. of participants
consultations with
No. of workshops

No of women in

No of women in
No of field trips

No of districts

No of villages

informants
No. of key

with men

w.shops
women

village
visited

No. of
visits

Purpose
Solutions/LBOD/
drainage 15 15 16 121 1,442
Technical/ Flood
assessment 91 15 83 83 83 83 870 2171

Total 106 16 83 83 83 870 121 3,613

Technical/ Phase I and II consultations

flood No of participants
Figure 2.2: No of Participants – assessment,
Phase I and II 2171
LBOD/
drainage,
Socio- 5131
economic
study, 633

Environmental
study, 846
Poverty
assessment, 29
6

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Table 2.19: Phase III Community Consultations participation status

Participants
No. Village District Dhoro Male Female Total
1 Ali Hassan Khoso Badin Dhoro Puran 2 2 4
2 Budho Uner Badin Dhoro Puran 12 21 33
3 Aulia Khan Shah Badin Bhai khan 13 14 27
4 Khalipho Faiz Mohd Badin Bhai khan 8 12 20
5 M. Qasim Ahmadani Badin Bhai khan 10 10 20
6 Dhano Kolhi Badin Bhai khan 17 25 42
7 Mohd Bux Khaskheli Badin Bhai khan 12 14 26
8 Bachal Araser Badin Bhai khan 16 21 37
9 Allah Dino Mallah Tharparkar Dhoro Puran 8 10 18
10 Kaloiabad Tharparkar Dhoro Puran 38 13 51
11 Ghulam Mohammad Khoso Tharparkar Dhoro Puran 13 22 35
12 Mir Mohammad Lund Tharparkar Dhoro Puran 7 12 19
13 Allah Dino Khokher Tharparkar Hakro Dhoro 11 10 21
14 Photo Bheel Tharparkar Hakro Dhoro 11 7 18
15 Janhan Tharparkar Hakro Dhoro 13 25 38
16 Haji Obhayo Chandio Tharparkar Naro Dhoro 9 16 25
17 Noor Shah Tharparkar Naro Dhoro 7 11 18
18 Arbab Zakaullah Tharparkar Naro Dhoro 9 12 21
19 Ramdan Gurgez Tharparkar Naro Dhoro 8 19 27
20 Long Khan Gurgez Tharparkar Naro Dhoro 19 20 39
21 Mohammad Ishaq Chandio Tharparkar Naro Dhoro 11 24 35
22 Mir Shezad Khan Talpur Mirpurkhas Dhoro Puran 8 19 27
23 Mir Ghulam Ali Talpur Mirpurkhas Dhoro Puran 10 15 25
24 Arbab Khaskheli Mirpurkhas Dhoro Puran 7 16 23
25 Rano Ramdan Mirpurkhas Dhoro Puran 11 17 28
26 Qaim Ramdan Mirpurkhas Dhoro Puran 14 7 21
27 Faqir Ghulam Ali Leghari Mirpurkhas Dhoro Puran 17 20 37
28 Bahram Khan Gorchani Mirpurkhas Dhoro Puran 19 17 36
29 Misri Khaskheli Mirpurkhas Dhoro Puran 21 27 48
30 Gulsher Gorchani Mirpurkhas Dhoro Puran 23 17 40
31 Hayat Tangri Mirpurkhas Hakro Dhoro 7 10 17
32 Karimabad Khawaja Mirpurkhas Hakro Dhoro 19 38 57
33 Haji Lund Khan Chandio Mirpurkhas Hakro Dhoro 19 21 40
34 Faqeer Faiz Mohammad Bilalani Mirpurkhas Naro Dhoro 16 18 34
35 Bacho Khan Tangri Mirpurkhas Naro Dhoro 38 21 59
36 Haji Sultan Tangri Mirpurkhas Naro Dhoro 19 16 35
37 Abdul Latif Gori Mirpurkhas Sohni Dhoro 13 16 29
38 Bhai Khan Kaloi (Hafiz Miro Khan Kaloi) Mirpurkhas Sohni Dhoro 24 21 45
39 Mir Allah Bachayo (Ghalpur) Mirpurkhas Sohni Dhoro 18 15 33
40 Seth Goband Ram (Sehri Farm) Mirpurkhas Sohni Dhoro 8 20 28
41 Shagan Bhagat Mirpurkhas Sohni Dhoro 19 18 37
42 Pinjal Khan Nondani Mirpurkhas Sohni Dhoro 11 14 25
43 M Moosa Jaeser Umerkot Pithoro 12 11 23
44 Haji Mohammad Ramzan Kalro Umerkot Pithoro 33 12 45
45 Haji Siddiq Halepoto Umerkot Pithoro 13 10 23
46 Ameer Bux Halepoto Umerkot Pithoro 18 8 26
47 Haji Ghulam Mohammad Mangrio Umerkot Pithoro 29 21 50
48 Haji Mohammad Daim Umerkot Pithoro 18 14 32
49 Haji Manjhi Mangrio Umerkot Pithoro 10 11 21
50 Haji Wali Mohammad Dars Umerkot Pithoro 11 6 17
51 Haji Mohammad Ismail Mahar Umerkot Pithoro 19 15 34
52 Haji Bacho Mangrio Umerkot Pithoro 19 15 34
53 Kamil Kalar Umerkot Hakro Dhoro 9 21 30
54 Haji Ahmed Ali Memon Umerkot Hakro Dhoro 19 19 38

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Participants
No. Village District Dhoro Male Female Total
55 Saeed Khan Jamali Umerkot Hakro Dhoro 19 28 47
56 Khan Sahab Major Azhar Pali Umerkot Hakro Dhoro 19 19 38
57 Mureed Halepota Umerkot Hakro Dhoro 22 19 41
58 Khan Sahab Atta Mohammad Pali Umerkot Hakro Dhoro 8 38 46
59 Ahmed Ali Pali Umerkot Hakro Dhoro 5 20 25
60 Abdul Hakim Mahar Umerkot Hakro Dhoro 19 13 32
61 Nangodar Mangrio Umerkot Hakro Dhoro 18 9 27
62 Bashir Ahmed Chandio Umerkot Hakro Dhoro 23 19 42
63 Haji Irshad Ahmed Bajwa Umerkot Hakro Dhoro 5 26 31
64 Rais Gajyan Khan Chandio Umerkot Hakro Dhoro 8 19 27
65 Rahmore Pir Bachal Shah Umerkot Naro Dhoro 14 20 34
66 Choudhry Ghulam Ali (Shah Ali Wah) Umerkot Naro Dhoro 11 28 39
67 Bhoro Kolhi Umerkot Naro Dhoro 19 29 48
68 Sultanabad Tando Allahyar Drain D-4 11 23 34
69 Mir Jo Goth Tando Allahyar Drain D-4 9 17 26
70 Haji Jaffar Hakro Tando Allahyar Drain D-4 12 16 28
71 Mohsin Dhago Tando Allahyar Sohni Dhoro 12 12 24
72 Ghulam Qadir Dago Tando Allahyar Sohni Dhoro 6 13 19
73 Aliabad Farm Tando Allahyar Sohni Dhoro 16 12 28
74 Khuda Bux Dal Matyari Sohni Dhoro 10 6 16
75 Khan Mohammad Sand Matyari Sohni Dhoro 9 7 16
76 Essa Sand Matyari Sohni Dhoro 5 8 13
77 Khan Mir Mari Sanghar Sohni Dhoro 16 10 26
78 Major Nasir Ali Sanghar Sohni Dhoro 8 9 17
79 Jan Mohammad Panhwar Sanghar Sohni Dhoro 19 15 34
80 Piru Faqir Shoro Sanghar Sohni Dhoro 18 19 37
81 Sehra Mari Sanghar Sohni Dhoro 19 8 27
82 Shah Baig Mari Sanghar Sohni Dhoro 20 23 43
83 Duran Khan Brohi (Now in Tando Adam Taluka) Sanghar Sohni Dhoro 9 14 23
84 Haji Fateh Mohammad Brohi Sanghar Sohni Dhoro 7 10 17
85 Choudry Inayat Ali Sanghar Sohni Dhoro 16 19 35
86 Haji Sher Mohammad Khaskheli Sanghar Drain D-4 16 12 28
87 Bhobhar Wa (Daaith Malokani) Sanghar Drain D-5 16 13 29
88 Khan Mohammad Mari Sanghar Drain D-6 32 18 50
89 Haji Ghanwar Khan Sanghar Drain D-7 27 13 40
90 Manik Thaeem Sanghar Drain D-8 19 19 38
91 Allah Dito Thaeem Sanghar Drain D-4 6 13 19
Total 1333 1482 2815

2.17 Recommendations for Increasing Women Participation In Development Process

 Promote land and water rights entitlements to landholder and landless men and women in the
Sindh region through possible legislation and gender awareness campaigns.
 Ensure gender sensitivity in SIDA institutional framework and culture in its programs by policies,
implementation and actions
 Adopt Family Approach Interventions in structural and non structural activities (by mandatory
requirement of family profile frame work in surveys, assessments, baselines and water related
interventions )
 Securing women‘s access to and control on land and water resources by involving them throughout
in project cycle at all level in command area of AWBs.
 Secure Multiple-use of water systems and entitlement for landless and poor
 Establishment of Gender support unit in SIDA secretariat

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 Encourage participation of women and landless in water sectors activities

 Actively foster the participation of women, landless framer, fish farmer and poor water users in
the decision-making process
 Help shape a "gender consciousness" among communities by providing information and education
about gender mainstreaming in community development and water management for all uses.
 Use creative and flexible outreach and communication techniques to reach all parts of the
community of irrigated, coastal and deltaic area.
 Ensure community access to publicly owned water projects, schemes and facilities for their
sustainable livelihood,
 Encourage political responsiveness and accountability for gender mainstreaming at the provincial
level and local.
 Seek and respect women, landless and poor‘s input on issues of water
2.18 Conclusion
In accordance with the field data and record assessed, this key component of development, gender‘s role,
need full concentration in order to receive active participation of women along with men in every field of
development. With time and space, the policies need to be reviewed and updated so that the gender
sensitization can be justified at both platforms of public and private. In addition to this, professional minds
should be encouraged to play their role in the implementation process which have been given low weight
age.
In our society, women have remained highly sensitive part of our social structure. As per field data, in
comparison to men; mostly women have less role playing in decision making into household activities,
child rearing, farm/ crop activities, livestock rearing and social obligations. In sales and purchase activities,
the participation of women has remained very poor and unjustified.
The government institutions have developed various policies, action plans and gender strategies to raise the
process of development for the wellbeing of the society and socio-growth of the country. The civil society
and academic organizations have been observed playing active role in promoting genders role in the
development process. They have assessed the critical gender issues and they are in a position to implement
the activities in accordance with the indigenous environment and conditions.
Therefore, the socio-economic indicators of the development of country can be improved with the equal
participation of men and women in every path of development. And this can be ensured through public-
private partnership process.

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PRESENT SITUATION
3 Resource Base (Status and Issues)
3.1 Land Resources
Land resource is defined as a availability of land within the region and its utilization mainly for agriculture
and other purposes depending on classification and categories of the soil. The development and utilization
of land resources mainly depends upon the provision of water supplies, drainage, and the associated control
of salinity. In areas under lain by fresh ground water the land has limited hazards because of sufficient
availability of irrigation water for growing variety of crops, for reclamation of saline soils with provision
of drainage facilities. There is therefore no doubt that fertile lands with fresh ground water provide the best
investment opportunities.
Bulk of cultivated land in CCA has very high potential for agriculture and soils are generally stable and
there exists little to moderate hazard of their salinisation by canal irrigation water or by high water table,
although their progressive sodication by low quality tubewell waters is of great concern.
At present, most of farm lands are being utilized for below their potential and with a high level of inputs
and modern management, the present production of most of crops could be increased to a high profitable
level. Therefore, emphasis should be given on soil, water and crop management.
Comprehensive studies of the soils done by the soil survey of Pakistan have no such affliction. In fact the
low crop yields are not only the consequences of any single deficiency or constraint, but many factors like
low fertility, water shortage, over irrigation, inadequate farm power, improper soil management, insects,
plant diseases, primitive method of cultivation, soil salinity and water logging, all retain the productivity of
our land.
Canal irrigated land in the study area is the back bone of agriculture; The quality of the cultivated land is
by and large good to very good and they have got no inherent soil problem, but due to inadequate drainage,
due to high watertable due to collection of runoff and because of uneven surface the agriculture potential of
these lands have been deterioted and classification of affected soils is changed (refer agriculture
development potential). The soils free of any hazard are well suited for wide range of crops.
Hence, it is commonly believed that most of our prime agricultural land, though inherently problem free
and fertile is still under impending danger of deterioration due to the hazards as stated above. Under such
situation the land resources should carefully be utilized by eradicating salinity and water logging and
adopting the technical measures to save the fertile lands from further deterioration. Moreover, the lands
classified under land development potential categories of ―land with moderate economic potential with
irrigation‖; could further be developed and fully reclaimed by adopting reclamation procedures in the
affected saline patches within the cultivated fields.
3.1.1 Land Development Potential in the Study Area
The left bank study area comprises about 9,786,231 acres of land, which is irrigated mainly by three
barrages canal system, however some additional supplies of irrigation water are being supplemented
through fresh ground water (FGW) tube wells installed in the area. During the field investigations it is
observed that the lands within the head & middle reaches of irrigation system are getting more water than
the required supplies, where as the tail end area having high economical potential under irrigation is not
fully cultivated due to shortage of water. This has created two way problem i.e. the lands which are getting
more water than their crop water requirement, slowly have become water-logged & the lands which are left
as such at tail ends of the irrigation system are becoming saline due to capillary action of salts coming up
through the profile horizon to the surface of soil.
Therefore, over irrigations at the head, middle and under irrigation at the tail ends of system have created
high watertable and salinity problems, are mainly responsible for the limited agricultural production in the
areas of potential lands. According to development possibilities these lands have been classified into five
different potential categories (Atlas Fig P3-MP-002) and are presented in tabular form in Table 3.1

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3.1.2 Land with a very high economic potential under irrigation

The soils of this category have got very high economic potential and for agriculture. This type of land in
study area covers about 1,947,475 acres (20%) of the total area, and is suitable for cultivating wide variety
of cash crops. However, it has been observed during the field investigations that the yield/ production is
remarkable below its potential, because of low standard farming and insufficient or over supplies of
irrigation then the crop water requirements. Very high crop yields could be obtained by using the good
quality and variety of seed, proper management and by selecting & cultivating the crops according to the
agro-climatic zones of the area.
3.1.3 Land with a high economic potential under irrigation
The second category recognized comprises about 4,839,885 acres (50%) of the study area. The soils of this
category have got textural limitations, for example some are heavy textured (clayey) soils with problem of
low permeability and poses difficulties in seed bed preparation combined with lack of irrigation water in
non-perennial or due to over supplies in the perennial areas of the left bank. Such type of areas requires the
proper precession land leveling, improved crop varieties, special care in seed bed preparation, use of
required fertilizers, high yields of most of the crops could be obtained. Somewhere saline-alkaline
problems appear in a form of patches within the cultivated fields because of non percolation of salts in the
unleveled land surface which could be solved by leveling and applying gypsum (CaSo4) to the affected
areas.
3.1.4 Land with a moderate economic potential under irrigation
The area covered by this category is about 1,961,425 acres (20.2%) of the total area. This category mostly
includes the saline or saline-alkali soils and mostly found in undulating (low lying) areas. The reclamation
of these soils is economically feasible by extra applications of water and by providing drainage facilities to
the affected areas. If necessary gypsum (CaSo4) should be applied and followed by rice for couple of
years. After reclamation of soil, most of crops could be grown and can produce good agriculture products.
Somewhere, parts of this category are lying uncultivated in a shape of vast patches because of relatively
higher topographical position; such type of land could be brought under cultivation by leveling the surface
of soil. Also some where a small part of this unit have shallow horizon of silty soils over sand within the
profile; such type of land requires frequent light irrigations and split application of fertilizers with
emphasis on cultivation of shallow rooted crops.
3.1.5 Land with poor grazing potential
This type of category covers an area of about 721,069 acres (7.4%) of the total study area. The major parts
of the area have sandy soils and are not suitable for cultivation, and are mostly covered with natural
vegetation, which provides poor grazing for animals. Further small parts (not mappable) within this unit
comprises saline-alkali, dense, clayey soils which are not economical to reclaim, however some patches are
under cultivation producing poor crop yields. Over all entire unit is capable to provide (natural plants,
herbs, shrubs) poor to moderate grazing for Livestock.
3.1.6 Agriculturally unproductive land
This category covers about 238,871 acres (2.4%) of the total area. It includes very fine sandy soils,
gravelly land, and dune land, rock out crop, marsh land and urban areas. This type of land is un-suitable for
agricultural development and no improvements are possible, and are declared as agriculturally
unproductive lands.

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Table 3.1: Summary of Land Development Potential

Land Area in (000) % of Total
Land Potential Category Remarks
Class acres Area
Land with very high economic 1,947,475 Capable to grow all type of
1 20
potential high yielding crops
Requires proper precession
Land with high economic 4,839,885
2 50 land leveling, capable to
potential
grow most of crops.
Need reclamation of
salinity patches within
cultivated fields, capable to
Land with moderate economic 1,961,425
3 20.2 produce reasonable yields
potential
of some particular crops.
Rice is recommended for
reclamation of soil.
Land with poor grazing Provide only poor grazing
4 721,069 7.4
potential for animals.
Dune land, gravelly land,
Agriculturally unproductive
5 238,871 2.4 rock out crop, classified as
land
unproductive land.
Land falling under canal
6 Total area of left bank 9,708,725 100 command system of study
area.

3.2 Land Capability Classification

The left over areas from drainage point of view have not been attended previously by WAPDA and
irrigation departments. Following areas have been included in left bank regional plan and taken up for
planning.
 Ghotki leftover area
 Khairpur South left over area
 Tando Adam, Tando Allah yar and Tando Mohammad Khan left over area
 Farash, Khipro, Umerkot left over areas
 Digri left over area
From Land capability classification point of view, maps of all above left over areas have been prepared
separately, keeping under consideration the method and soil classification criteria suitable to the
agricultural conditions of the particular area under study. It is similar in basic structure to the U.S. soil
conservation classification. Generally for all the leftover areas the soils placed in highest class (I) have got
the least limitations for agricultural use and relatively little efforts are required to produce high crop yields.
Where as in other classes (II-IV) in some components there are limitations for agricultural use and special
managements are required to produce high crop yields. Soils in the lowest (V) class are mostly unfit for
economic arable use.
The major limitations to agriculture in all left over areas are the arid and semi arid climate, combined with
some drainage and Irrigation problems. Hence outline for classification recognized for each leftover area,
have been bifurcated into two levels i.e. main Land capability class & its associated subclass.
The first is broadest group identified by Roman numerical (I-V), where as second limitation factor such as
―r‖ irregular relief is used as prefix with the class numerals. Kinds of limitation may vary within each class
and are designated with small letters. On the basis of limitations the following sub classes are recognized.
e - Soils restricted in use due to erosion hazard.
r- Irregular local relief hindering irrigation or tillage.

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w- Soils restricted in use due to excess water because of poor drainage, high water table or overflow.
s- Soils restricted due to shallow soils depth, stoniness or slowly permeable.
a – Soils restricted in use due to salinity or alkali problem
3.2.1 Class I: Very good agricultural Land
In general, this Land capability class occupies only the irrigated or irrigable Land of the left over areas. No
subclass is recognized in this class, since there are no or only slight limitations for crop production. Overall
status of this class in left over area is presented in (Atlas Fig P3-M-L-003-007). Further it is pertinent to
note that this class according to land resource has more or less the similar characteristics as of the
agricultural Land development potential class-1 soils. Hence these soils are capable to produce wide range
of different crops. Topographically these are level to nearly level, usually deep, well drained and have good
water holding capacity.
From tilth & tillage point of view, such types of soils are easily worked to good physical conditions,
favorable for germination and growth of plants. The surface texture is usually loamy or silty, but may be
somewhere clayey in nature. Under traditional management, these soils could be used for general cropping.
Under modern management and with sufficient irrigation water supplies, cash crops are recommended for
Rabi are wheat and oil seed, where as in kharif cotton can produce a very good product and sugarcane as a
perennial crop gives the good response. However, rice in such type of soils should be restricted.
3.2.2 Class II: Good agricultural Land
In each left over project area, this class occupies only as irrigated or irrigable land of the area. Soils in this
class have minor limitations, for example, maybe due to low water holding capacity or undulating
topography or any other hazard. Therefore, during traditional management, this class may possess one of
the limitations like IrIIr (relief problem), IrIIw (water logging), IrIIs (shallow depth or stoniness)
Hence, for such type of minor limitations, modern management techniques are required to eliminate the
prevailing hazards so that land could be cultivated to general cropping, and capable to grow cash crops
same as recommended for class-I soils for Rabi & Kharif season, further rice cultivation for such type land
is also restricted.
3.2.3 Class III: Moderate agriculture Land
This class occurs mostly in all leftover areas (Atlas Fig P3 M-L-003-007) and has got severe limitations
like IrIIIw, IrIIIa, dIIIw. It means that this type of soil contains one or more than one severe type of
limitations; like soils somewhere are imperfectly drained, saline-alkaline and mostly loamy very fine sands
with medium to fine textured surface. Traditionally most of these soils generally produce moderate yields,
for such type of soils under modern management wheat & oil seed in Rabi & rice in Kharif are
recommended and can produce moderate yields. However, rice can give good results from production point
of view by applying fertilizer, insecticides & pesticides at proper time to save the crop from stem borer,
subject to condition that rice is possible under sufficient irrigation water available during the cropping
season. Further it is recommended that the low lying areas occupied by this class may be cultivated to
paddy as it is high delta crop and resistant to water logging conditions.
3.2.4 Class IV: Poor (Marginal) Agricultural Land
Soils in this class have severe limitations for crop production and have very narrow range of agriculture
use. Improvement to a reasonable level of productivity may or may not be technically feasible, but would
go to high expenditure for development or maintenance.
The irrigated soils (Atlas Fig P3 M-L-003-007) in this class have either a severe hazard of water saturation
below two or three feet due to the regional high water-table throughout the year associated with strong
salinity at the surface or moderate salinity-alkalinity problem throughout the soil profile. Mostly soils in
such type of class have poor structure, coarse textured, or of burial by shifting eroded sand dunes sand
from the surroundings, therefore, the sub classes associated with this class are ir IVw, ir IVs and ir IVa.
Traditionally these lands are used for poor grazing and capable to grow some type of saline resistant crops/
fodder.

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Class V: Unproductive Land

The land in this class does not have a potential for economic agriculture, grazing or forestry. It is best to
left in its natural state (Atlas Fig P3 M-L-003-007), some parts may need a forestation or other measures to
protect adjoining agriculture lands from its effect like blown sand.
Because of sandy nature, this type of land does not support any vegetation, due to low rainfall, high
temperatures, and very low water holding capacity. It has no potential for agriculture but its sandy material
could be used for construction of buildings and other purposes. Other parts of the same class type of land
are waterlogged and are mapped as perennially wet and partly saline marsh land with a poor stand of water
reed grass and other grasses used for poor grazing. Therefore, on over all bases this class could be
associated with Ve, Vw. Vs and Va sub classes. Keeping under consideration the maximum limitation
factors, protection of such type of soils does not appear economic at present and irrigation water could
better be used on better lands.
3.3 Land Use of the study area
3.3.1 Background
Land use surveys have been carried out in the past by a number of Govt/ semi Govt agencies. These
surveys have been conducted at different periods, using different methodologies and classification criteria,
depending upon the Land use situation of the area. The data produced by LIP (WAPDA) is of high value
(Atlas Fig P3 M-P-010) and still serves as a base line for the forthcoming surveys, but it lacks both in
uniformity and adequacy, hence in order to have a comprehensive soil survey of the Indus region a major
program for fresh and updating the data was highlighted in Drainage Sector Environmental Assessment
(DSEA) report for launching a National Drainage Program. In perspective of that a country wide survey
was initiated for evaluating different aspects of physical resources by using the latest technology, and Land
use studies were one of them.
Under present situation, the survey and investigations and their results are considered the latest one, as
after that not a single survey of this type has taken place on a large scale within Lower Indus region. The
responsibilities of these Studies were performed by the Soils and Reclamation Directorate SMO under
NDP program from 2000 to 2005.
The above studies were conducted on canal command basis, and covered 14 canals of right and left bank of
Guddu, Sukkur and Kotri barrages. For our studies only the data of left bank command of eight (8) Canals
off-taking from three (3) barrages have been collected, processed and documented and their maps for each
canal command are presented (Atlas Fig P3 M-C-011-019)
While using the data, consultants have further selected sample sites for verification of Land use throughout
the study area and where ever necessary, changes have been made & updated the physical status of Land
resource by ground truthing.
3.3.2 Methodology used for land use classification
The main objective of this survey was to map the different categories of Land use, mainly depending upon
the availability of irrigation water, nature of relief/ topography, types of soils, climate and management.
Besides the socio-economic factors have also great influences on the Land use. For conducting Survey/
investigation SPOT images of 1:50,000 scale and Ground Topo sheets at the same scale were used for
appraisal and delineation of different categories and determination of overall status of the prevailing Land
use. The main classes of Land use recognized and mapped in the eight canal command areas falling on the
left bank of Indus for three barrages are presented in a tabular form (Table 3.2).
3.3.3 Cultivated Land
This type of land under each canal command has been found in normal conditions having no or a negligible
hazard of salinity, high topography and shortage of irrigation water during low supplies from canal
systems. Over all 6,767,289 acres (69.7%) of Canal commands of Indus Left bank study area is cultivated
mostly by canal irrigation supplies, however within the fresh ground water zone cultivated Land is also
supplemented by Tube well irrigation system. This class is further bifurcated into three major categories as
shown in Table-3.2 and mentioned as under.

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i. Perennially Canal irrigated

ii. Canal Irrigated supplemented by Tube wells.
iii. Non perennially Canal Irrigated

3.3.4 Perennially Canal Irrigated

The major part of Land served by eight canal commands of three barrages of Indus left bank fall under this
category covering an area of about 3299362 acres (34%). Mostly within this category all type of Kharif &
Rabi crops are sown, however major cash crops are cotton, wheat, rice and sugarcane. In some parts near
the urban areas vegetables, fodder is sown for commercial purpose. The most of area is cultivated by
mechanized farming
3.3.5 Non- Perennially canal Irrigated Lands
On Left bank area out of Eight Canals, the three major canals Ghotki feeder, Pinyari and Fuleli off-taking
from Guddu and Kotri barrages respectively are non-perennial and are opened during the Kharif Supplies
(summer season). However, the Ghotki feeder off-taking from Guddu barrage is mostly supplying the
subsequent irrigations during rabi (winter) season. Overall acreage under these canal commands is almost
1593684 (16.4%) acres. In kharif the Land is mostly under use of rice, sugarcane and Cotton crops, where
as wheat and pulses are shown on moisture conserved by the soil after the rice harvesting and further
supplemented by one or two irrigations during the required period by the crops. Most of the area is under
mechanized farming.
3.3.6 Canal Irrigated supplemented with Tube Wells
The area under this system is benefited by two way irrigation system. Mostly these Lands lie in fresh
ground water zone and are supplemented by tubewell irrigation. The overall area under this category
served by this system is about 1874243 acres (19.3%). As the area within this unit has no shortage of
Irrigation water, therefore lands are capable to grow all suitable crops including orchard, vegetables under
the required climatic conditions.
3.3.7 Forest
This category covers a very small area about 41531 acres (0.42%) of the study area this is because of the
deforestation trend in the area & no further plantation up to the requirement is being planted either by
public or private sector, only a little interest is taken by the forest department for the survival of remaining
forest reserves in the area.
3.3.8 Presently unproductive Lands
This category is one of the most important, because most of the lands due to some hazards are lying as
such and are classified un-productive Lands. This category includes the sand dunes, highly saline Lands,
waterlogged (under water) and high topographic soils which are not within the reach of irrigation system.
These Lands over all occupies about 2210780 acres (22.88%) of the left bank command area. such type of
land only capable supported natural vegetation for grazing animals.
3.3.9 Miscellaneous Land type
A mapable area is covered by this class which includes the villages, Towns, Cities, grave yards, industries
and the linear features like road, railways, canal, drains etc. The total area under this category is about
689125 acres (7%) of the Indus left bank Study area.

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Table 3.2: Land Use Categories of Study area

Un productive Miscellaneous
Cultivated Canal Commanded Area
Land Land type
% % % of
%
S Name of Canal Perennially of Non of Canal cultiv % of % of Urban area + Total % of
ated
Forest area Sand desert + area
of
area
No Canal culti Perennially culti irrigated+ Grave yards+ area Area
vate vate land under water +
Irrigated Canal Irrigated Tubewell Road+ Canal
d d saline Land
Land Land irrigation etc
land land

1 Ghotki Feeder - - 304286 31 392846 40 19666 2 177997 18 90000 9 984795 100

Khairpur feeder
2 414920 82 - - 15180 3 - - 30360 6 45540 9 506000 100
East
Khairpur feeder
3 260000 86.7 - - 18000 6 - - 1000 0.3 21000 7 300000 100
West

4 Nara 1286746 53 - - 170000 7 18966 1 837682 32 118000 5 2431394 100

5 Rohri Canal 998588 34.3 - - 1278217 44 1638 0.2 491180 16 158090 5.5 2927713 100

Lined channel
6 339108 64 - - - - - - 120962 22.5 71895 13.5 531965 100
(Akram Wah)

7 Pinyari - - 548672 56 - - 1261 0.4 297674 30 133600 13.6 981207 100

8 Fuleli - - 740726 71 - - - - 253925 24 51000 8.17 1045651 100

Total 3299362 34.0 1593684 16.4 1874243 19.3 41531 0.42 2210780 22.88 689125 7.0 9708725 100

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3.4 Agro-Climatic Zones

General Nature of Area
The study area is cultivated mainly by canal commands of three barrages of Lower Indus region with some
additional supplies through fresh ground water tubewells. The canal commands of these barrages spread over
9,708,725 acres of land on left bank of Lower Indus basin. The quality of cultivated land is by and large
moderate to good to very good and is capable to produce good quality to high quality of agricultural produce
by adopting modern management techniques.
Due to the favorable temperatures for plant growth, the crop production is possible throughout year.
Sugarcane, cotton and rice are the main Kharif, where as wheat and oil seed are the main Rabi cash crops.
Mostly all these crops and some type of orchards are grown on good and very good lands as classified in the
agricultural development potential. The lands in use vary considerably from place to place, in most of parts,
the variations occur within such a short distance and patterns are so complex that it is not possible to draw
boundaries between the different crops. Moreover, each type of land under different crops cannot be mapped
separately on a broad scale of mapping used in this on reconnaissance investigations. Therefore, a combination
of two or more crops is possible as shown in (Atlas Fig P3 M-P-008-009)
Overall, out of total command area about 6,767,289 acres (69.7%) of land is being cultivated to different type
of crops as shown in Agro map. These are mostly cultivated through canal command system; however within
the fresh ground water zone additional supplies are also being supplemented through tube wells installed by
the public and private sector.
3.4.1 Agro-climatic zone under Guddu Barrage
Ghotki Feeder a nonperennial canal off taking from left bank of Guddu Barrage mainly irrigates the lands of
Ghotki Area Water Board (AWB) with some additional supplies of fresh ground water tubewells.
The fresh ground water zone is naturally benefited to have additional supplies through public and private
tubewells, hence all type of crops are grown throughout the year. The major cash crops are wheat, oil seed,
vegetables, in Rabi and in Kharif cotton is a cash crop, where as sugarcane is perennial and is becoming
dominant crop day by day due to flourishing of sugar industry within the study area.
However, cropping pattern is somewhat different in saline ground water zone as it is handicapped due to non
availability of full canal supplies during the winter (Rabi) season. Therefore, major cash crop is cotton and rice
in kharif and wheat, oil seed & pulses are grown on soil moisture conservation left in rice fields with some
extra one to two irrigations supplies to Rabi crops allowed during their maturity period.
3.4.2 Agro climatic zone under Sukkur Barrage System
Overall, the left bank area under the command of Sukkur Barrage is perennially irrigated by four main canals
viz Rohri, Nara, Khairpur East and Khairpur Feeder west. Nara Area Water Board (AWB) is one of the major
part of this area.
Within the commands of above canals general cropping is practiced and mainly wheat, cotton, sugarcane, oil
seed are the winter (Rabi) and summer (Kharif) crops. The fruits grown in this zone include dates, mangoes,
banana, guava, etc; Under present conditions due to rapid increase in sugarcane industry on left & right bank
of Indus, has created attraction to growers for growing the sugarcane throughout the study area. Especially the
large areas of fresh ground water zones are thickly covered by sugarcane which is one of the major cash crop
and next is the cotton. Whereas within the saline ground water zone of area the rice is mostly cultivated on
slightly salt affected soils and cotton in grown on the lands which have got high potential and suitability for
growing and producing high yields.

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3.4.3 Agro Climatic Zone under Kotri Barrage

Kotri Barrage command on left bank have three canals, out of which Phuleli and Pinyari are nonperennial,
whereas, Akram Wah (Lined channel) is a perennial canal. Within the command of non perennial canals
mostly rice covers the major area and next to this is cotton grown in kharif season. Sugarcane as a perennial
crop is a major cash crop grown within the perennial command of Akram wah. Due to favourable climatic
condition sugarcane yield in this area (Lower Sindh) is higher as compared to the northern parts of Sindh. In
Rabi wheat, oil seed, pulses are mostly grown on residual moisture left in the fields after harvesting of paddy
crop. During the maturity period of these crops one to two extra irrigations are allowed through the canals.
However, in command of the Akram wah, wheat, oil seed, pulses, banana and vegetables are the common
crops of winter (Rabi) season.
3.5 Water Resources
The Lower Indus Left-bank region stretches along the River-Indus for 600 km like a curved v-shape, which
expands from a 200 km wide desert range to 500 km wide coast along the Arabian sea. The natural river path
use to meander over a wide range and split into many creaks and shallow channels as it reaches to the sea.
Historically, the whole region was extended flood plains of the river Indus, which could be inundated during
the flood season and simultaneously drained by the Indus and a supportive system of deeper drainage ravines
dispersing into the coastal water bodies. All major tributaries of Indus join it before it enters into Sindh,
however, contribution of hill torrents from the Kirther range could be occasionally substantial.
The river-Indus is the main source of water for the region complemented by highly skewed and erratic summer
rainfalls. The groundwater aquifer is predominantly saline. About 20% of the area has fresh groundwater
aquifer. In some areas, intensive canal irrigation provides a shallow layer of useable percolated water, which,
is recharged during summer. The pumpage of this water through shallow tubewells has consistently increased
supplementing surface irrigation, industrial and domestic water uses. About 80% of the river flows in the Indus
basin have been allocated to the provinces and then to the main canals off-taking from the barrages. The
accountable water resources of the left-bank include rainfall, allocated canal supplies, renewable groundwater
in canal command areas and direct uses from the water bodies by the local livelihood and vegetation.
3.5.1 Rainfall
The rainfall in study-area is erratic and confined to the monsoon period of July to September. The dominant
pattern of the monsoon is two to three medium downpours during July or August. Heavy rainstorms normally
occur in August and September. The winter months or Rabi season receives less than 10% of the total rainfall.
The rainfall-normal‘s for six meteorological stations are shown in Table 3.3. The maximum average annual
rainfall (228 mm) occurs at Chhor, which is located in the lower-half of the region, closely followed by Badin,
representing the coastal region. Towards the North, average rainfall decreases to 117 mm per annum (Rohri).
The station- average rainfall is not the weighted average of the Left-bank. These normal-values better
represent rainfall in gross canal-command areas of the left-bank.
The last column of the table 3.3 shows average rainfall measured from 1977 to 2011 at Badin, Chorr and
Nawabshah stations. The average annual rainfall of the period 1977-2011 (35 years) is the same as long-term
normal values for Badin. An increasing trend can be noticed for Chorr and Nawabshah, Figure 3.1. Thirty-five
year rainfall shows two specific changes in average trends:
i. The annual average rains of 35 years at Chorr and Nawabshah are higher than the normal rains. The
reason is increased frequency of high rainfalls and a decrease in incidences of nominal rainfall.

ii. Rainfall at the Chorr station has an increasing tendency because of more frequent above-average rains
(Figure 3.1). The average rains of thirty-five years indicate 18.5 mm more rains at Chhor than the
Badin.

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Table 3.3: Climatic Normals of Rainfall at Left-bank Meteorological Stations in mm– updated 2010

Avg.
1977-
Sindh Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total 2011
Badin 1.8 6.4 0.7 1.9 6.2 9.9 67.6 92.5 27.1 5.5 2.9 1.0 223.5 223.67
Chhor 1 3.5 0.8 1.6 7.2 18.4 79.3 69.3 37.3 6.2 3.6 0.2 228.4 242.12
Hyderabad 2 4.3 2.4 5 4.6 6.2 45.5 63 12.6 2.9 2.3 1.3 152.1
Nawabshah 2.4 3.3 2.4 2.6 1.5 2.8 50.9 46.3 16.2 4.9 1.5 1.8 136.6 148.64
Padidan 2.8 4.6 4.1 2.7 1.4 2.7 40.5 40.5 12.6 2.2 1.7 2.1 117.9
Rohri 4.8 5.9 5.3 2.7 5.2 5.6 45.5 25.1 11.8 3.4 0.7 1.1 117.1
Stations Average 2.47 4.67 2.62 2.75 4.35 7.60 54.88 56.12 19.60 4.18 2.12 1.25 162.6

700
Gross Annual rainfall in milimeters (mm)

600

500

400

300

200

100

0
1997

2011
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996

1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Badin Chorr Nawabshah
Linear (Badin) Linear (Chorr) Linear (Nawabshah)

Figure 3.1: Total Annual Rainfall of 34 years at three MET Stations in LBOD catchment

The contribution of rainfall as a water-resource is limited in the region. The precipitation makes 25% of the
reference evapotranspiration during July and August and only 13% in September. Because of unreliability of
rains and maximum crop demands during summer, irrigation planning relies on high canal diversions. While,
the rainstorm can generate more than fifteen billion cubic meters (15 bcm) during heavy monsoon years and
more than ten cubic meters (10 bcm) during fifty percent of the years. The local topography and aquifer
conditions could not safe rain-runoff from heavy showers and it needs to be evacuated through an effective
drainage system. The rain-runoff and drainage issues are further analysed in the report on drainage assessment
scenarios.
3.5.2 Surface Water
The diversion of river flows through long conveyance and distribution channels is the main source of water in
the project area. The provincial-shares of river flows are accounted at the head of main canals off-taking from

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river barrages. Under normal conditions, river structures, reservoirs and canal systems are regulated on 10-
daily bases, to satisfy provincial shares and demands for water releases. The provincial water shares agreed in
1991, accounted as a sum of canal-diversions, provide seasonal and annual global targets for river water
distribution. However, provincial requests could be different from the allocated shares for shorter periods. In
the beginning of a season, the Indus River System Authority (IRSA) prepares a seasonal water distribution
plan by keeping in view provincial allocations and expected availability of water in the network. The
adjustments are made during operations, responding to the actual water availability, changes in demand and
emergencies like floods.

Figure 3.2: Annual Canal Diversion to Eight Left-Bank canals

The diversion-data of twenty years from 1987 to 2007 shows a decrease in maximum irrigation diversions to
eight left-bank canals. Apparently, there is no reason for a systematic decrease in river supplies, however, it
indicates that the formal irrigation diversions are currently constrained at the level of 1987. Some of the low-
supply trends can be explained:
 From 2000 to 2002 were two years of severe drought in the basin. The river water availability was
30% less than the average annual flows.
 There were four years of heavy floods, 1992, 1995, 2003 and 2006. The canal closures and a decrease
in water demands could be expected.
The irrigation diversions to individual canals against the seasonal allocations (WAA 1991) indicate higher
water stress during Rabi than Kharif (Table 3.2). The natural Indus river flows in winter are only 25% of the
summer flows. The snow-melt and monsoon rains are the major contributors of river flows during Kharif.
Because of limited surface storages in the system, Rabi water availability is not sufficient to achieve the
allocated flows in the system.
The water-balance analysis summarized in Chapter-10 shows the quantitative contribution of different water
resources and predominant role of river flows in meeting different water demands.

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Table 3. 4: Surface Water Allocations (1991) and Actual Supply (2007-08) to the Left-bank Canals
Water Allocation 1991 Actual 2007-08 Diverted/Allocated
Kharif Rabi Annual Kharif Rabi Annual Kharif Rabi
Million Acre Feet Million Acre Feet Ratio
Ghotki 2.30 0.95 3.25 2.237 0.913 3.150 0.97 0.96
North West 1.90 1.01 2.91 1.413 0.982 2.395 0.74 0.97
Khairpur West 0.65 0.53 1.18 0.526 0.333 0.859 0.81 0.63
Khairpur East 0.92 0.70 1.62 0.757 0.386 1.142 0.82 0.55
Rohri 4.84 3.95 8.79 4.172 2.365 6.537 0.86 0.60
Nara 4.16 3.25 7.41 4.913 2.662 7.575 1.18 0.82
Lined Channel 0.95 0.52 1.47 0.738 0.442 1.179 0.78 0.85
Fuleli 2.72 0.68 3.40 3.266 0.528 3.795 1.20 0.77
Pinyari 2.06 0.43 2.49 2.363 0.290 2.653 1.15 0.67

3.5.3 Groundwater
The use of groundwater remains limited in Sindh before the drought years of 2000-02. About 25% of the left-
bank crop-zone has non-saline groundwater aquifer. The estimated number of tubewells in Sindh from 1970
onwards are shown in Figure- 3.3.3 (Water Statistics Project, reference Sindh Development Statistics 2006).
The agriculture development, water shortages in winter and substantial increase in area with perennial cash
crops, are the major factors behind the growth of shallow tubewells at a faster pace. Another factor behind this
increase in well density is population pressure and increasing economic-value of the commercial agriculture.

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Growth of Private and Public tubewells in Sindh

Number of wells - as reported by Sindh

100,000

Total Tubewells Public

development statistics

80,000
Total Tubewells Private

60,000

40,000

20,000

1994-95
1970-71
1972-73
1974-75
1976-77
1978-79
1980-81
1982-83
1984-85
1986-87
1988-89
1990-91
1992-93

1996-97
1998-99
2000-01
2002-03
2004-05
2006-07
2008-09
Figure 3.3: Growth of Tube-wells in Sindh from 1970 to 2010

The reported patterns of increase in private tube-wells could not be fully explained from the gross provincial
data. As the monitoring surveys are not carried out on a regular interval, the reported data may contain a bias.
Table 3.5: Actual and estimated number of Public and Private Tubewells Installed in Sindh
Electric Tubewells Diesel Tubewells Total Tubewells Total
Years
Public Private Public Private Public Private Sindh

1970-71 0 2,082 0 1,989 0 4,071 4,071

1980-81 2,429 9,297 0 3,695 2,429 12,992 15,421
1990-91 4,164 12,431 42 4,739 4,206 17,170 21,376

2000-01 9,171 14,930 518 12,572 9,689 27,502 37,191

2008-09 13,099 18,637 1,116 62,541 14,215 81,178 95,393

Source: Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan

The quantitative contribution of groundwater in different sectors is estimated and discussed in the sections on
water-balance analysis.

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3.6 Agriculture
Agriculture sector is an important engine of growth in the study area. It directly and indirectly provides
livelihood to about three fourth of the Sindh population residing in the left bank. The left bank receives almost
60% to 65% of the canal withdrawals, while its share in the total cropped area is about three fourth. Apart from
wheat, the main staple, most of the main cash crops and high value crops, such as cotton, sugarcane,
vegetables, condiments, and fruits (mango and banana) are grown.
3.6.1 Farm Area, Ownership and Tenure

3.6.1.1 Farm structure and tenure

According to the last agricultural census of 20006, the farm structure in the left bank, despite dominance of
small farms (in numbers), is in favor of large farms (in terms of total land area). Most farms are fragmented
and are in joint ownership of extended family. This skewed structure is a constraint to access and distribution
of factors of production, particularly to smaller farms. This also is a factor responsible for income disparity in
the rural areas. Following is a description of farm structure vis-à-vis farm ownership, and tenurial pattern.

3.6.1.2 Farm ownership pattern

There are about 600 thousand farm owners in the Study area, managing about 3.4 million ha. The average farm
size is about 5.7 ha. Three fourth of the total farm owners are subsistence farmers. They own about one fourth
of the total farm area. The number of farmer owners, in very small farm size category7, is about 21.4 percent
(131 thousand), but they own only 2.4% of the farm area, with an average farm size of 0.6 ha. Similarly,
52.1% (312 thousand) small farmers own about 22.9% of the farm area, with an average farm size of 2.5 ha.
The 77.4 thousand (12.9%) owners are medium size farmers, owning about 15.9% of the farm, with an average
farm size of 7.0 ha. This farm size is optimal farm size for sustenance of an average family. About 69.2
thousand farmers (11.5%) are in the large farm size category and they own about 34% of the farm area, with
an average farm size of 16.7 ha. The very large farmers are about 1.5% (9.1 thousand) and they own one fourth
of the farm area, with an average farm size of 92.8 ha.
Based on the past trends in the ownership pattern, as evident from previous census, the number of farmers and
the area owned in the higher farm size group is shrinking, consequently increasing share of smaller farms over
the years. The main reasons are: i) land mutation; ii) land transfers; and iii) out migration by selling land and
investment in urban areas.

3.6.1.3 Operational holdings and tenurial arrangement

There are 727.5 thousand operational farms cultivating about 2.8 million ha. About 441.4 thousand farms
(60.7%) are operated by owners farmers (self/direct cultivation), managing 81.7% of the operated farms. The
tenants or sharecroppers account for 35.2% and operate 21.2% of the area. The remaining farms are owner-
cum-tenants accounting for about 4.1% of the total operators, cultivating 9.2% of the area. The average farm
area operated is 3.9 ha. The average area operated by tenants is about 2.3 ha, while owner cultivators manage
about 5.2 ha, and the owner-cum-tenants operate on an average about 8.6 ha.
3.6.2 Crop Area yields and Production

3.6.2.1 Cropping pattern

Sindh has two main cropping seasons, namely kharif – summer season (mid-April through mid-October), and
Rabi – winter season (mid-October through mid-April). The main Rabi crops are wheat, rape and mustard,
vegetables, and fodder. The main crops grown in kharif are cotton, sugarcane, paddy,8 millets, and cluster-

6
Agriculture Census 2000: Province of Sindh. Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan
7
Very small farm size group = less than 1 ha; Small farm size =1ha to <5 ha; Medium size farm = 5 to 10 ha; Large size
farm = 10 to 40 ha; and Very large size farm = above 40 ha.
8
Mostly in non-perennial areas of Guddu and Kotri barrages

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bean, kharif vegetables, pulses, nontraditional oilseeds,9 etc. In addition to this, the left bank produces different
fruits such as mango, banana, dates, papaya, guava, etc.
There is significant increase in wheat area and its share in the cropped area. The area under wheat reported as
764 thousand ha in 2007/08, accounting for 26% in the cropped area, has increased to about 821 thousand ha
in 2009/10, sharing about 30% in the cropped area. It appears that wheat has replaced Rabi oilseeds whose
area has reduced drastically. Similarly, area under cotton has increased from about 579 thousand ha in 2007/08
to about 600 thousand ha in 2009/10 accounting for about one fifth of the cropped area. The area under paddy
has also increased from about 181 thousand ha in 2007/08 to about 261 thousand ha in 2008/09, and declined
to about 238 thousand ha in 2009/10. The share of paddy in total cropped area oscillated between 6% and
about 9% in the same period. The share of Sugarcane area in the total cropped area has declined from about
10.4% to 8.3% in the reported years. The area under sugarcane declined from about 304 thousand ha in
2007/08 to about 230 thousand ha in 2009/10. The area under fruit increased from about 142 thousand ha to
about 145.5 thousand ha in the same period, while area under vegetables has also increased from 54.6
thousand ha to about 64.7 thousand ha in the same period indicating a shift to high value crops.
The existing cropping pattern and intensities of canal commands in the left bank was also estimated from the
records of Sindh Irrigation Department, Sindh Irrigation Development Authority (SIDA), and Agricultural
Department and published data by the Bureau of Statistics of Sindh and Pakistan. Where the availability of
water is limited, the farmer prefers mixed cropping pattern with low delta crops such as pulses, oil seeds,
orchard and fodder. In the upper reaches of the canal commands, the annual cropping intensity is higher than
the lower reaches of the canal, because availability of water at tail ends is low. In Sukkur Barrage and Kotri
Barrages, the upper reaches have higher cropping intensities compared to lower reaches.
The above cropping pattern is for the overall left bank and includes cropped area in the nonbarrage areas. In
the following section cropping pattern and cropping intensities has been revisited using the command wise
information on cropped area under various crops.

3.6.2.2 Cropping intensity

Based on computations from the land utilization data,10 the overall cropping intensity in the Study area is
estimated as 65%. It is highest in the Guddu sub-region (110%), followed by Kotri sub-region (63%), and 60%
in the Sukkur region. One reason that explains high farming intensity in Guddu sub-region is rapid growth in
private tubewells. Moreover, major portion of the culturable waste and area uncommandable lies in the Sukkur
sub-region.
The cropping intensity mentioned above should not be seen same as command area specific cropping
intensities. The estimated cropping intensity reflects cropping intensity of the Study area as a whole, which
include barrage and non-barrage areas.
Based on further analysis of data11 mentioned earlier, in 2009/10, the annual cropping intensity of Ghotki
Feeder of Guddu sub-region is 35%. The annual cropping intensities of Khairpur West Canal, Khairpur East
Canal Nara Canal, and Rohri Canal falling in the Sukkur sub-region is in the order of 89.7%, 82.7%, 40.4%
and 63.7% respectively. Likewise annual cropping intensity of Akram Wah in Kotri sub-region is 30.1%,
while cropping intensities of only Kharif season for Pinyari Canal and Fuleli Canal, both no perennial canals,
is in the order of 19.3%, and 18.5% respectively. It is evident from the figure of cropping intensities that in
Nara Canal command the annual cropping is very low which is the clear indicator that there is either acute
shortage of water or the available water potential is not used intelligently. Similarly, there are alarming figures
of cropping intensities in the command of canals falling in Kotri sub-region, which explicitly manifests that
there is a huge shortage of water in this sub-region. This whole scenario needs a special attention to address
the problem in a productive manner in order the alleviate the poverty prevailing in problematic sub-regions.

9
Mainly sunflower and safflower,
10
Volume-II Table 4.6.14
11
Volume-II Table 4.6.27 through 4.6.34

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A recent survey conducted by WAPDA in 2006/07 shows that the cropping intensities has decreased from
127.7% in 1982/83 to 114.9% in 2006/07 in the LBOD system.12 The results are encouraging about increase in
cropped area, reduction in current fallow, and production.

3.6.2.3 Production
In the left bank of Indus the production of wheat during 2007/08 through 2009/10 oscillated around three
million mt. The Sukkur sub-region accounts for about two thirds of the total production, followed by about 20
% produced in Guddu sub-region, while Kotri sub-region contributes 6% to the total left bank production.
The total production of cotton (seed cotton) in the left bank during the same period was about 2.5 million mt in
the first two years, which increased to about 4 mt in 2009/10. This phenomenal increase is due to wide
adoption of Bt varieties. About two third of the cotton is produced in Sukkur sub-region, followed by Guddu
sub-region which contributes about one fifth in total cotton production, while about 5% is produced in the
Kotri sub-region. Recently it has been reported that the performance of Bt cotton in Kotri sub-region has
demonstrated exceptionally high yields and cotton may be an important crop in the coming years.
In the left bank paddy is also an important crop, and its production increased from half a million mt in 2007/08
to about 700 thousand mt, of which about 70% to 80% is produced in the Kotri sub-region, while the balance
is produced in the Guddu sub-region and Sukkur sub-regions.
The total production of sugarcane in the three sub-regions was about 18.5 million mt, in 2007/08, which
significantly declined to about 13 mt in the last two years. The total production of vegetables, a high value
enterprise, in the left bank was 686 thousand mt in 2007/08, which increased to about 800 thousand mt in
2008/09, while it shows a drastic decline in 2009/10 reducing to about 200 thousand mt. The Sukkur sub-
region which contributed about two third of the total vegetable production in 2007/08, its share declined to
about 45% by 2009/10. The share of Kotri sub-region in total vegetable production in 2007/08 was about 15%,
which has increased to about 50% by the year 2009/10. Sukkur sub-region produces about 85% of the fruits,
followed by about 10% in the Kotri sub-region.

3.6.2.4 Crop yields

The average yield of wheat during the last three years i.e. 2007/08 through 2009/10 is stagnant at about 3.6
mt/ha, which is higher than the wheat average for Sindh, and higher than national average. The yield of seed
cotton has shown significant increase in the last three years. The yield of cotton in 2007/08 was 4.2 mt/ha,
which increased to 4.6 mt/ha in 2008/09, and in 2009/10 it recorded a phenomenal increase of 6.8 mt/ha. The
yield of sugarcane has been erratic. In 2007/08 the estimated average yield was observed as 61 mt/ha, which
declined to about 50.5 mt/ha in 2008/09, and increased to about 58 mt/ha in 2009/10
3.6.3 Shift in Cropping Pattern
Within the study area, Badin and Thatta are the districts where significant shift in cropping pattern have been
noticed. The parameters analyzed to assess the cropping pattern are the area and crop-wise index of area in
Badin and Thatta districts. The data collected from secondary sources for last 20 years indicate that about
32,000 ha in Badin district and about 460,000 in Thatta district was lost to sea intrusion. Analysis of cropped
area trends in the Thatta and Badin area based on crop acreage data for 1991/92 through 2009/10 for all the
crops, save sunflower, shows that the total cropped area declined after the cyclone and sea intrusion.
Nonetheless, the cropped area in two districts has increased significantly in the post cyclone period, if the area
under sunflower is also taken into account in the total cropped area. As the two districts are served by the
eastern drain system i.e. LBOD and the western drain system for the Kotri barrage command area, hence this
aspect is also one of the factor significantly affecting the cropping pattern. The 2010 river floods and 2011
storm water are also the main factors making shift in the cropping pattern of the lower Sindh districts.

12
Final progress Report: Continuation of Monitoring of LBOD System. August 2006 to July 2008. SCARP Monitoring
Organization (SMO) WAPDA, Hyderabad. June 2009

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Unfortunately, despite concerted efforts this data for 2010 and 2011 could not be obtained from the
Agriculture Extension Department or the Sindh Bureau of Statistics, but it has been observed during the
consultative meetings, field visits surveys and face to face interactions with the farming communities that there
is significant shift in the cropping pattern in the area.
In Badin district the total cropped area (excluding sunflower) in 1991/92 was reported as about 230 thousands
ha which declined to about 199 thousand ha by the year 1997/98, during which the LBOD was being
constructed. After the collapse of the tidal link and associated structures, the cropped area continued to decline
till 2004/05 (about 49 thousand ha), but increased thereafter to about 207 thousand ha, which is about 10%
lower than the base year. Similarly in Thatta district, the total cropped area (excluding sunflower) in 1991/92
was reported as about 101 thousands ha which increased to about 120 thousand ha by the year 1997/98. After
the collapse of the tidal link and associated structures, the cropped area initially declined, but recovered and
has increased to about 145 thousand ha by the year 2009/10; an increase of 43% over the base year. Refer
Table 3.6 and 3.7 and Figures 3.4 and 3.5.
The abovementioned tables also show that with the acreage under sunflower included, the total cropped area
has increased significantly over the last 19 years. In the Badin district the area registered an increase of more
than 40% over the base year, while in the Thatta district the area has almost doubled in the same period. It may
be mentioned here that the decline in the cropped area in the two districts may have been offset by the western
drainage system.
The data on crop shares (excluding sunflower) shows that in Badin district, the share of Cotton area has
increased from 2% in 1991/92 to 9% by the year 2009/10. In the Thatta district the share of paddy has declined
from 58% to 50%, while wheat has increased from 6% to 11% in the same period. With the area under
sunflower included, the share of sunflower has increased from 1%, in both the districts, to about 37% and 27%
in Badin and Thatta districts. The year wise detail is presented in Table 3.8. The phenomenal increase in area
under sunflower is that the recently introduced hybrid varieties have lower delta and two crops can be grown
in the Rabi season.

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Table 3. 6: Crop Wise Details of Area Sown In Badin & Thatta Districts during Last 20 Years from The Year 1991 To 2010

1991-92

1992-93

1993-94

1994-95

1995-96

1996-97

1997-98

1998-99

1999-00

2000-01

2001-02

2002-03

2003-04

2004-05

2005-06

2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

2009-10
Name of crop BADIN
Rice 96,535 54,142 78,359 60,396 71,640 79,439 75,449 74,197 64,190 70,459 60,958 64,783 58,751 58,934 61,199 62,324 59,132 80,544 82,687
Cotton 4,141 2,369 3,470 942 2,321 2,824 2,732 3,015 2,956 1,788 3,237 6,210 2,438 4,706 5,671 9,376 14,857 13,628 18,890
Kharif Fruits 2,646 2,649 2,648 2,593 2,788 2,982 3,066 3,149 3,210 3,441 3,325 3,208 3,626 3,192 3,178 4,688 4,327 4,803 5,278
Rabi Fruits 90 92 90 89 91 92 93 94 103 117 117 117 123 125 393 433 462 476 458
Sugarcane 56,942 52,491 61,157 54,256 58,474 57,037 59,989 62,613 30,898 43,792 47,872 52,139 43,260 36,248 38,453 39,667 59,847 53,640 46,117
Kharif Veg. 1,052 1,150 1,220 1,257 931 932 937 960 973 960 1,992 1,498 1,326 1,176 1,210 1,850 1,210 1,852 2,302
Rabi Veg. 1,377 1,625 1,619 1,628 1,969 1,994 2,005 2,014 1,942 2,017 4,152 4,396 4,094 3,865 6,470 4,639 4,918 4,976 4,888
Wheat 41,638 42,651 42,893 32,189 33,385 33,762 32,431 34,892 35,079 21,326 21,763 18,047 22,178 28,146 30,947 28,346 29,730 33,350 36,142
Kharif Fodder 16,780 14,391 14,489 14,523 14,155 12,858 13,125 13,484 10,859 8,455 8,697 5,236 7,518 4,992 5,802 6,479 4,152 4,071 2,302
Rabi Fodder 8,819 8,895 8,944 1,978 9,551 9,365 9,486 9,529 8,787 8,127 7,536 8,028 8,359 7,735 7,804 7,952 7,952 8,333 8,022
Subtotal 230,020 180,455 214,889 169,851 195,304 201,285 199,313 203,947 158,997 160,482 159,649 163,662 151,673 149,119 161,127 165,754 186,587 205,673 207,086
Sunflower 2,146 1,734 2,375 4,047 7,919 7,875 7,924 16,187 19,424 13,597 14,019 34,510 91,369 118,936 138,000 123,773 127,136 132,221 121,049
Total Area 232,166 182,189 217,264 173,898 203,223 209,160 207,237 220,134 178,421 174,079 173,668 198,172 243,042 268,055 299,127 289,527 313,723 337,894 328,135
THATTA
Rice 58,291 42,961 60,118 51,448 61,418 68,394 65,321 66,249 58,140 61,496 45,792 56,422 54,778 54,169 54,178 68,192 77,646 78,486 72,100
Cotton 229 45 108 17 59 56 41 48 50 48 864 528 515 522 692 506 812 836 2,056
Kharif Fruits 1,810 1,817 1,810 3,013 3,216 3,419 3,479 3,538 4,573 4,963 5,381 5,798 7,925 8,765 16,219 15,866 12,488 11,047 9,606
Rabi Fruits 120 121 117 118 122 126 127 128 130 156 145 133 136 138 75 65 64 35 46
Sugarcane 22,438 21,727 25,308 23,470 24,361 23,676 25,851 28,319 25,009 23,697 26,742 28,226 30,695 22,648 20,851 27,356 40,969 33,179 31,229
Kharif Veg. 706 1,111 1,132 1,166 1,053 1,068 1,075 1,097 1,096 1,035 1,786 1,495 1,574 1,503 1,496 1,624 1,066 725 296
Rabi Veg. 2,724 2,405 2,396 2,383 2,711 2,717 2,810 2,820 2,734 2,846 1,892 1,980 2,122 2,092 2,555 2,824 4,097 5,060 4,764
Wheat 5,827 8,972 9,536 9,716 10,353 11,879 11,024 12,673 13,126 8,709 10,116 8,196 9,974 9,562 12,846 11,889 13,104 13,636 15,271
Kharif Fodder 1,330 2,268 2,363 2,382 2,372 2,000 2,051 2,111 1,838 1,532 1,561 1,806 3,921 2,510 2,156 4,101 3,607 3,516 3,145
Rabi Fodder 7,433 7,477 7,445 7,617 8,003 7,778 7,928 7,974 7,284 6,501 8,479 8,892 9,387 8,749 8,501 8,571 8,519 5,976 5,946
Subtotal 100,908 88,904 110,333 101,330 113,668 121,113 119,707 124,957 113,980 110,983 102,757 113,476 121,027 110,658 119,569 140,994 162,372 152,496 144,459
Sunflower 1,216 503 971 1,821 1,528 3,732 3,772 4,452 5,666 3,966 4,089 4,801 37,196 45,610 52,579 43,974 52,612 54,716 53,454
Total Area 102,124 89,407 111,304 103,151 115,196 124,845 123,479 129,409 119,646 114,949 106,846 118,277 158,223 156,268 172,148 184,968 214,984 207,212 197,913
Source: Unpublished Data from Department of Agriculture Extension 2011

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Table 3. 7: Crop Wise Index of Area in Badin & Thatta Districts during Last 20 Years

1991/92

1992/93

1993/94

1994/95

1995/96

1996/97

1997/98

1998/99

1999/00

2000/01

2001/02

2002/03

2003/04

2004/05

2005/06

2006/07

2007/08

2008/09

2009/10
District Name of crop

Rice 100 56 81 63 74 82 78 77 66 73 63 67 61 61 63 65 61 83 86
Cotton 100 57 84 23 56 68 66 73 71 43 78 150 59 114 137 226 359 329 456
Kharif Fruits 100 100 100 98 105 113 116 119 121 130 126 121 137 121 120 177 164 182 199
Rabi Fruits 100 102 100 99 101 102 103 104 114 130 130 130 137 139 437 481 513 529 509
Sugarcane 100 92 107 95 103 100 105 110 54 77 84 92 76 64 68 70 105 94 81
Kharif Vegetable 100 109 116 119 88 89 89 91 92 91 189 142 126 112 115 176 115 176 219
Badin

Rabi Vegetables 100 118 118 118 143 145 146 146 141 146 302 319 297 281 470 337 357 361 355
Wheat 100 102 103 77 80 81 78 84 84 51 52 43 53 68 74 68 71 80 87
Kharif Fodder 100 86 86 87 84 77 78 80 65 50 52 31 45 30 35 39 25 24 14
Rabi Fodder 100 101 101 22 108 106 108 108 100 92 85 91 95 88 88 90 90 94 91
Subtotal 100 78 93 74 85 88 87 89 69 70 69 71 66 65 70 72 81 89 90
Sunflower 100 81 111 189 369 367 369 754 905 634 653 1,608 4,258 5,542 6,431 5,768 5,924 6,161 5,641
Total Area 100 78 94 75 88 90 89 95 77 75 75 85 105 115 129 125 135 146 141
Rice 100 74 103 88 105 117 112 114 100 105 79 97 94 93 93 117 133 135 124
Cotton 100 20 47 7 26 24 18 21 22 21 377 231 225 228 302 221 355 365 898
Kharif Fruits 100 100 100 166 178 189 192 195 253 274 297 320 438 484 896 877 690 610 531
Rabi Fruits 100 101 98 98 102 105 106 107 108 130 120 111 113 115 63 54 53 29 38
Sugarcane 100 97 113 105 109 106 115 126 111 106 119 126 137 101 93 122 183 148 139
Kharif Vegetable 100 157 160 165 149 151 152 155 155 147 253 212 223 213 212 230 151 103 42
Thatta

Rabi Vegetables 100 88 88 87 100 100 103 104 100 104 69 73 78 77 94 104 150 186 175
Wheat 100 154 164 167 178 204 189 217 225 149 174 141 171 164 220 204 225 234 262
Kharif Fodder 100 171 178 179 178 150 154 159 138 115 117 136 295 189 162 308 271 264 236
Rabi Fodder 100 101 100 102 108 105 107 107 98 87 114 120 126 118 114 115 115 80 80
Subtotal 100 88 109 100 113 120 119 124 113 110 102 112 120 110 118 140 161 151 143
Sunflower 100 41 80 150 126 307 310 366 466 326 336 395 3,059 3,751 4,324 3,616 4,327 4,500 4,396
Total Area 100 88 109 101 113 122 121 127 117 113 105 116 155 153 169 181 211 203 194
Source: Unpublished Data from Department of Agriculture Extension 2011

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Figure 3. 4: Trend of Crop Cultivation Badin Area

400,000

350,000

LBOD / Tidal Link System Functional

300,000
Sunflower
250,000 Rice
Area in Hectares

Wheat

200,000 Sugarcane
Cotton

150,000 Rabi Fodder

Kharif Fodder
Rabi Vegetables
100,000
Kharif Vegetable
Rabi Fruits
50,000
Kharif Fruits

Years

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Figure 3. 5: Trend of Crop Cultivation Thatta Area

250,000

200,000
LBOD / Tidal Link System Functional Period
Sunflower
Sugarcane
Area in Hectares

150,000
Rice
Wheat
Cotton
100,000 Rabi Fodder
Kharif Fodder
Rabi Vegetables

50,000 Kharif Vegetable

Rabi Fruits
Kharif Fruits

Years

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Table 3. 8: Share of Different crops in total cropped Area (Excluding Sunflower) In Badin & Thatta Districts during Last 20 Years

1991/92

1992/93

1993/94

1194/95

1995/96

1996/97

1997/98

1998/99

1999/00

2000/01

2001/02

2002/03

2003/04

2004/05

2005/06

2006/07

2007/08

2008/09

2009/10
District Name of crop

Rice 42% 30% 36% 36% 37% 39% 38% 36% 40% 44% 38% 40% 39% 40% 38% 38% 32% 39% 40%
Cotton 2% 1% 2% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 2% 1% 2% 4% 2% 3% 4% 6% 8% 7% 9%
Kharif Fruits 1% 1% 1% 2% 1% 1% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 3% 2% 2% 3%
Rabi Fruits 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Sugarcane 25% 29% 28% 32% 30% 28% 30% 31% 19% 27% 30% 32% 29% 24% 24% 24% 32% 26% 22%
Kharif Vegetables 0% 1% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1%
Badin

Rabi Vegetables 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 3% 3% 3% 3% 4% 3% 3% 2% 2%
Wheat 18% 24% 20% 19% 17% 17% 16% 17% 22% 13% 14% 11% 15% 19% 19% 17% 16% 16% 17%
Kharif Fodder 7% 8% 7% 9% 7% 6% 7% 7% 7% 5% 5% 3% 5% 3% 4% 4% 2% 2% 1%
Rabi Fodder 4% 5% 4% 1% 5% 5% 5% 5% 6% 5% 5% 5% 6% 5% 5% 5% 4% 4% 4%
Subtotal 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Sunflower 1% 1% 1% 2% 4% 4% 4% 7% 11% 8% 8% 17% 38% 44% 46% 43% 41% 39% 37%
Total Area 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Rice 58% 48% 54% 51% 54% 56% 55% 53% 51% 55% 45% 50% 45% 49% 45% 48% 48% 51% 50%
Cotton 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0% 1% 1% 1%
Kharif Fruits 2% 2% 2% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 4% 4% 5% 5% 7% 8% 14% 11% 8% 7% 7%
Rabi Fruits 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Sugarcane 22% 24% 23% 23% 21% 20% 22% 23% 22% 21% 26% 25% 25% 20% 17% 19% 25% 22% 22%
Kharif Vegetable 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 2% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 0% 0%
Thatta

Rabi Vegetables 3% 3% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 3% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 3% 3% 3%
Wheat 6% 10% 9% 10% 9% 10% 9% 10% 12% 8% 10% 7% 8% 9% 11% 8% 8% 9% 11%
Kharif Fodder 1% 3% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 1% 2% 2% 3% 2% 2% 3% 2% 2% 2%
Rabi Fodder 7% 8% 7% 8% 7% 6% 7% 6% 6% 6% 8% 8% 8% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 4%
Subtotal 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Sunflower 1% 1% 1% 2% 1% 3% 3% 3% 5% 3% 4% 4% 24% 29% 31% 24% 24% 26% 27%
Total Area 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Source: Unpublished Data from Department of Agriculture Extension 2011

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3.7 Livestock
Brief overview of livestock subsector in the left bank: Nationally, it is estimated that the livestock
sector accounts for about 50% in the total agriculture Gross Domestic Product (GDP)13. As the
demand for the dairy products is significantly higher in the province of Sindh, it is estimated that the
share of livestock in total provincial GDP is higher than national estimate. In the left bank there are
about 8.5 million large ruminants, followed by 11.5 million small ruminants. Amongst the 936
thousand pack animals in the left bank, 73% are horses, mules, and assess. Camel population is about
218 thousand, and is concentrated in the Tharparkar district of the Sukkur sub-region.
Status: Livestock plays an important role in the economy of the Sindh province. Livestock represents
an important component of agricultural sector in Sindh. Indeed, crop and livestock activities are to a
great extent, interdependent upon each other for their functioning in the farm sector.
Broadly there three systems classified as mixed farming system, extensive system and intensive
system. In the mixed farming system, crop farming and livestock raising are supplementary and
complementary to each other. In extensive system livestock is raised mainly depending upon the
grazing of pastures and crop residues. In intensive system, livestock especially buffaloes are produced
in urban and peri-urban areas for milk purposes. In this system all the inputs including feed, water and
medicines are made available at farm shed and there is no grazing of animals.
Table 3. 9: Number of Livestock in Sindh, 1986, 1990, 1996, 2000 and 2006 Census (in „000‟)
Type 1986 1990 1996 2000 2006
Cattle 3,874 2,792 5,464 3,946 5,968
Buffaloes 3,220 2,566 5,615 4,222 1,928
Sheep 2,616 1,194 3,710 2,220 3,363
Goats 6,755 4,618 9,734 8,913 9,599
Camels 218 140 225 261 64
Horses 76 30 63 49 76
Mules 5 4 12 10 67
Asses 500 302 694 533 560
Source: i) Agriculture Census, 1986, 1990, 1996, 2000, & 2006
ii) Agriculture Statistics of Pakistan, 2006-07
iii) Development Statistics of Sindh, 2008
Table 3. 10: Number of Livestock by district in Left Bank of Indus (1996 Census) (in „000‟)
District Cattle Buffaloes Sheep Goats Camels Horses Asses Mules
Hyderabad 436 772 173 854 8 3 30 0.4
Badin 289 368 164 302 7 1 9 0.3
Thatta 339 314 170 241 11 1 24 0.2
M. Khas 364 300 201 1,000 6 4 24 0.4
Tharparkar 485 40 899 1,971 103 8 151 0.5
Sanghar 353 253 197 702 8 4 31 0.6
Shaheed Benazirabad 328 355 136 500 4 2 19 0.7

13
Economic Survey of Pakistan 2009/10, Economic Advisers Wing, Ministry of Finance, Government of
Pakistan

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Naushahro Feroze 309 395 111 527 7 1 28 0.5

Khairpur 436 493 124 694 10 3 32 0.6
Sukkur 209 171 56 272 7 4 15 0.7
Ghotki 173 193 63 372 2 2 17 --
Total 3721 3654 2294 7,435 173 33 380 4.9
Source: Pakistan Census of Livestock, 1996
Cattle population during the decade (1996-2006) increased 26.74%, buffaloes by 30.71%, sheep by
60.69% and goats by 29.15%. In draught animals camels increased by 23.93%, mules by 69.32%,
asses by 44.87% and horses decreased by 28.19%. The animal population (2006 census) in Badin and
Thatta districts is tabulated hereunder:
Table 3. 11: Number of Livestock in Badin and Thatta District
Name of Animal Badin District (number) Thatta District (number)
Cattle 315,369 410,614
Buffaloes 498,253 367,117
Sheep 223,072 162,131
Goats 878,299 351,366
Camel 8,672 10,702
Horses 1,714 3,036
Mules 184 566
Asses 18,947 19,137
Poultry 611,560 973,268
Source: Livestock Census Report, 2006
Livestock plays a vital role in agriculture-based economy by providing motive power for agriculture
operations and supply of beef, meat, milk, hair, skin, manure and number of other products. Livestock
is treated as part of agriculture. This is natural and logical. Agriculture provides food in form of
grains, fruits, vegetables, oilseeds, sugarcane etc. Livestock give milk and meat directly as food.
Livestock directly helps in production of food grain and supplying dung as organic manure. Similarly,
muscle power of draught animals for land preparation and other agricultural operations is a great
contribution towards agriculture. Therefore, there is an organic relationship between agriculture and
livestock.
Livestock live on pasture, straw and crop residues, not edible for man. This way, livestock convert
waste into useful products.
3.8 Fisheries
Brief overview of fisheries subsector in the left bank: During the past years the fish catch increased
from 57 thousand mt in 2003/04 to 62.8 thousand mt and declined to 60.3 thousand mt in the year
2006/07. During the past few years the share of fish catch in Kotri subregion declined from 62.4
percent to 55 percent, while the share of the Sukkur subregion increased from 12.7 percent to 24.4
percent in the same period. Similarly the catch increased from 29.7 percent to 31.5 percent in the
Sukkur subregion, while in the Ghotki subregion it increased from about 13 to 24 percent. This is
mainly due to the salinization of freshwater bodies in the Kotri subregion, particularly in the delta and
coastal zone.
In the Study area, the fisheries subsector provides livelihoods to about 32,000 household. It is
reported that in 2006/07 fisher folk population distribution, there were 23 thousand full time fisher
folks, while there were about 8.8 thousand part time fisher folks. The table also shows that there are
3,560 boats, out of which 1,810 are sailboats and 1,750 are rowboats.
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Status: Sindh province holds the premier position in the fisheries sector of the country. It commands
almost 100 percent of the brackish, 65 percent of the fresh water and 71 percent of the marine water
resources of the total fisheries area of the Pakistan. These resources comprise 400 commercially
important species of the marine fish, 200 species of fresh water fish and 13 species of shrimp. The
coastal areas of Thatta and Badin districts are considered major fishing areas.
Fisheries are an important activity in Badin. About 10 percent of the overall marine fish exports
originate from Badin. The district is also considered to be among the most productive in Sindh for
fresh water fisheries. Badin is considered to have some of the most productive fresh water fisheries in
Sindh. Inland fisheries statistics for Sindh in 2002 revealed that out of the total fish production of
80,659 tons, some 14,152 tons or 17.5 percent were produced in Badin which was second only to
Thatta district in inland fish production.
As a coastal district, Badin relies on fisheries as an important component of economy. The current
situation suggests that habitat protection has not been addressed, enrichment is not a priority and
general indifference to the fisheries sector is pervasive. As such, it is no surprised that little has been
done to check the discharge of dangerous effluents and untreated waste into water sources, which not
only seriously undermines water quality but also threatens the existence of fish species. Similarly, the
absence of land use planning, accelerated urbanization and population growth have transformed some
streams into virtual municipal drains.
About 10 percent of the overall marine fish exports originate from Badin. Promoting fish production
will not only raise the income of fish farmers, but will also benefit other businesses including
processors and exporters.
During 2000-2001, total fish production in Pakistan was recorded at 665,000 tons; the contribution
from marine fisheries along Sindh and Balochistan coast lines was 480,000 tons, while the
contribution of inland fisheries was 185,000 tons. Of all the coastal fisheries the contribution from the
Sindh coast and Indus delta is higher than Balochistan despite Sindh‘s coast line being smaller (only
350 km). During 1999, out of a total of 474,665 tons of marine fish catches in Pakistan, the Sindh
coast contributed 333,047 tons; the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) under the control of the federal
government produced an additional 184,545 tons. Badin, being part of the Sindh coastal area,
contributes significantly to marine fish production, especially shrimp. It is estimated that out of the
marine fish exports worth US $100 million, about 10 percent comes from the Badin coast.
In Badin taluka, there are 100 fish farms covering 1,619 hectares. In Tando Bago taluka, there are 150
fish farms encompassing 3,540 hectares. Fish farms are also found in Golarchi, Matli and Talhar.
The vast majority of these fish ponds have been established in former lakes and natural depressions.
Only a dozen or so fish farms are reported to be managed on scientific lines and profitable in financial
terms. Most of the farms are facing problems related to technology, maintenance of proper soil and
water balance and feeding practices. There is a need for appropriate training as well as the
establishment of hatcheries to supply fry from successful species.
Badin has many other fresh water fisheries including natural depressions and water bodies such as the
Dhoro Puran, surface drains, inland lakes, tidal lakes and canals and distributaries. The development
of fresh water fisheries at selected locations in these vast areas could yield significant gains in terms
of fish production as well as income generation for the local communities.
3.9 Forestry
After agriculture, forestry is the second largest land use in Sindh. Forests are a natural endowment and
valuable resource for the province with a distinctive feature of being renewable. Sindh is blessed with
variety of forest types such as Riverine forests located along both sides of Indus, irrigated plantations
located in the command area of irrigation systems of Sukkur, Guddu and Kotri barrages and Coastal
forests located in deltaic region of Indus.
Forests have vital social, economic and environmental importance for the people of Sindh province.
They provide productive and protective functions, diversified types of functions such as production
of timber for constructions and raw material for industries, fuel wood for energy, non-wood products
for domestic and industrial uses, protection and preservation of environment including erosion and
water logging and salinity control and, employment generation for rural people. Role of forests and
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farmland trees in the maintenance of environment, absorption of solar energy and sequestration of
Carbon dioxide, protection of river banks from erosion, conservation of biodiversity and wildlife and
prevention of desertification is also equally important. Due to these functions, forestry is considered
as an important resource for social and environmental development.
3.9.1 Forest Resource in Sindh
Out of Sindh‘s total land area of 14.091 million ha, an area of 1.126 million ha, is under the control of
Sindh Forest Department (SFD) for different types of forests. Although total area controlled by SFD
is 8% of the province, but only an area of 2.3% is covered by productive forests. Functionally, forests
in Sindh are categorized as productive and protective forests. Table -8 provides the forest types and
details of area under each category.
Table 3. 12: Categories and types of Forests and area in Sindh
Category Type Area % of total % of area under
(M.ha) land area of forests
Sindh
Productive Riverine 0.241 1.72 21.5
Forests
Irrigated Plantations 0.082 0.58 7.3
Sub-Total 0.323 2.30 28.8
Protective Mangroves 0.344 2.45 30.6
Forests
Rangelands 0.457 3.25 40.6
Sub-Total 0.801 5.70 71.2
Total 1.124 8.00 100
Source: Sindh Forest Department‟s Records
3.9.2 Forest resource base in study area
There are three major types of forests in the study areas viz irrigated plantations in the command area
of Sukkur, Guddu and Kotri barrages and coastal forests along the coast. Rangelands located in
Kohistan and Registan areas are also declared as protected forests. All these forests are managed by
the Forest Department Government of Sindh.

3.9.2.1 Irrigated Plantations

Irrigated plantations of Sindh, also known as inland forests, were once riverine forests but isolated
from Indus waters by earthen embankments constructed in the 1930s. Presently, these plantations are
irrigated from Sukkur, Kotri, and Guddu barrage irrigation systems. The concept of irrigated forestry
was introduced by British with the objective to provide fuel wood to railways and cantonments in the
country. Due to these reasons almost all the irrigated plantations are located along or close to railway
line in Sindh and Punjab provinces. The principal species used to be Dalbergia sisoo (Shisham) in
Upper Sindh plantations, while Acacia nilotica (Babul) in the lower Sindh. Due to the fact that
Shisham is water demanding species it was replaced by Babul and Eucalyptus camaldulensis.
Eucalyptus was increasingly planted in all the plantations as it was a fast growing tree used for
industrial purposes.

3.9.2.2 Area located in left bank of Indus/study area

Of the total area of 82,000 ha under irrigated plantations in Sindh, an area of 65,175 ha is located left
bank of Indus in Thatta and Badin districts. District-wise area of irrigated plantations is shown in
Table 3.13.

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Table 3. 13: District-wise Area of Irrigated Plantations on Left Bank of Indus in Sindh
District Area (Ha)
Ghotki 11,431
Khairpur 5,013
Naushahro Feroze 634
Nawabshah 1,933
Sanghar 9,121
Umerkot 500
Hyderabad 3,282
Tando Muhammad Khan 7,918
Thatta 15,833
Badin 9,510
Total 65,175

3.9.3 Management Objectives of forests

The following are the main management objectives of Forestry.
1. To increase vegetative cover over state forest lands in the province through conversation and
improvement in the existing Riverine and irrigated for maximizing sustained production and
preservation of ecosystem.
2. To meet the fuel wood and timber requirements of the province on sustained basis.
3. To promote environmental stability and preserve bio-diversity and natural heritage.
4. To intensify management and adopt post care and strict measures against deforestation as so to
enhance productivity in line with potential of the site.
3.9.4 Sources of irrigation of Forests
The only source of irrigation to these plantation areas is through network of canal irrigation system of
three barrages. Like agriculture, water has been allocated at the rate of 1.0 cusec for 40.0 ha plantation
from different distributaries throughout the province. Internally, the Forest Department has
constructed water courses for proper distribution to all irrigated plantations.
3.9.5 Coastal/Mangrove Forests
The area of the deltaic plain from the shoreline to the alluvial valley covers about 29,500 sq. km in the
shape of fan. It represents a typical dry (arid) subtropical delta with high evaporation rate and
negligible precipitation.
The Indus delta, built up by the discharge of large quantities of silt washes down in Indus River from
Karakoram and Himalayan mountain ranges. The delta is spread over in about 600,000 hectares and is
characterized by 17 major creeks, mud flats – satellite imagery in the year 1999 indicates about
260,000 hectares of delta are covered with mangroves.

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Figure 3.6: The Indus Delta

The mangroves are biologically a highly productive environment, as today, the only species growing
and forming forests is Avicennia marina locally known as “Timer”. The mangroves are very
important ecosystem both economically and ecologically. Although the mangroves play productive
roles but their protective role is more effective than productive. Some of the roles/functions of
mangroves are as under:
 As a pool of biodiversity they support diverse forms of plant and animal life.
 Provide food, shelter and breeding ground to prawns, several fin-fish, crabs and other marine
life.
 Reduce wave action and help stabilize coastlines.
 Assimilate sewage water wastes and heavy metals from industrial plants.
 Protect seaports from siltation.
 Reduce the intensity of Cyclones
 Provide livelihood to a population of more than 100,000 people living along the coastline.
 Source of wood for heating and cooking and fodder for livestock.
 Provide shelter to migratory birds during winter.
Nutrient flows: The major sources of nutrient supply to the Indus Delta are:
 Freshwater and the riverine sediments as suspended load through Indus River discharge.
 Regeneration of nutrients within the deltaic areas through microbial activities.
 Supply through the physic-chemical processes operative on the coast and in the offshore delta.
Mangroves are dependent upon fresh water discharges from River Indus. The mangroves are
dominated by a single species, Avicennia marina which is over 95% of the trees, though a few stands
of Ceriopsis tagal, Brugiuiriera conjugate, Aegiceras corniculatum and Rhizophora mucronata also
occur.
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Mangroves are uniquely adapted to water-logged and oxygen-deficient tidal mud flats, where no other
plant survives. These forests, besides having environmental value, also protect the sea ports from
siltation and erosion, act as perfect breeding ground for shrimps, besides providing low grade timber
for house construction, poles for boats, fuel wood for curing shrimp, and fodder for livestock.
Mangroves are used as firewood and fodder for domestic animals. Avicennia wood does not make
good fuel wood as other mangrove species e.g. Rhizophora, it is still used extensively by local people
for their own uses. On the other hand Avicenia are excellent fodder for domestic animals. It is
estimated that in past about 16,000 camels were fed upon mangroves. This practice has reduced the
quality of growth and quantity of resource. Besides mangroves protect coast from wind and ocean
currents
Commercial exploitation of mangrove forests for extraction of wood was not permissible except dead,
dying and uprooted trees were allowed to be removed to meet the fuel wood requirements of local
population and their removal was carried out legally under permits. Grazing, browsing and lopping
however, is regular feature for livestock especially camel grazing and local use.
3.10 Wetlands
In Sindh there are more than 100 wetlands of which about 90% fall on the left bank of Indus. All
wetlands are storehouses of biodiversity including wetland vegetation, plants, fish, birds, wildlife and
other aquatic life especially for local communities and sources of livelihood of majority of population.
There is great reliance on the wetlands as they are the main source of livelihood to the poor
communities. Wetlands are ecosystems that provide numerous goods and services that have an
economic value, not only to the local population living in its periphery but also to communities living
outside the wetland area. Furthermore, wetlands also provide recreational opportunities and amenities,
and flood control and storm buffering. Wetlands also provide a range of ecosystem services, including
ground water recharge, flood control and water purification and also eco-tourism.
There are nineteen (19) wetlands declared as Ramsar Sites in Pakistan, nine are located in Sindh
province of which six are situated on the left bank of Indus namely, Deh Akro, Nurruri lagoon, Jubbo
lagoon, Runn of Kutch, Indus delta, and The Indus Dolphin Reserve. They have gained importance
due to their unique biodiversity and habitat which shelters large number of species.
There are three important wetland complexes located on the left bank Indus in Sindh, the study area,
namely Deh Akro II, Coastal wetlands and Chotiari reservoir and wetlands located in Shaheed
Benazirabad, Badin and Sanghar districts, respectively. Deh Akro II and some wetlands of coastal
wetlands are declared as Ramsar Sites under UN Wetland Convention at Ramsar, Iran.

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Figure 3. 7: Sindh Province and location of Wetland Complex sites

Chotiari wetland complex extends over 20,243 ha and includes about 36 lakes, of which five are
freshwater and 31 brackish water, fed by seepage from the Nara Canal and its Jamrao offshoot.
Located in a typical stable sand desert habitat, the lakes occupy flat bottomed valleys surrounded by 5
to 10 m high sand dunes.
Deh Akro II is wildlife protected area and declared as Ramsar site under UN Convention on
Wetlands. It consists of four major habitats; desert, wetland, marsh and agricultural. It is a natural
inland wetland ecosystem, which supports a variety of rare and endangered wildlife species. This area
hosts a considerable number of rare fauna. Many indigenous fish species are also found. Water
scarcity during a persistent dry spell is adversely affecting the area. There are 36 wetlands forming a

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complex and having pre-dominant wildlife species of Chrocodiles. This area is managed by Wildlife
Department, Government of Sindh.
Since the 1960s, when the Kotri Basin drains were built to discharge into the dhands they have
become an important local fishery, and a waterfowl habitat of international importance. Portions of
two of the Sindh dhands (Sanhro and Mehro) have been declared Ramsar sites, and the Rann of Kutch
is included on the WWF list of the 200 globally most important biodiversity hot-spots. The natural
pattern of surface drainage and overland flow, especially of storm runoff, from this coastal and near-
coastal zone in Badin District is south and southeastward towards the Rann of Kutch. To avoid
discharging LBOD through KPOD directly into this environmentally sensitive international wetland, a
Tidal Link Canal was built 42 km southwestward across the dhands and the Rann of Kutch from
KPOD to the nearest active tidal creek, Shah Samando Creek. The Tidal Link drain was isolated from
the Rann of Kutch and the dhands by high embankments. An 1800 ft weir, called the Cholri Weir, was
built where the Tidal Link Canal passes through Cholri Dhand in order to attenuate high water levels
in the Tidal Link Canal during high tide by allowing water to flow into the dhands during this period,
and to protect the dhands from excessive drainage during low tide when the water would flow back
into the Tidal Link Canal.

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4 Sector Context
4.1 Chronology of Irrigation and Drainage development in Sindh
Sindh Province has a vast irrigation and drainage network and it is one of the primary beneficiaries of
the Indus Basin Irrigation System of Pakistan (IBIS). The IBIS is considered as one of the largest
contiguous irrigation systems in the world. Of the total 14 barrages of the IBIS, Sindh has three major
barrages on the Indus River that divert approximately 48 million acre feet MAF (59.0 billion cubic
meters- BCM) of water annually to the 14 main canal commands in Sindh Province. These canal
systems have an aggregate length of 13,325 miles (21,445 Km), which serve a gross command area
(GCA) of 14.391 million acres (5.8 million ha). There are also about 42,000 watercourses (tertiary
channels), which have an aggregate length of about 75,000 miles (120,000 Km). The water diversion
in the study area Table 4.1 is approximately 11.6 MAF for eight canal commands.
Table 4.1: Major Barrages on the Indus River in Sind Province
Barrage Name Nearest Year Diversion Quantity Left Bank
city constructed (MAF)
Guddu Ghotki 1962 3.484
Sukkur Sukkur 1932 5.532
Kotri Hyderabad 1955 2.577

A map showing this extensive drainage system is shown in Figure 4.1.

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Figure 4.1: Map showing the drainage system of Lower Indus Region

4.1.1 Irrigation Infrastructure

The Southern/lower part of the Indus Basin Irrigation System is the main source of water resources
for the Sindh province. In addition to this, underground fresh water, torrential flows, and water bodies
supplement water availability. The water resources support irrigated agriculture, livestock, inland
fisheries, forest plantation, municipal use, and industrial subsectors.
The Indus River in Sindh is managed with an elaborate system of irrigation, and drainage network to
dispose off underground effluent, flood, and storm water. The irrigation system consists of three
barrages, Guddu, Sukkur, and Kotri, diverting water into 14 main canal systems, of which eight are on
the left bank and six are on the right bank. The canal systems deliver water to millions of farms
through distributaries, minors, and watercourses. In addition to this, the system provides drinking

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water supplies to the various urban settlements and industrial establishments. The river supplies,
downstream of Kotri, fall into the Arabian Sea, supporting riverine forests, mangroves, and estuaries.
The development of Sindh province has always been governed entirely by the water of the Indus, even
name Sindh, has been derived from one of the original name of the Indus. Therefore, the main source
of virtually all water used in the region is of the river Indus.
The history of Irrigation development goes back to 500 years ago, where the people use to cultivate
their lands on the flooding of the river Indus. Later on Inundation canals were excavated for irrigation
purpose. These canals mostly were active during the summer (flooding) season. Then by the middle of
19th century the inundation canal system ) was steadily improved and extended until by 1921 and
about over two million acres were commanded by it. As the inundation system neared its zenith, plans
were made to build barrages across the river to control river levels and direct the waters into a vastly
canal system. In this way supplies could be ensured through out the year, so that summer and winter
cropping could be possible.
4.1.2 Development of irrigation System
The first Sukkur barrage in the region was completed in 1932, some 80 years back, and then second
one Kotri barrage in 1955 and the last one Guddu barrage in 1962 were commissioned. These three
barrages irrigated the all parts of Lower Indus region.
The introduction of barrage controlled irrigation resulted in assured and more timely supplies for the
existing cultivated areas. Two systems have been developed: Non perennial, with irrigation water in
Kharif season only, and the Perennial, with water normally available through out the year for the
summer (Kharif) and winter (Rabi) crops.
Outside the command areas, cultivation falls into two groups: rain-fed and flood irrigated. In general
there is insufficient rainfall for normal cropping, hence during the rainy season especially in Thar
desert the depressions are ponded by the run-off and retain the moisture for growing the crops and the
second one sailaba, confined to river flood (Katcha or active flood plain) plain, during the high floods
it is inundated and when water recedes, moisture is contained by land and crops are cultivated.
4.1.3 Water Diversion in Study Area
Irrigation water in study area is diverted from Indus river through Guddu barrage at Kashmore in the
north. Ghotki Feeder canal off-takes from Guddu Barrage, whereas Khairpur Feeder east, Khairpur
Feeder west, Rohri canal and Nara canal off-takes from Sukkur barrage and Akram wah, Fuleli canal
and Pinyari canal off-takes from the Kotri Barrage. Gross command area of 8 canals is 9.75 MA and
cultivable command area 8.58 MA.
The annual water entitlement of Ghotki feeder is 3.484 MAF, Khairpur feeder West is 1.148 MAF,
Khairpur East 0.369 MAF, Nara Canal 7.803 MAF, Rohri Canal 8.297 MAF, Fuleli Canal 3.280
MAF, Pinyari Canal 2.593 MAF and Akram Wah 1.786 MAF with total annual entitlement of all 8
Canals is 29.562 MAF. The available data shows that the total annual diversions in 8 canals for years
2004-05, 2005-06, 2006-07, 2007-08, 2008-09 and 2009-10 were 26.7, 29.0, 24.8, 25.199, 22.02 and
23.696 MAF.
4.2 Drainage Infrastructure
More than three fourth of Sindh is underlain with saline groundwater, and is generally not fit for
irrigation. The fresh groundwater, generally confined to the corridor along the Indus River, is of better
quality, and is suitable for irrigation and domestic use. To supplement the canal water supplies, the
private tubewells pump out the fresh groundwater.
To combat the increasing water table, causing water logging and salinity, declining farm productivity,
and damage to physical infrastructure, the deep turbines and tile drains/interceptors are employed to
pump and drain out the saline groundwater effluent. This effluent is disposed off into canals and or
drainage network. The same is transported to natural depressions in the delta and Arabian Sea. The
drainage network provides relief to the storm water. In the left bank, about one fifth of the canal
command area suffers from water logging and salinity, and hampered farm productivity. The system,
therefore, needs to drain out the surplus saline water effluent out of the basin. The Left Bank Outfall
Drain (LBOD) collects drainage effluent from the major part of left bank command areas of Sukkur,
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and Kotri barrages, and drains into the sea. The tidal link and Cholri weir at the tail end of the LBOD
botched due to various acts of nature and technical reasons. The failure led to seawater intrusion and
devastated the farmland, freshwater bodies, inland fisheries in the delta, and mangroves in the coastal
zone. This had an adverse impact on the livelihood of people residing in the lower reaches of Kotri
command, delta, and coastal zones, compromising their food security in the deltaic region and coastal
areas. This also severely blighted the local ecology and environment. The communities in the affected
area strongly feel they were not consulted during the planning, designing, and implementation stages.
The main reasons of water logging and salinity are high losses from canal seepage, losses from high
doses of irrigation applications to the crops more than its requirement and also not adopting proper
cropping patterns according to their agro climatic zones and soil conditions and over all mis-
management of water which have created the twin menace of water logging and salinity within the
irrigated areas of lower Indus region.
As explained above the continuous recharge to ground water from irrigation canals, water courses,
field application to different crops and practice of growing high delta crops resulted in high water
table which created the water logging and salinity problems within the study area. Hence, a
considerable area of good agriculture land with high productivity potential started deteriorating every
year.
Lower Indus Project investigations were started in 1959 to provide a plan for the optimal development
of the water resources in Lower Indus Region. As a result of these investigations extending over a
period of six years, the Lower Indus Report was prepared in 1966 by Hunting Technical Services Ltd
and Sir M. MacDonald & Partners for WAPDA which provided benchmark data as well as
comprehensive plan of intensive development of the land and water resources of the province to
ensure that agricultural production meet the growing internal demands and export targets. The plan
envisaged interrelated projects for both additional water supplies and drainage to be carried out in a
program, phased over a period of 25 years. The Lower Indus Report covers the irrigated area of three
barrages of Sindh viz. Guddu, Sukkur and Kotri. The whole area is divided into four parts in
following categories:
 Perennial fresh ground water.
 Non-perennial fresh ground water.
 Perennial saline ground water.
 Non-perennial saline ground water.
Priority was recommended for the projects in fresh ground water areas, where tube wells could be
easily installed to provide both increased irrigation water and providing drainage and can bring about
large and early increase in agriculture production.
4.3 Vertical drainage
Drainage facilities in Sindh have been provided over a gross command Area of 5.3 Mha. These
facilities include installation of 5,835 tube wells (3,697 FGW and 1,777 SGW) 365 Scavenger wells.
Construction of 8,200 km surface drains. 565 km interceptor drain 0.1 MA covered with tile drain.
Under Salinity Control and Reclamation Projects (SCARPS) the sub-surface drainage systems of tube
wells on the Left Bank of river Indus has been completed on Gross Command area 3.685 MA where
various drainage technologies have been adopted for water table and salinity control. The drainage
facility comprises of 3170 fresh Ground Water tube wells, 2168 saline ground water tube wells, 365
scavenger wells, tile drains over an area of 0.1 MA and 4,458 KM surface drains under other surface
drainage projects. The operational status of the tube wells in each SCARP Project is as under.
4.3.1 Ghotki Fresh Ground Water Project
The project is located in Ghotki district, the GCA of project is 0.178 million hectares (0.44 MA) and
CCA is 0.162 Mha (0.400 MA). A total of 1015 fresh ground water tube wells of total capacity of
2070 cusecs were installed. The capacity of individual tube wells vary from 1.5 cusecs to 2.5 cusecs
depending upon the aquifer conditions. This project has been framed to increase its cropping
intensities (Base year) from 95% to 150% at ultimate development. Additional tube wells were
installed as such total number of tube wells in the project area is 1,092 out of which 875 are
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operational and 217 are non-operational due to various reasons. As such the pumping capacity has
been reduced by 19.87 percent.
4.3.2 Khairpur SCARP Project
A drainage project is located in District Khairpur the GCA of the project is 0.178 Mha (0.44 million
acres) of which 0.15 Mha (0.380 million acres) is cultivable under command of Khairpur Feeder East
and Khairpur Feeder West both canals are perennial. A total of 540 tube wells of various capacities
were installed to control the ground water table at 7ft below the natural surface level. Out of total
number 540 tube wells, 175 pump ground water of acceptable (fresh water) quality which is directly
utilized in the field channels for augmenting the existing irrigation supplies on full development. For
disposal of saline effluent 550 km of surface drains were constructed and five pumping stations with
an installed capacity of 855 cusecs to dispose off the saline effluent into the Rohri Canal. Additional
105 tube wells were installed under Khairpur SCARP extension program, accordingly the total
number of tube wells in Khairpur SCARP has increased to 645.
The operational status of tube wells indicates that 289 tube wells are operational and 356 tube wells
are non operational due to various reasons.
4.3.3 SCARP North Rohri Fresh Ground Water Project.
The project is located in Districts of Khairpur and Naushero Feroze. The GCA is 0.32 Mha (0.793
MAa) and CCA is 0.278 Mha (0.69 MAa). A total of 581 tube wells of various capacities between 1.5
cfs and 5.0 cfs have been installed. Annual pumpage of fresh ground water is about 1.08 MAF to
supplement the irrigation supplies. The cropping intensity during base year was 98% and with target
of 150 percent.
Out of 581 tube wells 259 are non-operational.
4.3.4 SCARP South Rohri Fresh Ground Water Project.
The project is located in districts of Nawabshah and Hyderabad. GCA is 0.22 Mha (0.541 Ma) and
CCA is 0.152 Mha (0.375 Ma). The project receives perennial irrigation supplies from Rohri Canal
system supplemented by the additional of 1,214 fresh ground water tube wells with designed capacity
of 1 to 2 cusecs. The cropping intensities during base year were 88 percent which is planned to
increase upto 110 percent.
1,214 tube wells were constructed in the priority area providing a discharge capacity of 1 to 2 cusecs
of individual tube wells. Additional 8 tube wells were installed as such total number of tube wells is
1,222.
The operational status of the Tube wells indicate that 860 tube wells are operational and remaining
362 tube wells are non-operational as such the pumping capacity of Tube wells has been reduced
from 2,660 to 1,873 cusecs which have direct impact on the agricultural production due to reduction
in pumpage from tube wells. Non-operational Tube wells are 205.
4.4 Surface and sub-surface drainage
4.4.1 LBOD Stage – 1
Surface Drainage network in the LBOD-Stage -1 project was designed to cater need of evacuation of
surface runoff generated from the drains and rainfall in the project area for ultimate disposal through
network of Sub-drain, Branch drain, Main dain, LBOD spinal drain out fall drains, and Tidal Link to
the Sea Figure 4.2. The drainage effluent generated from saline tubewells and scavenger wells
installed along the main Branch canals is 1240 cusecs. The drainage effluent generated from the
interceptor drain installed along the main/ branch canal for interception of seepage is disposed off into
the canals. The fresh water component generated from scavenger wells is directly used for
augmenting surface irrigation supply for cultivation of crops
The construction of LBOD Stage-1 project was completed in 1997 except Chotiari Reservoir, which
was completed in 2002 and handed over to SIDA. Total area served by the three component projects
Nawabshah, Sanghar and Mirpurkhas is over Gross Command Area (GCA) 1.426 MA and Cultural
Command Area (CCA) 1.276 MA.

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The System comprising three components Nawabshah, Sanghar and Mirpurkhas LBOD Branch Drain
and outfall System were handed over to Irrigation Department/ Sindh Irrigation & Drainage Authority
upto 2002. The management transfer process was initiated in 1998 and completed on January 2002.
WAPDA Operated System for one year before management transfer to IPD/ SIDA.
4.4.2 Nawabshah Component
Nawabshah component provides drainage facility on gross area of 0.626 MA with a network of main
branch and sub-drains totaling 323 km. subsurface drainage comprises 274 Tube wells and scavenger
wells 191and 225 km of interceptor drains. The tube wells have been designed to operate at 60%
efficiency and maintain Water table at 7ft below ground Surface. Storm Drainage disposal has been
provided through network of Surface drains and inlets.

4.4.3 Sanghar component

Sanghar project provide
drainage facility over a gross
area of 0.424 MA with
network of main, branch and
Sub – drains. 93.8%of this
area has been provided with
Sub-Surface drainage by 642
tube wells and 175 scavenger
wells, 122 km of interceptor
drains are provided for
seepage control along main
canals. The Tube wells have
been designed to operate at
60% efficiency and maintain
Water table at 7 ft below
ground surface. The project
has been designed to reduce
flood damage by lowering
high water table to provide
more capacity for infiltration
of excess irrigation
applications and part of storm
water. Surface drainage
network will provide
evacuation of surface runoff
within 2 and 3 days. 572 tube
wells are operational and 224
tube wells are non- Figure 4. 2: LBOD Schematic Diagram
operational due to various
reasons.
4.4.4 Mirpurkhas Component
Mirpurkhas project provide drainage facility over a gross area 0.376 MA, with network of main
branch and Sub-drains Main drain following the approximate course of existing Doro Purim. Most of
the project area (77.1%) has been provided with Sub-surface drainage by 752 tube wells, tile drains on
0.55 MA. The project has been designed to reduce flood damage by lowering water table to 7 feet´
depths for enhancing infiltration of excess irrigation application and Storm Water. Surface drainage
network will provide evacuation of Storm runoff within 14 ½ days to 3 days through network of
inlets. There are 188 operational and 172 non-operational tube wells.

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Table 4.2: Drainage facilities of the LBOD Stage-1 Project.

Interceptor
Tile Drains

No. of storm water

Length of disposal
Drains

Length of surface
(CCA) 000 acres.

No. of Scavenger
channel (saline)

No. of drainage
Gross area 000

command area

in 000 acres
Area served
Component

Length km
Culturable

tube wells
drains km

pumping

pumping
stations.
stations
No. of

No. of

inlets.
acres.

wells
km.
Nawabshah 626 555 323 602 274 191 225 53 - - 435

Sanghar 424 632 554 913 642 175 122 122 - - 566

Mirpurkhas 376 359 326 876 752 - 235 75 55 68 590

Total
1426 1276 1203 2391 1668 365 582 250 55 68 1581
Project

4.4.5 Overall Operational Status of Tube wells in Study area

There are 5,338 tube wells in Study area out of which 1931 tube wells are non-operational and 3407
are operational tube wells.
Over all operational status of tube wells in study is presented in Figure 4.3. The Status indicate that
800 tube wells are closed due to theft/ burning of transformers, 377 due to fault in 11 KVA line, 261
due to bore failure, 260 due to motor defect, 172 due to pump defect and 46 due to control panel
defect
Drainage and flood subsector infrastructure is in dispair due to deferred maintenance, poor
governance and operational management, and equity issues..
Figure 4. 3: Overall Tubewells Operational Status in Study Area

4.5 Flood Protection Infrastructure

4.5.1 Flood Embankments
The River Indus, in its course through the plains of Sindh, has been depositing silt and sand since time
immemorial; due to this phenomenon the riverbed is up raised much higher than the natural ground.
Therefore, the river is flowing on ridge; with the ground surface sloping away from River's both
banks. Generally the river flows at the level 6 ft: to 10ft: above the adjacent ground level. During the
monsoons when the river discharge increases above the full bank stage, floodwater spills over the
lands devastating everything there. In early 18th century land owners constructed some flood
embankments (bunds) to hold up river spill for protecting their lands and dwellings. Thus prior to
1869 the flood protective bunds were local bunds; those were maintained by the farming community
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by themselves. Subsequently in the year 1869, Sindh Government constructed one such flood
protective bund near Sukkur Barrage. This was first bund constructed and maintained by the
Government since then more and more attention was paid for construction of flood protective
embankments to make the countryside safe against the vagaries of the almighty River Indus. At
present, both banks of river are fully protected by means of series of flood bunds, from Guddu
Barrage to the Arabian Sea except in hilly portions where the adjoining hill levels are higher than
High Flood Level (HFL) of the river.
As in the province of Sindh, Indus River mostly runs on the ridge therefore in case of breach into
embankments, the floodwater, which flows out, cannot be diverted back into the River Indus and it
inundates the vast developed areas. Thus, in order to protect the areas and the local population from
devastation, the flood is required to be contained in between flood protective embankments. SIDA is
responsible for flood bunds between Sukkur Barrage and Kotri Barrage; all along left bank of River
Indus.
Table 4.3: Left Bank Area Bund System of Districts
Type of Bund Naushahro Shaheed Matiari Total Length
Khairpur Feroz Benazeer Abad (Miles)
Front Line Bunds 71.3 68.5 54.1 50.6 244.7
Second Line Bunds 54.3 25.0 8.3 11.5 99.3
Total Length (Miles) 125.6 93.5 62.4 62.3 344.2
Source: Sindh Irrigation Department (2010)
4.5.2 Barrages of Left Bank Area
Irrigation in Sindh has a history of several thousand years. Indus River is flowing since millions of
years. It is mentioned in Vedas (Rigveda) - Oldest Book of Hindu Civilization. Indus civilization is
the richest and one of the oldest in the world. Irrigation canal system was extended and improved
during the late 1800s. A major program for improvement and construction of new inundations canals
was undertaken in the latter half of the nineteenth century when construction of barrages was started
in 1924. Barrage commanded irrigation was introduced with the construction of Sukkur Barrage
system in 1932 irrigating a gross area of some 8 million acres on the left bank of the River Indus.
Kotri Barrage and Guddu Barrage were completed in 1955 and 1962 respectively with very extensive
distribution network.

Table 4.4 : Infrastructure of Barrages

Barrage Year of Design Clear Maximum Withdrawal
completion` Discharge Waterway Flood Level Capacity for
(cfs) Height Irrigation
(ft)
Canals (cfs)
(ft)
Guddu 1962 1,200,000 3840 26 46120
Sukkur 1932 1,500,000 3240 30 65933
Kotri 1955 875,000 2640 43 38878
Source: Sindh Irrigation Department (2010)
The data of historical peak discharges with return period is given below in table 4.5.

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Table 4.5: Historical and 2010 Flood Peaks and Return Period for Barrages on Indus
Locations Design 100 -yr 2010 Flood Historic Peak
Discharge Flood
Peak Return
(cfs) (cfs)
Period
cfs Years Year Cfs
Guddu 1,200,000 1,332,000 1,148,738 34 1976 1,176,150
Sukkur (1.5 million as originally 1,290,000 1,130,995 39 1976 1,161,472
designed; reduced to 900000
Kotri 875,000 962,000 964,897 102 1956 981,000
Source: Sindh Irrigation Department (2010)
4.5.3 Drainage Infrastructure of Left Bank Area
In May 1961 WAPDA published a report entitled "Program for water logging and salinity control in
irrigated areas of the then West Pakistan" comprising of 10 year Program for water logging and
salinity control measures through development of groundwater resources. 16 salinity control and
Reclamation projects (SCARPs) were identified for Lower Indus Region. SCARP Projects completed
on Left Bank of River Indus in study area were.
 Ghotki (Fresh Ground water) completed during 1976-90
 SCARP Khairpur completed in 1963-70
 SCARP North Rohri (Fresh ground water) completed in 1969-1979
 East Khairpur Tile drainage Project completed in 1985
 SCARP south Rohri (Fresh ground water) completed in 1976-1090
 Left Bank outfall drain stage-1 Project started in 1985 and completed in 2003
Seven main surface drainage systems in Left Bank Kotri Barrage command have been rehabilitated
under National Drainage Program during the period of 1995 of 2002.
4.5.4 Drainage Infrastructure for Storm Water Control – LBOD Project
 A network of surface drains discharging to the sea via a spinal drain and tidal link.
 Deep tube-wells to intercept seepage water and control the groundwater table by pumping
groundwater into the surface drainage network.
 Interceptor drains beside canals to recover fresh water seepage for use in irrigation.
 Buried tile drains to control groundwater tables where drainage tube-wells are not feasible.
 Additional power capacity at seven (2x Nawabshah, 2x Sanghar & 3x Mirpurkhas) existing
grid stations (required for the operation of 1700 x tube-wells with 1.0 to 1.5 cusecs
discharge).
 A network of power supplies to tube wells and drainage pumping stations.
 Remodeling canals (Nara Canal) to increase capacity (in order to provide irrigation water for
the reclaimed land from water logging and salinity).
 Construction of Chotiari Reservoir to provide system storage allowing secure supplies to the
Lower Nara Canal System. The purpose of linking LBOD project with Chotiari Reservoir was
to utilize the stored water for Rabi season crops (November to May) in LBOD benefited area.
 On Farm Water Management to improve watercourses and water use practices.
Hierarchy of the surface drainage system of LBOD Stage-1 Project comprise; Sub-drains, Branch
drains, Main drains, Spinal drain, Outfall drains and Tidal link out falling into the Arabian sea.
Geographical units, where this surface drainage system is located, are:
 Nawabshah (Shaheed Benazirabad) Component;
 Sanghar Component: and
 Mirpurkhas Component.

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In addition to the above three components, there are several drainage systems of Badin area out falling
into Spinal Drain and KPOD. Surface drainage systems of LBOD Stage-1 Project and Kotri Surface
Drainage comprise of:
 Surface Drainage Network of Nawabshah Component Project.
 Surface Drainage Network of Sanghar Component Project.
 Surface Drainage Network of Mirpurkhas Component Project.
 Surface Drainage Network of Badin Area.
 Spinal Drain.
 Dhoro Puran Link Drain.
 Dhoro Puran Outfall Drain (DPOD).
 Kadhan Pateji Outfall Drain (KPOD).
 Tidal Link.
The surface drains are intended to carry two different types of effluents. The first type is designated as
"Base Flow", which is the drainage effluent discharge by sub-surface facilities like drainage tube
wells and tile drains. Base flow is generally highly saline. The second type is the "Storm water flow",
which is generated by rainfall over the catchment area. The chemical quality of the storm water is
non-saline. Apart from the surface drains, several canal escape channels carrying surplus water from
the irrigation system also contribute to the main drain flows.
Table 4.6: Salient Features of 3 Units of LBOD

Sr. Drainage System Length

No.
RDs Canal Miles
1. Nawabshah Drainage System 1967.882 394
2. Sanghar Drainage System 1398.371 280
3. Mirpurkhas Drainage System 1474.635 295
Total 4840.888 968
The LBOD project has been selected for detailed feasibility study under Phase-III of the consultancy
work.
4.6 Performance of the Infrastructure
Pakistan is one of the five South Asian countries with the highest annual average number of people
physically exposed to floods, which occur normally due to storm systems that originate from Bay of
Bengal during the monsoon from July to September each year. Storms originating in Bay of Bengal,
passing over lower Central India and Rajasthan, enter Pakistan and continue towards the North into
Kashmir Valley. The mountain ranges in the extreme north of Pakistan provide a perennial source of
inflow into the Indus River.
Fifty six (56%) percent of the Indus river basin lies in Pakistan and covers approximately 70 % of the
country‘s area. Generally major floods in the Indus basin occur in late summer (July-September)
when the South Asian region is subjected to heavy monsoon rains. In upper to mid reaches of the
Basin, tributaries including the Jhelum and Chenab are mostly the cause of flooding. Major flooding
is mainly associated with the monsoon low depression that develops in the Bay of Bengal and moves
across India in a west/north-westerly direction to enter into Pakistan.
4.6.1 Performance of Flood Bunds
Whenever an area is flooded by the sudden breaching of bunds of Indus River, there occur extensive
damage to public property, agriculture, commerce and life in general. The flood of 2010 caused great
damage to bunds of the Indus River with serious breaches occurring at vulnerable places. One such
breach occurred in the main River Bund known as the M.S. Bund at Kot Almu on the left side of the
river near Daro Town. Flooding caused great damages in large areas of Bathoro, Sujawal, Jati and
Shah Bunder Talukas as it extended some 75 miles from the breach site to the vicinity of the Tidal
Link. Flood maps were prepared following visits of GIS and engineering personnel of LBG and IAC
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consultants to document the extent of flooding during July and August of 2010. LBG/IAC teams had
visited the area to assess damages and to seek a potential solution to alleviate the widespread misery
and suffering as well as to avoid such large economic losses to the provincial and national economies.
Area roads were overtopped resulting in disruption of communications. Cities, towns and villages
came under flood due to which people were compelled to vacate their homes and seek shelter at
places far away. Damage to public property and loss of standing crops and cattle was very extensive
and was accompanied by human sufferings due to migration from homes and relocation to camps
where facilities for shelter, food and medicine were scarce. Often there was total absence of amenities
of life in these camps. The role of district administration was poor and objectionable.
4.6.2 Performance of LBOD Drainage Network
The lower part of Sindh received ever maximum monthly rainfall during August and September
2011.The average rainfall was about 300 mm with duration of 24 - 48 hours and was 2-3 times higher
than the land drainage capacity of existing drainage system. The heavy rainfall in Districts of Badin,
Mirpur Khas, Tando Muhammad Khan, Nawabshah and Sanghar generated runoff of 15000 cfs, while
LBOD system is designed for a discharge of 4600 cfs. The above districts were inundated with a
depth of storm water ranging from 3 to 4 feet. The system performed satisfactory though there was
limited capacity, obstructions and encroachments to natural drainage and overtopping/breaching at
number of places was reported. The high level of water in Spinal drain caused submergence of
Mirpurkhas Main Drain in city area of Mirpurkhas and LBOD branch drain resulting inundation of
adjoining villages and towns of Badin and created havoc with the life and property in above areas.
The outfall drains of KPOD and DPOD were running with a discharge of 7000 cfs and 4000 cfs
respectively much above their design capacity. Many a farmers cut the banks of spinal and branch
drains to quickly evacuate the storm water from their cropped lands and more from cotton fields. The
damage to drainage infrastructure was enormous and quite a few Watercourse Crossing Aqueducts
collapsed and quite a few Bridges damaged.
4.6.3 Performance of Flood Protection Embankments
As a result of these low values of discharge, the river bed silted-up and water levels standing against
bunds were high. Thus there was water pressure and flood risk to the bunds. Also, during the past 14
years, many experts and competent flood fighting staff retired and new staff has not had any
experience and training in flood fighting. In fact it has been suggested that there was no flood fighting
spirit in the flood management staff and they did not take the flood situation seriously.
During 2010 a breach occurred in the left bank M.S. Bund near Kot Aalmoo above Sujawal on 24 and
25 August which inundated areas in Sujawal and Jati Talakas of Thatta district. Immediately on the
next day a breach occurred on the right bank of the Indus in the Pana- Baghar bund opposite Thatta
town. This breach was poised to inundate old Thatta town as breaches also occurred in the K.B.
Feeder lower canal. But timely and successful efforts were made to plug this breach with big stones,
and the town was saved.
These three breaches in river protection bunds, and the flooding effects on flood protection
infrastructure, caused extensive damage to canal and drainage systems, bunds and barrages in the
inundated areas. The magnitude of much of this damage is still not known; and most of the damage is
still not repaired (as of mid-December 2010).
4.6.4 Future Trend of Flood Threats in Sindh
Recent trends in climate change for Pakistan, based on last 70 years of data, shows the following
fundamental changes in the Sindh and county‘s climate:
 A rise in mean daily temperature of 0.6 to 1.0 degree centigrade in arid coastal areas and in
arid western/north-western mountains
 A 10-15% decrease in both winter & summer rainfall in the coastal belt
 A 18-32% increase in rainfall in the monsoon zone (sub-humid and humid areas)
 A further decrease of 5% in relative humidity over the arid plains of Balochistan
 A 3-5% decrease in cloud cover over central and southern part of Pakistan resulting an
increase in sunshine

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This change in climatic conditions over Pakistan and Sindh in particular is considered to have given
rise to an increase in the frequency of extreme events such as heavy rains, flash floods,
dust/thunderstorms, hailstorms, heat waves, density and persistence of fog.
The current super-flooding in Sindh is considered to be mainly due to climate change. An unusual
climate-change led seasonal cycle of land temperature in Pakistan has aggravated the monsoon
rainfall and produced the largest volume of water run-off in the northern mountainous region of the
country ever recorded in history, causing massive floods in the Indus River Basin (Marri, 2010)
4.6.5 Impact of Flooding on Sindh Agriculture
Agriculture is the primary or sole means to meet household food requirements and secure income in
Sindh. At least 80% of the population is dependent on agriculture for their livelihood and survival.
Over 1.7 million acres of standing crops were damaged during rain storm of 2011 in lower Sindh. The
summary of damages is given below.
Table 4. 7: Summary of Year 2010 Super-flood Damage in Sindh
Districts affected Total 19 districts
Population affected Over 7 million
Total area affected 2.9 million acres
Villages affected 7,500
Towns affected Over 40
Deaths 179
Injured 700
Houses damaged 402,350
Infrastructural damage PKR 447 billion
Cropland loss 1.7 million acres
Agricultural loss PKR 122 billion
Source: DRIP, Tando Jam (2010).
4.6.6 Integrated Flood Management Concept
Integrated flood management calls for a paradigm shift from the traditional, fragmented and localized
approach, and encourages the use of the resources of a river basin as a whole, employing strategies to
maintain or augment the productivity of floodplains, while at the same time providing protective
measures against losses due to flooding.
Key challenges of flood management that need to be addressed in an integrated approach include:
 Population growth and economic growth exert considerable pressure on the natural resources
system
 Increased population and enhanced economic activities in floodplains further increase the risk
of flooding
 Designing for large floods must account of the likelihood of failure in cases of floods of
magnitude below the notional design standard
 Riverine aquatic ecosystems provide such benefits as clean drinking water, food, materials,
water purification, flood mitigation and recreational opportunities
 Magnitude and variability of the flow regime needed within a basin to maximize the benefits
to society and to maintain a healthy riverine ecosystem must strike a balance between
competing interests in the river basin

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 Intensity and duration of precipitation events are likely to increase due to climate change,
resulting in an increase of the frequency of major floods in many regions, particularly in
Lower Sindh
 Impacts of global and regional climate change; and their impact on the magnitude, duration
and return period of water disasters and flooding
There is a need for an approach to flood management in the Lower Indus Basin that improves the
functioning of the river basin as a whole, recognizing that floods have beneficial impacts and can
never be fully controlled. Such an approach seeks to maximize the net benefits from the use of
floodplains and to minimize loss of life, subordinating flood loss reduction to the overall goal of
maximizing the efficient use of the floodplain.
Integrated Flood Management (IFM) is a process that promotes an integrated, rather than fragmented,
approach to flood management. It integrates land and water resources development in a river basin,
within the context of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), with a view to maximizing
the efficient use of floodplains and to minimizing loss of life.
Elements of Integrated Flood Management are given below:
 Water Resource Management
 Land Use Management
 Coastal Zone Management
 Hazard Management

4.6.7 Perception of Stockholders about Drainage Network and Flood Protection

Infrastructure
a. The opinions of the stakeholders and communities about the LBOD were divided. Those who
expressed positive opinion said that it has reduced the drain out time for flood and storm
water, and has improved the productivity. Those who strongly feel that it had affected them
negatively feel that it has degraded their lands, decreased farm and fish productivity, and
degraded underground aquifers. The degradation is mainly due to drainage, industrial waste
discharges and sea encroachment.
b. Communities in Badin and Thatta districts, and delta and coastal area expressed serious
reservation against any future drainage projects saying that new projects will bring more
devastation, including additional contaminated and poisonous urban and industrial effluent. In
the absence of mitigation measures to arrest seawater intrusion through eroded tidal link and
KPOD is destroying agriculture lands, salinizing aquifer and destroying the ecosystem of
lakes and wetlands.
c. Stakeholders of the Ghotki district in two consultative workshops held at Ghotki and Sukkur
complained of the Government of Sindh not taking any initiative in stopping the Drainage
effluent of SCARP-VI mixed with industrial effluent and is a crime against civil society. The
effluent is disposed unattended in district Ghotki severely degrading the agricultural lands.
Water logging and salinity is on the rise resulting in crop failure and depletion of the resource
base with an adverse impact on livelihoods of people.
Disposal of Flood and Storm Water
a. Farmers feel that there is no widely known mechanism to deal with disposal of storm water
and have to resort to ad hoc and unplanned measures thereby damaging drainage and other
infrastructure. They desire development of options for safe and timely disposal of storm water
b. People complained that the government flood response was too late, particularly, rescue and
relief was unplanned, and support for rehabilitation was inadequate. They were apprehensive
of unexpected breaches during floods and felt concerned by the threat to the human lives,
livestock, assets and livelihoods.
c. They suggested development of possible flood retardation basins, and escapes routes, etc. to
protect barrages and irrigation and drainage network, physical infrastructure, vital
installations, and properties. They complained of inadequate early warning mechanism or
crisis management in case of super floods.
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d. The perception is that national and provincial disaster management institutions are ineffective
in combating flood and storm water disaster.
e. They desired development of options for safe and timely disposal of storm water.
Stakeholders suggested options to harvest rainwater through conservation in the desert area
for storage and recharge of the groundwater.

4.6.8 Operation & Maintenance of Irrigation and Drainage Infrastructure

a. The drainage network is clogged with silt and weeds. This restricts free flow of the drainage
effluent and causes breaching.
b. Farmers reported that organized gangs are involved in the stealing of high tension wires,
motors and pumps, electrical fittings, and in some places even the doors. Where tubewells
were functioning, they were a source of power theft for non-agricultural uses. This has
reduced the effectiveness of the SCARP tubewells, and reduction of water table is
constrained.
4.7 LBOD Project and Outfall Debacle
4.7.1 Failure of Tidal Link
During the designing/planning stage it was expected that Seawater would penetrate only up to 19 km
from its outlet upstream into the Tidal Link, to an area about 11 km downstream of the Cholri Weir.
Whereas it is evident from the NIO observations (2008), that erosion and intrusion of seawater in the
Tidal Link commenced just after its completion. Later on rain storms in 1998 and ‗Cyclone 2A‘ in
1999 further worsen the situation. The rain storm, in July 2003, was the final blow and destroyed the
already deteriorating Tidal Link now it is turned to be tidal creek rather a regulated outflow of drain.
During the post storm inspection (GOS - Technical Review Committee) 56 breaches were recorded, it
was a almost complete disaster of the outfall system of the LBOD.
4.7.2 Probable Causes of Failure of Tidal Link and Cholri Weir
The consultants presented the following possible causes for the failure:
 The design capacity of the Tidal Link was 2400 cfs and a maximum carrying capacity of 4440 cfs
corresponding to a 125 mm rainfall of 5 days duration, which would result in flooding duration of
5 days, leaving a freeboard of 2 feet only. As a result of the Cyclone July 2003, Badin District
experienced ever recorded highest rainfall, 218 mm in 24 hours that led to pass about 8000-10000
cfs floodwater through KPOD and the Tidal Link and quantity of outflow was more than the twice
the maximum designed capacity of Tidal Link.
 July 2003 resulted in the largest monthly rainfall recorded at Badin station in history of 67 years.
It was assumed in the design of LBOD canals that the channel system would not be allowed to
carry base flow during heavy rainfall, but it was not the case during the 2003 storms. Not only
base flow was present in the drainage system but irrigation water refusals were also diverted
directly to the drain system and additional inlets were provided by influential landlords by cutting
drainage embankments with show of force..
 Soon after completion some of the banks and weir structures in the Tidal Link failed mainly
because of the silty loam material of the soil in the area used in the construction which is highly
sensitive to flow velocity which scoured the bed and breached the embankments at number of
places.
 Probably during designing stage the effect of the flow velocity of Ebb tide on the material of bed
and the embankments was not seriously considered. Both measured data and computer
simulations suggest that maximum observed velocities in the Tidal Link were around 1.5 m/s.
This velocity is greater than the permissible velocity of the loam material forming the channel,
which should be less than 0.9 m/s for silt loam. Velocities caused by ebb flows were even greater
than when the Tidal Link was recently built. Therefore, the channel cross sections and
longitudinal profile were continuously changing, due both to erosion produced by the above
mentioned high velocities and the relatively high load of sediments brought from upstream
sections. Erosion was especially intense at the outfall of the Link to the Shah Samando Creek
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(part of open sea). It is likely that these high velocity flows and insufficient cutoff against erosion
were the primary cause of the Cholri Weir failure in 1998. The sheet pile cutoff of 22 feet was
highly insufficient for protection against sea currents and particularly when substrata were very
weak in strength.
 Probably no hydrographic survey such as bathymetric survey at Shah Samando Creek, such as
castling (HW Line), long term tidal observations, (at least once a month), flow current
observations, were not conducted before designing/planning of the Tidal Link, as it is not
mentioned in the reports/studies, which have been reviewed. All the estimation regarding level,
particularly sea water intrusion would be made with reference to the HW (spring) level. Though it
was expected that high water would reach up to 19 Km from the terminus of Tidal Link, that was
done without taking observed HW (spring) level into account. Moreover, demarcation of HW line
might provide valuable data to indicate exact extent of seawater intrusion and would lead to
design an appropriate and a stable Tidal Link.
 The design of the embankment was based upon insufficient geotechnical data.
 The level of Outflow of the drain water could not be maintained as per the designed to obstruct
seawater intrusion at RD -93, it should be 19 feet from the bed and 7.5 feet from the amsl, as it is
evident from its design and various observations such as Tidal current and salinity observations.
As a result high ebb velocity eroded bed and the banks of the Tidal Link.
 Even if the level of outflow of drain water would have been maintained at 7.5 feet amsl at RD-93,
it would achieve high velocity with descending tides particularly during Spring Tides. Some
mechanism should have been in place at the mouth of the Tidal link to control seawater intrusion
and control the flow velocity.
From the above discussion it can be concluded that Cholri Weir failure was a design fault.

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Figure 4. 4: Pictorial View of Tidal Link -

Damaged Cholri Weir at RD-54 of Tidal Link Active Erosion of Northern Embankment RD-
40 of Tidal Link

Breached Section of Tidal Link opposite Distant View of Southern Embankment

Dhand Complex opposite Dhand System

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4.7.3 Implication of Tidal Link Failure

The basic purpose of the tidal link was to carry LBOD effluent to the sea without affecting the
environment , however, the Tidal Link collapsed due to obvious reasons and required results could not
be attained rather complicated the situation and inflicted severe damage to the environment and
ecosystem of the Dhands and their surroundings with strong protest from local population.
The Tidal link passed through Dhand complex, to preserve the ecosystem of the Dhands and reduce
tidal impact in LBOD and Tidal Link, a 1800 long Cholri Weir was constructed on Northern bank.
However, Cholri Weir and Tidal Lind collapsed and Dhands got directly connected with the sea, now
they became part of sea and saline area of Dhands expanded from 17,004 hectares in 1991 to about
24,291 hectares in 2003.
Previously the Dhands used to capture storm freshwater and slightly saline water of the Kotri Basin
Daring and occasionally exchange water with Runn of Kutch, as a result the salinity of water used to
stay within tolerable limits of the ecosystem. Now the Dhands have been transformed in hyper saline
water body.
Tidal Link failure has brought drastic changes in the area and affected the flora and fauna in the
Dhand system. This site consistently used to host a large population of migratory birds is no longer a
sanctuary of waterfowls. The area used to be famous for freshwater fish that has been almost
eliminated.
After direct connection with sea, the water level rises in the Dhands and KPOD, as result the seawater
intrusion has increased and affected the prime agriculture land situated far from sea. It has also
contaminated ground water aquifer and raised water table and water logging in the area.
The lack of fishing activities and agriculture activities seriously disrupted the livelihoods of area. The
local population believes that the situation of their livelihood before the LBOD project was much
better before LBOD project, as they had better agricultural crops and better yields. They had more fish
catch and more species. The financial position of communities was generally better with better
employment opportunities.
Tidal link may give way to storm surges which pose serious threat to the local settlements as it was
experienced in 2003; a storm surge claimed 30 lives.
Tidal Link failure and both structural and non structural measures to rehabilitate tidal link have been
discussed in detail in the Feasibility Report of LBOD project.
4.7.4 International Policy Guide Lines and Practices for Coastal Erosion Management
The developed nations have formulated their own policy guide lines to protect their valuable assets
from the unwanted impacts of ocean forces resulting sea intrusion.
The specific principles that guide this coastal Protection Policy are to:
 Minimize the need to interfere with natural coastal processes;
 Undertake coastal protection works only if the benefits outweigh the costs;
 Ensure that the direct beneficiaries of coastal development carry all consequential costs;
 Ensure that the coast continues to be available for the benefit of the whole community;
 Ensure that local coastal managers receive proper guidance and assistance to solve their
coastal protection problems;
 Establish that coastal protection is a partnership between the state and local coastal managers,
with the lead taken by the local coastal managers; and
 Ensure that the most appropriate coastal protection technologies are considered.
The review of international practices was done to check sea erosion for preparing the plans for shore
management and protection of coastal structures. The major concepts are the followings:

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 Work with the dynamic nature of the coastal environment rather than fighting the forces of
the sea
 Use "soft" engineering measures like beach nourishment where applicable
 Make more environmentally friendly designs of "hard" engineering works like breakwaters
(e.g. minimize the length, lower the crest elevation, make it submerged where appropriate)
 Apply the concept of "retreat" management
 Apply the concept of "do-nothing" option
 Introduce a detailed monitoring program to observe the coastal changes near the sea structures
There are three famous types of managerial options in response to coastal erosion (Van der Weide, de
Veroeg & Sanyang (2001). These are:
 Retreat
 Accommodate for the present
 Defend
The "retreat" option indicates the acceptance on the shoreline erosion as a long-term phenomenon,
and movement of development to inland locations that are sufficiently far away for not being affected
from the ongoing erosion within a reasonable timeframe. This option is especially meaningful for
undeveloped (rural) coasts where not many people suffer critically from the ongoing erosion process.
Accommodate for present option could be the rational choice when an important infrastructure (such
as a highway) can be modified with a reasonable budget so that it can be used for an additional period
after the eroding shoreline more or less hits a length of the structure. This option merges with the
"retreat" option in the long run.
The "defend" option is the undisputed choice for an eroding urban coast. It indicates the use of one or
more types of structural or non-structural measures to stabilize the length of the eroding coast facing
the urban areas. The "defend" option may also benefit from improved watershed management
practices.
The shoreline management options should pay due attention to the climate change and the anticipated
sea level rise.
4.7.5 Recommended Action Plan for Outfall of LBOD
Outfall conditions of LBOD are affected by cyclones and tidal waves and their compounding affects.
The area has suffered from sea based storms in varying degrees. The devastating cyclone types of
1999 and the periodic storm surges are the most destructive natural forces of the area and causing
large scale erosion of coast line and the KPOD outfall drainage system. A field team of Consultant
visited the Tidal Link and concluded very clearly and loudly that now Tidal Link is a past history and
this costly mistake shall not be repeated. By accepting the principal of retreat it is recommended to
construct a Tidal Control Gated Structure at RD 26 of KPOD as the subsoil strata is very stable in this
reach and would not need major flood protection works and the type of structure would be simple and
easy to maintain.
4.8 Status and Inventory of waterways and depressions
4.8.1 Inventory
In Sindh there are many short and long reaches of the abandoned river courses on both sides of
Indus. These abandoned river courses used to serve as natural waterways aka dhoras, for river
and storm floods. Historically these dhoras braided with several small tributaries served as a
network of natural drainage.
The most prominent and major dhoras identified in the study area on left bank of Indus river
through satellite imagery and field visits are Karo Naro, Changlani, Gurhelo and Rainee in
Ghotki area, Hussainabad-Mehrabpur (H.M)dhoro and Nangreja-Talpur Wada (N.T.W)dhoro in
Khairpur area, Kandiaro- Moro (K.M) dhoro in Naushehro Feroze area, Miranpur-Bachal Rahu
(M.B.R) dhoro in Shaheed Benazirabad/ Matiari area, Sohni dhoro in Tando Adam/ T.Allahyar

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area, Bhai Khan dhoro in T. M. Khan/ T. Ghulam Ali area, Puran dhoro in Mirpur Khas/ Badin
area, Hakro dhoro in Umar Kot area, Sarfraz(Dighri) dhoro in Dighri area and Naro/ Fakir M.
dhoro in Kunri/ Naukot area. Total length of these dhoras is approximately 1462 kilometers.
(Map-1) Detail breakup of length, coordinates etc are given in main Feasibility Report for this
intervention.
In addition to the aforesaid major dhoras there are several small isolated reaches of dhoras on
the left bank of Indus which do not have any drainage outlet. More than forty of them are found
in Ghotki area and their combined length is 615 kms. It indicates that historically the Indus has
extensively meandered in Ghotki area particularly in its north.
4.8.2 Status
Flow of water in all the major and minor dhoras on left bank of Indus has been blocked by
construction of infrastructure like roads, drains, settlements, and irrigation channels. The
crossing structures like culverts, pipes and bridges provided at few places on the dhoras are of
inadequate size and are not capable to pass storm water. The major cause of obstruction in timely
disposal of the storm water is these obstructions in the natural waterways aka dhoras. The dhoras
particularly Puran Dhoro in southern part of Sindh on left bank of Indus used to be operational before
the construction of the LBOD system. Later on, in four reaches of Puran Dhoro, LBOD Spinal Drain
has been constructed exactly on the alignment of Puran Dhoro. Whereas few meandering reaches of
Puran Dhoro have been cut off and isolated by construction of Mirpur Khas Main Drain (MMD) and
Spinal drain on their left as well as right side. Storm water from adjoining high elevation lands
accumulated in these isolated portions of Puran Dhoro having no drainage outlet, spills over and
moves in the direction of ground slope in the shape of sheet flow. Consequently, it inundates
settlements, crops, road infrastructure, factories, and other types of private properties enroute. It is
understood that 70% damages during 2011 storm water flooding were caused by these blocked
sections of dhoras not LBOD. It warrants provision of adequate drainage outlets, culverts, bridges,
Aqueducts, and waterways to facilitate the prompt disposal of flood water.
4.9 Scope for Water Harvesting and Storm Water Retention
Rainwater harvesting is process of collecting and storing of rainwater before it is lost as surface run-
off. There are two main categories of rainwater harvesting projects: i) small scale for household use
and, ii) large/minor scale for irrigation.
4.9.1 Small scale rainwater harvesting for household use
Different projects around the world have been designed and implemented. USAID in El
Salvador14built a number of small rain harvest schemes to benefit poor farmers living in hilly areas.
The project consisted of an open interceptor drain to capture the run-off; a gravel filter gallery; a
rubber lined pond; a reservoir of about 35,000 ft3 and; a drip irrigation system to irrigate an average
of 0.25 acres. Similar type of schemes were proposed in Afghanistan to help the very poor that live in
the hilly areas and away from the irrigation canals and also to help the nomads for the period that they
live in the mountainous part of the country, as the limited water would last for only few months.
Similar projects could be implemented in Sindh.
Another common type of scale rainwater harvesting projects for household use are rainfall water
catchment on roofs and storage on lined pits dug in the ground. A number of experiences around the
world indicate that this is feasible and it could also be implemented in isolated parts of Sindh where
the water resources as severely limited.
4.9.2 Large scale rainwater harvesting in sindh
The quantum of storm water in the study area generated from rainfall is 6.73 MAF Out of which
5.46MA is generated in the eight canal command areas and 1.27 MAF in Thar area which is outside

14
USAID El Salvador Surface Water Diversion, Storage and Use Project. San Salvador. April 2005

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canal command area. Storm water is presently disposed of through drainage systems and accumulates
in the depressions or create ponding situation in the fields.
4.9.3 Depressions (Dhoras) in left Bank study area
Lower Indus Valley has remained the playground for mighty Indus River and has often shifted its
course from East to West touching the Khirthar ranges and again West to East hitting and dissecting
the Thar Desert. In this way it has shifted its course for many times and now has been confined by
weir control.
During its shifting (meandering) period, the River has left its prominent features like depressions
(Dhoras) on the surface of soil in the shape of oxbows, scars and channel remnants. These prominent
features are still intact and are quite visible on ground.
Table 4. 8: Annual Rainfall Potential and Available Water for Storage
District Area in (000 Annual Annual Average Available Water for
acres) Average Runoff Potential Storage in Million
Rainfall (m) (mm) Acre feet (MAF)
Ghotki 1,554 35.3 16.6 .085
Khairpur 3,889 35.3 16.7 0.213
Sukkur 1,186 91 43.0 0.167
NausheroFeroze 746 91 43.0 0.105
Nawabshah 1,107 124 58.5 0.212
Chhor 1,554 268 126.5 0.645
Sanghar 2,651 268 126.5 1.100
Mirpurkhas 1,977 268 126.5 0.820
Hyderabad 1,364 183 86.4 0.387
Thatta 4,287 192 90.6 1.274
Badin 1,661 174 82.1 0.447
Sub Total 21,977 5.45
Tharparkar 4,984 165 77.9 1.274
Total 6.724

4.9.4 Past and Present Physical Status of Depressions (Dhoras)

During Lower Indus Project (LIP) studies (1964), the aerial mosaics of 1954 at the scale of 1:40,000
were used to map the different physical features of the ground among others. These photographs were
used to map the exact locations of different physical features of the terrain, where it was observed that
during the period of investigations most of the depression areas were under cultivation, having no
problem of salinity and waterlogging.
With the passage of time, overall cropping intensities increased within the left Bank Canal commands
of three Barrages. Later on this situation was changed by cultivating high delta crops, mismanagement
of irrigation system and seepage losses from the network of canals, branches, distributaries and
minors. Such conditions in the study area created waterlogging problem. This menace was confirmed
during the soil salinity and waterlogging survey conducted in 1976-79 for irrigated areas of Indus
basin by survey and Research organization Planning Division Lahore and report published in 1981.
From the result it was obvious that major parts of the existing depressions (Dhoras) areas were
waterlogged and mapped under the category of ―Water Bodies‖.
In converting the depressions areas into water bodies, two major factors played the main role;
1- Increase in ground water table depth in adjacent cultivated Land
When the water table rises above the surface level of depressions, the horizontal underground flow
from cultivated fields started flowing towards the depressions (Dhoras) areas and these served as

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natural drainage to the nearest cropped lands. The seepage from all around the agriculture lands,
slowly nearly filled up the depressions (Dhoras) with water
2- Irrigation and Storm water
The next factor is the irrigation and storm runoff. These have played a main role in inundating the
depressions areas. The waste water of irrigation system when it is not required by crops is allowed to
go into the nearest depressions. During monsoon season the storm water standing in the agriculture
lands is also being drained out into these Dhoras. However, some of the wise land owners have
converted them into fish ponds and are making sustainable profit.
In recent past (2000-2005), the irrigated areas of Indus basin were resurveyed under S&R, project by
SCARP Monitoring organization WAPDA, using the SPOT Satellite imagery for mapping the
Physical features of the ground. It was observed that condition of depressions (Dhoras) was more or
less the same as compared to the previous survey conducted by WAPDA during 1981. There was little
difference due to drought conditions prevailed during the survey period of (2000-2005). Overall water
table was lowered down that also resulted in lowering the levels of standing water into depressions.
Again during the last couple of years (2010& 2011) due to heavy rain fall, the water levels have been
raised in depression areas. The names of main depressions (Dhoras) located at various locations of
study area are mentioned in Table 4.9. The dhoras are covered in detail in separate chapters of this
report.
Table 4. 9: Location of Naturally Occurring Dhoras and Dhands
Guddu and Sukkur Commands in Study Area

Figure Location of Dhoras Latitude Longitude Area in acres

1. Reti N 28o05'39 E 69o48'18" 1210
2. Ghotki area N 27o57'54" E 69o21'54" 717
3. Ghambat, Jiskani, TalpurVada N 27o18'36" E 68o37' 1798
4. Behlani N 27o06'54" E 68o20'42" 582
5. Phul Town Area N 26o42'36" E 68o10'12" 2176
6. Bandhi Area N 26o37'48" E 68o18' 1664
7. Dour area N 26o29'24" E 68o16'12" 3162
8. Bucheri area N 26o21' E 68o16'12" 2362
9. BachalRaho and Din N 26o15' E 68o15'18" 1856
Muhammad Zardari
10. Sakrand N 26o10'30" E 68o18'18" 608
11. Tando Adam Shahdadpur, and N 25o51' E 68o43' 1754
Mansoora
12. DhoroNaro
13. DhoroPuran

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4.9.5 Depth & Quality of Water in Depressions (Dhoras):

It has been observed during the different surveys conducted that an average depth of water in
depressions (Dhoras) ranges in between 3' - 6' ft. In those used as fish ponds, the average depth
ranges from 4-7 ft.
As per the quality of water is concerned, mostly are classified as marginal water (EC ranges in
between 2500 – 3000𝜇s/cm). During shortages of irrigation water in the canal system, some of this
water is pumped out for irrigating the adjacent cropped area. However, the water quality of Dhoras
trapped in between highly saline lands, are considered hazardous, with EC readings of more than 3000
𝜇s/cm, which are harmful for all types of water use.

A feasibility study is required to quantify the extent and storage capacity of each depression and
availability of runoff water for storage. It is essential to conduct surveys of all potential sites. A list of
natural Dhoras/depressions is presented in Table 4.9 and Dhands in Badin area in Table 4.10.

Table 4. 10: List of Dhands in Badin Area

Average Average Average Bed Average
Sr. No Dhand
Depth water Level level (AMSL) Salinity (PPM)
1. Sanhro 2.93 2.02 -0.90 7654
2. Sanhro-Mehro 3.08 1.79 -1.29 6638
3. Mehro 2.69 1.93 -0.76 3681
4. Cholri 1.82 3.20 1.38 13640
5. Pataji 1.62 3.08 1.46 49,610

4.9.6 Limitations Rainwater Harvesting

Very high water evaporation rates are observed in the area, which substantially limits the use of the
small dhands as the water evaporates within few months. Few depressions (Dhoras) are deep and
large enough in length and could be used for rain harvesting.

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5 Environmental Issues of the Study Area

5.1 Seawater Intrusion - Causes and Impacts
5.1.1 Introduction
Saltwater intrusion is the movement of saline water into a freshwater aquifer. Where the source of this
saline water is marine water, this process is known as seawater intrusion. Thus if intrusion problems
become extreme, they can render an aquifer unusable for most purposes. If the freshwater gradient
near the coastline (i.e., freshwater height above sea level) is high and the aquifer water balance is
adequate to maintain flow to the seawater, the interface layers can be close to vertical and located off
the shoreline. As the freshwater head decreases, the interface layer becomes less vertical and moves
inland. In this condition, seawater, being heavier, can flow under the freshwater and pushes it up
slightly forming a Ghyben-Herzberg lens (i.e., the lens is the underground freshwater that floats on
top of the seawater). If the freshwater head is maintained, the interface layer will remain relatively
static. Under Ghyben-Herzberg conditions, a one-foot drop in freshwater head may result in a 40-foot
movement in the freshwater/seawater interface layer. Consequently, relatively small decreases in a
fresh water aquifer may have relatively large impacts on the intrusion of salt water into that aquifer.
Aquifers are replenished through recharge. Any surface activity which serves to reduce aquifer
recharge has the potential to effect seawater intrusion.
5.1.2 Sea Intrusion Phenomenon
Ghyben, a Dutchman, and Herzberg, a Swede, observed independently at the beginning of the 20th
century that coastal wells often intercepted seawater at depth. Moreover, they observed that depth to
seawater correlates very well with head. In fact, this is easy to verify if one assumes a static saltwater
wedge and a sharp fresh-seawater interface. Seawater (density around 1.025 kg/L) is 2.5% heavier
than freshwater. As a result, freshwater will tend to float on top of seawater. The thickness of
freshwater can be obtained equalizing the weights of freshwater on top of the interface and seawater
on top of a point at the same elevation. The resulting depth of freshwater below sea level is forty
times its head (depth above sea level). This is known as the Ghyben-Herzberg equation, which is the
basis for seawater penetration.
Figure 5.1: Seawater Intrusion Phenomenon
a) Saltwater freshwater interface b) Effect of recharge on seawater retreat

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z = 40h

h
Weight of fresh h=constant Sea
water at A= f(h+z) z
A
Weight of sea
Fresh water Salt water water at A= s z

Figure 5.2: Ghyben-Herzberg equation and its description

5.1.3 Causes of Indus Delta Degradation
Degradation of the Indus Delta, its biodiversity, and natural resources, is increasing with the passage
of time. This situation is not only affecting the Deltaic ecosystem but also the natural livelihood
resource of the region. Although, there are a number of causes of the degradation, however, the major
causes include the water shortage caused
by upstream damming and diversions of
Indus and the government policies in
regard to resource management. (Altaf
A. Memon 2005)
Reduction of Indus Flows: Fresh water
flow down the Indus was about 150
MAF per year in the past and Indus
carried over 400 million tons of silt to
the Delta. Only about 20 MAF outflow
reached the Delta from barrage releases
before 1991 depositing only 36 million
tons of silt per year. However, the 1991
Water Accord put an interim limit of 10
MAF outflow and even that limit has not
been met (Figure 5.3). The silt deposits
are estimated to drop way below 30
Figure 5.3: Satellite Imagery of the Indus million tons per year if the outflow remained 10 MAF or
+dhands
lower.
The Indus River Delta plays a central role in the lives of the people, economy, environment, and
ecological well being of the region. Waters of the River Indus have been dammed or diverted
upstream. Only a fraction of water and most of the times no water is released to the Delta region.
5.1.4 Seawater Intrusion in Badin and Thatta
The Indus water discharge to the sea keeps the sea water at bay and does not let it intrude too much
into the surface and subsurface water resources inland. The salt water intrusion is directly related to
the decrease of flow in River Indus. The rising level of the sea is encroaching the fertile lands of the
region and converting them into the seabed. Vast areas of district Thatta and Badin, where previously
fertile crops existed, are now under seawater or eroded due to sea currents. Desertification is visibly
seen in vast areas of Badin district after 1999 cyclone due to increased salinity and deprivation of
fresh water. Results of a survey conducted by the government of Sindh indicated that over 486,000
hectares land were eroded or lost to the sea within Thatta and Badin districts, dislocating a quarter
million people, and inflicting financial losses over 2 billion dollars. The seawater has destroyed at
least one-third of the land. Recent estimates put the figure at 567,000 hectares of the land lost to the
sea. Thus, more loss of land due to erosion and seawater is possible.

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Availability of Water for Drinking: The reduction in Indus River flows downstream Kotri Barrage has
created a crisis-like situation with the shortage of drinking water. Due to the water shortage and
resulting salinity and depressed quality of the surface water bodies and loss of groundwater due to
salt-water intrusion and water table depression, the drinking water supplies have dwindled and
degraded in quality. The only way left is to bring water by tankers from outside and that is not very
cheap. People are not able to afford it and are thus forced to use brackish and/or otherwise degraded
water.
5.2 Flow Downstream Kotri
Extensive use of fresh water for
irrigation in recent years has
caused a decline in the
downstream discharge of the Indus
River; consequently, the seawater
intrusion has resulted in tidal
intrusion in the prime agricultural
land in the Indus Deltaic region.
Construction of barrages, dams,
and link canals has further reduced
the freshwater flow downstream
Kotri Barrage from 146 MAF/year
to less than 10 MAF/year. Indus
River downstream Kotri
Barrage has practically zero
discharge, as a consequence, the Figure 5. 5: Seawater River water interface with
river below Kotri shows increased respect to flow quantity +dhands
braiding and sand bar
development.
Sediment passing
down the system
tends to be
deposited in the
section south of
Kotri, rather than
maintaining the
growth of the
delta. As a result the Indus Figure 5. 4: No of Days Flow Downstream Kotri Barrage is
Delta that used to occupy an Zero MAF
area of about 6,180 km2 consisting of creeks, mudflats and mangrove forest is now reduced to 1,192
km2 since the construction of dams and barrages on the Indus River Inam (NIO).
Drainage canals were constructed down in the Indus Basin to drain saline ground water to mitigate the
impacts of rising ground water and associated problem of water logging and salinity, but the system
has been less effective due to low gradient/flat topography and it has in fact resulted in the seawater
intrusion into the link canals up to about 80 km upstream (Panhwar 1999).
The man made changes coupled with natural physical forcing in the Indus delta and adjoining
area will conspicuously change the geomorphic and hydrodynamic setting of the delta, that may
result in the associated changes in the prevailing physical processes, which in turn will have a
negative influence on coastal resources, communities, infrastructures, ecosystems and habitats
and socio-economy of the area.

5.2.1 Effect of reduced river flow downstream Kotri

Seawater intrusion in the river is variable and depends upon quantum of outflow in the river. MHW,
ACE(Pvt.) Ltd, NESPAK jointly carried out a model study to see likely extent of seawater intrusion

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in the Indus River under various outflow conditions as shown in the (Figure 5.4). According to this
study, in case of no flow in the river seawater intrusion may be experienced in the river up to Thatta-
Sujawal Bridge up to about 150 km from the river mouth. With the improvement in river outflow the
seawater intrusion retreats. An outflow at the rate of 30,000 cusecs limits the seawater at just 10 km
away from Sherazi Bandar. Presence of seawater in river for hours pushes the saltwater freshwater
interface farther rendering freshwater packets brackish and unfit for drinking.

5.2.2 Tidal influence

Periodic rise and fall in the level of the sea associated with the gravitational pull of the moon refers to
sea tides. In most coastal areas, the tidal forces result in two high tides and two low tides each day
with high tides occurring when the moon passes directly over an area and when directly opposite that
location. Higher than average high tides (i.e. spring tides) and lower than average lows (i.e. neap
tides) occur twice in a lunar cycle (during the new moon and full moon phases) when the Earth, sun,
and moon are all in alignment.
The Indus River has the world‘s largest contiguous irrigation system with three major reservoirs,
several smaller ones, 19 barrages, and a canal system over 58,000 km in length. With the completion
of all of the major water diversions in the early 1955 and onwards up to 1967, the river downstream of
the Kotri Barrage has run dry for more than 200 days during several years, particularly in the last
decade. With little flow moving to the lower delta, an important source of freshwater is cut off to the
sensitive brackish water dhands. The loss of freshwater inputs from the Indus has resulted in
increasingly salty conditions in the dhands and allows saltwater to invade further upstream with
consequent negative impacts to mangrove forests and agricultural fields (Memon, 2005). The
mangrove forests are one of the largest mangrove systems in the world and are being further degraded
by direct human destruction and over use (Inam et al, 2007).

5.3 Impact of Tidal Link Outfall

Structure on Seawater Intrusion Creek towards
Dhand Complex
Tidal link terminating in Shah Samando
creek was not provided any gated structure at
the terminus point; therefore uncontrolled
tidal influence resulted in erosion of the
Tidal Link channel as it was opened to the sea
in 1995. The Cholri Weir experienced
almost immediate settling and later
complete destruction in 1999 cyclone.
Even at present the breaches continue to Figure 5. 6: Google image of Creek towards
widen as tidal creeks develop through dhands
them, resulting in daily inundation of the dhands by high tides.
The influence of tides and intrusion of saltwater is also extending beyond the Tidal Link and
affecting the downstream end of KPOD and smaller branch drains that discharge directly into the
KPOD.
5.3.1 Seawater intrusion, its impacts on Dhand Complex
Seawater intruded further upstream than was anticipated during the design of the tidal link. Tidal
fluctuations were supposed to move through the Tidal Link reaching KPOD, but seawater was
expected to extend only 12 miles upstream from the tidal creek to RD -93, still downstream of the
dhands and Cholri Weir. But now the tidal influence in KPOD extends upstream of RD 84 where a
2.3 ft difference in water elevation is observed between low and high tide. However, the influence of
tides is negligible at RD 159. Seawater now moves into KPOD twice daily with the tides as far
upstream as RD -13, more than 15 miles further upstream than model predictions at the time of the
design. As a result, high tides can slow runoff down the drainage canals during the monsoon season
and agricultural lands can be destroyed by-salt accumulations where seawater intrudes.

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As the Tidal Link continues to enlarge and the delta front continues to recede due to no flow of
freshwater and sediment into the Arabian Sea, tides and seawater are expected to move further
upstream over time. The destruction of the embankments along the Tidal Link also means cyclones,
even smaller than cyclone 1999 with a storm surge of up to 10 ft, can move further inland than before.
A storm surge without embankments can now move inland for several miles without encountering any
obstructions over the very flat terrain.
5.4 The Dhand Complex and its Degradation
The collapse of Cholri Weir, the widening of the breaches through the embankments, and the growth
of tidal channels into the dhands has led to a twice-daily tidal fluctuation into Pateji Dhand. The
resulting changes due to tidal influx into dhands have direct impact on fish production and the
livelihoods of local fishermen. As the tidal water grow further into the dhands, the brackish water
lakes are increasingly exposed to sea water intrusion, sedimentation, and excessive drainage during
low tide. The dhand degradation had already begun before 1995 when freshwater inputs from the
Indus River had been severely curtailed when the Kotri Barrage was commissioned. Some freshwater
continues to reach the northern dhands through the drainage infrastructure, but sugar factories and
other sources often pollute this water, further degrading water quality.
5.4.1 Recent visit of the Tidal link and Dhands complex by the consultants

A Group of LBG / Indus Associated, Master Plan Consultants, made a visit of tidal link on 10/7/2012
to observe its morphological behavior and to suggest the possible structural/non-structural measures
to improve outfall conditions for LBOD. The following team members participated:
i. Dr. Muhammad Saleh Soomro
ii. Dr. Bagh Ali Shahid
iii. Dr. Zaigham Habib
iv. Dr. Ghulam Rasool Keerio
v. Engr. Khadim Hussain Soofi
vi. Mr. Anwar Ali Baloch
Forest Department Government of Sindh facilitated the visit and provided a boat. The main objective
of the visit was to identify and analyze the existing conditions of the tidal link, the process of creek
development and the flow of tidal water from sea through tidal link to Dhand complex and back to
sea. The team started travelling from old Rangers Check post at about RD (-120) moving upstream of
the Tidal link towards dhand Complex. Following observations were made during the visit of the tidal
link and suggestions are also offered about proposed structural / non-structural measures:

1. It was observed that the tidal link at old rangers check post was very wide to the extent that it
was approximately 3500 feet against the original width of 332 feet. Average width of the tidal
link was about 3000 ft. There was no sign of bank on the right side of tidal link and on the left
side the banks were washed away at some intervals.
2. The depth of water was measured at four locations at the following coordinates:
EC(mS/cm)
TDS (ppm)
water (ft)
Depth of

Altitude

Salinity

Location Coordinates
pH
(ft)

At Cholri Weir 24 15.5478 N 68 40.4230 E 37 3.25 41216 8.3 64.4

Creek in dhand 24 16.0502 N 68 37.1513 E 26 4.93 44352 8.4 69.3
Creek at Zero Point 24 15.3603 N 68 40.7705 E 18 10.22 44800 8.3 70.0
Tidal link RD (-53) 24 15.3640 N 68 40.7542 E 20.5 9.02 41336 8.3 65.0

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3. The design top width of the tidal link at the beginning was 152 ft and that at the outfall 233 ft.
This width has increased manifold and has reached 3600 ft or more at some places in the
vicinity of the outfall and near dhand complex
4. Pronounced scouring of the tidal link banks was noticed with mixing of the eroded soil in the
tidal link waters making it muddy and highly turbid. The creek developed at the location of
damaged Cholri weir kept deepening and widening with the passage of time due to erosion by
high velocity tidal waters at the time of tide recession.
5. It was noticed on 10th July 2012 that the depth of the creek has reduced most probably due to
inflow of silt laden water of the Indus river breach at Kot Aalmoo through dhand complex and
adjacent areas due to which the creek in the dhands has been silted up. Moreover, the wave
wash of the land on the banks of the creek also caused accretion of silt in the creek bottom.
6. Flow of tidal water to and from the dhand complex together with wave wash has
tremendously eroded the tidal link banks and the process appears to continue that may result
in width wise expansion of tidal link for quite some time.
7. Presently the tidal link has been converted to a sea creek due to non existence of protected
bunds.
8. Due to erosion the coastal lands of Badin and Thatta districts are progressively under severe
threat of washing away into the sea by tidal waves.
9. Stopping seawater intrusion is therefore, the need of the day because the tidal influence is
adding to the environmental degradation causing severe scouring of soil and adding to the
salinity of soils in dhands area. Moreover, tidal progress upstream of the KPOD up to RD-100
creates doubt among the minds of the people that the salt laden tidal waters may flow back in
the sub-drains in case of submergence badly affecting the fertile lands in the vicinity.
10. The coastal wetlands are an important ecosystem and a predominant source of livelihood for
coastal communities. The revival of the coastal wetlands has therefore become a dream unless
some viable solution to check sea water intrusion is made effective and is sustainable
11. Apparently the structural solutions does not seem workable in this area, we may then think of
some non structural options or indirect approach for revival of the productivity of dhandhs i.e.
ecosystem approach. Ecosystem is a dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism
communities and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit. The ecosystem
approach as defined by Convention on Biological Diversity ―a strategy for integrated
management of land, water and living resources that promotes conservation and sustainable
use in an equitable way‖. We may think of this solution especially for revival of dhandhs
under given scenario.
12. The team has already proposed a biological solution i.e. plantation of mangroves in the area.
This solution is to be extended and implemented on the potential sites so as to ensure their
protective role.
13. The interventions of Zulfikarabad Project which is being actively executed in the coastal areas
of Jati, Shahbander, Kharo Chan and Keti Bunder are also of worth consideration.
14. Master Plan Consultants suggest inviting an expert from Delft, Holland to guide for checking
sea intrusion and protective measures for outfall of LBOD.
15. The proposed plugging of tidal link, construction of new embankments along tidal link and
protective bunds along dhand complex is completely risky under frequent cyclones and
tsumnamies.
16. If the option of any structural solution is considered, the cost of the intervention would
surpass the benefits to accrue. Secondly, the prevailing conditions at tidal link do not warrant
taking risk of possible failure of structure either at the tail end of the tidal link or the place
where the cholri weir failed.

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5.5 Proposal to revive the dhand ecosystem through “Ecosystem Approach”

It is proposed to make efforts to close the major creek at some distance away from the mouth of the
creek with gabions filled with boulders / or with concrete blocks across the creek to stop the flow of
tide water into the dhands. The Dhands will receive water from Karo Ghungro and Guni Phuleli
drains by completely stopping the sugar mill effluents into these drains. The water of these drains is
slightly brackish with 1000 to 1500 ppm all the year round and is suitable for local fish, reed grass
and migratory birds. The area of dhands is around 60,000 acres. This area will be divided into suitable
parcels after a detailed survey of the area using appropriate dykes and the following interventions
shall be practiced depending upon the location, status of soil salinity and surface elevation:
1. Fish ponds
2. Reed grass areas
3. Salt tolerant trees and bushes
4. Mangroves
5. Salt tolerant crops and grasses for livestock fodder
6. High value Oil seed crops like castor and linseed etc.

5.5.1 Recommendations of the International Panel of Experts (IPOE)

1. At present both tidal fluctuations and sea water intrude into the dhands and KPOD, and the
drainage and environmental functions of the Tidal Link portion of the LBOD outlet are
impaired. The result is that there is now an open connection between the dhands and the Tidal
Link, exposing the dhands to tidal fluctuations, sea water intrusion, sedimentation, and
excessive drainage during low tide.

2. The LBOD can now be described as a ―new river‖ that is forming an estuary and is an
integral part of creek formation into the coastal area. The Tidal Link has invited the sea to
approach the land and now the tidal fluctuations are visible. This process will continue, and
its progress is difficult to predict. Adapting to this new process requires continuous hydraulic
and environmental monitoring in learning by doing approach.

3. The proposal to extend the drainage system by studying LBOD Stage II & III in light of the
present outfall conditions of LBOD Stage I should be postponed until the existing problems
at the outfall are adequately address and solved.
4. The present conditions of the outfall system do not provide the hydrological, environmental
and social functions that were originally considered at the design phase. The LBOD- KPOD
can now be described as a ―new river‖ that is forming an estuary and is an integral part of
creek formation into the coastal area. The Tidal Link has invited the sea to approach the land
and now the tidal fluctuations are visible in the KPOD. This process will continue, and its
progress is difficult to predict. Adapting to this new process requires continuous hydraulic
and environmental monitoring in learning by doing approach.
5. In March 2001, the World Bank organized a Fact Finding Mission to understand the technical
details, system performance and the damages to the Tidal Link; also to understand the
possible technical, environmental and social consequences, and to suggest to the Government
of Sindh further steps to be taken. The mission concurred with the view of the GOS
Technical Committee that the ―no-action‖ recommendation of the committee is justified not
only because the damage is beyond repair by conventional methods, but also because the
scour of the channel bed and erosion of the embankments are still active under the influence
of the uncontrolled tidal flow through the tidal link and flow to and from Rann of Kutch and
the Dhands. The mission believed these conditions would render any attempt to repair the
damages useless using conventional methods until such time as there is more knowledge of
the processes underway in the Tidal Link area. The mission stressed that intensive monitoring

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of the physical and environmental conditions in the Tidal Link area should be continued to
provide a basis for formulating further action. This included continuation of the hydrologic
and hydraulic monitoring being carried out by the National Institute of Oceanography (NIO),
water quality and LBOD Stage I Project.
5.6 Conclusions
The scour of the banks of the tidal link is going on at high tide together with wave wash and the
scouring of the bed of the creeks and the tidal link continues at low tide with increased velocity of
receding tide with the result the width of the tidal link canal has increased manifold. The depth of the
canal has also increased at various locations as reported in NESPAK 2009 report.
John Field Farmington (2011) in the Geomorphology Review of Redesign of LBQD Stage-1 Badin
Area Drainage System reported after analyzing the existing conditions of the LBOD outfall has
concluded that severe erosion of the Tidal Link, breaches in the flanking embankments, and the
collapse of Cholri Weir are ongoing problems with the LBOD drainage system caused by several
natural and anthropogenic processes. The primary structures for restoring lost function of the Tidal
Link include tidal plugs at the downstream end, a gated structure in KPOD, and reconstruction of the
embankments. The structures will need to be built with far more reinforcement than the initial Tidal
Link in order to survive in an environment facing earthquakes and the specter of global climate
change where the effects of tides, cyclones, and sea level rise are likely to worsen over time. If the
requirements for bank protection cannot be provided, such as driving sheet piles 100 ft below the bed
of the Tidal Link for the tidal plugs, then the projects should not be completed as the risk of failure
will be too high and the potential for rapid repairs to damaged structures low given the remoteness of
most areas.
Ultimately, the solution of the revival of the dhand complex lies in considering the ―Ecosystem
approach‖. Entire dhand complex comprising of 60,000 acres is to be thoroughly surveyed and
parcels of land will be marked for different eco- friendly interventions considering their suitability in
consultation with stakeholders in a coordinated approach.
5.7 Desertification
Due to increasing population and poverty, massive forest cutting is on the rise that has changed the
rain pattern, which is causing an increase in desertification and Sindh is the worst affected.
Environmentalists, nature conservationists and experts say that due to the change in the weather
pattern and decreasing rains, the coastal belt of the province would be hit worst by desertification
where seawater would intrude the productive coastal land. Experts warned taking immediate
precautionary measures; otherwise the situation could be fatal. Quoting an example of some of trees
of the Thar Desert.
Kella, a forest expert of Sindh said that guggal (Commiphora wightii), gum acacia, kandi, booh and
other trees are on the verge of extinction due to reduced rainfall and massive tree-cutting, followed by
increasing poverty (Kella, 2010).
5.7.1 Desertification Process
Land desertification has been continuing since centuries due to over and improper exploitation of
natural resources by human being through over cultivation, poor soil and water management,
deforestation and climatic factors. Dry sandy areas of the world have been susceptible to
desertification due to exacerbation of the process by droughts and wind storms turning the areas into
sand dunes. It has been established that desertification problems is not only due to sand dune
encroachment but the process of fertile land's degradation is also taking place in areas away from true
deserts due to improper exploitation of natural resources.
Sandy arid areas of Sindh in Tharparkar, Umerkot, Sanghar, Khairpur and Ghotki districts spread
over 44000 sq kilometers called Thar. These sandy areas although dominated by sand have very good
plant sustaining capacity and therefore turn into greenery during rainy season. With the increase in
human and live stock population, the vegetative cover in the area has been reduced due to lack of

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proper planning, desertification process has continued unabated. However, it has never been
ascertained through any study how much valuable organic matter and nutrients of our soil are blown
with winds and taken to a distance of hundreds of Kilometers into the Rajasthan desert causing
colossal loss to the fertility of our soils.
Figure 5. 7: Average Rainfall and High Velocity Wind Belt in Sindh

(Source: Engr. Shoukat Rahmoon)

5.7.2 Effects of desertification

Desertification is essentially a result of soil degradation. The direct effect of land degradation is either
a decrease of land productivity or the complete abandonment of agricultural land, which leads to the
food crisis confronted by arid regions. Severe soil degradation may ultimately result in complete
desertification. Deserts all over the world are known to be increasing at the expense of agricultural
land and this is most severe in arid and semi-arid regions. The desertification leads to agricultural
productivity losses and increases poverty. It also contributes to global warming, and loss of
biodiversity. It triggers soil erosion because of the loss of vegetative ground cover exacerbating water
erosion and flash floods, accelerating siltation of rivers and reservoirs. In developing world, the key
driving force behind this degradation is a nexus of poverty, rapid population growth, and inadequate
progress in increasing agricultural productivity. The people in their quest for food and other livelihood
needs, pursue land management and cultivation practices that deplete soils of their nutrient and
organic matter content and promote erosion; overgrazing of rangelands, and cut trees and bushes for
fuel wood and other purposes. Population growth rates remain high in many dry land areas. With slow
agricultural and economic growth, the pressure on natural resources in dry land areas seems destined
to worsen. Social and environmental crises are already common and are proving costly to
governments and donors. These problems are likely to become much more complicated unless major
new efforts characterized by profound changes in local and international behavior are made to
address the livelihood needs of dry land population and reversal of desertification process on war
footings through short and long term initiatives with a political will and commitment.
While people are without doubt a most valuable resource in Pakistan, uncontrolled population growth
puts ever-increasing pressures on the country‘s natural resource base. Misguided economic policies
have widened inequalities and forced rural people and others to exploit biodiversity at rates that are
no longer sustainable. As a result, processes such as deforestation, overgrazing, soil erosion, salinity
and water logging have become major threats to the remaining biodiversity in Pakistan. It is now
feared that Pakistan has the world‘s second highest rate of deforestation. The continuing loss of this
forest habitat with its associated fauna and flora will have serious implications for the nation‘s other
natural and agro-ecosystems.

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Humans now have the capacity to alter the earth system in ways that, threaten the very processes and
components, both biotic and abiotic (upon which the human species depend) ultimately leading to loss
of productivity and desertification. Pakistan‘s population during the last three decades has increased
to 190 million at present, and is expected to increase to 234 million by 2025 reaching 357 million by
2050. The situation of per capita availability of land and water in the country is extremely alarming
and has further accentuated the problem of agriculture productivity. The per capita land availability
has progressively declined to 0.15 ha at present, shrinking further to 0.06 ha by 2050. Similarly, the
per capita water availability has dropped from 5600 cu meters in early 50‘s to approaching below
1000 cu meters per year at present. Such figures demonstrate that our resources are limited and that
the damage represents a threat to our survival. The availability of arable land within the next several
decades will diminish in extensive regions. The major causes of land degradation are deforestation,
shifting cultivation practices in agriculture, and over- grazing. Land degradation now affects the
lives of hundreds of millions of people and is hampering the development of countries. Stopping land
degradation is a high priority in many areas of the world. Human-induced degradation is around 30%
in Africa, 27% in Asia and 18% in Latin America. Most of the degradation is taking place on
agricultural and pasture lands, which are major sources of food, incomes, and employment for rural
people in many developing countries.
Desertification is described an aspect of the widespread deterioration of ecosystems, with diminished
or destroyed biological potential, i.e. plant and animal production, for multiple purposes at a time
when increased productivity is needed to support growing populations in quest of development.
Desertification contributes to other environmental crises, such as the loss of biodiversity and global
warming‖. The deterioration of productive ecosystems is an obvious and serious threat to human
progress. Over exploitation gives rise to degradation of vegetation, soil and water. These three
elements serve as the natural foundation for human existence. In exceptionally fragile ecosystems,
such as those on the desert margins, the loss of biological productivity through the degradation of
plant, animal, soil and water resources can easily become irreversible, and permanently reduce their
capacity to support human life. Land degradation is both a cause and a consequence of rural poverty.
About 90% land area of Pakistan falls into arid and semi-arid, and is vulnerable to desertification.
High evapotranspiration and low rainfall are salient features of arid and semi-arid areas. Pakistan‘s
economy basically dependents on agriculture. ―In Pakistan, out of a total of 88 million hectors, around
63 million hectors is dry land, including the glorious mountains, deserts and other areas, so we need to
restore forests in these areas to save them from desertification.‖Population pressure is the leading
cause of desertication. Sustainability of agricultural and environmental systems is the major concerns
in the country. There is an urgent need to accelerate efforts for increasing agricultural production in
view of the existing 190 million people (Est. July 2012) and also growing population which is
expected to become 345.5 million in the next 50 years.
5.7.3 The process of desertification falls into three categories
i. The expansion of the desert
ii. The expansion of desertification due to deforestation;
iii. Land lost of land because of waterlogging and salinity, overgrazing, urbanization and
unsustainable management.
Key problems threatening natural resources and the sustainability are: soil degradation, the
availability of water and the loss of biodiversity. Desertification contributes to other environmental
crises, such as the loss of biodiversity and global warming. Land degradation is both a cause and a
consequence of rural poverty. Combating desertification can be done successfully using modern
techniques if financial resources are available and political will to act is there. This will include
providing alternative livelihood opportunities, tenure security, appropriate and improved grazing and
irrigation practices.
The impacts of desertification and their inventory are as follows:

 Arid area of Pakistan is 41 mha

 Desert 11 mha

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 Arid areas are being turned into useless lands due to desertification
 Desertification threatens future of the people
 Land productivity decreases
 Direct cost of desertification in terms of loss in agriculture production stands billions of
rupees

5.7.4 Main causes of desertification

5.7.4.1 Drought
Drought is considered as one of the main causes of desertification. Drought can be attributed to
inadequate seasonal precipitation, a prolonged dry season or a series of sub-average rainy seasons.
The drought also severely affected local livelihoods and forced local people to migrate in search of
work and food. This disrupted traditional land use patterns, resulted in the permanent loss of
traditional management practices and exacerbated the trends toward land degradation and
desertification.

5.7.4.2 Excessive Cultivation

A rapid increase in human and animal populations necessitates a corresponding expansion of
cultivated areas; leading to land over-utilization and thus causing land degradation.

5.7.4.3 Soil erosion

Soil erosion implies loss or removal of surface soil material through the action of moving water or
wind. Soil wind erosion is an important process that affects both the surface features and the
biological potential of soils. Soil erosion is taking place at an alarming rate and is mainly due to
deforestation.
Table 5.1: Area affected by wind erosion (000 ha)
Degree of Puniab Sindh NWFPFATA Balochistan Pakistan
erosion
Slight 2251.4 295.0 13.1 36.3 2595.5
Moderate 279.1 70.2 3.8 143.6 469.7
Severe 1274.2 168.8 19.6 100.9 3081.3
Total 3804.5 2052.1 36.5 280.5 6173.5
Source: Land Degradation in Pakistan. Shah and Arshad (2006).

Table 5.2: Area affected by water erosion (000 ha)

Degree of erosion Punjab Sindh NWFP/FATA Balochistan Northern Areas Pakistan
Slight (sheet & rill erosion) 61.2 - 156.3 - 110.5 328.0
Moderate (sheet & rill erosion) 896.8 - 853.8 1858.6 25.8 3635.0
Severe (rill, gull and/or stream bank) 588.1 58.9 176.1 2724.4 504.2 5640.7
Very severe (gully, pipe & pinnacle erosion) 357.9 - 1517.0 - 1571.6 3446.5
Total 1904.0 58.9 4292.2 4583.0 2212.1 13050.2
Source: Land Degradation in Pakistan. Shah and Arshad (2006).

5.7.4.4 Waterlogging and salinity

Water table depth of the areas irrigated by three barrages for the last 30 years show that major part
within different canal commands remained under 0-150cm depth during post monsoon season. This is
because of the rainfall, flooding condition & simultaneously canals are running in full supply level in
the kharif season, and water table rises at the peak before the start of the Rabi season. As the water
table starts increasing soon after Rabi, the area covered by water logging is higher at the end of
monsoon period.

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5.7.4.5 Deforestation
Deforestation is the root cause of land degradation. The forest area in Pakistan is 3.77% (Table 3).
Due to deforestation, forest cover is shrinking by 3.1% and woody biomass by 5% annually. The
mangrove forests of the Indus Delta have halved from 2600 square kilometers in late 1970s to 1300 in
1990s, due to the grazing by camels. Almost 50 % of the original riverain forests have been
degenerated beyond economic viability.
Table 5.3. Rangeland and Forest Area of Pakistan
Province Land Area (mha)Rangeland Area Forest Area
Area (mha)% of totalArea (mha)% of total
NWFP 10.17 4.73 46.51 1.49 14.65
Punjab 20.63 5.19 25.16 0.44 2.13
Sindh 14.09 2.66 18.88 0.28 1.99
Blochistan 34.72 8.95 25.78 0.45 1.30
Northern Areas7.04 1.15 16.34 0.32 4.55
AJK 1.33 0.87 65.40 0.34 25.56
Pakistan 87.98 23.55 26.77 3.32 3.77
Source: National Forests and Range Resources Assessment Survey (2003-04).

5.7.4.6 Overgrazing
Overgrazing is the major cause of desertification. Among the human activities that degrade
rangelands, overgrazing practices by different types of livestock are perhaps the most significant.
Overgrazing has brought down the productivity of rangelands to as little as 15-40% of their potential.
More than one-third of the country area has been classified as under risk of desertification. To halt
desertification the number of animals must be restricted, allowing plants to regrow. Fencing is
valuable tool for preventing the domestic and wild animals from moving around the fields.
5.7.5 Proposal to Reduce the Impacts of Desertification

5.7.5.1 Shelterbelt plantations to reduce wind velocity

Shelterbelts and tree-screens consisting of a row of trees are found to be very effective for Thar
Desert. Shelterbelts reduce the wind velocity by 20-46% on the landward side during the monsoon
period. There are shelter belts in the area hence desertification process in not checked.

5.7.5.2 Inadequate Rainwater harvesting in drylands

Rainfall is the only source of freshwater source during monsoon (July to September) in non-irrigated
areas. The Pakistan Council of Research in WaterResources (PCRWR) has been developing various
techniques to harvest rainwater by constructing ponds with different storage capacities. These ponds
have been designed to collect maximum rainwater to minimize seepage and evaporation losses. Large
scales adoption of all these interventions would ultimately help improve the socio-economic
conditions of the residents of hyper arid area of the country. To combat the impact of desertification
the rain water harvesting in dry lands is inadequate.

5.7.5.3 Industrialization / urbanisation

Industries also entail a large chunk of agriculture land be it in coastal, urban or rural area. The
problem is more severe when the area around industries is denuded of total vegetation in miles
making land totally degraded to desertification (case study of Nooriabad). Urbanization is also
encroaching upon agricultural lands causing immense damage to our natural resources.

5.7.5.4 Space technology to combat desertification

Delineation and mapping of affected areas has been performed to establish a reliable base-line data for
monitoring desertification processes and evolving suitable strategies for combating them.

5.7.5.5 Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques

The integration of remote sensing with GIS techniques is becoming increasingly important for the
assessment of environmental changes .Land desertification monitoring using remote sensing and GIS

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needs to be continued and also refined for the purpose of long-term monitoring and the management
of fragile ecosystems in semi-arid regions of Pakistan.

5.7.5.6 Sustainable Land Management (SLM)

Land degradation is a central challenge to sustainable development. The latter has been defined as
development that ―meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs‖. Sustainable Land Management combines technologies, policies
and activities aimed at integrating socio- economic principles with environmental concerns
simultaneously to maintain or enhance production and services; reduce the level of production risk;
protect the potential of natural resources and prevent degradation of soil and water quality; be
economically viable and socially acceptable.
Taking note of the serious challenges that we face, the Ministry of Environment of Pakistan has
launched a 2 years project for 2008-2009‖Sustainable Land Management to Combat Desertification in
Pakistan‖ with the cooperation of Global Environment Facility (GEF), United Nation Development
Program (UNDP) and Government of Pakistan. The overall goal of the project is to combat land
degradation and desertification in Pakistan in order to protect and restore ecosystems and essential
ecosystem services that are key to reducing poverty.
5.7.5.7 Soil and Water Factors
Life on earth depends on the layer of soil that is the source of nutrients for plants, crops, and forests.
Without it, ultimately none can survive. Although topsoil takes a long time to build up, it is more
prone to erosion leading to desertification.
 Soil moisture content: only dry soils undergo erosion due to a total loss of moisture.
 Soil texture: fine particles are more vulnerable to erosion than coarse ones.
 Cementing materials: an absence of cementing materials (such as organic matter) makes
soil more prone to erosion.
 Poorly drained irrigation practices turn cropland salty and desertify 500,000 hectares
annually.

5.7.5.8 Climatic considerations

Climate relates to climate variability, climate change, or drought. The frequently occurring drought
episodes have been cited a major cause of desertification, as during extended dry spells
desertification becomes relatively more severe, widespread, and visible, and its rate of occurrence
increases manifold.
5.7.6 Impacts of desertification
In addition to agricultural productivity losses and increasing poverty, desertification results in
significant reductions in carbon storage in soils, contributing to global warming, and loss of
biodiversity. It also triggers soil erosion because of the loss of vegetative ground cover exacerbating
water erosion and flash floods. These accelerate siltation of rivers and lakes and pollute water
reserves.
The key driving force behind this degradation is a nexus of poverty, rapid population growth, and
inadequate progress in increasing agricultural productivity, poor rural people in their quest for food
and other livelihood needs, pursue land management and cultivation practices that deplete soils of
their nutrient and organic matter content and promote erosion; overgraze rangelands, and cut but not
replant sufficient trees and bushes for fuel wood and other purposes.
5.7.7 Consequences of desertification
 Desertification is a self accelerating process feeding on itself and as it advances, rehabilitation
costs rise exponentially

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 Desertification is not draught, which seizes when rains return, but it is steady process that
robs the productive lands
 Desertification results not only in the loss of nation‘s productive resources but also in the loss
of valuable genetic resources.
 Desertification is a threat to our planet‘s life support systems, causing social, economical
instability and depletion of the resource base.
5.7.8 Organizations involved in desertification control
The main organizations involved in desertification control in Pakistan are: PARC, PCRWR, WAPDA,
Forest Departments, Irrigation Departments, Agriculture Departments, Sindh Arid Zone development
Authority, Cholistan Development Authority, Arid Zone Research Institute, DRIP, Pakistan
Desertification Monitoring Unit, Soil Conservation Departments, Agriculture Universities, Pakistan
Atomic Energy commission, Irrigation Research Institute, and NIAB etc. The main focus of these
organizations is:
i. Afforestation
ii. Soil and Water Conservation
iii. Reclamation of salt affected and water logged soils
iv. Range Development and Sand Dune stabilization

5.7.9 Causes, consequences and global responsibility

Developing countries face the obvious life- threatening challenges of

i. Desertification
ii. Deforestation
iii. Pollution
iv. Poverty
v. Environmental degradation
vi. Disappearance of rain forests in the tropics and thorny scrub forests in the semi arid
regions
vii. The loss of plant and animal species
viii. Changes in precipitation patterns
ix. The challenges of toxic chemicals
x. Toxic wastes, dumps
xi. Acidification
xii. Carbon dioxide emissions, and
xiii. Gases that react with the ozone layer depletion

Since the world has been intertwined economically, ecologically, environmentally the causes and
consequences have also been the global responsibility. All nations therefore will have a role to play in
changing trends, and evolution of an international economic system that increases rather than
decreases quality of life and that decreases rather than increases numbers of poor and hungry people
all over the world.
The next few decades are crucial. The time has come to break out of past patterns. Attempts to
maintain social and ecological stability through old approaches to development and environmental

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protection will increase instability. So the security to this must be sought through determination and
commitment for change.
5.7.10 Pakistan Scenario
The country has highly complex and diversified agro-ecological and socio- economic set-up. One
fourth of the country‘s land area, which is suitable for intensive agriculture, is seriously subjected to
threats of wind and water erosion, salinity / sodicity, waterlogging, flooding and loss of organic
matter. Watersheds in upper Indus and its tributaries suffer from unfavourable soil and moisture
regimes. Accelerated surface erosion is reducing the life of Tarbela and Mangla reservoirs which
provide water for 90 percent of the food and fibre production in the country.
5.7.11 Sindh Scenario (arid zones)
The arid zones of Sindh represent 17 percent of the arid land of Pakistan and are classified as sub-
tropical semiarid deserts. They cover an area of over 68,000 sq. km of the province and can be
roughly divided into three even-sized distinct regions of Thar, Nara and Kohistan. Out of a total area
of 14.09mha, 9.28mha form rangeland in these areas.
5.7.12 Sea Intrusion
The key potential impacts of sea-water intrusion on coastal systems and lands are:

i. increased coastal erosion,

ii. inhibition of primary production processes
iii. more extensive coastal inundation
iv. higher storm-surge flooding
v. landward intrusion of seawater in estuaries and aquifers, and
vi. changes in surface water quality and groundwater characteristics

5.7.13 ICARDA‟S Approach Module

 foster integration among the stakeholders;
 stimulate stakeholder participation;
 facilitate technology transfer;
 promote collective action; and
 improve livelihoods and human welfare

Multi-disciplinary teams of stakeholders work alongside the communities targeted. The strategy
involves agro-ecological characterization and the development and transfer of appropriate
technologies; first to the community and then, via modeling and scenario-building, to other
communities and stakeholders, thus beginning the process of benefits scaling.
Reversal of trends in land degradation requires a holistic approach focusing on three key components.
Firstly, technological interventions must address land, water and food security problems. Secondly,
the active involvement of local communities within a strategy that increases their knowledge and
organizational capacity is called for. With increased capacity to manage risk and to solve problems,
communities can reverse land degradation, improve their livelihoods and become responsible
stewards of natural resources. Thirdly, appropriate incentives at the policy and institutional level are
required to induce land users to adopt more conservation technologies.
5.7.14 Combating Measures
To meet the food and fiber needs of ever increasing population of the country and to help non
potential areas of the world, it is necessary to formulate long term strategies for conserving the arid

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lands and to develop the neglected potential areas on scientific grounds. The pace of development is
required to be accelerated to save the human being from hunger. Various reports of FAO indicate that
most of the countries of 3rd world have no chance of becoming self reliant in food product and it is
therefore most important, that the valuable land resources should be saved from desertification. For
combating desertification problem following mitigating measures are to be taken.

5.7.14.1 Afforestation and improvement of range lands

Afforestation plays vital role in combating the process of desertification in arid areas, specially the
areas which come under high wind velocity. The process of Afforestation/ reforestation and rotational
system of grazing lands is required to be developed on a long term planning of 25 years.
It has been found from the experiments that it is possible to grow plants and trees on saline water and
therefore, the available ground water in the desert area can be utilized properly. The Xerophytic trees
and plants are another alternative for increasing vegetative cover in arid areas. Both indigenous and
exotic plant species may be tried to know their viability in controlling the process of desertification.
The indigenous xerophytic trees like Acacia Senegal (Konbhat), Prosopis Cineraria (kandi), Tecoma,
Undulata (Rohero), Zizyphus, Mauritania (Ber), Capparis Decidua (Kirir) are capable of surviving in
drought conditions and can be planted as wind breaks and shelter belts to control desertification.
Similarly the ranges can be improved by reseeding the grasses like Cenchrus Ciliaris, (Dhaman),
Cenchrus Biflorus (Bhurt), Lasiurus Sindicus (Sen) Panicum Antidotale (Gramina) and Panicum
Turgidum (Murt) survive and flourish luxuriantly in climatic conditions of sandy arid areas. All
interventions and projects must be initiated with full participation of local people by forming village
organizations and Range land improvement committees so that positive results could be achieved.

5.7.14.2 Conservation of water resources

Canal Water
Fairness in distribution of Canal Water is must to save the fertile lands from becoming barren and
prune to desertification Efficient irrigation systems, like Drip, Trickle and Sprinkler must be
introduced in water deficient canal irrigated areas for conserving water and increasing Agricultural
productivity.
Ground Water
Exploration of ground Water is required to be made to ascertain its quality and quantity. Even if water
with a salinity up to 5000ppm / mg/l is found in plenty, it can be utilized for cattle consumption and
growing many types of useful plants.
Rain Water Conservation
Appropriate techniques may be adopted for conservation of rain water, in Thar area for which the
inhabitants of these areas may be trained and sufficient financial assistance may be provided for
construction of structures to conserve rain water on individual and community basis.
1. Proper and productive livestock
To decrease the burden of livestock on range lands and pastures it is necessary to rear and
maintain the animals of productive breeds only. Both milk and meat animals of reputed
breeds should be introduced in the area and herdsmen may be motivated through extension
services and demonstration farms, to understand the cost-benefit ratio of rearing livestock and
their effect on the range and agriculture land. The arid area, being most suitable for increasing
livestock productivity, it can be further developed to fulfill the needs of livestock products
like milk, meat, hides etc. Proper planning of livestock farming will surely aid in combating
the desertification process.
2. Saving infrastructure from sand dune encroachment
Roads, Railways and other infrastructure must be saved from the encroachment of sand dunes
by planting trees to stop blowing sand, and create bearers on the sides of roads and railway.
All types of vegetation on sides of roads must be protected and cultivation on steep slopes and

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lands in vicinity of roads in the direction of winds must be stopped through enactment of
proper legislation.
For peace, prosperity and dignity of the generations, we must plan to develop and conserve
the fertility of our vast potential land areas, irrigated as well as rain fed and combat the
desertification process with long term planning. The strategies for development should be
aimed at alleviating the socioeconomic condition of the people of these areas and all efforts
should be made to motivate and involve the local people in the development process.
5.7.15 Core Programs
Environmental Conservation / Tree Planting
A nationwide campaign should be led to conserve local biodiversity, enhance natural beauty and
prevent soil erosion. Experts say that a forest cover of 15% is required for a country to sustain life
naturally, availability of rain, availability of underground water, soil fertility, and clean air and
prevention of soil erosion and beauty. At present Pakistan‘s forest cover is less than 4%. Planting of
indigenous trees be promoted in forest catchment areas, private farms and public spaces to preserve
local biological diversity.
Civic & Environmental Education
Recognizing the need to strengthen civil society‘s concern for the environment, civic education and
advocacy projects are to be established to raise public awareness on the need to protect the
environment.
Training Workshops
Through a systematic approach to the deforestation challenge, the environmental problems could be
addressed by organizing training workshops for the stakeholders and development workers
Trees and shrubs (Indigenous Germplasm)
One of the main cause of depletion of ranges and desertification of dry lands in Sindh is the practice
of cutting and uprooting trees and shrubs for use as fuel by the rural population because wood is the
principal source of available energy. Efforts have to be made to select multipurpose trees and shrubs
which could be used for providing food, feed and fuel wood to domestic cooking and greening of our
dry lands. Following indigenous tree/shrub species are recommended:

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Table 5. 4: Indigenous tree/shrub species for plantation in areas affected by desertification in

monsoon season
Local Name
English Name Botanical Name Family
Babul Acacia Acacia nilotica Leguminosae/Mimosoideae
Kunbhat Gum Arabic Acacia Senegal Leguminosae/ Mimosaceae
Bavri ---- Acacia Jacquemontii Leguminosae/Mimosoideae
Phulai Amartasar gum Acacia modesta Leguminosae/ Mimosoideae
Nim Neem Azadiradita indica Meliaceae
Gugur Indian Bdellium Commiphora mukul Burseraceae
Phog Calligonum Calligonum Polygonaceae
Lyar Narrow leaf sepistan polygonoides Cordia Ethretiaceae
Kirir Caper latifolia Capparidaceae
Kandi berry Capparis Leguminosae/ Mimosoideae
Devi Prosopis deciduas Leguminosae/ Mimosoideae
Jaar Mesquite Prosopis Salvadoraceae
Mithi Tooth brush Tree cineraria Salvadoraceae
Jaar Tooth brush Tree Prosopis juliflora Bignoniceae
Rohiro Tecoma Salvadora Coniferae
Lai/Lao Tamarix persica Rahmnaceae
Ber Jujube Salvadora Rahmnaceae
Jaanguri
Source: ber and G.H.
B.A. Sheikh Desert Jujube
Soomro oleoides
―desertification: causes, Tecoma
consequences and remedies‖. Pak. J. Agri., Agril. Engg., Vet. Sc. 22(1)2006

undulata
5.7.16 Conclusions Tamarix aphylla
Desertification challenges faced by Pakistan are enormous and undermine our efforts for sustainable
Ziziphus
development. There is urgent need to address land desertification through multi- disciplinary approach
based on scientific principles. The researchmauritiana
networks for assessment and monitoring of land use
planning and management is essentially important. The activities and efforts already underway by
Ziziphus
public and private sector organizations to combat desertification should be strengthened and
supplemented by well coordinated system. nummularia
Partnership among government agencies, donors, non-
governmental organizations and local communities is a key factor for the successful control of
desertification. A high priority is needed to cope with land degradation problem whose neglect the
country cannot afford. Afforestation is the key approach to address the desertification issue.
5.8 Flow Downstream Kotri
5.8.1 Flow downstream Kotri and Sustainability of Indus Ecosystem
Reduced river flows below Kotri barrage since last three decades have made the deltaic environment
fragile and has resulted in quite unsustainable ecosystem endangering the fauna flora, forests and
mangroves, fisheries directly affecting the livelihood of thousands of the populations residing in
coastal areas. The Indus Delta is listed under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, 1971, and is
classified as the fifth largest delta in the world (Pamela Stedman-Edwards).

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Figure 5. 8: Flow downstream Kotri Barrage from 1937 till 2010

The Indus Delta and surrounding habitats constitute diverse ecosystems including; riverine forests,
irrigated plains, fresh water lakes and brackish wetlands. The land along the main course of River
Indus is very fertile and supports a diversity of agricultural crops such as wheat, maize, cotton,
sugarcane, rice and a variety of fruit orchards such as bananas, mangoes, date palm jujube and
coconut palm. Significant fisheries resources include Indus Baril, Indus Garua, Golden Mahasheer
and the famous Palla fish. Riverine forests along the banks of river provide sanctuary to a variety of
birds, mammals, reptiles and amphibians. Keenjhar, Haleji and Hadero are three important fresh water
lakes lying at the apex of the coastal region. The Delta is also home to a significant number of lagoons
such as Jhubo and Nurari lagoons.
One of the paramount anthropogenic causes of ecological degradation in the Indus Delta is the
reduction in fresh water flows. The survival of the Indus Delta is dependent on the silt-laden
freshwater discharges from River Indus which has been curtailed due to diversion of water for
primarily agricultural use and power generation in the upper reaches. Freshwater flow has been
reduced from 150 million acre feet MAF) annually to 0.02 MAF in 2009-10. Release of freshwater
into the delta in recent years has been inconsistent and below the minimum annual requirements to
sustain the ecological health of the Delta.
The IPOE recommended a continuous flow of 5000 cusecs of water downstream Kotri throughout the
year or 5 MAF in a year distributed as per need. According to the provisions of the 1991 Water
Accord, 10 MAF is committed for downstream Kotri flows, however environmentalists believe this is
insufficient. The IUCN Pakistan has calculated essential release of 27 MAF for the continued
wellbeing of the Indus Delta. The reduction in water release has enhanced natural forces of
degradation in the coastal areas such as the increase in salinity which creates unfavorable conditions
for mangrove growth and associated biodiversity. Due to these stresses the catches of two
commercially important (migratory) finfish species, Palla (Tenualosa ilisha) and Dangri (Cates
alcrifer) have declined from 600 tons in 1986 to 200 tons in 1995. Palla used to dominate the fish
catch of Sindh with a record catch of eight thousand mt in 1959 (Pamela et al)

5.8.1.1 Irrigation Infrastructure and Inefficiency

The 25 year average (1975-2000) rim station inflow of the Indus River and its tributaries is estimated
to be approximately 154 MAF per year. However, the inflow of water varies drastically from year to

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year. The Water Accord of 1991 assumes 114.35 MAF per year plus a 3 MAF for ungauged civil
canals, making a total of about 117 MAF. The provision for environmental flows for the downstream
and delta of the Indus is mentioned in the Water Accord at 10 MAF as a demanded by, but these flows
have not yet been finalized or included. In recent years, the annual supply of 114.35 MAF, as agreed
in Accord is not being complied with. Water losses between canal heads and watercourses, and losses
within water courses, are equal to one third of the total amount of water delivered. Another 25 percent
is lost within the farms. Pakistan's crop productivity per unit of water is very low at 0.13 kilograms
per cubic meter (Simi Kamal 2009 presentation at the University of Nebraska).

5.8.1.2 Environmental Repercussions of System Inefficiency

Due to water scarcity, the sixth biggest mangrove forest in the world has been reduced from 0.6
million to 0.25 million acres. Although the 1991 Water Accord recognizes a fixed quantum of
environmental flows (39.5 MAF per year), these are not released in a consistent way each year (1991
Water Accord, Pakkissan.com)
Recent satellite images indicate that mangroves in the delta cover about 160 thousand ha. On the one
hand these forests produce wood, provide habitat for wildlife, place for grazing animals and on the
other hand supports fisheries and shrimps production, and earns about Rs. 4 billion annually from
exports. About 100 thousand fishermen are engaged in fishing and shrimp industry. Factors
responsible for the degradation of Indus delta mangroves are: i) reduced flow of fresh water and silt
from river Indus, ii) inflow of pollutants from Industries, navigational activities and intermix of
industrial effluents, iii) browsing or grazing by livestock, iv) over harvesting of wood and fodder
causing meandering and erosion of creek banks, v) over fishing; and vi) gradual rise in the sea level
(Amjad et al). The recommendations of the International Panel of Experts with respect to a bare
minimum flow of 5 thousand cusecs are not being followed. For eight to ten months, the flows
downstream of Kotri are almost negligible, causing devastation of the ecosystem in the area.

5.8.1.3 The economic significance of the Indus Delta

The human population on the coast of Pakistan is estimated to total 1.2 million people; of them nearly
900 thousand reside in the Indus Delta. More than 135 thousand people depend on mangrove
resources for their livelihoods. An IUCN study (IUCN 2005) estimates the total value of losses at
US$125 million.

5.8.1.4 Environmental Impacts of Reduced Downstream flows include

a) Ecological Impacts: The ecological impacts include disappearance of endangered fauna,
reduction in riverine and mangrove forests, loss of biodiversity, gradual inland movement of
the sea due to global warming, and increased marine and coastal pollution together with
seawater intrusion.
b) Economic Impacts: There is a tremendous economic loss and as a result, unemployment,
migration of people to other areas, and crime rate has grown exponentially in this region.
Fertile lands have been turned into barren lands due to seawater intrusion. Results of the
studies by the government of Sindh indicated that 480 thousand hectares (1.2 million acres) of
the land is lost to the sea.
c) Social and Public Health Impacts: Water borne diseases have registered an increase of 200%
in the last two decades. Due to the scarcity of water and resulting economic downturn, people
of Sindh find it very hard to make the ends meet. Unemployment, poverty, crime rate, and
other social problems are all on the rise. According to Asian Development Bank, 40 to 45%
people in Sindh are below poverty line (Altaf A Memon World Water and Environment
congress 2004). The rate of suicides in Sindh has sharply risen in the years after the water
shortage started.
d) Decline in Palla Fish (Tenualosa ilisha): The famous Palla fish (Tenualosa ilisha) has
migratory habits and for breeding it ascends upstream in River Indus from the Arabian Sea.

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Due to very low discharge of Indus and lack of flooding, the fish has been unable to migrate
upstream for breeding and, hence, the stocks of Palla fish have depleted at an alarming pace
during the last 15 years Figure 4.3.5. In the past, it reportedly comprised of 70% of the total
catch. However, presently it hardly constitutes 15 % of the total catch. The decline in the
catch of this fish can be visualized from the chart below.

(Source: WWF Pakistan Indus for All Program)

Figure 5. 9: Decline in Pala Fish catch

5.8.1.5 Quantity of water essentially needed for sustenance of ecosystem

It is estimated that the losses in conveyance and in the field are to tune of 60% (Pakistan Water Sector
Strategy 2002). Since the recommended deliveries do not account for these losses, therefore, if these
losses are taken into account, then the minimum quantity of water needed as per the IPOE
recommendations would be 12,500 cusecs (over 9.0 MAF per year) and as per study-II it will be
21MAF per year. Pamela Stedmans Edwards Pakistan Mangroves (WWF) Pakistan recommended
about 6.8 MAF for sustaining mangroves. Waheed Bhutto (2006) , Tahir Qureshi of IUCN, Zulfiquar
Halepoto and Rajab Memon (undated) quoting the study conducted by the IUCN experts have
suggested that a discharge of 27 MAF of water is required to pass through Kotri barrage to prevent
further damage to Indus delta. Various recommendations range from as low as 3.6 MAF to 40 MAF
/year. From these findings, it is believed that quantity less than 21 MAF/year may not sustain the
ecosystem which has been damaged to an extent that seems irreversible.
Studies undertaken by the Federal Flood Commission Pakistan in 2005 to ascertain the quantity of
water to flow downstream Kotri are:
Study-I -Water escapages below Kotri Barrage to check seawater intrusion
Study-II-Water escapages downstream of the Kotri Barrage to address environmental concerns
Study-III-Environmental concerns of all the four provinces. (Federal Flood Commission 2005)
5.8.2 Environmental Use of IBIS System Waters
A source of contention since the IWA has been the fact that, in drought years, there is almost no
water downstream of Kotri, causing immense damage to the Indus Delta. In order to get agreement
on the 1991 Inter Provincial Accord, this issue was deliberately left unaddressed to be determined
later by ―expert studies.‖ Subsequently, studies were commissioned which came up with the
following findings: (i) downstream Kotri requirements and recommended associated environmental
flows from the Indus were estimated at 3.60 MAF in dry or average years with 25 MAF additional
every five years in times of flood, or alternatively, 8.60 MAF as an average for all years to be
provided from the overall share; (ii) the recommended environmental flow allocation for the
Indus, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, and Jhelum to maintain a minimum water depth of 0.5 to 1 meter were
8.25 MAF to be provided from the overall share; (iii) recommended environmental flows allocation
for Punjab‘s lakes, water bodies, and riverine areas, etc., were 6.22 MAF to be provided from

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Punjab‘s share; (iv) recommended environmental flows allocation for Sindh‘s lakes, water bodies,
and riverine areas, etc., were 2.53 MAF to be provided from Sindh‘s share (Shahid Amjad Choudhry
2010) .
Table 5.5- summarizes the expert consultants‘ recommendations.

Table 5. 5: IBIS Environmental Flow Requirements

Dry Year Average Year Every 5 years

(Flood Year)
Total Rabi Kharif Total Rabi Kharif Total Rabi Kharif
Downstream Kotri1 alt 1 8.60 1.80 6.80
(alt 2) (3.60+) (1.80) (1.80+) (3.60+) (1.80) (1.8+) (25.0) (0.0) (25.0)
Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, 8.25 2.25 6.00
Ravi, Sutlej2
Punjab Inland Water 6.22 1.82 4.40
Bodies 2
Sind Inland Water 2.53 0.43 2.10
Bodies2
Total Average Year 25.60 6.30 19.30
Requirement 2
Source: 1 ―Study on Water Escapes Below Kotri‖. 2005, op. cit. p.57.
2 ―Environmental Concerns of all Four Provinces, 2005, op.cit. p.1.

a) Study-I consultants recommended:

The consultants recommended a minimum flow of 10,000 cusecs to stop seawater intrusion. Interface
location with Option-2 (Q=10,000 cfs) is 35 km from the river mouth near Dandho (Sherazi Bander).
The consultants noted that this option would eliminate seawater intrusion about 92% of the riverine
area in the tidal reach. It is very strange to mention that the recommendations of 10,000 cusecs were
kept aside and the opinions of the IPOE were highlighted in the report.
Table 5. 6: Recommendations of the Study-I Consultants
Volume in MAF
Season
Dry Year Average Year Wet Year
Rabi 0.53 2.11 3.61
Kharif 2.56 3.35 3.63
Annual 3.09 5.46 7.24

Study-II consultants calculated the Kotri downstream flow requirements of riverine forests,
mangroves, agriculture, fisheries, and domestic use. The total requirements came as 8.42 MAF. The
water application efficiency as given by WAPDA (Water Sector Strategy Vol 5 2002) is 40%. As
such total required flow downstream Kotri would be 21 MAF. This requirement would be distributed
as per the water availability in the river. Following breakup of water flow is suggested round the year
on 10 daily bases to meet the requirement of all sub-sectors. Normally the flows in river are better
during four months (June-September) and less in the months (October-May). Table below gives the
flow on 10 daily basis round the year.
b) Study –II consultants recommended

Table 5. 7: Minimum Water Requirements for various Interventions proposed by the Study-II
Discipline Riverine Delta Agriculture Palla Other fish Domestic
Forests Mangroves fishery species use

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Water Main - 4.7 MAF 0.62 MAF 0.30 0.20 MAPF 0.000696
Requirement River MAF MAF
Monthly
Channel monthly
1.8 MAF
0.9 MAF for 9
for 3 months
months
Canals 0.40 MAF Total water demand 0.000851
for fish: 2.7 MAF MAF
Season/Month April April Round the June - September - Year round
September September Year August May

The proposed Total Flow Downstream Kotri: 8.42 MAF (equals to 21 MAF at 40% Efficiency)
Downstream Flow below Kotri Barrage recommended by Study-II consultants is 8.42MAF per year.
On 40% Water Application Efficiency, the actual requirement is calculated as 21.0 MAF per year

Table 5. 8: Suggested outflow downstream Kotri on 10 daily basis (Flow in cusecs)

Cusecs Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep
I 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 100,000 280,000 280,000 100,000
II 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 100,000 280,000 280,000 100,000
III 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 100,000 280,000 280,000 100,000

5.8.2.1 Impact of the development interventions on the eco-system in the Indus downstream of
Kotri
No development interventions took place with regard to the ecosystem development. Releases
downstream Kotri have practically stopped during 8-10 months of the year. The rate of degradation of
mangrove forests in the Indus Delta has been estimated at 6 percent between 1980 and 1995. At
present, only 15 percent of mangroves here are considered healthy. (Pamela Stedman-Edwards, WWF
Pakistan).

5.8.2.2 Impact of Flow Downstream Kotri in the Light of Imagery of the last 21 years
Satellite imageries were obtained from the internet for the years 1989-90, 200-01 and 2006-07. These
imageries were taken in the months of October-November (www.landcover.org). The flow in the river
was 17.22 MAF in 1989-90, 0.74 MAF in the year 2001-02 and 0.12 MAF during the year 2006-07.
Except in 2003-04, there existed drought conditions from 1999 till August 2010 where as in the
decade 1989-90 to 1998-99 the flow downstream Kotri was adequate. Therefore, the imagery of 1989-
90 showed dense vegetative growth and the covered area under vegetation was estimated 5800 sq.km.
In 2001-02 there was drought and the flow downstream Kotri was just 0.74 MAF, reducing the
vegetative area to about 3800 sq.km (65%). In 2006-07 vegetative cover increased to 5200 sq.km.
This was due to better flows in 2003-04. This suggested a direct correlation between flows and
vegetative cover.
The construction of the barrages and the link and irrigation canals has, over the years, led to a
systematic abstraction of water from the Indus. The Tarbela dam and Chashma reservoirs have
resulted in the siphoning off 74 percent of Indus waters before it reaches Kotri Barrage, the last
barrage point on the Indus in the southern Sindh province. The deltaic area has been estimated to have
reduced from 3,000 square kilometers (km) to 250 km (Hassan,1992).
The present situation is much more alarming due to below average rainfall in the Indus River
catchment area as there are only two months (August-September) in a year when Indus flows
downstream Kotri Barrage.
During a period of three years (2001-2003) NIO scientists regularly monitored the Indus River
downstream Kotri Barrage. Zero discharge was observed during most part of the year. The Indus
River is currently contributing hardly any sediment now, consequently, there has been intrusion of sea

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water upstream of the delta - at places extending up to 80 km in the coastal areas of Thatta,
Hyderabad and Badin districts. Sindh‘s Irrigation and Power Department (IPD) has revealed that
seawater intrusion has resulted in tidal infringement over 1.2 million acres of land in the Indus
Delta.
It is very clear that the trend started decreasing right from post Kotri period followed by post-Tarbela
period till 2010 (Chart-1 and Table- 2). During the last 10 years the flow has remained almost
negligible except in 2003-04. This has confirmed that no water is available for delta and coastal
region. Due to this reason the people of the delta and coast are crying for saving their livelihood and
ecosystem. They do not have water for their household use. From the interviews, the respondents
informed that one adult member from each household is merely engaged for collecting household use
water from far distant places. The recommendations of the International Panel of Experts with respect
to a bare minimum flow of 5000 cusecs are not being followed. The river is empty for 8-10 months of
the year. This has ruined the ecosystem of the area.
5.8.3 Conclusions
1. Considering the mass water divergence of the Indus River System in upstream areas causing acute
depletion of Indus water-flow into the downstream Kotri barrage, it is inferred that the present
climate changing trends are being more augmented due to the critical depletion of the Indus
environmental-flows in the lower Indus basin. Reduction in inflow of freshwater from Indus
together with added inflow of pollutants from industries, navigational activities and intermix of
industrial effluent, and human and livestock population pressure for fuel wood and fodder
collection have exposed this complex ecosystem to severe environmental and social stresses in the
form of loss of habitat and biodiversity, decline in fish productivity and social problems for
coastal communities.
2. The life of the delta is dependent on the availability of freshwater and sediment. The severe
reduction of both as a result of dams, barrages and associated structures upstream has resulted in
the pronounced erosion in parts of the delta and consequently in the reduction of the mangroves.
Coastal erosion is increasing also due to unplanned coastal development in the area. The well-
being of the delta requires a realistic assessment of the minimum volume of river water and
sediment needed round the year to prevent the near-disappearance of the Indus Delta. The
management of the delta should become part of an integrated coastal zone management in a
holistic fashion. Not only the coastal environment should be managed integrally but environ-
mental studies also need to be extended to the entire Indus ecosystem from the mountains to the
Arabian Sea.
3. The Indus River, that has created one of the world‘s largest delta and submarine fan system, is
currently contributing a fraction of fresh water or sediment in to the Arabian Sea. Consequently,
the seawater intrusion has resulted in tidal intrusion in the prime agricultural land in the Indus
deltaic region. Construction of barrages, dams, and link canals has further reduced the freshwater
flow downstream Kotri Barrage from 146 MAF/year to less than 10 MAF/year. In last decade, the
Indus River downstream Kotri Barrage has practically zero discharge. As a consequence, the river
below Kotri shows increased braiding and sand bar development. Sediment passing down the
system tends to be deposited in the section south of Kotri, rather than maintaining the growth of
the delta. As a result the Indus Delta that used to occupy an area of about 6,180 km 2 consisting of
creeks, mudflats and mangrove forest is now reduced to 1,192 km2 after upstream diversions.
4. If a sincere effort is not taken to reverse the water shortage problems, the lower Indus basin will
be moving towards an ecological disaster and a famine like situation. In the present state of
environmental awakening and global acceptance of lower riparian rights, Sindh deltaic region
may be considered in the light of the international norms.

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5.8.4 Recommendations
Short term measures
a. The 1991 Water Accord should immediately be re-visited so that the amount of water being
released downstream Kotri Barrage is assessed and minimum critical need to maintain deltaic
ecosystems in a healthy state should be determined.
b. Holistic policies ensuring conservation of mangroves and the associated biodiversity in the area
should be formulated to maintain a biological wall on the coast to face the cyclones and tsunamis
and to stop coastal erosion and seawater intrusion
c. Livelihood opportunities for the local communities with particular focus on fisheries resource
should be enhanced.
d. Shortage of drinking water for local population is a serious problem and needs to be resolved on
priority basis to make community's life easier.
e. Disaster relief and mitigation measures need to be taken up on war footings. Cyclones, sea storms
and tsunamis will be now frequent than ever before because of the global climate change. There is
need to establish Elevated Platforms on the entire coastline at appropriate locations for timely
rescue and relief of the affected people.
Long term measures
a. A comprehensive land-use plan focusing clearly on the areas fit for different developmental and
environmental interventions now and in future is seriously required. This plan must be built and
later monitored through satellite data.
b. Fisheries sector plays a vital role not only for the well being of the local communities but, also
contributes significantly to the national income. This important resource has not received
attention from the government for its long-term sustainability. A comprehensive plan is required
to address the issues hampering the development of this vital resource with particular focus on
proper jetties, ban on use of illegal nets, fish storage and processing facilities and elimination of
fisher folks' debt cycle.
c. Social services sector needs to be critically examined as the entire Indus Delta region lacks proper
facilities of education, health and communication.
5.9 Water Quality in the Project Area
5.9.1 Water Quality Deterioration:
Irrigation water is the main source of drinking water in many towns and villages, especially where the
ground water is brackish. Thus, the downstream residents especially in southern Sindh are exposed to
adverse health effects due to both biological and chemical contamination of water bodies. Of course,
local practices such as washing clothes in irrigation channels and livestock wallowing add to the
problem. Further, there is an increasing trend for municipal bodies to contract out municipal waste
water to farmers for vegetables cultivation. While such recycling is income generating, adverse health
effects occur both directly, through ingestion of the produce and bore worms and indirectly, via
seepage of such water into the groundwater table and runoff into the irrigation system. Water
pollution also adversely affects biodiversity, particularly aquatic life of the wetlands and
water bodies.
The use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides, and fungicides has increased tremendously
over the years. The run-off from irrigation feeds into surface water and also seeps into sub-soil water,
as crops do not utilize all chemicals and or drains into water bodies resulting in water pollution.
Deterioration of surface water quality also occurs when raw sewage and industrial toxic wastes and
effluents are discharged into rivers, irrigation canals and drains. Untreated municipal sewage
discharged into river Indus or canal systems of IBIS beyond the natural cleaning capacity of waters
thereby affecting the fish and biotic life.

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Ground water mining and lowering of water table are taking place in Irrigated areas of Indus
Basin, Partially due to drought period, but largely due to development of private tube wells for
irrigation purposes about 100,000 tube wells in Sindh (both public and private) have caused
deterioration of ground water quality in sweet water areas by salt water intrusion as there exists a
fringe of sweet water overlaying the saline water that comes up and mixes with sweet water due to up
coning resulting in brackish water delivery in few days of the tube well installation.
None of the three major consuming sectors of water: agriculture, industry and household/
municipalities have proper wastewater disposal systems. As a result the effluent/ run off contaminate
water bodies / reservoirs creating serious health and environmental problems. Not only are the poor,
even more vulnerable to their impacts, they also contribute heavily to water pollution. This vicious
circle originates in the deprivation of social and infrastructure services, being essentially rooted in a
development process, which tends to bypass the poor.
In most of the cities, water is provided without any treatment or with inadequate treatment.
Corrosion in pipes during conveyance adds to the contamination. The problem is further
exacerbated by seepage from contiguously laid sewerage pipes as a result of pressure
fluctuations. In slums, poor localities and villages the standard water supply sources are community
stands posts. A recent World Bank report demonstrates that when a tap or a well is shared with
neighbors, the likelihood of child or infant mortality is much higher compared to access from a
residential piped water system.
5.9.2 Surface and Groundwater Quality - its impact on Ecosystem and Environment
The Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR) launched ―National Water Quality
Monitoring Program‖ in 2002 through 2006 that aimed at undertaking water quality monitoring of
major cities, rivers and storage reservoirs, canal, drains and natural lakes. Different organizations
including Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR), Water and Power
Development Authority (WAPDA), Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) and some individual
consultants have conducted short-term studies on water quality. Results from various investigations
and from the studies carried by various organizations such as PCRWR, WAPDA, and EPA indicate
that water pollution has increased. The pollution levels are higher particularly in and around the big
cities where industrial estates are present. The water quality deterioration problems are caused by the
discharge of hazardous industrial wastes including persistent toxic synthetic organic chemicals, heavy
metals, pesticide products, municipal wastes and untreated sewage water to natural water bodies.
These substances mixed with water cause widespread water-borne and water related diseases.
Over pumping of groundwater due to extended drought has adversely affected the water quality.
According to a recent study about 70% of the about 560 thousand tube wells in the Indus Basin are
pumping sodic water (PCRWR Water Quality Monitoring Program). Such water is highly injurious to
the soils resulting in reduced permeability and infiltration rates, particularly in the heavy textured
soils. Surface-water from most of our rivers is also polluted due to dumping of solid wastes and
industrial pollutants.

5.9.2.1 The Status of Drinking Water Sources

Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR) generated the first detailed water quality
profile of 23 major cities of the country. About 357 water samples from 364 selected water sources
were collected adopting the uniform sampling criteria and analyzed for 79 physico-chemical
parameters including, trace, ultra trace and bacterial indicators. The analytical findings were
compared to the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines and Pakistan Standards Quality
Control Authority (PSQCA) standards for drinking water.

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Analysis revealed the presence of three main water quality problems i.e. bacteriological (69%),
arsenic (24%), nitrate (14%) and cities had a considerable percentage of bacteriological contamination
(40-100%). A higher percentage of arsenic contamination was found in 9 cities, nitrate in 14 cities and
fluoride in 4 cities. In Sindh province, all the 14 sources monitored in Hyderabad were found unfit
mainly due to bacteriological
contamination (93%),
excessive levels of iron
(47%), and turbidity (93%).
Karachi the largest
metropolitan city and capital
of Sindh province revealed
(93%) unsafe water sources
due to bacteriological
contamination, TDS and
fluoride (4%), sodium,
chlorides and sulphate (7%),
nitrate (11%), and iron
(18%); only 2 out of 28 Figure 5.10: Water Quality of Sindh Province
samples were safe. In (Source: PCRWR 2002-2006)
Sukkur, 11 out of 12 sources
were unfit because of bacteriological contamination, turbidity (50%), hardness, sodium, chlorides,
potassium, arsenic and fluoride (8%), nitrate (25%), sulphate and TDS (17%). Twenty two water
samples including 6 dams, 9 rivers, 2 canals, 4 lakes and 1 drain, LBOD and RBOD; all were found
microbiologically contaminated. Main cause of microbiological contamination was due to the disposal
of untreated sewage into water bodies.
5.9.3 Water Quality in Southern Sindh
About 300 water samples from water bodies of three southern districts Thatta, Badin and Tharparkar
were tested measuring physical, chemical, and biological (total coliform) quality parameters. All four
water bodies (dug wells, shallow pumps, canal water, and water supply schemes) exceeded World
Health Organization (WHO) MPL for turbidity (24%, 28%, 96%, 69%), coliform (96%, 77%, 92%,
81%), and electrical conductivity (100%, 99%, 44%, 63%), respectively. Iron was major problem in
all water bodies of district Badin ranging from 50% to 69%. Some common diseases found in the
study area were gastroenteritis, diarrhea and vomiting, kidney, and skin problems (Memon and
Soomro, 2010).
It is estimated that 20 million residents of Sindh depend on irrigation water for their domestic use,
especially in areas where the groundwater is brackish. The contamination of irrigation water by
coliform bacteria exceeds the limits set by W.H.O.
5.9.4 Groundwater Scenario of Left Bank area
A recent study conducted by the Indus Institute for Research and Education (IIRE) on groundwater
quality in Sindh has portrayed the groundwater situation of Sindh at large. The scenario of the
groundwater quality with respect to the left bank area is presented in Table-5.9.
Table 5. 9: Level of TDS of the Groundwater in Left Bank area
Sr.# District Samples Tested Samples TDS Samples TDS % samples with
mg/l <1000 mg/l >1000 High TDS
1 Ghotki 8 8 0 0
2 Sukkur 15 13 2 13
3 Khairpur 15 12 3 20
4 Nosharo Feroz 15 13 2 13

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Sr.# District Samples Tested Samples TDS Samples TDS % samples with
mg/l <1000 mg/l >1000 High TDS
5 Hyderabad 20 17 3 15
6 Thatta 16 10 6 38
7 Badin 19 9 10 52
8 Tharparkar 18 3 15 83
9 Umerkot 10 6 4 40
10 Mirpurkhas 11 7 4 36
11 Sanghar 17 11 6 35
12 Nawabshah 14 11 3 21
Source: Shafique Ahmed Junejo (IIRE) Research Report. www.iire.org.pk/documents/groundwater_quality_insindh.pdf
Maximum Permissible Limits: TDS=<1000 mg/l, Arsenic=0.05 mg/l, Lead= 0.05 mg/l, Zinc=5.0 mg/l, Cadmium= 0.01 mg/l

Only Ghotki district had good quality water at all locations where the samples were taken. Whereas in
other locations, the percentage of samples with higher TDS were 13% in Sukkur, 20% in Khairpur,
13% in Noshahro Feroz, 15% in Hyderabad, 38% in Thatta, 52% in Badin, 83% in Therparkar, 40%
in Umerkot, 36% in Mirpurkhas, 35% in Sanghar and 21% samples in Nawabshah district. This had
confirmed that lower Sindh districts have brackish underground water in most locations. Adjoining
areas of river Indus have good quality water.
The heavy and trace elements (i.e., As, Cd) in the subsurface waters of Sindh area are generally above
the permissible limits. The Arsenic contents are found higher at Maripur Mathelo, Rohri, Sukkur VI,
Tando Mohmmad Khan II, Mirpur Bathoro, Diplo, Nagarparkar, Bhalwa, Tandojam, Nawabshah I,
Sanghar I.
The Lead concentration in groundwater is found high at Nousharo Feroz II 0.087 mg/l, Badin I 0.076
mg/l, Lakho pir 0.092 mg/l, Mithoro
Chachar (Meghwar para) 0.068 mg/l,
Mithoro Chachar (Bhel para) 0.078
mg/l, Nagarparkar 0.08 mg/l,
Nagarparkar 0.062 mg/l, Bhalwa
0.071 mg/l, Mithi 0.065 mg/l, Tando
Allahyar 0.074 mg/l, Umarkot, 0.084
mg/l, Sakarand 0.07 mg/l, Samaro
0.064 mg/l, Mirpur Khas North 0.069
mg/l. This may be due to Lithology,
agricultural waste, municipal waste
water percolation. The lack of proper
outlet to rain water to its natural
courses cannot be ignored, because
due to this, water table rises which
brings soluble minerals with it, which
never go back after the water table
fall down. Cadmium was also higher
than permissible limits in groundwater.
The concentration of Zinc was found within the allowable limits of WHO (2004) except the sample
collected from Sakrand which showed higher contents of Zn.
5.9.5 Extent of Arsenic Contamination in groundwater
Preliminary analysis of the freshwater samples collected from nine districts of Sindh including
Jamshoro, Qambar-Shahdadkot, Matiari, Shaheed Benazirabad Naushero Feroze, Khairpur, Ghotki,

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Sukkur and Dadu districts and analyzed for total dissolved solids (TDS) and arsenic contamination.
The results indicated that 10% of the samples had arsenic contamination of 100ppb or above. Use of
the arsenic polluted water may cause skin cancer if used continuously (Khuhawar 2006).
5.9.6 Impact of water pollution
The high pollution level of rivers and groundwater lead to different environmental consequences such
as reduction of biodiversity, increase in water related diseases and decrease in agricultural
productivity. The health of rivers, lakes, estuaries, coastal systems as well as marine resources is
threatened by water pollution issues, such as eutrophication, toxics pesticides, heavy metals,
acidification and siltation. Their main effects are ecosystem dysfunction, loss of biological diversity,
alteration of aquatic habitats and contamination of downstream and marine ecosystems. The cost of
water pollution is higher than the cost of its prevention, and neglecting water pollution control entails
high social and environmental costs. In rural areas of Sindh, due to consumption of polluted water for
domestic use, 70% patients suffer from waterborne diseases. 3-4 million people die each year of
waterborne diseases world-wide, including more than 2 million children who die from diarrhea
(Bauder et al 2007). The degradation of water resources reduces social security. The impairment of
water resources in regions where poverty already affects a great part of the population, can lead to
greater social inequity and poverty intensification.
5.9.7 Sources of Water pollution in Sindh
The main sources of water pollution include: i) disposal of untreated sewage and city garbage into
canals and river; ii) disposal of untreated industrial effluents into freshwater bodies; iii) seepage of
fertilizers and pesticides from agriculture fields and soil; iv) disposal of highly toxic and high BOD
laden sugar mill effluents into surface drains of the main drainage system; v) seawater intrusion from
the river mouth towards the land (upto Thatta-Sujawal Bridge) carrying hyper saline water that
percolates from river bed into the deep aquifers rendering the groundwater saline and unsuitable for
domestic use; and vi) effluents of Kotri industrial area into river and canals.
5.9.8 Water Quality of Surface Drains Out Falling in LBOD System
The data of the drainage effluent of the surface drains of the LBOD system from 2005-06 to 2007-08
(Appendix on EIA) indicated that the Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) of the drains out falling in spinal
drain from Shaheed Benazirabad onwards are in the range of 3,000 to 14,000 ppm. The SAR of the
effluent ranges from 10 to 23. The allowable ranges for TDS are 2,000 ppm and SAR up to 18. The
effluent shows higher values; therefore is not fit either for household use or for irrigation. However, if
used in conjunction with canal water within permissible limits can be used if so desired. However, for
bio-saline agriculture, the effluent can be used for growing salt tolerant grasses, trees and crops within
acceptable ranges but there exist risk to the soil system. It is therefore proposed that the effluent of
Kotri Barrage surface drains including Tando Bago Drain, Luwari Drain, Serani Drain, Fuleli Guni
Drain, Karo Gungro and other surface drains which carry only the drainage water from adjacent fields
and pancho water from rice fields including storm water of the monsoon rains is relatively better in
terms of TDS and SAR within reasonable limits and therefore can be used for bio-saline agriculture or
for irrigation of crops under severe water scarcity conditions.

5.9.8.1 Survey of the Project Area for Water Quality during 2012
Water bodies of the project area were surveyed to evaluate the quality of water. These included the
water of the drains carrying the drainage effluent of the LBOD drainage infrastructure and the water
bodies used for human consumption. Drains discharging their effluent into the Spinal drain right from
Nawabshah (Benazirabad) downwards mostly carry sugar mills effluent from distilleries not only
during cane crushing season but almost round the year. Thus the drain water mostly remains polluted
with sugar mill distillery effluent. Being organic in nature, it is oxygen consuming. This depletes the
oxygen content of the drainage effluent thereby adversely affecting the biotic life of the drains
specially the fish on which the communities living around the drains depend for their food needs. The
data presented in Graph-1 and Table-2 is the detail of the samples collected from the drainage
infrastructure and the analysis of certain important parameters to evaluate the quality of drain water
flowing in our drains.

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Adequate dissolved oxygen is the basic requirement for good quality water. Oxygen is a necessary
element to all forms of life. Natural stream purification processes require adequate oxygen levels in
order to provide for aerobic life forms. As dissolved oxygen levels in water drop below 5.0 mg/l,
aquatic life is put under stress. Lower the concentration, the greater the stress. Oxygen levels that
remain below 1-2 mg/l for a few hours can result in large fish kills.
Only two drain samples out of 28 samples tested were found having little more than 2 mg/l dissolved
oxygen. The remaining 26 samples had DO below 2 mg/l and most of them possessed just 1mg/l. The
dissolved oxygen level depicted that the entire drainage infrastructure is not favourable for the fish
population in the drains. At many places, fish were found either dead or were dying of the short of
DO. (Data given in Appendix on EIA)
Farmers use drain water to save their crops under severe drought conditions when irrigation water is
scarce. The analysis of the water samples collected from drains indicated that the TDS level of almost
all samples was above 2000 ppm. Maximum allowable level of TDS for irrigation is 2000 ppm. Thus
the water of the drains is not normally suitable for the crops. However, it could be used in conjunction
with the canal water with suitable dilution. The samples ranged from 920 to 14630 ppm and averaged
as 3919 ppm. Likewise the EC of the samples was in the range of 2.00 to 28.00 mS/cm. The
maximum permissible level of EC for irrigation water is 3.00 mS/cm. Almost all samples were higher
than the permissible limit. Therefore, the drain water is not suitable for irrigation. The TSS was
however, within the acceptable range.
5.9.9 Water quality of Drinking Water Samples:
Eighty two (82) water samples from water bodies in domestic use of the communities living in the
project area were collected for evaluating the water quality of the water bodies. The data presented in
Table-2 and Figure-2 depicted that 48 (60%) water samples were within the maximum permissible
range of 1000 ppm (TDS) for drinking water category. The remaining 40% samples had TDS above
the maximum permissible range. All the samples had pH in the permissible range of 6-10. However,
the EC values of the samples ranged between 0.3 to18. Similar to TDS, the EC values of 48 (60%)
samples were equal to or below 2.0 mS/cm, while the rest had higher EC values ranging from 2.0 to
18 mS/cm. Thus the water bodies having TDS above 1000 ppm and EC above 2.0 ms/cm are not
suitable for drinking as per the NEQs for drinking
water in Pakistan.

5.9.9.1 Sugar Mill effluent pollution on water

bodies.
Environmental team of the LBG/Indus consultants
visited ten sugar mills of district Badin and collected
the data regarding the status of pollution of the sugar
mill effluents discharged from the mills and most of
these disposed off into the drainage infrastructure. The
drains that receive the effluent of the various sugar
mills are given in the following paragraphs.
Dead fish lying on the banks of the drain
5.9.9.2 Sugar Industry
Out of 33 sugar mills in Sindh, 30 are located on left bank of Indus. Three out of 33 sugar mills use
the molasses to produce industrial alcohol (ethyl alcohol) a significant quantity of which is exported.
Mills in Sindh have crushing capacity ranging from 4-9,000 metric tons per day. It is estimated that
these mills discharge untreated effluents of about 25 million cubic meters per year in the irrigation
and drainage systems (SDPI 2006). This untreated effluent have high BOD, COD and TDS levels
which pollute the water and are hazardous for humans and other biotic life. The sugar mills in Sindh
mostly dispose off their effluents into the LBOD drainage system that kills the fish and induce toxic
chemicals in the drainage system. Table-xx below gives the name of sugar mill, the soiurce of water
supply to the mill and the effluent disposal into the drain / water body.

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The Consultants have analyzed water samples from various sugar industries to estimate the physico-
chemical parameters to assess the quality of the effluent Table 5.10

Table 5. 10: Results of Sugar Mill Effluent Analyses of Sugar Mills of Badin District during the
year 2011
S. No. Source/Sample ID D.O mg/I BOD mg/I COD mg/I TSS mg/I
1. Lar Sugar Mills Sujawal 2.1 980 1740 1250
2. Deewan Sugar Mills 1.8 840 1690 1080
3. Army Welfare Sm#01 2.4 390 780 800
4. Shah Murad Sugar Mills 2.4 1100 1800 2600
5 Pangrio 2.2 740 1180 1800
6. Bawani Talhar 2.7 180 260 340
7. T.M.K Sugar Mills 2.6 210 300 450
8. Sindh Abadgar 2.5 800 1200 2400
9. Seri Sugar Mills 1.9 920 1490 350
10. Khoski Sugar Mills - 330 500 300

Permissible Limits >4 80 150 150

WHO WHO WHO
Analyses were made at the Drainage Research Centre Tando jam
WHO= World Health Organization.

Table 5. 11: Water samples Sugar Mill effluent laden Drain water collected in April 2012 from
the various drains of LBOD and Kotri Surface Drainage System

S. Description of GPS Reading TDS pH EC TSS DO COD BOD

No Site (mg/l) mS/cm mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
1 M.M.D RD 25 12 18.0 N 4670 7.0 9.57 650 0.69 83 40
152+040 69 10 12.2 E
2 Karo 24 38 16.6 N 13630 7.6 >range 5300 1.38 378 168
Ghunghro 68 23 6.6 E
main drain RD
3 Guni Fuleli 24 39 8.6 N 10730 7.6 >range 1950 0.79 728 340
Main Drain 68 39 11.7 E
RD 105
4 IR sub drain of 24°40'4.11"N 13900 5.4 >range 8900 1.33 1685 >range
kapoor RD 29
68°11'50.20"E
WHO limits 3500 6-10 7.0 150 >4 150 80
for waste
water

The data presented in Table-5.10 and Table-5.11 indicated that the effluent discharging from the sugar
mills is highly polluted. The Dissolved Oxygen level is far below the normal (above 5 mg/l) that
depicts that it may cause the death of the biotic life in drains specially fish. Likewise, the BOD 5 and
COD are also very higher than the WHO permissible limits. High BOD and COD have depleted the
DO level in the effluent. This effluent when discharged in the drains provides food for the microbes
thereby severely depleting the DO level in the drains. The Total Suspended Solids are also higher than
the permissible limits that hinder the sun light to penetrate in water to help photosynthesis to increase
the oxygen level of waters. The data presented in Table-5 is the analyses of the samples collected
from the LBOD and Kotri surface drains in 2012. The results do match with the results of the previous
analyses presented in Table-5.11 and 5.12. All the parameters are above the permissible limits except
sample 1 whose BOD is within permissible range because of heavy dilution in MMD drain.
Therefore, the results of the analyses of the samples collected from sugar mills or from the drains do

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suggest that the disposal of sugar mills effluent in drainage infrastructure is totally hazardous for the
health of the humans, livestock and fish. It has therefore, been recommended that the EPA must
enforce the EPA act 1997 and make it mandatory for the sugar mills to install in-house treatment
plants to treat the out coming effluent before discharging into the water bodies
5.9.10 Water Quality of the Province of Sindh with respect to Canal Command:
Water quality of the project area was monitored in 2010 and 2011 on the basis of the canal command
area on the left bank canals of river Indus. The summary of the data is given in Table-5.12.
Table 5. 12: Percentage of Canal Command Area with Useable, Marginal and Hazardous Water
Quality in all Three Barrages.
Sr. No Barrage 2010 2011
Usable Marginal Hazardous Usable Marginal Hazardous
1 Guddu 48 45 06 78 20 02
2 Sukkur 40 53 08 54 34 12
3 Kotri 32 59 09 43 44 13
Total 39 53 8 54 35 11
Useable=<1500 µS/cm, Marginal=1500-2700 µS/cm, Hazardous=>2700 µS/cm

The data in Table-4 gives the percentage of the area with useable marginal and hazardous water of
each canal command. It shows that in all barrages the percentage of useable water has increased in
2011 as compared to 2010. Whereas, the area under marginal water was reduced in all barrage
commands. The percentage of hazardous water was reduced in Guddu, but increased in Sukkur and
Kotri barrages. The overall picture is satisfying due to a remarkable (15%) increase in useable water
percentage. This increase has resulted in lowering the marginal water percentage from 53% to 35%, a
decrease of 18%. However, the hazardous water slightly increased from 8% to 11% just an increase of
3% on overall basis. Remarkable increase in useable water is a good sign for promotion of agriculture
in all canal commands.
5.9.11 Conclusions
The groundwater in 78% area of Sindh is brackish while 22% area has fresh groundwater. Therefore
majority of people use surface water of canal system for domestic use. Secondly entire southern Sindh
comprising of districts Badin, Thatta, Tando Muhammad Khan and Tharparkar exclusively use canal
water for domestic purpose. The water in canals is highly polluted due to the fact that all the
municipal sewage and garbage is dumped into canals. The agro-chemicals spayed on crops also find
their way into the canals and other depressions being used as drinking water bodies. Thus, a sizeable
percentage of population is under direct threat of polluted water and their health is always on stack.
Surprisingly the report of PCRWR on the water quality of cities of Sindh is not different from the
position stated above. The report claims that over 90% samples tested were polluted and found unfit
for human consumption.
The analysis of the samples collected from drains in three consecutive years 2005-07 were found
having Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) of the drains out-falling in spinal drain from Nawabshah
onwards are in the range of 3000 to 14000 ppm. The SAR of effluent ranges from 10 to 23. The
allowable ranges for TDS are 2000ppm and SAR up to 18. The effluent shows higher values;
therefore is not fit either for household use or for irrigation.
The water of drains was tested in 2012 again to determine the quality of the drainage effluent. It was
observed that except one drain, the TDS was in the range of 2000 to 6000 ppm. This has confirmed
the claim of the stakeholders that most of the drainage tube wells are non-functional therefore, the
TDS dropped significantly as compared to 2006-07. Secondly most of the sugar mills dispose off their
untreated effluent into the LBOD drainage infrastructure. This has created tremendous difficulties for
the villagers, their livestock and the fish in the drains.

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The report of the SMO WAPDA who monitors the water quality of canal commands have
encouraging remarks that the quality of water in canal commands have improved and the quantum of
useable water has increased from 39% to 54%, an increase of 15% in all canal commands.
About 80 samples from water bodies in project area were collected to ascertain the quality of drinking
water in the area. The analysis indicated that 48 samples had TDS within the acceptable range of 1000
ppm where as 42 samples had TDS above the maximum allowable limit. This showed that almost half
of the population using underground water use brackish water for domestic use.
In general the position of surface and groundwater is not satisfactory. Steps have been suggested to
keep the water quality safe at least for human use. It is also proposed to avoid the disposal of sugar
mill effluents directly into drains but in house treatment of the effluent must be carried out to utilize
the sugar mill effluent for agriculture use under water scarcity conditions, simultaneously creating a
favorable environment for fish, livestock, birds and other fauna dependent on these waters.
5.10 Impacts of Climate Change
Climate change is today's reality and it represents one of the greatest environmental, social and
economic threats facing the planet. It is a serious environmental challenge that will undermine the
Millennium Development Goals. Since last 200 years, the mean surface temperature of Earth has
increased on an average of 2° Celsius due to the accumulation of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the
atmosphere. Most of this change has occurred in the past 30 to 40 years, and the rate of increase is
accelerating. The global rise in temperature was 0.6 oC in the previous century while it is estimated to
rise to a level of 1.4 to 5.8o Celsius by the end of the century, if appropriate mitigation measures to
reduce GHGs emissions, are not adopted. The global sea level has increased by about 15 to 20 cm.
According to Rajendra Pachauri, the Chairman IPPC; the impacts of climate change are clearly
turning out to be much worse than what we had anticipated earlier. The governments, communities,
and civil society are increasingly concerned with anticipating the future effects of climate change
while searching for strategies to mitigate and adapt to its current and future effects.
Global climate change, especially in biophysical environment, is impacting the lives of all inhabitants.
Ramifications of global warming are having disastrous consequences in the form of drought, floods,
low and high temperatures extremes and hurricanes. Recent data reveals that 1990s was the warmest
decade, and 1998 was the warmest year. Unprecedented heat wave in 2004 resulted in large number of
deaths. Similarly, high intensity typhoons in the USA and the Tsunami in Indonesia, the prolonged
and severe drought in Southern Pakistan and then unprecedented rains in southern Sindh confirm a
trend in global climatic change. In our region, the monsoon season has been shifting both in intensity
and time resulting in heavy losses to national economies. Therefore, comprehensive and careful
research studies are needed to understand the nature and the extent of this climatic change and
develop plants and animals types and farming systems, which are less vulnerable to such climatic
changes.
Climate change models show that Pakistan will grow warmer by 1.0 degree C by 2030; this may
require extra water for wheat. We will also need wheat varieties which are more drought as well as
more flood resistant. On the whole, wheat yield is likely to go up, even though its geographical
distribution will change, while rice will not be affected. Pakistan also expects more water in our rivers
because of greater melting of glaciers.
It is possible to achieve the vision of an efficient and competitive agriculture sector which will be able
to meet on sustainable basis, the food security and agricultural product needs of a developed,
industrialized and prosperous Pakistan envisioned in the Vision 2030. This can be attained through the
application of science and technology and sustainable management of natural resource base, which in
turn requires major investment in human resource, reforms in agricultural practices and rural
institutions, infrastructure, and management of challenges from globalization, biotechnology and
climate change. However it will be managed only if the economics of ecology and biodiversity is
firmly embedded in our young people‘s minds as a part of inter- generational equity, and as a part of
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The most recent report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) of February 2007,
believed to be very authentic, has confirmed that climate change is ―unequivocal,‖ and linked with
human interventions. The greenhouse gas emissions, principally carbon dioxide (CO 2) that lead to
global warming mainly stem from the smoke coming out from the chimneys of the industrial
countries. The CO2 concentration for hundreds of thousands of years was stable at the range of 270-
280 ppm but at present it is at 385 ppm. The NASA research team has concluded that Earth‘s
atmosphere couldn‘t support above 350 ppm of CO2. If we are committed to prevent things from
going worst, the global leaders must think and agree to limit the CO 2 emissions within 350 ppm.
Climate change is emerging as a major driver of disaster, with frequent and extreme weather events,
unusual flash floods, and tsunamis, heightened drought risks, rising sea level, desertification, shifting
in crop pattern, resulting in lower productivity and production. Outbreak and spread of diseases,
increased trans-boundary movements of pests and diseases are some of the serious challenges of
climate change. A recent report of UN University and Columbia University has predicted that
environmentally induced migration and displacement has the potential to become an unprecedented
phenomenon-both in terms of scale and scope. An international organization has cited an estimate of
200 million environmentally induced migration by 2050.
Climate change is recognized as a major threat to prosperity. China and United States alone contribute
to 41.7% of the total global emissions of CO2 where as Pakistan contributes to just 0.5% of the total
global releases. This confirms that we are not polluters but are victims of climate change. Asian
Development Bank modeling studies show that climate change will hit south Asian countries hard and
assume that sea levels in the region will rise up to 70 cm. The IPCC has recently established a clearer
human induced link to the growing climate changes we witness in the world today. There is now
increasing evidence that the current extreme events like Tsunami and recent three major storms in
Philippines in just 5 weeks claiming more than 1100 lives are the human effects on climate. Pakistan
is going to be drastically affected by the Climate Change even though Pakistan contributes a very
little to global pollution. It ranks 135th among the carbon emitting nations but it would be among top
ten Asian countries to face the serious consequences of climate change. Pakistan, having its economy
based on agriculture, is facing major challenges of climate change on its land and water resources.
Rather, it is already facing severe crisis situation especially in agriculture sector. Water supply, which
is already a serious concern throughout the country, will decline dramatically and it will affect food
security thresholds.
There are chances of decline in yields from 9 to 30% if global temperature rises by 1 to 4 oC. Glaciers
are receding due to rise in global temperatures causing floods but later the water resources shall
deplete, adversely affecting the agricultural produce through droughts. Arid and semiarid regions of
Sindh and Balochistan experienced severe droughts (1996-2003). This is evident from the fact that
rainfall has decreased 10-15% in coastal belt and hyper arid plains over the past 40 years while there
is an increase in summer and winter rains in northern Pakistan. Crops cannot sustain frequent weather
changes and this is going to reduce crop yields to the extent up to 50%. Population is growing at
2.69%per annum while the crop productivity is expected to decline due to climate change. This
challenges our food security plans and deserve immediate action to avert poverty and food shortage.
The fragile ecosystem of coastal belt is under severe threat due to climate change. Fourteen cyclones
are recorded from 1970 to 2001 on Sindh coast. Mangrove forests have declined from 260,000
hectares in 1970 to just 86,000 hectares in Sindh (95%) and Balochistan (5%) coast. Mangroves
absorb 70-90% of wave energy and effectively stop sea encroachment in deltaic region. The sea has
encroached in Indus delta spoiling around 2 million acres fertile land in districts Badin and Thatta.
The vulnerable coastal belt and communities in Karachi,Thatta and Badin and their livelihood
resources like fisheries, shrimps etc will be severely affected. The coastal areas being inundated due
to rise in sea level, shall pose risk of flooding the homes of millions of people of coastal areas.
Climate change endangers our health and well being of our children.
Given the enormity of the impact of climate change, adaptation and mitigation measures are critically
important. It is the government‘s prime responsibility to take measures to reduce the impact of such
climate changes as are likely to hit Pakistan and the lives of its people. But nothing serious is being

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done by the government, protection agencies, or industrial associations despite the World Bank‘s
2006 assessment report (―Pakistan Strategic Country Environmental Assessment‖) that Pakistan
environmental degradation is equivalent of 6% of its GDP (around Rs. 356 billion) and causes deaths
of 50,000 people annually. It is in Pakistan‘s own national as well as international interest and
obligation to mitigate and adopt measures to control the climate change effects.
Among the most effective measures to face the climate change are i) Mitigation ii) Adaptation iii)
Capacity Building iv) Mainstreaming. The task of capacity building is the responsibility of the
Ministry of Environment and sister organizations working on climate change. Universities are higher
seats of learning and capacity building endeavors can successfully be undertaken in the universities as
well.
Realizing the importance of this burning global issue, following Recommendations are proposed to
face the challenge of climate change and to counter its effects on the vulnerable Ecosystems of
Pakistan.
5.10.1 Task Force on Climate Change
Climate Change is by far the biggest environmental concern of the world, especially in last two
decades. Scientific research, observations and records have established that global temperature is
rising, glaciers are melting, sea levels are rising, hurricanes and coastal storms are becoming more
frequent, there is a reduction in quantity of monsoon rains with a change in their timings and place of
occurrence and signs of prolonged droughts are visible. (9)
A Task Force on Climate Change (TFCC) was set up by the Planning Commission of Pakistan in
2008 with the view to take stock of country‘s situation in relation to climate change to address climate
change threats so as to ensure water security, food security and energy security of the country; and to
recommend policy measures for promoting large scale Adaptation and Mitigation efforts, raising
awareness of various stakeholders; and enhancing the capacities of relevant national institutions.
The Task Force recommended appropriate adaptation and mitigation policy measures, and highlighted
various ongoing and planned activities that implicitly address the issues of climate change. The
existing capacity of various national and international organizations in the country identify the needs
for international cooperation in terms of capacity building, technology transfer and financial support
for major Adaptation and Mitigation activities.

Figure 5. 11: Cyclone Hitting the Cost of Sind and Resulting Flood Impacts on Stakeholders
5.10.2 Pakistan‟s Status as a GHG Emitter
Pakistan‘s total GHG emissions in 2008 amounted to 309 million tons (mt) of Carbon dioxide (CO2)
equivalent, comprising about 54% CO2, 36% Methane, 9% Nitrous Oxide and 1% other gases. The
biggest contributor is the energy sector with 50% share, followed by the agriculture sector (39%
share), industrial processes (6% share), and other activities (5% share).

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Pakistan is a small GHG emitter: It contributes only about 0.8% of the total global GHG emissions.
On per capita basis, Pakistan with 1.9 tons per capita GHG emissions stands at a level which
corresponds to about one-third of the world average, one-fifth of the average for Western Europe and
one tenth of the per capita emissions in the U.S., putting it at 135 th place in the world ranking of
countries on the basis of their per capita GHG emissions.
5.10.3 Past and Expected Future Climatic Changes over Pakistan
Analysis of past depicts that our climate is changing. The rate of change and the nature of the
resulting impacts will vary over time and across the country, affecting all aspects of our life. In
conjunction with efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, it will also be necessary to adapt to the
impacts of a changing climate. Understanding what climate change will mean for Pakistan is only one
step in that process.
Future changes in climate of the magnitude projected by most global climate models would cause a
major impact on our water resources, and subsequently affect food supply, health, industry,
transportation and ecosystem sustainability. Problems are most likely to arise to southern parts of
country where the resources are already under stress, because that stress would be exacerbated by
changes in supply or demand associated with climate change.

Figure 5. 12: Severe Drought with Soil Showing Severe Cracks

During the last century, average annual temperature over Pakistan increased by 0.6 °C, in agreement
with the global trend, with the temperature increase over northern Pakistan being higher than over
southern Pakistan (0.8 °C versus 0.5 °C). Precipitation over Pakistan also increased on the average by
about 25 %.
Studies using Global Circulation Models (GCMs) project that the average temperature over Pakistan
will increase in the range 1.3-1.5 °C by 2020s, 2.5-2.8 °C by 2050s, and 3.9-4.4 °C by 2080s,
corresponding to an increase in average global surface temperature by 2.8-3.4 °C by the turn of the
21st century. Precipitation is projected to increase slightly in summer and decrease in winter with no
significant change in annual precipitation. Furthermore, it is projected that climate change will
increase the variability of monsoon rains and enhance the frequency and severity of extreme events
such as floods and droughts.
5.10.4 Climate changes and their impacts
There has been an increase in the incidence, frequency, and intensity of extreme climatic events: more
intense and heavier rainfall in coastal areas, more intense cyclones, more intense flooding in flood-
prone areas along the Indus, and more pronounced droughts in the arid areas.
 In coastal areas, the sea has intruded inland without this being due to a rise in sea level. The
increased volume of ―heated‖ water on the continental shelf could intensify cyclones in the
Arabian Sea.

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 In most areas, rainfall patterns have become very erratic, making it difficult for communities
to predict local rainfall patterns.
 The duration of the cropping period has shrunk perceptibly in southern Punjab and
Balochistan, with a forward shift in sowing time and an earlier harvest.
 Summers have become hotter and winters much warmer across the areas studied. In some
areas, communities have noticed some degree of cooling during the monsoon season over the
last 30 years.
5.10.5 Major Climate Change Related Concerns
The most important climate change potential threats to Pakistan are identified as:
 Increased variability of monsoon;
 Rapid recession of Hindu Kush-Karakoram-Himalayan (HKH) glaciers threatening water
inflows into the Indus River System (IRS); reduction in capacity of natural reservoirs due to
glacier melt and rise in snow line;
 Increased risks of floods and droughts;
 Increased siltation of major dams resulting in greater loss of reservoir capacity;
 Severe water-stressed and heat-stressed conditions in arid and semi-arid regions, leading to
reduced agriculture productivity and power generation;
 Increased upstream intrusion of saline water in the Indus delta, adversely affecting coastal
agriculture, mangroves and breeding grounds of fish; and
 Threat to coastal areas including the city of Karachi due to sea level rise and increased
cyclonic activity due to higher sea surface temperatures.
The Manchar Lake, Pakistan‘s largest shallow sweet water lake is in trouble. The dumping of
effluents collected from the Right Bank Outfall Drain project into the Main Nara Valley Drain that is
linked to the Manchar Lake has raised the level of pollution. The fish production has gone down,
agriculture is suffering and even the migratory birds have stopped visiting the lake. The native fisher
folk have been forced to migrate and those left behind barely make enough to live on. They also suffer
from varied diseases due to lack of clean drinking water.
5.10.6 Sectors at Risk in Pakistan
Water, Agriculture, Energy, Biodiversity and Human Health are all at risk from climate change in
Pakistan and Sindh.

5.10.6.1 Impacts on water Sector

 Changes in Water Cycle
 Floods
 Salt intrusion in Coastal Areas
 Droughts

5.10.6.2 Impacts on Agriculture

 Declining Yields
 Decreasing viability of Farming
 Crop Destruction in Extreme Weather Conditions

5.10.6.3 Impacts on Biodiversity

 Damage to Ecosystems
 Loss of Habitat
 Biodiversity loss
 Biodiversity threats from sea level rise

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5.10.6.4 Impact on Human Health

 Greater incidence of Climate Sensitive Diseases
 Health risks from Extreme Events
 Risks from Climate Induced Environmental changes

5.10.6.5 Impacts due to Natural Disasters

 Higher probability of Extreme Events
 Cost of damages will rise

5.10.6.6 Impacts due to Migration

 Poverty induced Migration
 Greater Rural Urban Migration
Some other climate change related concerns of Pakistan are identified as: Increase in deforestation;
loss of biodiversity; increased health risks (heat strokes, pneumonia, malaria and other vector-borne
diseases) and risks to other vulnerable ecosystems (e.g. rangelands, degraded lands, mountainous
areas etc.).
Rapid population and industrial growth may also be one of the factors for the temperature rise in
addition to the greenhouse effects mentioned above whereas the climatic changes are considered
mainly associated with the influence of water scarcity caused by the enormous depletion of Indus
water-flow into the downstream areas and the delta as a result of massive water divergence in the
upstream areas.
5.10.7 Mitigation and Adaptation Measures
The Task Force report recommends a number of measures to address both Mitigation and Adaptation
aspects of climate change. Salient recommended as well as ongoing and planned measures are listed
below:
5.10.8 Mitigation
Pakistan would like to contribute to the global GHG mitigation efforts without compromising on its
basic minimum energy and food needs consistent with its socio-economic developmental
requirements, energy security considerations, and financial and technological constraints.

5.10.8.1 Energy
Ongoing and Planned Actions: Energy Security Action Plan 2005-2030 envisages large roles for
hydropower, renewable energy technologies (in particular, windmills), nuclear power and imported
natural gas in future energy supplies; one windmill of 6 MW capacity made operational while work is
underway on 18 wind power projects of 50 MW capacity each; construction of third nuclear power
plant is in progress; approval given for construction of 4,500 MW Bhasha dam; agreement finalized
with Iran for construction of a gas pipeline from Iran to Pakistan with capacity to transport 750
million cubic feet of gas per day; effort is being made to increase the number of vehicles using CNG
as fuel from 380,000 in 2005 to 800,000 by 2010 and to 920,000 by 2015; approval given for
construction of a mass transit system (circular railway) for Karachi metropolitan area; a number of
projects on energy efficiency improvement, energy conservation and use of decentralized renewable
energy technologies are being implemented by National Energy Conservation Center (ENERCON),
Water & Power Development Authority (WAPDA), Karachi Electric Supply Company (KESC),
Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB) and Pakistan Council of Renewable Energy
Technologies (PCRET).

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Figure 5. 13:Highest Per Capita Energy consumption is less than half of the World‟s average
Recommended Measures: Energy efficiency improvement at all levels in the energy system chain;
energy conservation measures and use of energy-efficient devices; rapid development of hydropower
resources; large scale use of various renewable energy technologies; expansion of nuclear power
program; acquisition and adoption of clean coal technologies such as Coal Bed Methane Capture
(CBMC), Integrated coal Gasification Combined Cycle power generation (IGCC), and CO2 Capture
and Storage (CCS); development of mass transit systems in large cities; and greater use of CNG as
fuel for urban transportation.

5.10.8.2 Agriculture and Livestock

Issues arising from Climate Change pertaining to Agriculture include:
 Reduced water availability, which is altering the crop rotation and cropping patterns
 Drastic reduction in cereal production, e.g. wheat and rice, as well as in cotton and sugarcane
 In southern Pakistan yields of major cereals predicted to decline by 15-20% by Regional
Climate Change Models
 In the northern area minor improvements in yield due to increased duration of growing period
 Livestock production predicted to decline by 20-30%, creating crises in milk, meat and
poultry supplies and pushing prices beyond reach of the average Pakistani
 Rangelands will be over-stressed from prolonged droughts and shifting human and livestock
populations around riverine areas and in mountainous regions. This will reduce tree and shrub
cover. Pakistan is already amongst the most forest/tree resource-poor countries in the world
with a meager 5.2% forest cover, and even that sparsely stocked.
 Inland fisheries predicted to be reduced due to decreased water availability and changing river
flows
Ongoing and Planned Actions: Not much attention has so far been paid in Pakistan to address the
GHG emissions from the Agriculture and Livestock sector.
Recommended Measures: Development and adoption of (i) new methods of rice cultivation that have
lower methane emissions, (ii) new methods for reducing Nitrous oxide releases from agricultural
soils, (iii) new breeds of cattle which are more productive in terms of milk and meat but have lower
methane production from enteric fermentation, and (iv) new economical feeds that reduce methane
production activity of cattle besides providing them with better nutrition.

5.10.8.3 Forestry
Ongoing and Planned Actions: It is envisaged to increase forest cover from 4.9% of the total land
area in 2005 to 5.2% in 2010 and 6.0% by 2015; several afforestation projects like Rachna Doab
Afforestation Project is underway; tree-planting campaigns being launched each year during spring

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and monsoon seasons (as many as 541,176 saplings were planted in one day on 15 July 2009, which is
a world record for any country).
Recommended Measures: Promotion of afforestation and reforestation activities to the maximum
possible extent.. The overall impact of climate change on the forest ecosystems of Pakistan could be
negative. A number of adaptation strategies are needed to be taken to cope with climate change
impacts on forest ecosystems. (10)
5.10.9 Adaptation
Water Resources
Ongoing and Planned Actions: It is planned to construct a series of large hydropower projects to add
18 MAF of new storage capacity by 2030 to the existing 12.5 MAF capacity (which is decreasing by
0.2 MAF annually due to silting); approval accorded for the construction of 4,500 MW hydropower
plant at Bhasha with 6.4 MAF water storage capacity (the construction work will start in 2010);
planned to complement the large storages by a comprehensive programme of small and medium dams
as well as measures for recharging underground reservoirs; investigations for using groundwater
aquifers as water storage facilities; a major programme underway for lining the water channels; plans
to monitor continuously the movement of glaciers in northern Pakistan.
Recommended Measures: Addition of sufficient reservoir capacity on IRS rivers so that during high
flood years, local rain harvesting and building of surface and sub-surface storages for agriculture and
other local needs; adoption of stringent demand management and efficiency improvement measures in
all water-use sectors, particularly in the supply, distribution and use of irrigation water; reuse of
marginal quality irrigation effluent.
5.10.10 Agriculture and livestock
Ongoing and Planned Actions: It is planned to: (i) develop through biotechnology, heat-stress
resistant, drought- and flood-tolerant, and water-use efficient high yielding crop varieties, (ii) increase
irrigation water availability by reducing losses in the irrigation water supply network, (iii) implement
―More Crop per Drop‖ strategy through improved irrigation methods and practices, water saving
techniques in combination with the use of high yielding and water-efficient crop varieties, and (iv)
increase milk and meat production by developing animals breeds which are less vulnerable to climatic
changes, and by improving animal feedstock.
Recommended Measures: Development of new breeds of crops of high yield, resistant to heat stress,
drought tolerant, less vulnerable to heavy spells of rain, and less prone to insects and pests;
improvement of crop productivity per unit of land and per unit of water by increasing the efficiency of
various agricultural inputs, in particular the input of irrigation water; improvement of farm practices
by adopting modern techniques such as laser land leveling, crop diversification, proper cropping
patterns, optimized planting dates etc; development and introduction of better varieties of livestock
which would have higher productivity of milk and are less prone to heat stress and more drought
tolerant.
5.10.11 Coastal Areas and Indus Deltaic Region
Ongoing and Planned Actions: It is planned to implement the recommendations of a study by local
and foreign experts to identify what minimum water escapages below Kotri Barrage are required [not
implemented in last five years] (a) to check seawater intrusion and (b) to address other environmental
concerns; plans formulated to restore the degraded mangroves & marine system; major interventions
are planned to boost fisheries; a major intervention underway to use brackish water for aquaculture; a
National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) established and made responsible for both disaster
preparedness and disaster management in respect of all major disasters including cyclones.
Recommended Measures: Provision of regulated flows down Kotri to conform to minimum
necessary environmental flows; restoration and protection of mangroves; construction of proper
engineering structures (like barrage, dikes and seawalls) to protect beaches and other facilities along
the coast; development of capacity to deal with natural disasters such as cyclones, floods, etc.

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5.10.12 Forests and other vulnerable ecosystems

Ongoing and Planned Actions: Besides the afforestation and reforestation activities, it is planned (a)
to improve the rangelands by proper range land management, and (b) to reclaim nearly 6 million
hectare of salt affected waste land and large areas of sandy desert by growing salt tolerant, fast
growing grasses, shrubs & trees to be used as fodder; it is envisaged to increase the area protected for
conservation of wildlife from 11.3 % of the total land in 2004-05 to 11.6 % by 2009-10 and to 12.0 %
by 2015; also planned to develop national database of threatened and endangered species and
encourage captive breeding of endangered species to promote ex-situ conservation of biodiversity.
5.10.13 Recommended measures for forestry:
Aggressive forestation and reforestation programmes with plantation suited to the looming climate
change; biological control of forest pests by maintaining viable populations of predatory birds and
insects through restricted use of chemical insecticide; preservation of rangelands through proper
rangeland management; increase of grasslands using appropriate varieties of grass in saline and
waterlogged zones to prevent their degradation; assisting genetically impoverished species or those
that have important ecosystem functions by providing natural migration corridors as well as assisted
migration; use of gene banks, seed banks, zoos and botanical gardens for preserving genetic diversity
and conserving species out of their natural environment.
5.10.14 Organizational Structure to Address Climate Change
The Task Force recognizes the role of various national and international organizations operating in the
country in the formulation of Pakistan‘s Climate Change Policy and Plan of Action and in the
implementation of the corresponding activities. It then makes recommendations to improve the
effectiveness of the organizational set up. Most notable among them are: (i) the Prime Minister‘s
Committee on Climate Change may serve as the apex body for policy guidance and overview, (ii) the
Ministry of Environment may be renamed as Ministry of Environment and Climate Change and
provided with appropriate organizational infrastructure to reflect the increased importance of climate
change in environmental issues, (iii) following the approval of the federal cabinet for establishment of
Global Change Impact Studies Centre (GCISC) as an autonomous research organization under the
Ministry of Environment, GCISC should now be adequately staffed and financed to serve as an
effective research arm of the ministry and undertake high quality climate change related research and
modeling pertaining to cross-sectoral topics, and (iv) steps should be taken by the Ministry of
Environment on priority basis to formulate a formal National Climate Change Policy along with a
Plan of Action
5.10.15 Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Activities
It is noted that so far Pakistan‘s effort to take advantage of the CDM of the Kyoto Protocol for
obtaining financial support and advanced technologies to reduce its GHG emissions has been lagging
behind those of the neighboring countries. The report recommends appropriate strengthening of the
CDM Cell in the Ministry of Environment and its capacity building through international support.
5.10.16 Education, Communication and Awareness
The ongoing effort on communicating climate change related information to the intelligentsia as well
as the general public and raising their awareness of the critical issues be expanded very substantially
making use of a variety of channels and tools such as print and electronic media, publications, portal
website, discussions and advertising, targeted dissemination of briefs, showcasing model practices,
specific campaigns, etc.
5.10.17 Institutional Capacity for Addressing Climate Change
There are several organizations in the country which could make useful contribution towards
addressing climate change. It recommends: (i) capacity enhancement of all such organizations, (ii)
introduction of climate change related scientific disciplines in Pakistan‘s leading universities so as to
ensure a regular supply of trained manpower, and (iii) establishment of a National Data Bank for

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climatological, hydrological, agro- meteorological and other climate change related data to cater for
the needs of all relevant institutions.
5.10.18 Needs for International Cooperation
Being a developing country, Pakistan lacks technical capacity and financial resources to address
climate change related issues. Following are the salient areas where it needs international cooperation
and support for addressing climate change:
Mitigation Effort: Extensive use of renewable energy technologies (windmills, solar cells etc.);
introduction and use of Clean Coal Technologies (e.g. CCS, IGCC, CBMC); use of advanced nuclear
power technology; introduction and use of Mass Transit Systems in large cities; infrastructure
development for large scale import of natural gas; increase in hydropower generation capacity; large
scale afforestation and reforestation activities.
Adaptation Effort: Sufficient expansion of large reservoir capacity; improving efficiency of water
supply and distribution in the irrigation system; development of capacity to deal with disasters like
floods, droughts and cyclones; construction of structures like dikes and seawalls at strategic points on
the coast.
Capacity Building: Expansion of meteorological monitoring stations in various parts of the country,
in particular in the northern mountainous areas and over the Arabian sea adjoining Pakistan‘s
coastline, to the level recommended by the World Meteorological Organization; development of a
cohort of professionals in the field of climate change by getting a group of young scientists trained
with the help of reputable foreign institutions in fields such as regional climate modeling, watershed
modeling and crop growth simulation modeling; forecasting of seasonal and inter-annual climatic
changes and extreme events; monitoring of temporal changes in glacier volumes and land cover using
satellite imagery and GIS techniques.
Funds are needed to be mobilized to bail out the banking sector so far committed to protect
civilization from the threat of climate change. In dithering over international climate negotiations, rich
governments turn a blind eye to the impact of global warming on the world‘s poorest households. This
moral predicament demands a rapid transition to low carbon economics together with resource
transfer on an unprecedented scale. (2)
5.11 Recommendations to address the issue
i. On the international level, the developing nations must urge on issue of 'climate justice',
demanding the developed nations (polluters) to pay more for the mitigation and adaptive
actions to combat against climate change.
ii. A National Climate Change Policy should be formulated and implemented. A National Data
Bank may be established to provide climate change related authentic data for use of the
planners, policymakers, scientists, university students and workforce engaged in climate
change related activities.
iii. The density of Met stations should be enhanced and brought in line with World
Meteorological Organization (WMO) standards. Vulnerability of ecosystems of different
areas and communities to climate change should be assessed, through reliable analytical tools
and simulation models.
iv. Capacity enhancement of research institutions, government functionaries, media, vulnerable
communities and stakeholders should be carried out to enable them to combat against climate
change effects.
v. An Early Warning System should be developed and Disaster Management Cell should be
strengthened.
vi. A systematic study of the dynamics and snow volume of HKH (Hindu Kush-Karakoram-
Himalaya) region, and changes in river flows, should be carried out.

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vii. Expertise in modeling of climate change impacts be developed in the provinces and
specialized disciplinary training imparted to relevant departments in the government and
amongst civil society to cover specific ecologies.
viii. Improvements in Weather Warning Systems are underway. What is required is linking this
information with the user and allowing universities to undertake academic research that
provides long term monitoring and evaluation of the data.
ix. Illegal deforestation be stopped through legislation. An effective afforestation campaign
should be launched through print and electronic media. It should be made mandatory for all
government organizations to actively participate in such campaigns to make others to follow
in real spirit.
x. Continuous and analytic monitoring of floods resulting from glacier melt should be done and
contingent plans to store the excess water in suitable reservoirs for future use be prepared.
xi. Rainwater harvesting technologies should be adopted in vast catchments to minimize soil
erosion and conserve rainwater for agriculture, livestock and groundwater recharge
xii. Agriculture research should be problem oriented for development of new heat/water stress
tolerant crop varieties, high yielding/low delta crop varieties for dry-lands. The research for
crop diversification, new cropping systems, monitoring of land use changes, soil and water
conservation measures, etc should be done on priority basis in agriculture sector.
xiii. Protection of existing vegetation and extensive afforestation of fodder and fuel wood
trees/shrubs is proposed along water conservation structures. In addition, high efficiency
irrigation techniques such as sprinkler, bubbler and trickle irrigation may be introduced for
planting fruit and fodder trees in arid areas.
xiv. Nutritious seasonal/perennial grasses may be propagated in arid areas for improving degraded
range lands, supporting livestock and control of soil erosion.
xv. Controlled and adequate release of river discharge into sea may be ensured to stop incursion
of sea water in Indus delta and for sustainability of marine and delta ecosystems. The areas
likely to be severely hit may need resettlement. Costing and formulating adaptation plans
should be given priority for such areas.
xvi. Universities in the provinces should urgently establish climate change departments and
international partnership should be sought through joint programs with universities abroad.
HEC should provide guidance and financial support in this matter.
xvii. The media should play its role in capacity building to educate and create awareness among
masses about the Climate change effects and measures to face the disaster.
5.12 International Negotiations for Future Climate Change Regime
Salient recommendations of the Task Force regarding Pakistan‘s position in international negotiations
for a post-2012 climate change regime are: (i) Global temperature should not be allowed to exceed 2 o
C, (ii) Strive for the continuation of the Kyoto Protocol, (iii) Call for deep cuts in GHG emissions by
developed countries, (iv) Avoid any onerous binding GHG emission reduction obligations on
Pakistan, (v) Insist that, based on the principle of equity, any cap on GHG emissions should be on a
universal per capita level basis and apply equally to all countries, (vi) Project Pakistan as a
responsible and constructive member of international community and seek access to advanced
Carbon-free, low-Carbon and Clean Coal technologies, (vii) Emphasize adaptation as a key priority
for Pakistan, (viii) Call to define and establish vulnerability on scientific basis, (ix) Reject linkage
between climate change and international trade, (x) Seek substantial increase in international funding
for adaptation and call for new financial and technological mechanism, (xi) Seek approval for nuclear
power as an admissible CDM technology, (xii) Continue to support the position of the G77 and China.
David Grey, the World Bank's senior water advisor in South Asia said "There is insufficient data to
say what will happen to the Indus, but we all have very nasty fears that the flows of the Indus could be

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severely, severely affected by glacier melt as a consequence of climate change," and reduced by
perhaps as much as 50 percent. "Now what does that mean to a population that lives in a desert
[where], without the river, there would be no life? ―But we need to be concerned about that.

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6 Disaster Management
6.1 Definition and Concepts Used
The definitions and distinctions used in addressing this chapter follow the standard definitions and
examples prepared by the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR 2004).
Throughout this report the distinction of disaster management and disaster risk management are used
interchangeably. Disaster risk management is:
The systematic process of using administrative decisions, organization, operational skills and
capacities to implement policies, strategies and coping capacities of the society and
communities to lessen the impacts of natural hazards and related environmental and
technological disasters. This comprises all forms of activities, including structural and non-
structural measures to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) adverse
effects of hazards.
Disaster risk reduction is used to implement disaster reduction; the term disaster reduction is used
interchangeably with disaster risk reduction. Disaster risk reduction is:
The conceptual framework of elements considered with the possibilities to minimize vulnerabilities
and disaster risks throughout a society, to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and
preparedness) the adverse impacts of hazards, within the broad context of sustainable development.
The disaster risk reduction framework is composed of the following fields of action, as described in
ISDR's publication 2002 "Living with Risk: a global review of disaster reduction initiatives", page 23:
 Risk awareness and assessment including hazard analysis and vulnerability/capacity analysis;
 Knowledge development including education, training, research and information;
 Public commitment and institutional frameworks, including organisational, policy, legislation and
community action;
 Application of measures including environmental management, land-use and urban planning,
protection of critical facilities, application of science and technology, partnership and
networking, and financial instruments;
Early warning systems including forecasting, dissemination of warnings, preparedness measures and
reaction capacities are an element of disaster risk reduction
Disaster management is not the same as relief. Relief is only one component of disaster management.
Relief, also more recently termed emergency management, and is defined as:
The organization and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all aspects of
emergencies, in particularly preparedness, response and rehabilitation
This involves plans, structures and arrangements established to engage the normal endeavours of
government, voluntary and private agencies in a comprehensive and coordinated way to respond to
the whole spectrum of emergency needs. Common activities associated with this distinction are
emergency communications; search and rescue; emergency medical services; provision of food,
clothing and shelter; and other services to stabilize civil society that has experienced a disaster.
Following figure 6.1 explains the cycle of disaster management, starting from preparedness before the
disaster, response after the occurrence of the disaster, rehabilitation or reconstruction, after response
and prevention for mitigation for further disasters to come.

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Figure 6.1: Disaster management cycle

6.2 Natural Hazards in Pakistan and Sindh
6.2.1 Hazards Affecting the Project Area
Pakistan‘s exposure to natural hazards and disasters internationally is ranked between moderate to
severe. Natural hazards including avalanches, cyclones and storms, droughts, earthquakes, epidemics,
floods, glacial lake outbursts, landslides, pest attacks, river erosion and tsunami pose risks to Pakistani
society. A variety of human-induced hazards also threaten the society, economy and environment.
They include industrial, transport, oil spills, urban and forest fires, civil conflicts and internal
displacements of communities. High priority hazards in terms of their frequency and scale of impact
are: earthquakes, droughts, flooding, wind storms and landslides that have caused widespread damage
and losses in the past (NDMA 2007).
Sindh‘s exposure to natural hazards and disasters is a subset of the natural hazards of Pakistan. For
example, the northern mountainous areas of Pakistan are at risk from glacial outburst floods and
avalanches; while Sindh is not. On the other hand coastal Sindh is at risk from cyclones, tsunamis and
sea water intrusion; while the northern parts of the country are not. For this reason, this section of the
report will only consider natural hazards that are of concern to Sindh and the Lower Indus Basin.
There are three classes of hazards applicable to the existing risk conditions in Sindh and the Lower
Indus Basin: Geological hazards, water hazards and man-made hazards. Within each class of hazards
there are several subsets of hazards as shown in Table 6.1.

Table 6.1: Primary Disaster Hazards in the Lower Indus Basin and Sindh
Class of Disaster Risk
Disaster Risk
Geological hazards
Earthquakes
Landslides
Water hazards
Drought
Flood
Water logging
Salinity – Irrigation induced and
saltwater intrusion up estuaries and
into ground water
Cyclones and storms
Tsunami
Man-made and other hazards

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Class of Disaster Risk

Disaster Risk
Famine - Caused by flood or drought
Forest fires
Industrial pollution
Environmental accidents
Civil conflict

6.2.2 Water Hazards Affecting the Project Area

6.2.2.1 Drought
The incidence of drought is becoming increasingly common in Pakistan and Sindh with substantial
consequences upon sustainable development in the sectors of food security, livestock, agriculture,
water resources, environment and hydropower. Low rainfall and extreme variations in temperature
characterize the climate in Pakistan and Sindh. About 60 per cent of the total land area of Pakistan is
classified as arid, which annually receives less than 200 mm rainfall. The main arid rangelands
include lands in Sindh and Balochistan.
Average annual precipitation in Sindh province is about 160mm as compared with 400 mm in Punjab
province and about 630mm in NWFP province. Rainfall variability during different seasons is also
very high. Climate in the lower southern half of the country, including Sindh, is arid and hyper-arid.
Some areas remain drastically dry in each region and are always vulnerable to drought with only a
small negative deviation from low mean rainfall. Certain areas experience two to three drought years
in every decade. The drought pattern in Pakistan and Sindh at the end of December 2000 (a very bad
recent drought year) is illustrated in Figure 6.2.

Figure 6.2: Pattern of Drought in Pakistan and Sindh in Year 2000

6.2.2.2 Flood Discharges and Frequency
Pakistan is one of the five South Asian countries with the highest annual average number of people
physically exposed to floods, which occur normally due to storm systems that originate from Bay of
Bengal during the monsoon from July to September. Storms originating in Bay of Bengal passing
over lower Central India and Rajasthan enter Pakistan and continue towards the North into Kashmir.

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The mountain ranges in the extreme north of Pakistan provide a perennial source of inflow into the
Indus river Basin.
Fifty six (56%) percent of the Indus river basin lies in Pakistan and covers approximately 70 % of the
country‘s area. Generally major floods in the Indus basin occur in late summer (July-September)
when South Asian region is subjected to heavy monsoon rains. In upper to mid reaches of the Basin,
generally tributaries like Jhelum and Chennab are mostly the cause of flooding. Major flooding is
mainly associated with the monsoon low depression that develops in the Bay of Bengal and move
across India in west/north-westerly direction to enter Pakistan.
River floods particularly hit Punjab and Sindh while hill torrents tend to affect the hilly areas of
NWFP, Balochistan and northern areas of the country. Flash floods can also hit hilly and mountain
areas of Sindh, which may cause landslides and road erosion. Cloud Burst Flash Floods (CBFF) could
also occur over Karachi (as happened in Lahore in 1996). Floods in Sindh can also occur due to dam
bursts (as for example the floods in Pasni due to Shadi Kot dam burst in February 2005).
Also, in recent years, vulnerabilities of large cities to flooding have increased. Cities including
Karachi have experienced flooding due to inability of sewerage system to cope with heavy rains.
Fourteen major floods that have impacted Pakistan since 1947 caused economic losses and damage
worth Rs. 570 billion (USD 6 billion) (Table 6.2). This historical damage was overwhelmed by the
super-flood of year 2010 that is estimated to have caused economic losses and damage worth Rs.
902.5 billion (USD 9.5 billion) (NY Times, 15 November 2010). The 2011 flood caused about
Rs.351.5 billion (USD 3.7 billion) in losses (GOP Ministry of Finance. Pakistan Economic Survey
2011-2012)
Table 6.2: Major Flood Events in Pakistan
Villages Estimated
Year Lives Lost
Affected damage (US$)
1950 2,910 10,000
1955 679 6,945
1956 160 11,609
1973 474 9,719
1975 126 8,628
1976 425 9,150
Rs. 570 billion
1978 393 9,200
($6 billion)
1988 508 1,000
1992 1008 13,208
1995 591 6,852
1998 47 161
2001 201 0.4 million1
2003 230 1.266 million1
Rs. 902.5
20102 2,000 17,553 billions ($9.5
billion)
Rs. 351.5
2011 481 38,078 billions ($3.7
billion)
1
Number of persons affected

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Table 6.3: Major flood events affected and flooded area

Year Direct Lost lives Affected Flooded area
losses (No) villages (Sq-km)
(US$ (No)
million)*
1950 227 2,910 10,000 17,920
1955 176 679 6,945 20,480
1956 148 160 11,609 74,406
1957 140 83 4,498 16,003
1959 109 88 3,902 10,424
1973 2,388 474 9,719 41,472
1975 318 126 8,628 34,931
1976 1,621 425 18,390 81,920
1977 157 848 2,185 4,657
1978 1,036 393 9,199 30,597
1981 139 82 2,071 4,191
1983 63 39 643 1,882
1984 35 42 251 1,093
1988 399 508 100 6,144
1992 1,400 1008 13,208 38,758
1994 392 431 1,622 5,568
1995 175 591 6,852 16,686
2010 10,000 2,000 17,553 160,000
2011 4,000 481 38,078 27,118
Total 22,923 11,368 165,453 594,250
* 1995 Price Level

Flooding 2011 and the super-flood of 2010 are treated in more detail in later sections of this Chapter.
6.2.2.3 Salinity and water logging
Salinity and water logging are the major developmental disaster risks in the Lower Indus Basin and
Sindh. It presents a major risk to the critically important agriculture economic sector of Pakistan and
Sindh.
Salinity and water logging are covered in detail in separate Chapters of this report.
6.2.2.4 Salt water intrusion
Salt water intrusion is the major developmental problem in the Delta and Coastal Zone of the Lower
Indus Basin and Sindh.
Salt water intrusion is covered in detail in separate Chapters of this report.
6.2.2.5 Cyclones and storms
The coastal belt of Pakistan and especially in Sindh is highly vulnerable to cyclones and associated
storm surges. Fourteen cyclones were recorded between 1971 and 2010. Cyclones can cause large
scale damage to coastal areas of Sindh and Balochistan. The cyclone of 1999 in Thatta and Badin
districts wiped out 73 settlements and killed 168 people and 11,000 cattle. Nearly 0.6 million people
were affected. It destroyed 1800 small and large boats and partially damaged 642 boats, causing a loss
of Rs. 380 million. Losses to infrastructure were estimated at Rs. 750 million.

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6.3 Hazard Variables

6.3.1 Seismic Hazards and Drainage Infrastructure
The Indian Plate upon which Pakistan, India and Nepal lie, is continuously moving northward and
sub-ducting under the Eurasian Plate, thus triggering earthquakes in the process and forming the
Himalayan mountains and the coastal plains. Within Sindh and Balochistan, the Makran coast
including Gwadar and Pasni are located in high or very high risk areas. Karachi is located on the
edges of high risk areas and the left bank of Indus is located in low risk seismic and hazard zone
(Figure 6.3).

Figure 6.3: Seismic Risk Map of Pakistan

6.3.1.1 Seismic Activity in Sindh

The potential for extremely strong
seismic shaking and damage from
earthquakes in Sindh is very high.
Much of the literature on the
seismicity of Pakistan concentrates on
the damage caused by historical
earthquakes the past century (from
1900 to the present) in the northern
part of the country as shown in Figure
6.4. However, the largest modern
earthquake ever recorded in Pakistan
was on the Makran Coast in 1945
with an intensity measured in Richter
scale – M = 8.1 when 4,000 fatalities
were recorded. Figure 6.4 indicates
the recent earthquake events recorded
in Sindh and adjoining areas.
Figure 6.4: Recent Earthquake
Events (2150 BC to present)
Recorded for Sindh (USGS)15

Equally important to the major shaking in the North of Pakistan is the historical record of major
shaking in the Indus River Basin of Sindh going back several centuries. For hundreds of years the
15
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqarchives/epic/

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well developed thriving cities in what is now Sindh province of Pakistan have been leveled as a result
of major earthquake events. Even if the local city was spared earthquake destruction, tectonic
movements of the entire Indian Plate upon which Sindh is located has repeatedly caused the Indus
River to change course making once prosperous cities no longer viable because of the loss of water
resources for agriculture, domestic water supply and water-born transportation.
Also important were findings from a study of the major earthquake event of 27 November 1945 on the
Makan coast west of Karachi (Figure 6.5). This earthquake is the largest modern earthquake to impact
anywhere in Pakistan. The tidal wave generated by this earthquake devastated the Indian Ocean
region.

Figure 6.5: Map of the Makran Coast West of Karachi Showing

the Epicentre of the 1945 Makran Earthquake in Red

A further major finding was that sophisticated seismic risk analysis has been performed for the coastal
zone of Sindh as part of the analysis of the safety of nuclear power generation in the coastal zone of
Sindh. The results of these studies are detailed seismic zonation maps of the Left Bank Indus, Delta
and Coastal Zone of Sindh. Additional findings were that the Delta and Coastal Zone of Sindh is at
high risk from tsunamis, but –as far as the Consultants could find out– there is no tsunami monitoring
or warning program developed or currently in place to mitigate or manage the impact of tsunami
disasters.
A NESPAK report16 (March 2011) about the geomorphology of the Tidal Link indicates the
following: “Earthquakes in the region have created sand volcanoes on the lower delta in the past, a
result of soil liquefaction whereby saturated sand loses its shear strength and flows like a liquid”. In
reference to the potential earthquakes on the drainage infrastructure the report concludes as follows:
―Partial collapse of Cholri Weir began immediately after completion of the Tidal Link and prior to
any major storms events, suggesting that the driving of sheet piles may have created the requisite
rapid and repeatedly applied force necessary to induce liquefaction of the soils where it was built‖.
The designs of the foundation structures in this project all include a seismic factor g (peak ground
acceleration).
6.4 Climate Change and Potential Impacts on Water Disasters
Based on observations of the WWF in Pakistan, global warming is causing damage to Pakistan‘s
environment (WWF 2004). Among the impacts felt and seen are biodiversity loss, shifts in weather
patterns and changes in fresh water supply. All of these impacts will change the magnitude, intensity
and return period of water disasters and floods.

16
Field, J. Geomorphology Review of Redesign of LBOD Stage-I Badin Area Drainage System. NESPAK.
March 2011

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The Tibetan Plateau contains the world's third-largest store of ice. The Chinese National
Meteorological Administration has stated that the recent fast pace of melting and warmer
temperatures will be good for agriculture and tourism in the short term, but issued a strong warning
for the future:
"Temperatures are rising four times faster than elsewhere in China, and the Tibetan glaciers
are retreating at a higher speed than in any other part of the world. In the short term, this will
cause lakes to expand and bring floods and mudflows. In the long run, the glaciers are vital
lifelines of the Indus River. Once they vanish, water supplies in Pakistan will be in peril."
World Bank Water Resources Advisors in South Asia have warned that there are insufficient data to
say what will happen to the Indus in the future. But there is the possibility that the flows of the Indus
could be severely affected by glacier melt as a consequence of climate change, and be reduced by
perhaps as much as 50 percent.
A study carried out by GTZ for WAPDA to analyse trends in temperature and precipitation in the
Northern Areas for the last century (Archer, et al, 2001) found that at Skardu, seasonal and annual
temperatures have raised more than in the last century. Mean annual temperature has increased by 1.4
o
C with the mean annual daily maximum rising more than 2.35 o C. The winter temperatures have
risen far more than summer with an increase of up to 0.51 o C in winter maxima per decade since
1961. Temperature increase might cause an upward shift of almost 400 meters in the frost line. This
might be impacting upon the snow and rain patterns and the availability of snow for melt during
summers, which is a major source of water in many rivers and the cause of severe super-floods.
Observations of the World Glacier Monitoring Service based in Switzerland indicate that mountain
glaciers in the Karakorams have been diminishing for the last 30 years. Experts believe the flow of
water in rivers increased during the decade of 1990-2000 in comparison to 1975-1990, which means
melting of more ice upstream. Researches also indicate that some of the Glaciers in Pakistan have
retreated significantly in the recent past. Scientists believe this is an indicator of climate change,
resulting in more snow melt.
Changes in the climate denote that the incidence of flash flooding and extreme flooding can increase
during the next few decades. Studies conducted also indicate that with a doubling of CO 2, average
rainfall in South Asia will increase between 17 to 59 %. This will be associated with a doubling in the
frequency of high rainfall events. Variable monsoons, also anticipated, could mean more droughts.
Experts also believe that further desiccation of arid areas due to warming will endanger food
production in the plains unless significant numbers of trees are planted.
Also, climate change may increase the frequency and intensity of storms and could cause changes in
their tracks. Although the frequency of cyclones along Pakistani coast is low, they cause considerable
damage when they occur.
Climate change has impacted the Sindh Province and the study areas in the form of Sea Level rise,
droughts due to water shortages in river and less/ no rainfall, sea water intrusion in the coastal areas
and water shortages in the canals and wetlands. This has resulted in loss of bio-diversity, crop
productivity, rise in poverty level and overall deterioration and socio-economic imbalance.
6.5 Increased Vulnerabilities to Water Hazards and Floods
The main causes of vulnerability to water hazards and floods in Sindh include: poor quality
construction of housing, buildings and infrastructure (particularly rural); fragile natural environment;
poor agriculture and irrigation management practices; weak early warning systems; lack of awareness;
poor education; and high levels of poverty. Lack of communications infrastructure and critical
facilities further aggravate vulnerabilities of communities in post-water disaster situations.
Much of the rural housing in Pakistan is adobe, which is extremely vulnerable to hazards like water
disasters and floods. The indigenous practice of light-weight, timber-laced construction has given way
to more massive masonry and reinforced concrete construction; this construction provides adequate
protection against weather but is often poorly constructed to withstand flooding. Also, urban housing
and infrastructure suffers from lack of implementation of building codes. The growth of slums and

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urban poverty has further compounded unsafe construction practices in Karachi and possibly in
Hyderabad. Even a relatively prosperous city like Karachi does not follow safe construction practices.
Reasons lie in lack of political will, business interests, corruption, lack of information and lack of
trained man-power.
Fragility of natural environment in areas of the Indus River Basin has also exacerbated conditions of
vulnerability. Due to massive deforestation, the rate of soil erosion is very high in the Northern region
for the Indus River Basin. Pakistan has been left with only 4 % forest and vegetative cover, in contrast
to the required 25 % percent, thereby experiencing an intense and uninterrupted discharge of flood
water, especially during monsoon seasons. This coupled with increasing snowmelt in the Himalayan
glaciers has intensified flood risks.
Pressures upon forests and other natural resources need to be released in order to reduce water disaster
vulnerabilities. This is especially true in the delta and coastal zone of Sindh where the loss of
mangrove forests has opened large tracks of land to storm and cyclone damage and salt water
intrusion.
Overgrazing of marginal lands in Sindh and cultivation of water-intensive crops, such as rice and
sugar cane, has worsened drought conditions. A many-fold increase in livestock population in arid
zones has led to overexploitation of range-lands without providing them the time to recover.
Simultaneously, extensive installation of tube-wells in Sindh has accelerated extraction of ground
water, which is lowering the water table quickly. Solutions to drought and water shortage problems in
arid zones require modifications in agricultural and livestock management practices; including
reduction in the size of livestock population to make it compatible with carrying capacity of
rangelands and replacement of water-intensive crop varieties with drought resistant crops.
A little less than one-third of Pakistani people are living under the poverty-line, many of whom
inhabit water hazard prone areas. This social segment which struggles to cope with daily life risks
cannot be expected to make water disaster risk reduction a priority, and therefore suffers severely
from water disasters.
6.5.1 Dynamic Population Pressures and Water Disasters and Floods
Population growth, urbanization, industrialization, the resultant environmental degradation and
climate change/variability and gender power imbalances are working as major pressures behind the
increasing vulnerability of Pakistani society and economy to water disasters.
6.5.1.1 Population growth and size
Growth and size of Pakistan‘s population have become a major dynamic pressure, negatively
affecting all aspects of social, economic and environmental life. Population has grown by 350 per cent
since independence in 1947. At the present rate of population growth, Pakistan in 2025 will be the
second largest contributor to global population, after China, with a contribution of 133 million people.
Population growth works in multiple ways to create and exacerbate water disaster vulnerabilities.
Increased population has caused people to move and live in water hazard prone locations, which were
traditionally considered as un-inhabitable; including the lower Indus River flood plain, delta and
coastal zone. Population growth in upstream areas of the Indus River Basis has increased the demand
for fuel wood, fodder and timber, which leads to uncontrolled forest cutting, and causes intensified
erosion and higher peak flood flows. This results in more severe flooding in densely populated plains
of the Lower Indus Basin and Sindh.
Population density in water hazard prone regions also means greater loss of life and property in case
of water disasters. If the population growth trends continue at current rates, a far greater number of
people will be living in areas prone to floods, storms and droughts in the coming years.
6.5.1.2 Urbanization, Industrialization and Environmental Degradation
Pakistan is in transition from an agricultural and rural to a modern industrial economy. This gradual
shift entails rapid urbanization, infrastructure development, environmental degradation, soil erosion,
water pollution and air pollution. Urban expansion is happening faster due to high rural-urban

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migration. The preference for development of infrastructure and services in urban centres coupled
with opportunities for jobs and higher incomes have acted as pull factors in attracting educated and
uneducated rural lots to cities. With urbanization, consumption patterns shoot-upwards drastically.
City life demands better services and more natural resources (land, water, forest) to sustain life styles.
Growing industrialization also require more water resources. This leads to accelerated exploitation of
natural resources in countryside and upstream, thus degrading the environment; including cutting of
forests, depletion of ground and surface water resources and land clearance for development. Studies
indicate that environmental degradation in Pakistan may lead to even more land erosion and soil
degradation. It could also increase the impact of torrential rains and result in more flooding.
The clearing of mangroves along with reduced volumes of water discharge in the ocean in coastal
Sindh has led to sea water intrusion. The loss of this natural barrier could expose coastal communities
and infrastructure to escalated frequency of storms and flooding.
6.5.1.3 Gender Power Imbalance and Water Disasters and Floods
Countries having experienced large water related disasters demonstrate that the cost of ignoring
gender in disaster response, recovery and preparedness is significant. This results in overlooking the
damages, needs and priorities of most vulnerable in times of disaster and worsens existing poverty
and inequity. Lack of gender sensitive assessments and programming intensify the existing political,
social and economic inequality. But in-spite of devastation they cause, water disasters provide
opportunities for social and economic change. Women should be empowered as equal stakeholders to
act as key resource, before, during and after water disasters in reducing loss to lives, household
economy and in reducing break-down of social safety-nets.
6.6 Disaster Management
6.6.1 Legal Framework for Water Hazard and Flood Management
An understanding of the legal framework for water disaster and flood management in Pakistan and
Sindh is an important point of departure for understanding how the flood management system works -
or does not work. A summary of the major forms of disaster legislation in Pakistan is given in Table
6.4.

Table 6.4: Principal Legal Instruments Concerned With Disaster

Management and Disaster Risk Reduction in Pakistan

Year Name of Legal Instrument Emphasis

Pre-1947 Indian Famine Codes Relief
1952 The Civil Defence Act, 1952 Response
(Amended As Amended in 1993
1993)
1958 The West Pakistan National Calamities Response and relief
(Prevention and Relief) Act, 1958
2001 Local Government Ordinance (LGO) Response and relief
2002 Emergency Services Ordinance (ESO) Response
2002 Sindh Water Management Ordinance, 2002 Preparedness and
(SWMO) mitigation
2007 National Disaster Management Ordinance, Disaster Risk
2007 Management

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6.6.1.1 Pre-Independence Era

The Indian Famine Codes, developed by the colonial British in the 1880s, were one of the earliest
forms of disaster management legislation. The Famine Codes defined three levels of food insecurity:
near-scarcity, scarcity and famine. Scarcity was defined as three successive years of crop failure, crop
yields of one-third or one-half normal and large populations in distress. Famine further included a rise
in food prices above 140% of normal, the movement of people in search of food, and widespread
mortality. This was possibly the earliest recorded form of disaster risk assessment.
In order to address the issues of famine in India the British Government created an Indian Famine
commission to create ways to prevent and avoid future famine in India. In 1880 the secretary of the
commission wrote a draft of the Indian Famine Code. This famine code, successively updated,
became the basis of famine prevention until the 1970s. The Indian famine codes were one of the first
attempts to predict famine, and since they could predict it, they could also prevent it or mitigate it.
6.6.1.2 Modern Era
Emergency response has remained a predominant approach in Pakistan to deal with disasters until
recently (Table 6.4).
1. The Civil Defence Act, 1952 -As Amended in 1993
The Civil Defence Act of 1952 established legislation to respond to disasters and emergencies related
to war and civil disturbance. In 1993, as a result of the fall of Communism, the law was amended to
include response to disasters and emergencies related to natural disasters.
2. The National Calamities (Prevention and Relief) Act, 1958
The Calamity Act of 1958, the major national policy for disaster management for almost 50 years
prior to the passing of the National Disaster Management Ordinance of 2006, was mainly concerned
with emergency response and relief. The Calamity Act, 1958 provided for the maintenance and
restoration of order in areas affected by certain calamities and for the prevention and control of and
relief against such calamities. Provincial Relief Commissioners (who also are Senior Members of the
Provincial Board of Revenue) were given the responsibility of relief. The calamities most concerned
with in the act were the water disasters of floods and drought.
3. Local Government Ordinance (LGO) 2001
The Local Government Ordinance (LGO), provided new avenues for effective and context-specific
disaster management, but there also existed a few legal and administrative inconsistencies in relation
to disaster response at provincial and district levels. Functions and powers related to emergency
response and disaster management at District, Tehsil and Union level provided in the act included:
i. Zila Nazim: Being the head of the District, the Zila Nazim is responsible to ―take charge,
organize and prepare for relief activities in disasters or natural calamities‖.
ii. Zila Council: The Zila (District) Council is to ―make recommendations to the District
Government for enhancement of the care of disabled persons, paupers, aged, sick, persons of
unsound mind, abandoned minors, juvenile delinquents, drug dependents, abused children, needy
and disadvantaged person‖.
iii. Zila Council in a City District: In case of a City District, the Zila Council has the responsibility
and powers to (a) approve master plans, zoning, land use plans, including classification and
reclassification of land, environment control, urban design, urban renewal and ecological
balances; (b) review implementation of rules and bye-laws governing land use, housing, markets,
zoning, environment, roads, traffic, tax, infrastructure and public utilities; and (c) review
development of integrated system of water reservoirs, water sources, treatment plants, drainage,
liquid and solid waste disposal, sanitation and other municipal services.

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iv. Tehsil Municipal Administration (TMA): Under the LGO, the TMA is to provide, manage,
operate, maintain and improve the municipal infrastructure and services, including the water
related activities of:
- Water supply and control and development of water sources, other than systems
maintained by the Union and Village Council
- Sewerage, sewage and sewage treatment and disposal
- Storm water drainage
v. Tehsil Council: The Tehsil Council was to approve land use, zoning and master planning of the
Tehsil development and maintenance programs or projects proposed by the Tehsil Municipal
Administration. The Town Council has also got similar powers and responsibilities to be executed
under the LGO.
vi. Union Administration: The Union Administration was to assist the relevant authorities in
disasters and natural calamities and assist in relief activities, including de-silting of canals
vii. Union Nazim: The Union Nazim is to report to the concerned authorities in respect of:
- Encroachment on State and local government property and violation of land use and
building laws, rules and bye-laws
- Environmental and health hazards
viii. Union Council (UC): The Union Council is to promote plantation of trees, landscaping and
beautification of public places in the Union.
ix. Village Council (VC): The Village Council is responsible to (a) develop and improve water
supply sources; (b) make arrangements for sanitation, cleanliness and disposal of garbage and
carcasses; and (c) take measures to prevent contamination of water
The LGO further states that the City District Government may set up district municipal offices for
integrated development and management of the following water resource related services:
1. Water source development and management, storage, treatment plants, and macro-distribution
2. Sewage tertiary and secondary network, treatment plants, and disposal
3. Storm water drainage network and disposal
4. Flood control protection and rapid response contingency plans
5. Natural disaster and civil defence planning
6. Solid waste management, treatment and disposal, including land fill sites and recycling plants
7. Industrial and hospital hazardous and toxic waste treatment and disposal

4. Emergency Services Ordinance (ESO), 2002

The Emergency Services Ordinance (ESO) established emergency service to deal with emergencies in
an effective manner and to combat threats to the public from modern warfare, terrorism and disasters;
and defines responsibilities at each level of government. A National Council was established to
regularly monitor the performance of this service and ensure continuity in the process of rule making
in the management of emergencies and disasters during peace time. According to the ESO, provincial
governments have the effective administrative power to implement emergency service. Likewise, the
District Emergency Officer was made responsible for the functional management of the emergency
service.

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5. Sindh Water Management Ordinance of 2002 (SWMO 2002)

The Sindh Water Management Ordinance of 2002 (SWMO, 2002) establishes The Sindh Irrigation
and Drainage Authority (SIDA) as an instrument of change for the management and financing of the
irrigation and drainage infrastructure of the Lower Indus Basin in Sindh.
Table 6.5 identifies relevant sections of the Ordinance and identifies the relevant disaster management
responsibility assigned to SIDA.

Table 6.5: Disaster Management and Related Environmental Responsibilities Assigned to SIDA
in the Sindh Water Management Act of 2002

Section of Sub- Legal requirement Comment

Ordinance section
Chapter II – The Sindh Irrigation and Drainage Authority
10. a. Operate and maintain the parts of the irrigation system
Functions of such as Barrages and outlets assigned to it
SIDA
b. Operate and maintain the parts of the drainage system
assigned to it including spinal drains and inter-AWB drains
c. Carry out river flood protection and maintain the
infrastructure in the Province of Sindh
d. Advise Government on any matter strategic or tactical.
Related to its functions and tasks or to the water
management system as a whole e.g. irrigation or drainage
contribution rates, drought management and sea water
intrusion
11. Strategy To develop, on a periodic basis a strategy statement for Requires
Tasks of a. improvement of irrigation and drainage services, integrated continued
SIDA water management, flood protection, prevention of sea updating of
water intrusion, water distribution in times of drought and strategies for
wetland management within its command and catchment flood protection,
areas setting goals and objectives, formulating prevention of sea
implementation policies and identifying priority and other water intrusion
actions and drought
management
Operation and Subject to the provisions agreed with the Indus River Requires
Maintenance System Authority, to receive Irrigation Water of the minimum release
c. Barrages within the Province and/or from the inter of water quantity
Provincial/link canals and deliver the same in agreed below Kotri
quantities to various AWBs, FOs or , as the case me be to Barrage
other agricultural users, local Councils, industries or
wetlands, guaranteeing the minimum discharge below
Kotri Barrage to prevent sea water intrusion, in the manner
and on the terms and conditions as may be negotiated
between the SIDA and the parties concerned and to receive
drainage effluent at the designated points and convey the
same to the sea
d. To maintain the irrigation, drainage and flood protection Requires O&M
infrastructure located within its territorial jurisdiction of flood
protection
infrastructure
Capital Projects In consultation with the various stakeholders, to plan, Requires design,
and Schemes design, construct improvements to the irrigation and analysis and
g. drainage system, storage reservoirs and flood protection construction of
infrastructure including development work for irrigation of new flood

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Section of Sub- Legal requirement Comment

Ordinance section
lands protection
infrastructure
Research and To draft, implement and regularly update policies, studies Requires
Development and research programmes it considers relevant to its prevention and
j. functions and tasks; e.g. integrated water management, mitigation of
control of water logging and salinity. Prevention of sea disaster risks of:
intrusion, water distribution during drought water logging,
salinity, sea water
intrusion and
drought
l. To conduct studies into the impact of the operations and Requires
policies of the SIDA on the ecology and on the environmental
environment including protection of wetlands with a view impact
to appraising the various available options for minimizing assessment of all
the adverse impact of such operations and policies and to operations and
adopt the best alternatives for further action policies
m. To coordinate/regulate the measures being Requires the
undertaken/required to be undertaken in the total water ability to monitor
management system e.g. the recording/gauging of surface and measure
waters. Monitoring of the ground water table and the ground and
quantity of water, with compilation of date relevant surface water
thereto, flood protection and in this regard, to establish and resources;
regularly maintain proper liaison with the relevant including flood
authorities in other Provinces. water flows
Public To issue flood warnings and warnings to all parties likely Flood warning
Disclosure and to be affected, if it has cause to believe that damage or capability
Information harm shall result from the use of any water flowing within required for
n. it command area Basin
Administration To maintain records, registers and data banks as may be Makes necessary
s. necessary for its effective functioning under this Ordinance the development
of data base and
GIS capability
26. 1) In case of calamities, such as breaches, floods or extreme The nature of
Coordination weather conditions such as cyclones, the SEDA shall have disaster
by SIDA in a coordinating role in taking all necessary measures management
case of (coordination) is
calamities not specified
2) The Managing Director shall decide whether a calamity SIDA Managing
has occurred making such a coordinating role necessary Director is focal
and shall communicate such decision immediately to all point for disaster
AWBs concerned management
3) The Managing Director may request all assistance or give
any instructions to the AWBs to which he has sent the
communication mentioned in sub-section (2) either the
purpose of contravening the adverse effects of the
occurring calamity
4) The AWB shall provide without delay all assistance
requested for and carry out all instructions given by the
SIDA
5) The managing director shall report to the SIDA as soon as
possible the measures that he has taken

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Section of Sub- Legal requirement Comment

Ordinance section
Chapter III – Area Water Boards
32. c. Carry out flood protection and maintain infrastructure AWB level flood
Functions of within its command area management
an AWB required
33. Strategy To develop, on a periodic basis, a strategy statement for
Tasks of an a) improvement of irrigation and drainage services, integrated
AWB water management including drinking water, water
distribution in times of drought, flood protection within its
command and catchment areas setting goals and
objectives, formulating implementation policies and
identifying priority and other actions
Operation and To operate and maintain the irrigation, drainage and flood
Maintenance protection infrastructure located within its territorial
e. jurisdiction
Capital Projects In consultation with the various stakeholders, to plan,
and Schemes design, construct improvements to the irrigation and
o. drainage system, storage reservoirs and flood protection
infrastructure including development work for irrigation of
lands within its territorial jurisdiction
Public To issue flood warnings and warnings to all parties likely Regional flood
Disclosure of to affected, if it has cause to believe that damage or harm warning
Information shall result from the use of any water flowing within its
v. command area
38. 1) To monitor the disposal of toxic or noxious effluent safely Specifies control
AWB‘s and with minimum pollution of water resources of water pollution
power in
respect of
toxic or
noxious
effluent
3) To notify the Regulatory Authority of offences in respect
of toxic or noxious effluent committed with the AWB‘s
jurisdiction
Chapter IV – Farmers‟ Organizations
45. c. Carry out flood protection and maintain infrastructure FO level flood
Functions of within its command area management
an FO required
46. Operation and To operate, maintain, protect and improve the irrigation,
Tasks of an Maintenance drainage and flood protection infrastructure…
FO e.
Public To issue warnings to all parties affected if it has cause to Local flood
Disclosure and believe that damage or harm shall result from the use of warning
Information any water flowing within its command area
n.
Chapter VII - Regulatory Authority of Irrigation, Drainage and Flood Protection
74. 1) The main responsibility of the Regulatory Authority shall
Functions of be to ensure compliance with the statutory provisions laid
the down in this Ordinance
Regulatory
Authority

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Section of Sub- Legal requirement Comment

Ordinance section
78. 1) The Regulatory Authority, after consulting the SIDA, or Specifically
Powers in the AWB(s) or FOs concerned, may make an order authorizes
respect of prohibiting or limiting the taking by any body (including a mitigation of
drought AWB) of water from a source specified in the order if the drought
regulatory Authority is satisfied that the taking of water conditions
from that source shall affect seriously the volume or
quality of water available to any other AWB
Chapter VIII – The Transition
95. 2) Government shall transfer to an AWB irrigation, drainage
Succession and flood protection infrastructure, office premises, stores,
of the plant and machinery situated in its command area
properties,
assets,
liabilities and
staff
97. 1) The Irrigation and Power Department shall transfer its
Transfer of barrages, outlets, existing spinal drains and flood
Barrages and protection infrastructure including staff, budgets and assets
other assets to the SIDA before 30 June, 2005
98. The Irrigation and Power Department shall continue to
Continuity manage the irrigation, drainage and flood protection
until vesting infrastructure in the area where no AWBs have yet been
in AWB appointed
Chapter XI - Miscellaneous
105. The powers conferred on Canal Officers under the Sindh
Transfer of Irrigation Act 1879 and the Financial Delegation of Powers
Powers Rules 1962, relating to Infrastructure, Water Management,
Flood Protection and Finances, shall be exercised by the
SIDA and the AWBs in their respective areas of
jurisdiction

It may be seen from Table 6.5 that the Sindh Irrigation and Drainage Authority (SIDA) has legislated
responsibility within the Sindh Water Management Ordinance of 2002(GOS 2002) for water disaster
and flood management. Legal responsibilities for disaster management for SIDA are for the following
classes of water disasters:
 Drought
 Floods
 Water logging
 Sea water intrusion
 Severe weather and cyclones
 Discharge of toxic or noxious effluent [water pollution]

The Ordinance empowers SIDA to implement two new institutions through which to effect this
change:
1. Area Water Boards (AWBs)
2. Farmer Organizations (FOs)

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The SWMO, 2002 also gives SIDA the authority for flood management; but is silent on how this
authority is to be implemented.
6. National Disaster Management Ordinance, 2007 (NDMO, 2007) and National Disaster
Management Framework (NDMF)
National Disaster Management Ordinance, 2007 (NDMO, 2007)
A new National Disaster Management Ordinance, 200717 (NDMO, 2007) has established a modern
legal framework for Pakistan for the internationally recognized concept of Disaster Risk Management.
The Ordinance is designed around implementation of a new National Disaster Risk Management
Framework (NDMF) formulated to guide the work of the entire Government of Pakistan (GOP)
bureaucracy in the area of disaster risk management (NDMA, 2006). The NDMO, 2007 and the
underlying NDMF is based on the concept that Pakistan is in transition from a predominantly rural
and agrarian to an industrial, service based and urban economy. Natural disasters threaten sustained
economic growth by causing shocks to the economic system.
For water disasters, the drought of 1998-2001 demonstrated that water disaster shocks have serious
political, economic and social repercussions. Sustainable development in agriculture, livestock, water
resources, food security and environment sectors all are seriously threatened by drought. The drought
of 2001 reduced the economic growth rate to 2.6 % as compared to an average growth rate of over 6
% before the drought. Similarly, economic damage suffered from 14 major floods, since 1947, has
been estimated to be Rs.570 Billion (USD 6 billion). This is completely overshadowed by the
economic damage of Rs. 855 billion (USD 9 billion) suffered by the country in the year 2010 super-
flood. Economic damage from this one year 2010 flood event is many times combined value of
economic damage caused by over 50 years of flooding.
It is not a coincidence that areas which experience water and frequent flood disasters are among the
poorest regions of the country. In order for Pakistan to ensure continuity of current economic growth
and poverty reduction in the medium to longer terms, it is considered fundamental that the country
address risks posed by water and flood disasters. A reactive, emergency response approach has
remained the predominant way of dealing with water disasters in Pakistan till 2006. The Calamity Act
of 1958 was mainly concerned with organizing emergency response. A system of Relief
Commissionerate at provincial level was established. An Emergency Relief Cell (ERC) in the Cabinet
Secretariat was responsible for organizing water disaster response by the federal government.
None the less the awareness of policy makers, media, civil society, NGOs, UN agencies and other
stakeholders remained low about rapid onset storm and tsunami disaster risk management. The
situation is relatively better with regards to flood and drought mitigation. A number of government
agencies and NGOs have been implementing mitigation measures for these water hazards. However,
until recently, the country lacked a systematic approach towards water disaster risk management.
Realizing the importance of water disaster risk reduction for sustainable social, economic, and
environmental development, the GOP embarked upon establishing appropriate policy, legal and
institutional arrangements; and implementing strategies and programmes to minimize disaster risks
and vulnerabilities. In this regard, the National Disaster Management Ordinance, 2007 was passed
with implementation legislated by a new National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA).
7. National Disaster Risk Management Framework (NDMF)
The National Disaster Management Framework (NDMF) has been developed in harmony with the
Hyogo Framework of Action (HFA) 2005-2015, which was agreed by all nations in January 2005 in
Kobe Japan during the UN-World Conference on Disaster Reduction (WCDR). The expected
outcome of the HFA is ―the substantial reduction of disaster losses, in lives and in the social,
economic and environmental assets of communities and countries‖.

17
In some references, the National Disaster Management Ordinance is referenced as 2006. However in the
published Ordinance the date is given as 2007. For consistency, this report uses the title NDMO, 2007.

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In order to attain this output, HFA calls for adopting the following goals:
1. The effective integration of disaster risk considerations into sustainable development policies,
planning and programming at all levels, with a special emphasis on disaster prevention,
mitigation, preparedness and vulnerability reduction
2. The development and strengthening of institutions, mechanisms and capacities at all levels, in
particular at the community level, that can systematically contribute to building resilience to
hazards
3. The systematic incorporation of risk reduction approaches into the design and implementation
of emergency preparedness, response and recovery programmes in the reconstruction of
affected communities

A National Disaster Risk Management Framework (NDMF) has been formulated to guide the work of
entire government system in the area of disaster risk management. It has been developed through wide
consultation with stakeholders from local, provincial and national levels. The Framework has the
goal:
“To achieve sustainable social, economic and environmental development in Pakistan
through reducing risks and vulnerabilities, particularly those of the poor and marginalized
groups, and by effectively responding to and recovering from disaster impact”.
Nine priority areas have been identified within the Framework to establish and strengthen policies,
institutions and capacities in the near future. These include:
 Institutional and legal arrangements for Disaster Risk Management (DRM)
 Hazard and vulnerability assessment
 Training, education and awareness
 Disaster risk management planning
 Community and local level programming
 Multi-hazard early warning system
 Mainstreaming disaster risk reduction into development
 Emergency response system
 Capacity development for post disaster recovery.

The principles established in the framework are (i) promoting multi-stakeholder, multi-sectoral and
multi-disciplinary approaches, (ii) reducing vulnerability of most vulnerable social groups (iii)
strengthening community and local level risk reduction capacities (iv) combining scientific and
people‘s knowledge (v) developing culturally, socially, economically and environmentally relevant
technologies (vi) Strengthening sustainable livelihood practices (vii) Acquiring specific capacities in
view of the hazard-risk profile of the area and country, and working with other countries, and the
international community to promote disaster risk reduction
Roles and responsibilities of key national, provincial and local stakeholders have also been defined in
the Framework. All stakeholders are expected to undertake actions to promote disaster risk
management; such as (i) Integrate risk assessment in the planning and design stages of all new
infrastructure/projects (ii) Assess vulnerability of people, infrastructure, assets and services related to
their sector (iii) Develop disaster risk management plans (iv) Integrate vulnerability reduction
measures in their programmes (v) Develop technical capacities of their departments/sectors to

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implement (vi) disaster risk management strategies (vii) Allocate funds for disaster risk management
in annual development budgets
Other responsibilities of the stakeholders include, (i) conduct post disaster damage and loss
assessments (ii) organize emergency response as per the mandate of the department (iii) organize
recovery and rehabilitation as per the mandate
Process of Establishment of the NDMF
The NDMF was developed through an extensive consultation process. Consultations were undertaken
by UNDP (the sponsor for the development of the NDMF) between February-April 2003 to seek
inputs from national and provincial stakeholders to prepare a Pakistan National Disaster Management
Programme (NDMP). This process identified gaps in the disaster management system in Pakistan and
provided recommendations to address them. Providing support to this initiative, the Cabinet Division
of Government held consultations with large number of provincial and national stakeholders.
The Draft Framework was circulated among provincial and national stakeholders in early November
2006 by the NDMA. Written comments were received from more than 30 government agencies,
NGOs and donors. Besides written feedback, a national consultation workshop was held on in
November 2006 to seek opinions and inputs from government departments, UN agencies and donors.
A consultation meeting was also organized with NGOs in December 2006. A special meeting with
donors was also organized in December 2006.
The stakeholder consultations provided important inputs regarding gaps, priorities and capacity
building needs. The Framework was revised based upon feedback from stakeholders. During its
inaugural meeting held in March 2007, the highest policy making body on disaster risk management
in the country, the National Disaster Management Commission (NDMC), approved this framework.
6.6.2 Water Sectoral Policies and Protocols with Links to Disaster Risk Management
An important component of the legislative framework for Disaster Risk Management in Pakistan is
associated Sectoral Policies and Protocols, and their close links with all development sectors. Given
below in Table 6.6 is a list of national sectoral policies and international protocols that have
implications for water disaster and flood risk management. The NDMA has the goal to build linkages
with these policies and protocols for the implementation of the Framework.

Table 6.6: Protocols Concerned with Water Disaster

and Flood Disaster Risk Management

Sector / Agency Legislation / Document

Agriculture Agricultural Perspective and Policy
Bio-diversity Convention for Biodiversity (CBD), June 1992
Climate Change Framework Convention on Climate Change (UN FCCC), June 1992
Desertification Convention for Combating Desertification, October 1994
Development Medium Term Development Framework 2006-2010, Planning Commission
Development Ten Year Perspective Development Plan, 2001-2011, Planning Commission
Development Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 2000
Disaster Risk Hyogo Framework of Action 2005-2015
Management
Environment National Conservation Strategy 1992
Environment National Environment Action Plan (NEAP), 2001
Environment National Environment Policy 2005

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6.6.2.1 Impact of the NDMO, 2007 and NDMF on SIDA and the Proposed Master Plan
The Sindh Irrigation and Drainage Authority (SIDA) is not specifically referred to in the National
Disaster Management Ordinance of 2007 (NDMO, 2007) and the National Disaster Management
Framework (NDMF). Even though it is considered to be appropriate for SIDA to adopt procedures
and modalities that conform to the NDMO; and conform to the concepts given in the NDMA, the
Master/Regional Plan Consultants were instructed not to go beyond a pre-feasibility study for the
creation of a SIDA Disaster Management Unit.
6.6.3 Disaster Management Institutions
A number of government institutions are currently working on disaster risk management in Pakistan.
Their place in the Disaster Cycle is shown in Table 6.7.

Table 6.7: Agencies Concerned with Disaster Risk Management in Pakistan:

Phase of Disaster Agency

Cycle
Disaster Risk Management
National Disaster Management Agency
Mitigation/Prevention
Federal Flood Commission (FFC)
Provincial Irrigation Departments
Water and Power Development Authority
(WAPDA)/ Dams safety council
Preparedness and Response
Armed Forces
Civil Defence
Emergency Relief Cell
Fire Services
National Crisis Management Cell (NCMC)
Pakistan Meteorological Department
Police
Provincial Communication and Works
Provincial Food Departments
Provincial Health Departments
Provincial Relief Commissioners
Provincial Agriculture and Livestock
Departments
Rescue 1122
Space and Upper Atmospheric Research
Commission (SUPARCO)
Recovery & Reconstruction

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Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation

Authority (ERRA)
Provincial Irrigation Departments

6.6.3.1 Institutional Framework for Water Disaster and Flood Management

The current institutional framework for Disaster Risk Management in Pakistan, established by the
National Disaster Management Framework (NDMF) and to be implemented by the National Disaster
Management Ordinance of 2007 (NDMO, 2007), is illustrated in Figure 6.6. The institutional
framework as it relates to water disaster and flood management is described below.
Disaster Risk Management is a multi-sectoral, multi-discipline and timely response undertaking. For
this reason the current institutional framework of Disaster Risk Management in Pakistan is a multi-
sectoral undertaking.

National Disaster Management Commission

(NDMC)

National Disaster Management Provincial/Regional Disaster

Authority (NDMA) Management Commission
(NDMCs)

Provincial/Regional Disaster
Donors, UN, NGO,
management Authority (NDMA)
Media

Federal Ministries,
District Muncipal Disaster Media, Banks, Insurance,
Departments, Technical
Management Authroity Private Sector
Agencies

Technical Institutions of the

Federal Government Tehsil Structures

Community Based Organizations

(CBOs), Citizen Community Boards Union Councils
(CCBs)

Figure 6.6: Structure for Disaster Risk Management Established

by the National Disaster Management Ordinance, 2006
6.6.3.2 National Disaster Management Commission18
The Government of Pakistan has established the National Disaster Management Commission
(NDMC) as the highest policy and decision making body for disaster risk management. The NDMC is
responsible to ensure coordination in its broadest sense; to oversee the integration of disaster risk

18
National Disaster Management Authority: Prime Minister's Secretariat, Constitution Avenue, Islamabad, Pakistan
Ph: 92-51-9222373, Fax: 9204197, www.ndma,gov,pk

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management issues into sectoral development plans, and to oversee the implementation of this policy
through the NDMA.
6.6.3.3 National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)
The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) has been established to serve as the focal
point and coordinating body to facilitate implementation of disaster risk management strategies. This
necessitates NDMA to directly interact/ communicate with all stakeholders, including Ministries,
Divisions, and Departments in relation to normal communication channel.
NDMA is charged to develop sustainable operational capacity and professional competence to
undertake the following tasks:
1. Coordinate complete spectrum of disaster risk management at national level,
2. Act as Secretariat of the NDMC to facilitate implementation of DRM strategies,
3. Map all hazards in the country and conduct risk analyses on a regular basis,
4. Develop guidelines and standards for national and provincial stakeholders regarding their role
in disaster risk management,
5. Ensure establishment of DM Authorities and Emergency Operations Centres at provincial,
district, and municipal levels in hazard-prone areas,
6. Provide technical assistance to federal ministries, departments and provincial DM authorities
for disaster risk management initiatives,
7. Organize training and awareness raising activities for capacity development of stakeholders,
particularly in hazard-prone areas,
8. Collect, analyse, process, and disseminate inter-sectoral information required in an all hazards
management approach,
9. Ensure appropriate regulations are framed to develop disaster response volunteer teams,
10. Create requisite environment for participation of media in DRM activities,
11. Serve as the lead agency for NGOs to ensure their performance matches accepted
international standards, including the SPHERE standards.
12. Serve as the lead agency for international cooperation in disaster risk management. This will
particularly include, information sharing, early warning, surveillance, joint training, and
common standards and protocols required for regional and international cooperation,
13. Coordinate emergency response of federal government in the event of a national level disaster
through the National Emergency Operations Centre (NEOC),
14. Require any government department or agency to make available such men or resources as
are available for the purpose of emergency response, rescue and relief,
15. Declare a National Disaster Awareness Day (to commemorate 08 October Earthquake) and
conduct awareness raising activities at the occasion,
16. Establish a National Disaster Management Fund, and
17. Perform any other function as may be required by the NDMC.

NDMA Technical Committees

The NDMA will establish Technical Committees in order to facilitate coordination and enable
optimum use of available skills and resources. Technical Committees will focus on specific disaster
threats and issues, which may not have been covered as part of the stakeholder responsibilities in the
Framework. Technical Committees could assist local, provincial or national authorities in identifying

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issues and problems and devising solutions. The water disaster and flood specific areas that could be
covered through the establishment of Technical Committees are:
1. Cyclones, storms, winds
2. Disaster risk communication
3. Drought
4. Water disaster early warning systems
5. Floods
6. Industrial accidents – Including pollutant discharge into irrigation canals and drains
7. Marine disasters, including oil spills
8. Tsunamis
9. Any other water related calamity
Tehsil and Town Authorities
Institutions at the local level are considered to be the frontline of disaster risk reduction and response.
For many departments this is the lowest level of administration where they interface directly with
communities; agriculture, education, health, police, revenue and others.
Extension workers of these departments are expected to play a significant role in promoting disaster
risk reduction. For example agriculture extension workers should promote awareness of drought,
flood or cyclone resistant crops. Health workers should raise people‘s awareness about potential
diseases that may occur after a flood or drought and how to prepare for them. Education officials
should work on school disaster preparedness. Similarly Tehsil Authorities have an important role in
organizing emergency response and relief; including damage and loss assessment, and recovery needs
assessment. Tehsil and town Nazims will lead the risk reduction and response operations with the help
of Tehsil or Town Municipal Officer in consultation with the DDMA. Other key players include;
extension workers, police, fire services, community organizations (COs), traditional leaders and
NGOs. Appropriate local structures will be established for risk reduction and preparedness.
Union Councils
Union Councils are the lowest tier in the governance structure. Elected representatives from village
and ward levels form these bodies. These bodies have an important role in allocation of resources for
local development works.
Union Councils can play an important role in advocating demands of communities to the District
Councils and Disaster Management Authorities. Community demands may include requests for
allocation of resources from local budgets for hazard mitigation and vulnerability reduction activities;
e.g. spurs for flood control, rainwater harvesting structures for drought mitigation, vocational training
for livelihoods to reduce vulnerability etc. Therefore, it will be important to develop orientation and
knowledge of local political leadership at this level. More capable Union Councils may develop local
policies and guidelines for vulnerability reduction.
Community Based Organizations (CBO)
In order to promote community level disaster risk management activities, the capacity of existing
Community Based Organizations (CBO) will be developed and enhanced by district and Tehsil
authorities. In the absence of community organizations, new groups should be established to work on
disaster risk management. CBOs will be trained about local early warning system, evacuation, first
aid, search and rescue, fire fighting etc.
Linkages will be developed between CBOs and relevant local agencies; e.g. agriculture, banks, health
and veterinary services to promote disaster preparedness. Skills and knowledge of CBO leadership
will also be developed in financial management, people management, resource mobilization,
interpersonal communication and presentation and negotiation skills. The provision of Citizen

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Community Boards (CCBs) in Local Government Ordinance (LGO) provides a good opportunity to
organize communities and mobilize resources for local level disaster risk management.
6.6.4 Policies and Mandates of the Disaster Management Institutions in Pakistan
Water Disaster and Flood Disaster Risk Management is a multi-sectoral, multi-disciplinary and timely
response undertaking. As discussed above, the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) has
been established to serve as the focal point and coordinating body to facilitate implementation of all
disaster risk management strategies. This necessitates NDMA to directly interact and communicate
with all stakeholders, including Ministries, Divisions, and Departments in relaxation to normal
communication channel.
The task responsibility of Ministries, Agencies and Departments concerned with water disaster and
floods with potential direct involvement with WSIP-I are given below:
Ministry of Water and Power
1. Develop disaster risk management plan with regards to the mandate of the Ministry
2. Monitor and manage the dams and reservoirs for irrigation releases from the point of view of
specific hazard peculiar to that area
3. Assess disaster vulnerability of existing dams, reservoirs and power sector infrastructure in
hazard-prone areas
4. Implement strategies to reduce vulnerability of existing dams, reservoirs and power sector
infrastructure against disasters
5. Incorporate disaster vulnerability assessment in design and planning of future projects on
water and power sector infrastructure development
6. Include vulnerability reduction measures in the construction of water and power sector
infrastructure in hazard-prone areas
7. Provide telemetric data from rain gauge stations and flood data from Indus River Basin to the
Flood Forecasting Division of the Pakistan Meteorological Department
8. Conduct studies on possibilities of dam failures and develop contingency plans
Federal Flood Commission (FFC)
1. Prepare flood protection plans for the country
2. Review and approve flood protection schemes prepared by provincial governments and
concerned federal agencies
3. Make recommendations regarding regulation of reservoirs for flood control
4. Review damage to flood protection works and review plans for restoration and reconstruction
works
5. Implement measures to improve flood forecasting and warning system
6. Prepare a research program for flood control and protection
7. Standardize designs and specifications for flood protection works
8. Evaluate and monitor progress of the National Flood Protection Plan implementation
WAPDA (Dams Safety Council)
1. Carry out periodic inspections of dams and advise WAPDA and provincial governments
regarding repairs and maintenance of dams and reservoirs
2. Review the plans of new dams to ensure adequate safety of structures
3. Review the plans and specifications for enlargement, modifications, major repairs, revival or
abandoning of dams / reservoirs

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4. Keep close liaison with International Commission on Large Dams based in Paris
Ministry of Environment
1. Develop disaster risk management plan with relation to Ministry‘s mandate
2. Incorporate Natural Disaster Risk Assessment in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
guidelines;
3. Develop technical capacities of the staff of ministry to undertake disaster risk
assessment and disaster risk reduction activities in the environment sector;
4. Undertake assessment of vulnerability of natural resources (forest, lakes, streams, mangroves,
coral reefs, protected areas, coastal areas) to natural and human induced hazards;
5. Implement programmes for conservation and rehabilitation of natural resources in order to
reduce risks of natural hazards; e.g. reforestation, mangrove plantation, combating
desertification, conservation of special natural resources; e.g. wetlands, lakes, reefs,
mangroves, and coastal areas;
6. Allocate resources for implementation of programmes to conserve and rehabilitate the natural
resource base, particularly in up-stream areas of the Indus River basin;
7. Develop mechanisms for assessment of environmental losses and damages in the aftermath of
disasters and their rehabilitation;
Local Government and Rural Development
1. Develop disaster risk management plan with regards to the mandate of the Ministry;
2. Undertake vulnerability analysis of the local government property and infrastructure located
in hazard-prone areas;
3. Incorporate disaster risk assessment in planning of projects for construction of local
government and rural development infrastructure;
4. Integrate vulnerability reduction strategies in the construction of new infrastructure located in
hazard prone areas;
5. Allocate additional funds for disaster risk assessment and vulnerability reduction for local
government infrastructure;
6. Organize orientations for staff of the Ministry and local authorities in hazard-prone areas on
disaster risk assessment and vulnerability reduction;
7. Monitor the performance of local authorities in integrating disaster risk assessment and
vulnerability reduction in local development projects;
8. Provide its training institutions namely AHKNCRD and MTRI Karachi for training of district,
municipal authorities and line ministries.
Planning and Development
1. Base planning upon hazard risk maps available with the NDMA and other technical agencies;
e.g. PMD, FFC, WAPDA, SUPARCO and circulate these to all development ministries and
departments;
2. Develop guidelines on incorporation of disaster risk assessment (and vulnerability analysis) in
project identification, design and planning;
3. Organize orientations for line ministries about the guidelines on risk assessment;
4. Issue policy directive to all line ministries about incorporating disaster risk assessment (and
vulnerability analysis) in project design and planning;
5. Make mandatory the inclusion of vulnerability reduction measures in implementation of
development projects, if located in hazard-prone areas;

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6. Monitor the progress on implementation of vulnerability reduction measures in all

development projects in hazard-prone areas;
7. Obtain and maintain data on public sector infrastructure in hazard-prone areas in order to plan
vulnerability reduction initiatives and organize reconstruction operations;
8. Assist the NDMA in evaluation of losses and damages;

Provincial Irrigation Departments

1. Develop capacities of the irrigation department to mitigate floods and droughts;
2. Complete repairs of flood protection works in the pre-flood season;
3. Assist local authorities and communities in building rainwater harvesting tanks and systems
in arid zones;
4. Review the plan for regulation of water supply;
5. Position machinery and materials near vulnerable points for emergency repairs;
6. Inspect breaching of sections and carry out final survey;
Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD)
1. Observe hazards and generate meteorological, geophysical and phonological data;
2. Analyze data for issuing forecasts and warnings for aviation, agriculture, shipping, ports,
irrigation etc
3. Issue forecasts and warnings for any approaching events that might cause damage and loss to
life and property;
4. Disseminate warning about hazards to relevant users through timely communication and
coordination with NDMA;
5. Scrutinize, compare and publish data for appraisal of long term weather trends and seismic
events;
6. Analyse extreme events observed in the past and their future trends; e.g. climate change,
weather modification, land-ocean-atmosphere interaction, seasonal weather prediction.
Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO)
1. Provide services of Pakistan Communication Satellite (PAKSAT) for communications with
disaster-hit areas;
2. Provide services in disaster forecasting, monitoring and damage assessment using satellite
and remote sensing technologies for floods, cyclones, oil spills, dust storms, droughts,
earthquakes, tsunami and glacier depletion;
3. Establish appropriate facilities to acquire and process satellite data for study of storms,
monsoons, cloud movements, dust storms, cloud top, land and sea surface temperatures, and
other meteorological atmospheric processes;
4. Undertake studies / surveys on environmental conditions;
5. Provide remote sensing and satellite maps after disasters in order to show their impact;
6. Provide remote sensing and satellite maps for hazard risk zones to enable relevant agencies to
take measures for minimizing damages to population and property;
Non-Governmental Organizations
Non-government Organisations (NGO's) are considered to be important partners in water and flood
disaster risk management. They can contribute in mobilizing communities and developing local level

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capacities in early warning, disaster preparedness and response. They also implement programmes for
community vulnerability reduction; including strengthening livelihoods, safer construction practices,
flood mitigation and drought mitigation. A number of NGOs are currently working on water and flood
disaster risk reduction, preparedness and response in Pakistan. In specific terms NGO's will be
encouraged to participate in training, public education, damage assessment, rehabilitation and
construction projects in water and flood hazard prone areas. A list of NGOs active in Disaster Risk
Management in Pakistan is given as under.
1. Action Against Hunger
2. Aga Khan Planning and Building Services (AKPBS)
3. Anjuman-e-Islah
4. Association of Physicians of Pakistani Descent of North America (APPNA)
5. Balochistan Environmental Foundation
6. CARE International
7. Church World Service (CWS)
8. Citizen‘s Foundation
9. Concern Worldwide Pakistan (CWP)
10. Doaba Foundation
11. Eco Friends Society
12. Focus Humanitarian Assistance (FHA)
13. GTZ (German Technical Cooperation)
14. Hamdam Development Organization
15. International Organization for Migration (IOM)
16. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
17. International Rescue Committee (IRC)
18. Islamic Aid
19. Islamic Relief
20. Jhelum Valley Human Welfare Society (JVHWS)
21. Khwendo Kor
22. Laar Humanitarian Development Programme (LHDP)
23. Mercy Corps
24. Muslim Aid
25. OXFAM
26. Pakistan Fisher Forum (PFF)
27. Pakistan Participatory Development Initiatives (PPDI)
28. Pakistan Red Crescent Society (PRCS)
29. Pattan Development Organization
30. Plan International
31. Roots Work
32. Rural Development Policy Institute (RDPI)
33. Sangi Development Foundation
34. Sangi Welfare Society
35. Sindh Agricultural and Forestry Workers Coordinating Organization (SAFCO)
36. Tharparkar Rural Development Programme (TRDP)
37. Worldwide Fund for Nature
38. World Vision
39. Young Sheedi Welfare Organization

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6.6.5 Role of Other Disaster Management Related Agencies

Historically, prior to the introduction of the NDMO, 2007 and the NDMA, the Federal Flood
Commission (FFC), Emergency Relief Cell (ERC) and Pakistan Meteorological Department were
the key agencies for disaster management in Pakistan. However, in case of a disaster, almost all
federal and provincial ministries, departments and divisions participate in managing the disaster.
A summary of these organizations‘ relationship with NDMA and the NDMF is shown in Table
6.8; and a brief description of the current and historical disaster management responsibilities of
each organization is given below. Also noted is the relationship between each of these agencies
and SIDA in the implementation of water disaster and flood management.

Table 6.8: Relationship of Historically Concerned Disaster Management Organizations and

the New National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA) and the National Disaster
Management Framework (NDMF)
No. Agency Responsibility Shown on Relationship Discussion
given in the NDMA with SIDA
NDMF organization
chart
1 Emergency Yes No TBD Historical and new
Relief Cell disaster management
(ERC) responsibilities are
similar
2 Indus River None given No TBD The relationship with
System Authority NDMA is not clear
(IRSA)
3 Federal Flood Yes No TBD Historical and new
Commission disaster management
(FFC) responsibilities are
similar
4 Water and Power Yes No TBD Responsibility only for
Development dam safety through
Authority Dam Safety Council
(WAPDA)
5 Pakistan Yes No TBD Historical and new
Meteorological disaster management
Department responsibilities are
(Met) similar
6 National Crisis Yes No TBD The relationship with
Management Cell NDMA is not clear
(NCMC)
7 Civil Defence Yes No TBD The relationship with
(CD) NDMA is not clear
8 Provincial Relief Yes No TBD Provincial
Departments coordination is now
through PDMC‘s and
PDMA‘s
9 Provincial Yes No TBD Provincial
Irrigation coordination is now
Departments through PDMC‘s and
PDMA‘s

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Emergency Relief Cell (ERC)

The current responsibilities of the Emergency Relief Cell (a Cabinet Division) under the new
National Disaster Management Framework are to:
1. Develop policies and arrangements for procuring relief items on a fast track basis
2. Procure relief items, when needed
3. Stockpile relief items in collaboration with national and provincial EOCs, Civil Defence,
Red Crescent, and other stakeholders
4. Make arrangements for receipt of international assistance
5. Make arrangements for receipt of international response teams
The Emergency Relief Cell (ERC) was established by the West Pakistan National Calamities
(Prevention and Relief) Act, 1958 in the format of and with the responsibilities of the famine acts
enacted during the time of the British in India. The ERC responsibilities in connection with
disaster relief were:
1. To provide in cash as well as in kind to supplement the resources of the provincial
governments in the event of major disasters
2. To coordinate the activities of the federal Division, Provincial Governments, as well as
governmental, semi governmental, international and national aid-giving agencies, in the
conduct of operations for relief of disasters
3. To maintain contact with international aid-giving agencies/ voluntary organizations and
donor countries for disaster relief measures
4. To administer Relief Funds, being maintained at the Federal Level
5. To stockpile certain items of basic necessity and establish central inventory of resources
6. To provide assistance to calamity stricken friendly countries

The ERC operates an Emergency Control Room, which coordinates the situation during calamities
by liaising with relevant agencies such as the Federal Flood Commission, Meteorological
Department, and Provincial Governments.
The ERC maintained a warehouse in the capital, Islamabad, stocking essential non-perishable
relief item such as medicines, blankets, clothing and tents. In addition, there is a Relief Goods
Dispatch Organization (GDO) located in Karachi. This is responsible for receiving and dispatching
all relief goods from foreign and local agencies in the event of a disaster. The ERC also maintains
an Aviation Squadron with a fleet of 4 helicopters, whose task is to assist rescue operations and
enable officials to visit the affected areas.
The current relationship between the ERC and SIDA for water disaster and flood is not clear.
Indus River System Authority
Indus River System Authority (IRSA) was created in 1992 to implement the historic Water
Apportionment Accord agreed among the Provinces in 1991. At the time of the Accord the Indus
Basin system consisted of the Tarbela reservoir on the main stem of the Indus, the much smaller
Mangla reservoir on the Jhelum River, the network of link canals constructed under the Indus
Replacement Works program as a part of the Indus Water Treaty, and the system of barrages to
divert water into the canals, some of which have existed since the 19th century
The agreement among the provinces on apportionment of Indus water and the establishment of
IRSA to implement the apportionment agreement was historic achievements because it addressed

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the politically contentious division of Indus waters. Since that time, IRSA has functioned
effectively to allocate available supplies and smooth disputes between the provinces.
The IRSA also serves to coordinate the sharing of Indus River Water between India and Pakistan
(Ahmed, 2009).
No role for the IRSA is given in the National Disaster Management Framework. The relationship
between IRSA and SIDA for water disaster and flood management is not known.
Federal Flood Commission (FFC)
The current disaster management responsibilities of the Federal Flood Commission (FFC) given in
the NDMF are as follows:
1. Prepare flood protection plans for the country;
2. Review and approve flood protection schemes prepared by provincial governments and
concerned federal agencies;
3. Make recommendations regarding regulation of reservoirs for flood control;
4. Review damage to flood protection works and review plans for restoration and
reconstruction works;
5. Implement measures to improve flood forecasting and warning system;
6. Prepare a research program for flood control and protection;
7. Standardize designs and specifications for flood protection works;
8. Evaluate and monitor progress of the National Flood Protection Plan implementation;

The Federal Flood Commission (FFC) was created in 1977. Until the end of 1976, the Provincial
Irrigation Departments (PIDs) were responsible for the planning and execution of flood protection
works. But after the massive floods of 1973 and 1976 and huge losses to human life, land and
property, the federal government deemed it necessary to have a federal agency in place for flood
protection and preventive measures across the country.
Previous disaster management responsibilities of the FFC included:
1. Preparation of flood protection plans for the country
2. Approval of flood control / protection schemes prepared by provincial governments and
concerned federal agencies
3. Recommendation regarding principles of regulation of reservoirs for flood control
4. Review of damage to flood protection works and review of plans for restoration and
reconstruction works
5. Measures for improvement of flood forecasting and warning system
6. Preparation of a research programme for flood control and protection
7. Standardization of designs and specifications for flood protection works
8. Evaluation and monitoring of progress of implementation of the National Flood Protection
Plan
9. Monitor the provincial government‘s implementation of the national Flood Protection
Plan. The federal government provides the resources for meeting the capital cost of the
project (s)

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The Federal Flood Commission (FFC) currently has the responsibility of adjudicating the
distribution of water from the Indus River Basin among the Provinces of Pakistan. The major
disaster management responsibility of the Commission is the management of irrigation and
hydropower related water releases from the main dams in the Indus River Basin.
The current relationship between the FFC and the SIDA for water disaster and flood management
is not clear.
Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA)
The role of the Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) for the management of
disasters is now only delegated by the NDMA to the WAPDA Dam Safety Council through the
following activities:
1. Carry out periodic inspections of dams and advise WAPDA and provincial governments
regarding repairs and maintenance of dams and reservoirs
2. Review the plans of new dams to ensure adequate safety of structures;
3. Review the plans and specifications for enlargement, modifications, major repairs, revival
or abandoning of dams / reservoirs
4. Keep close liaison with International Commission on Large Dams

Historically, WAPDA was the fundamental agency responsible for development of the water and
power sector of Pakistan. Outside of the responsibility of the Dam Safety Council given above, the
relationship between WAPDA and the SIDA is not clear.
However, the Sindh Water Management Ordinance of 2002 gives SIDA the responsibility to
manage the three Barrages of Guddu, Sukkur and Kotri. This also may give SIDA responsibilities
under Pakistan legislation related to implementation of the Dam Safety Programme for these three
barrages.
Pakistan Meteorological (Met) Department
The Pakistan Meteorological Department as stated above has the following responsibilities under
the new National Disaster Management Framework:
1. Observe hazards and generate meteorological, geophysical and phonological data;
2. Analyze data for issuing forecasts and warnings for aviation, agriculture, shipping, ports,
irrigation etc
3. Issue forecasts and warnings for any approaching events that might cause damage and loss
to life and property;
4. Disseminate warning about hazards to relevant users through speedy communication in
coordination with NDMA;
5. Scrutinize, compare and publish data for appraisal of long term weather trends and
earthquakes;
6. Analyse extreme events observed in the past and their future trends; e.g. climate change,
weather modification, land-ocean-atmosphere interaction, seasonal weather prediction.

The Pakistan Meteorology (Met) Department is both a scientific and a service department, and
functions under the Ministry of Defence which is the common in many countries. It is responsible
for providing meteorological service throughout Pakistan. Apart from Meteorology, the
Department is also concerned with agro-meteorology, hydrology, astronomy and astrophysics,
seismology, geomagnetism, atmospheric electricity and studies of the ionosphere and cosmic rays.
The disaster management functions of the Met Department are to provide information on
meteorological and geophysical matters with the objective of disaster mitigation due to weather

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and geophysical phenomena, agriculture development based on climatic potential of the country,
prediction and modification of weather forecast. The Department has established:
1. A network of observing stations to generate meteorological, geophysical and phonological
data.
2. A telecommunication system for speedy dissemination of data
3. Meteorological offices to analyse data for issuing forecasts and warnings for aviation,
agriculture, shipping, sports, irrigation etc.
4. Climate and data processing units for scrutinizing, comparing and publishing data for
appraisal of long term weather trends and earthquakes.

The department has introduced a modern flood forecasting system, earthquake and nuclear
explosion detection system, radar, satellite, computer technology, flight safety consultancy
services in seismic design of dams, buildings and other development and disaster relief schemes.
The relationship and linkages between SIDA and the Met Department for water disaster and flood
management is not clear. However
National Crisis Management Cell (NCMC)
The disaster management responsibilities of the National Crisis Management Cell (NCMC) of the
Ministry of the Interior under the NDMF are to:
1. Manage a round the clock Operational Control Room;
2. Collect information on emergencies of all sorts in the country;
3. Coordinate with Provincial Crisis Management Cells (PCMCs);
4. Coordinate with other agencies to gather relevant information; e.g. casualty figures etc
5. Coordinate plans for emergency response in case of crisis situations;

The National Crisis Management Cell, under the Ministry of Interior, has a round-the-clock
operational control room for collecting information on emergencies of all types in the country. It
coordinates with the Provincial Crisis management Cells (PCMC) and other security agencies to
gather relevant disaster related information. It is also responsible for coordinating plans for
emergency response services in case of emergency situations and disasters.
The current relationship between the NCMC and SIDA for water disaster and flood management is
not clear.
Civil Defence
The responsibilities of Civil Defence (CD) under the NDMF are to:
1. Assist local administration / armed forces in rescue, evacuation and relief measures;
2. Supplement disaster-response equipment of the armed forces;
3. Save lives by rapid extrication of persons trapped beneath debris or in buildings damaged
by a natural or manmade disaster;
4. Render first aid to injured persons and transport them to nearest hospitals;
5. Ensure evacuation of damaged buildings/structures including demolition of damaged
structures to avoid further loss of life and properties;
6. Provide quick and effective search and rescue coverage, protection and operation in case
of any disaster;

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7. Build public confidence by introduction of more effective measures for their protection
and ensure adoption of requisite preventive measures by the community;
8. Assist in restoration of essential traffic so as to carry out rescue work without any
hindrance or obstruction;
9. Assist in debris clearance and restoration of essential services to the affected buildings;
10. Search and defuse unexploded bombs in the affected areas;
11. Recruit/induct operational staff for SAR teams with required specialized skills;
12. Enhance capabilities of the existing Search and Rescue teams of Pakistan;
13. Coordinate airlifting of relief goods from abroad by the PIA;

The Civil Defence Department was established through the Civil Defence Ordinance of 1951. It is
now governed through the 1952 Civil Defence Act. Before 1993, it was mandated to ―take
measures not amounting to actual combat, for affording defence against any form of hostile attack
by a foreign power or for depriving any form of hostile attack by a foreign power of its effect,
wholly or in part, whether such measures are taken before, during or after the time of the attack‖.
Subsequent to 1993 it was assigned the additional task during peacetime to perform remedial
measures against natural or man-made disasters. Specifically, Civil Defence was to:
1. Assist local administration / Army in rescue, evacuation and relief measures
2. Supplement anti-flood equipment of Army
3. Provide personnel for anti flood training in rescue and relief work

The current relationship between Civil Defence and SIDA for water disaster and flood
management is not clear.
Provincial Relief Department
The Sindh Provincial Relief Department responsibilities under the new NDMF are to:
1. Provide adequate support to local administration through co-ordination with provincial
departments and agencies;
2. Provide necessary funds to the area administration for relief work;
3. Supervise the work of area administration regarding relief provision;
4. Assess losses and request federal / provincial governments for providing relief;

The Sindh Provincial Relief Department have historically acted in parallel with the Emergency
Relief Cell at the national level. The specific duties of the Provincial Relief Department have in
the past been to:
1. Provide adequate resource support to area Administration through co-ordination with
Provincial Government Departments / Agencies
2. Provision of necessary funds to the area administration for relief work
3. Oversee the working of area administration for relief work
4. Obtain field reports of losses and apprise the Provincial Government / Federal
Government
5. Assess and evaluate losses and suggest to the Federal / Provincial Governments for
providing relief to the affected persons

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The current relationship between the Sindh Provincial Relief Department and SIDA for water
disaster and flood management is not clear. But it is assumed that coordination is through the
Sindh Provincial Disaster Management Council (PDNC) and the Sindh Provincial Disaster
Management Agency (PDMA).
Provincial Irrigation Department
The Sindh Provincial Irrigation Department is given the following disaster management
responsibilities under the new NDMA and the NDMF:
1. Develop capacities of the irrigation department to mitigate floods and droughts;
2. Complete repairs of flood protection works in the pre-flood season;
3. Assist local authorities and communities in building rainwater harvesting tanks and
systems in arid zones;
4. Review the plan for regulation of water supply;
5. Position machinery and materials near vulnerable points for emergency repairs;
6. Inspect breaching of sections and carry out final survey;

The Sindh Provincial Irrigation Department was the historical agency responsible for local flood
protection. This was performed by:
1. Complete repairs of the flood protection works in the pre-flood season
2. Provide funds to the Army for replenishment of stores
3. Review the plan for regulation of water supply
4. Position requisite machinery and material at safe localities near vulnerable points for
emergency repairs
5. Inspection of breaching sections and carrying out final survey

It appears that the new and the historical disaster management responsibilities of the provincial
disaster department are similar.
The summary of the Sindh Water Management Ordinance of 2002 (Table 21-7) clearly states that
SIDA is to assume the responsibilities of the Sindh Provincial Irrigation [and Power Department]
for flood management within the command areas of its three Area Water Boards shown in Figure
21-12.

That implies that by law in Sindh Province, SIDA is to assume the flood management activities of
the Irrigation Departments in other provinces; and within the command areas of its three AWBs is
responsible to the National Disaster Management Agency for the following flood management
activities:
 Develop capacities of SIDA to mitigate floods and droughts
 Complete repairs of flood protection works in the pre-flood season
 Review the plan for regulation of water supply
 Position machinery and materials near vulnerable points for emergency repairs
 Inspect breaching of sections and carry out final surveys

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6.6.6 Water Disaster and Flood Management for SIDA

As described above, the Sindh Irrigation and Drainage Authority (SIDA) its Area Water Boards
(AWBs) and Farmers Organizations (FOs) have legislated responsibility within the Sindh Water
Management Ordinance of 2002(GOS 2002) for water disaster and flood management. Legal
responsibilities for disaster management for SIDA are for the following classes of water disasters:
 Drought
 Floods
 Water logging
 Sea water intrusion
 Severe weather and cyclones
 Discharge of toxic or noxious effluent [water pollution]

SIDA Flood Management Programme

The Sindh Irrigation and Drainage Authority (SIDA) have developed a basic approach to flood
management that was deployed during the year 2010 super-flood. The flood management approach
relies on:
 Flood Management Pre-planning
 Flood Emergency Cell
 Press and public information services

Flood Disaster Management Plan

SIDA has prepared a flood management plan for protection of the bunds managed by the Badin
Left Bank Canal Area Water Board (SIDA, 2010)19. This plan describes the characteristics of the
bunds (flood dikes) being protected, emergency communications to be established, the role of the
concerned agencies for assistance in protecting the bunds against catastrophic flooding, and
emergency contact information. This flood plan is published in the SIDA website and flood
management plans are available on-line from SIDA.
Flood Emergency Cell (FIC)
During the year 2010 super-flood, SIDA established a Flood Information Cell (FIC) in the SIDA
Secretariat in Hyderabad to monitor day to day flow and disposition of flood waters. The
information cell was fully functional and being run under the Coordinator, FIC. The cell is
equipped with toll free and land line emergency telephone numbers through which day to day
information was being disseminated to local communities and individuals making enquiries
concerning flood conditions.
During the height of the flood, the Flood Information Cell started its work from morning to
midnight; and was eventually activated for work round the clock. Due to emergency situation,
SIDA and Area Water Board staff was available in their offices during Government Holidays. At
the height of the flood, all SIDA officials were deputed in offices to perform flood management
duties on a day-night shift basis.
Press and public information services
For the year 2010 super-flood, SIDA maintained continuous coordination with the media through
press briefings and flood related statements issued by the SIDA Media and Communication Cell
on a daily basis. This communication channel with the media was also used to correct published
information, followed by rebuttal, if incorrect information appeared in the media.

19
SIDA (2010), Flood report of River Protective Bunds, Year 2010, Left Bank Canal Area Water Board
Badin, Sindh Irrigation and Drainage Authority, Hyderabad, 2010

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6.6.7 Plans for Flood Management Improvement

SIDA management has plans to accurately document the entire year 2010 super-flood scenario for
the record of its flood fighting; and as a basis of lessons learned to be able to better respond to and
to fight future super-flooding. This documentation is being coordinated by both SIDA technical
staff and by the SIDA Media and Communications Cell.
6.6.7.1 Assessment of SIDA Water Disaster and Flood Management Institutional and Legal
Framework
SIDA under its legal framework in the Sindh Water Management Ordinance of 2002 (SWMO
2002) has formed the following two institutions to manage irrigation and drainage in the project
area:
1. Area Water Boards (AWBs)
2. Farmers Organizations (FOs)

The SWMO, 2002 gives a legislated responsibility for SIDA, its AWBs and its FOs to undertake
water disaster and flood management activities. Also as discussed above, the SWMO, 2002 gives
SIDA the responsibility for the water disaster and flood management responsibilities formerly
assigned to the Sindh Department of Irrigationa and Power. It is Therefore considered appropriate
to bring SIDA under the mandate of the National Disaster Management Framework as a significant
output of WSIP-I.
6.6.7.2 Assessment of SIDA Flood Management Programme
The current disaster management approach followed by SIDA appears to be only for flood
management, and not for the entire range of water disaster risks faced by the Authority under its
legal charter to provide comprehensive irrigation and drainage management on the Left Bank of
the Indus; as well as in the Delta and Coastal Zones of Sindh. The full range of water disaster risks
that SIDS should be concerned with are (Table 6.9):
 Drought
 Flood
 Water logging and salinity
 Salt water intrusion (Up estuaries and into coastal groundwater aquifers
 Cyclones and storms
 Tsunami

Additionally SIDA is legislated to manage the man-made disaster risk of water pollution in the
form of the release of toxic and noxious pollutants into its canals and drains.

Table 6.9: Primary Disaster Hazards in the Lower Indus Basin and Sindh Affecting SIDA

Class of Disaster Risk

Disaster Risk
Water Hazards
Drought
Flood
Water logging
Salinity – Irrigation induced and saltwater

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Class of Disaster Risk

Disaster Risk
intrusion up estuaries and into ground water
Cyclones and storms
Tsunami
Man-made and other hazards
Industrial pollution

6.6.7.3 Assessment of SIDA’s Published Flood Management Plans

The flood management plan protecting the bunds of the Left Bank Canal of the Badin Area Water
Board is assessed as not designed for active implementation. It lacks active instructions on what to
do when different flood conditions are encountered. The Plan would offer a good case history for
staff training on how to prepare a modern, flood disaster risk management orientated Flood Plan.
The Approach for Water Disaster and Flood Management in Pakistan
Previous Approach to Water Disaster and Flood Management
At the federal level, the Emergency Relief Cell (ERC) in the Cabinet Division, since its inception
in 1976, served as the focal point during emergencies. At the provincial level, the ERC coordinated
with provincial relief departments / relief commissioners who are responsible for effective
distribution of relief items in respective provinces. The ERC was also responsible for dealing with
institutional donors and receives grants, donations and funds for distribution through the Prime
Minister‘s Disaster Relief Fund.
In 1950, Pakistan witnessed first severe flood disaster that claimed 2910 lives and affected more
than 10,000 villages. The need for a flood control programme in the then East Pakistan
(Bangladesh) was realized only in the late 60s that subsequently led to the incorporation of a flood
management programme in the Fourth Five-Year Plan (1970-75) but efforts in this direction
remained insignificant. Three years later, the Government‘s Emergency Relief Cell prepared a
draft National Disaster Plan in 1974, which intended to deal with various components of disaster
management. The Plan was to establish procedures, organizational set-up, fix primary
responsibilities and support functions of implementing agencies and standard procedures for the
monitoring of disaster operations. However, it was never been finalised or implemented.
Pakistan therefore until recently, has followed the conventional relief and response oriented model
for coping and managing the risk of water disasters and floods. Since inception, the record of
managing water disasters and flooding in Pakistan can best be described as casual and incoherent;
largely focusing on the reactive strategy of relief and response. Since the 1960‘s when Pakistan
faced its first major flood disaster in terms of life and livelihood - floods claimed more than 2900
lives and affected more than 10,000 villages - water disasters and floods are a regular incidence.
Yet the consecutive governments are considered to have failed to formulate a more cohesive
strategy for managing water disasters. Floods, being the most frequently occurring disaster
condition, managed to take the attention of policy makers in late 60‘s and a Flood Control
Programme was launched for the first time. Flood control also made its way into the 4th Five Year
Plan (1970-75).
The drafting of a National Disaster Plan in 1974 by the Federal Emergency Relief Cell can be
considered as the first effective effort to address different aspects of disaster management in
Pakistan. The plan envisaged procedures, organizational structures, primary responsibilities,
responder agencies, and procedures for monitoring relief operations. But the Plan was neither
finalised nor implemented.

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The National Calamities (Prevention and Relief) Act 1958, can also be considered as a major
instrument for local water disaster and flood management, but its focus was limited to relief and
compensation. Other major building blocks of Pakistan‘s disaster management system including;
the Federal Emergency Relief Cell, a central disaster management structure working under the
Federal Cabinet Division, the Civil Defence department working under Civil Defence Act 1952 (as
amended in 1993), have failed to deliver whenever confronted with a major water related
catastrophe or calamity.
Current Approach to Water Disaster and Flood Management
Up until 2005 it is possible to trace only fragmented and isolated efforts for developing a national
level interest in disaster risk management. But year 2005 proved to be a watershed in the context
of disaster management. Pakistan faced a devastating earthquake in October 2005 which exposed
the vulnerability of the existing emergency and disaster response system and capabilities. The
2005 earthquake changed Pakistan‘s perceptions about how to manage disasters. Besides this
horrific event, Pakistan also became a signatory of the international disaster risk reduction protocol
– the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-15. Both these developments worked as a catalyst
leading to the promulgation of National Disaster Management Ordinance in and the adoption of
the National Disaster Management Strategy in 2007.
Structural versus Non-structural Disaster Risk Management Options
Historically Pakistan – and almost all countries – have addressed water disaster and flood risk
management using structural methods. This includes:
1. Construction of dams
2. Construction of bunds (dikes)
3. Construction of physical river training works

Alternatively modern concepts of water disaster and flood risk management focus more on non-
structural water disaster and flood risk management methods. This includes:
1. Water disaster and flood risk forecasting
2. Water disaster and flood risk mapping
3. Water disaster and flood risk warning
4. Water disaster and flood risk community awareness programs
5. Water disaster and flood risk drills and evacuation exercises

It is considered that the benefits of non-structural water disaster and flood risk management
procedures are economically viable and socially acceptable in the context of the Lower Indus
River Basin. For that reason it is recommended that SIDA consider the design and implementation
of non-structural over structural water disaster and flood management projects for the new Master
Plan project.
Flood Management Strategy in the Lower Indus Basin
Since floods are almost a routine annual feature in the monsoon season in areas lying along the
country‘s rivers and their basins, the GOP has a flood management strategy based on structural and
non-structural measures for flood management in the Indus River Basin.
Structural measures include:
1. Construction of embankments
2. Construction of spurs or batteries of spurs
3. Construction of dikes, gabion walls and flood walls
4. Construction of dispersion ad diversion structures
5. Channelization of flood waters

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6. Construction of flood retardation dams

7. Construction of bypass structures

Non-structural measures include:

1. Improved flood forecasting system
2. Effective data collection and dissemination system
3. Real time rain fall and river flow data collection
4. Weather radar prediction
5. Modern Information Communication Technology (ICT) of transmission of flood forecasts
and warnings

An improved early flood warning system is being followed based on:

1. Effective flood forecasts, early flood warning is issued
2. Reliable interaction between all related flood control and relief agencies
3. Timely warning and evacuation arrangements by provincial relief departments and district
administrations

Water Disaster and Flood Management Projects in the Lower Indus River Basin and Sindh
Almost uncountable numbers of national, provincial and local water resources projects with water
disaster and flood management components have been designed and performed in Pakistan and
Sindh. Countless water disaster and flood management projects have been performed, both before
and after independence. None-the-less it is insightful to highlight the most important water disaster
and flood risk management projects within and separate from their underlying water resource
development programmes to provide lessons learned for the development of the water disaster and
flood management components of the new water resources Master Plan for the Left Bank Indus,
Delta and Coastal Zone.
A summary of the major Water Disaster and Flood Management Programmes undertaken and
currently on-going within recent history in Pakistan and Sindh is given in Table 6.10. Included is
an assessment of the lessons learned from the programmes.

Table 6.10: Summary of Modern Water Disaster and Flood Management Programmes
undertaken in Pakistan and Sindh

No. Dates Agency Title Types of Lessons

projects learned
1 ADB First Flood Protection
Sector Project
2 1999- ADB Second Flood Protection
Sector Project
World Sindh Water Sector Improvement Phase-I
Bank Project (WSIP-I)

One of the major lessons learned from these historical and on-going water resource projects is the
fact that the irrigation and drainage sector of Pakistan has difficulty absorbing and implementing
new projects. This is considered to be caused by:
 Lack of sufficient trained personnel with the skills necessary for the design and analysis of
structural water disaster management infrastructure

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 Lack of sufficient trained personnel with the skills necessary for the implementation and
construction management of structural water disaster and flood management infrastructure
 Lack of trained personnel with skills necessary for the design and implementation of non-
structural water disaster and flood management projects
 Lack of Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing capability needed for
the design, implementation and on-going performance of non-structural water disaster and
flood management projects
 Lack of internal and external controls to prevent or minimize corruption – Corruption is
both financial corruption and staffing corruption (using un-qualified personnel incapable
of performing required tasks)
6.7 Lessons Learnt
6.7.1 Lessons Learned from the Year 2010 Super-flooding
The major lesson learned from the year 2010 super-flood is that the institutions envisioned under the
National Disaster management Ordinance, 2007 and the modalities called for from the National
Disaster Management Plan are not functioning.
1. Natural flood retardation basins can be used instead of breaching of bunds to protect
barrages from damage or failure from extreme values of flood water flows.
2. It is considered by many knowledgeable flood management experts that it is politically
and socially impossible to intentionally breach bunds during the height of a flood if a
preparedness plan based on community consultations has not been prepared before the
flood event. Also as a minimum, the breaching plan must break bunds on both sides of the
river to show the local population that the breaching is not done to favour any one
landowner or community
There exists a competent plan. It is assessed that the National Disaster Management Strategy is
clear, compressive, and right-thinking. However, there is a clear need for a new approach to water
disaster and flood management in the country, in the Lower Indus River Basin; and in Sindh. This
perception of need is present at all levels of government and within all classes of society.
It is not clear that there is sufficient, or any political will, to implement the National Disaster
Management Ordinance or establish the methodologies called for in the National Disaster
Management Framework. Even at the height of the recent national grief resulting from the year
2010 super-flooding not spokesperson was heard to say that the dis-functionality of the present
disaster management system will be fixed.
Summary of the Year 2010 Super-flooding
Wide spread heavy rains in July and August 2010 resulted in high runoff in the Kabul, Swat,
Chenab, and Indus Rivers. Flash floods in western streams aggravated the peak Indus flows. The
average annual rainfall in Peshawar is 400 mm, but in only six same days 333 mm of rain feel on
the city. Rainfall data for 18 stations in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) – the upper catchments of the
Swat, Kabul and Indus Rivers, shows two pre-flood major rainfall events from 27 to 30 July and
from 3 to 9 August 2010. The 24-hour rainfall on 29 July varied from 21 to 280 mm at various
stations with an average of all stations equal to 128 mm. These two rainfall events deposited
approximately 4.75 cubic kilometers (km3) of water onto KP.
The Tarbela flood peak (835,000 cusecs) was the highest value in its history (682,159 cusecs), but
lower than its design flood (1,500,000 cusecs). The flood peak at Chashma (1,036,673 cusecs) was
also the highest on record (1,028,723 cusecs) and higher than the design capacity of the barrage
(950,000 cusecs; 9% higher). The flood peak at Kotri was also very high (964,897 cusecs) and
higher than its design capacity (875,000 cusecs); but the year 2010 flood peat was lower than the

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historical flood peak (981,000 cusecs; 10% higher). The year 2010 flood peaks at Kalabagh,
Guddu and Sukkur were lower than their historical peaks, as well as lower than their design
capacity (Table 6.11).

Table 6.11: Historical and 2010 flood peaks at Barrages on Indus

2010 Flood
Historic Peak
Location Design Discharge Cusecs Peak
Cusecs Year Cusecs
Tarbela inflows 1,500,000 835,000 1929 682,159
Kalabagh 950,000 937,453 1929 1,200,000
Chashma 950,000 1,036,673 1929 1,028,723
Taunsa 1,100,000 959,999 1929 999,920
Guddu 1,200,000 1,148,738 1976 1,176,150
Sukkur 1.5 million as originally designed; 1,130,995 1976 1,161,472
Reduced to 900,000 subsequently
Kotri 875,000 964,897 1956 981,000

The first high flood peak at Tarbela was 700,000 cubic feet per second (ft3s-1) (19822 cubic meter
per second; m3s-1) on 30 July. This peak increased to 975,000 ft3s-1 (27,609 m3s-1) at Chashma on 2
August due to inflows from the Kabul River.
At the Taunsa Barrage, the flood peak was observed as 780,000 ft3s-1 (22,087 m3s-1). This peak
moved downstream to the Guddu and Sukkur barrages on 9 and 10 August and increased to around
1,175,000 ft3s-1 (33,275 m3s-1) as the western hill torrents poured more water into the Indus River.
The highest peak at Kotri – the most downstream barrage on the Indus River, was 964,000 ft3s-1
(27,298 m3s-1).
The two highest flood peaks reached the Taunsa Barrage from Tarbela in 12 days time and
remained high for 3-4 days for each flood peak. The flood peaks at Guddu and Sukkur Barrages
remained high for more than 10 days. High flood peaks, multiple flood peaks and long duration
peak flood values over time combined together to cause repeated and high damage to the irrigation
and drainage infrastructure of Sindh.
Most of the barrages in Sindh experienced their near highest or highest historic flood levels; which
in many cases was above their design discharge value. These high flood values were in spite of
large scale upstream flooding due to breaching of bunds (dikes) in the upper reaches of the Lower
Indus Basin in Sindh. Without this breaching of the bunds, the flood levels at the barrages in Sindh
would have been even higher and would have certainly severely damaged the already flood
impacted barrages.
6.7.2 Lessons Learned from the Year 2011 storm water -flooding
Flooding was caused due to unusual intense rainfall that occurred 9 through 17 August 2011 and
was further exacerbated by the rains during the first 9 days of September. High rain events occur
frequently in the coastal zone and lower Indus region. However, the intensity and duration of
flooding, inundation and damages in 2012 year have been more severe than during previous
rainfall events because of operational difficulties and wide spread breaching of canals. Some
breaches of branch, distributary and minor canals continued flooding the countryside for four days
after the major August precipitation events, because the canals could not be closed and because
there were inadequate deployable personnel of IPD and entities of SIDA including AWBs and FOs
for managing breach closure.

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Main Field Observations in August

a) The most wide spread and prolonged flooding was caused by delay and accumulation of
rain fall runoff in low lying areas and settlements. Field teams observed, in the badly
affected areas, two to six feet of water accumulated in different parts of the drainage
service and adjacent areas. In some areas of Mirpurkas, there was however little evidence
of flooding due to rainfall. In addition to wide spread inundation of agricultural land,
formal residential areas, informal settlements, roads, electric and communication suffered
damages due to prolonged inundation.

b) The movement and evacuation of the storm-flows was slow due to multiple factors, mainly
because of the insufficient drainage potential of the network, topography and blockages
caused by infrastructure (roads, railway lines, canal banks). A delay in evacuation of the
storm runoff was compounded by the breaches in the irrigation and drainage network.

c) Functioning of the Drainage System

a. Spinal Drain LBOD
The spinal drain performed fairly well despite breaches, over-topping in some areas,
rain cuts on the banks and sloughing of the banks. Three breaches occurred in the
spinal drain and the repair by the Government and public was relatively quick and
affective.
The KPOD component was breached. Some 60 percent of the flow of the LBOD
Spinal Drain discharged to KPOD, and it additionally received high flood flows from
Badin through six large and several smaller branch drains.
b. The field teams observed insufficient capacity of the sub-drains throughout the area.
c. The surface ditch and culvert systems were observed to be inadequate to the
requirement of conveying ponded water toward drains.
d) Functioning of the Irrigation System
a. On 11th of August, AkramWah (Lined Channel) was closed, while, flows of Fuleli and
Pinyari were reduced. The Pinyari and Fuleli canals canals were closed subsequently
on 12th August. However, Jamrao and Rohri irrigation systems were not closed during
the floods. Later on, as a response to the breaches and reduced water demand, some of
the branch and many distributary canals were closed but a number of breaches had to
be repaired while the canals were flowing because of tardy upstream operations.
b. Farmers respond by closing watercourses in all flood affected areas, while the
upstream system was running at different levels.
c. Canal escapes continued to discharge large flows into LBOD because, as noted above,
the canal head works were not closed although many distributaries had been closed in
upstream areas of the Nara and Rohri Canal Commands.
e) Community risk factors include:
a. The community was largely distressed due to lack of their ability to guess and
availability of official information about evolving flood situation. The outcome of
flash-floods was not predicable based on their limited knowledge.
b. Large numbers of scattered settlements in low lying areas should be an issue of
concern. Refer to the provincial Government‘ plans for the ―proper village planning in
Sindh‖.

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c. Disaster prone cropping patterns with higher risk factor. New high value crops (like
BT cotton) are associated with higher risk factor.
d. Limited local shelters: It was witnessed that the people took shelter in marginally safe
locations, like roads, which often were flooded.
f) Community Response

Efforts to protect individual property and land: The communities tried to manage rain runoff and
flood damages at their level, essentially with limited training and resources. It may have resulted in
some harm to infrastructure, however, it was a natural response to take protective measures and get
rid of the flood flows as early as possible.
Estimation of the Drainable Flows from the Sub-catchments
August Rainfall
Precipitation recorded in Badin on August 11 and 12
were 148 mm and 147 mm respectively. A max-daily
precipitation frequency analysis prepared by LBG for 59
years data (the years when the data was missing were
ignored) is consistent with the analysis prepared by the
WB International Panel of Experts May 2005.
According to this analysis (presented on the chart) each
event if observed independently have a minor period of
return. However, since the two days rainfall seem to be
the same event, the precipitation observed on August 11
and 12 together add up to 297 mm, which correspond to
a much larger period of return because the probability of
having two events combined (48 hrs) is small.
If we look at the monthly precipitation recorded during
August 2011, 331.2 mm it corresponds to a return period
of about 80 years, more than the August 2003 events,
which makes it the largest month ever recorded.
The September events if analyzed independently they
are minor, except the September 7 event. Now, if we
look at the precipitation fallen between August 10 and
September 9, a total of 512 mm, which if checked
against the maximum monthly rainfall frequency chart,
the return period would be huge. This clearly explains
the overwhelming effect of the rainfall in year 2011.
Probability of events occurrences
The original LBOD design was for 5 years return period
flow, which implies a probability of 50% of having at
least one similar or greater storm to occur in a period of
3 years. The chances that the maximum capacity will be
reached or exceeded every three years are the same as
tossing a coin into the air every three years and hoping
for it to fall heads up.
The 2003 storm experienced has a return period of 6.6
years. This implies a probability of 56% of having at
least one similar or greater storm to occur in a period of
5 years. The discharge proposed by WAPDA/NESPAK corresponding to 10 years return period
implies a probability of 52% of having at least one similar or greater storm to occur in a period of

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7 years and 80% in a period of 15 years. Increasing the capacity of LBOD has significant
implications and is rigorously opposed by some of the stakeholders.
The Irrigation Secretary and SIDA have instructed that LBOD should be designed to accommodate
a 20 years return period storm. However, since the magnitude of the flooding is so large, even
with a 20 years return period some flooding will be experienced and the evacuation time will be
from 10 to 15 days. Hazard maps are being prepared by the Master/Regional Plan Consultants,
where the land use will be recommended according to these evacuation times. For larger
precipitation events, some measures shall be planned for the people to be prepared to react during
flood events, because flooding will be part of their lives. There is no way to have a flood free
Sindh.
Inundated area during the 2011 floods
The following satellite imageries were taken before the monsoon season, on 23 September
2011when the flooding was at its peak and, 29 October 2011 when the waters were receding.

Before the monsoon Season 23 September 29 October 2011

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7 Institutional and Drainage Arrangements

7.1 Primary agencies concerned with water, drainage, and flood management in Sindh
Province
Initially identified were the two agencies that will: i) determine the success or failure of the
Reform Program begun in 1995 with enactment of the SIDA Act and ii) that are involved in
operation, maintenance, and management (OM&M) of canal and drain systems and management
of flood works and floods affecting the left bank area of the Indus River. Further identified were
other agencies that perform project implementation and then hand over projects to Provincial
Agencies for operation and maintenance.
Two agencies are responsible for operation, maintenance and management (OM&M), IPD and
SIDA and its two operating units, AWBs and FOs. Two other agencies, WAPDA and DGAEWM,
implement programs and projects and then turn them over to the owners.
A third group NGOs and RSPs are involved in the largely non-structural activities associated with
social, economic, and cultural conditions that prevail in irrigated areas and the Delta and Coastal
Zone.
Revenue, staffs and operations of IPD, SIDA, AWBS and FOs were determined through
interviews with SIDA, FOs and IPD Circles and through discussions at workshops with
stakeholders. Specific information was gleaned from review of public and official documents, in
particular, the Provincial Budget for 2010-2011.
Considerable information and perspective was gained through review of documents and reports for
earlier and on-going programs including LBOD, SCARPS, NDP, SOFWM, and WSIP-1. Public
records including the Provincial Budgets for IPD and SIDA, 2009-2010 and 2010-2011, were
analyzed to assess personnel and mechanized capacities for maintenance and for flood protection
and remediation.
Library resources of SIDA were accessed, information for organizations and NGOs were assessed
through the internet and follow up was accomplished by visits, telephone and email contact.
Personnel, equipment and transport capacities and legal and financial standing of NGOs were
secured for use during implementation to facilitate short listing.
Consultation methods used and stakeholder inputs to the assessment
Stake holders were contacted and consulted on institutional matters through workshops, during
interviews in the countryside and by interviews of FOs and staffs of the IPD at Division and Circle
levels. Individuals and NGO stakeholders generally were highly critical of the ineffectiveness of
IPD and the lack of willingness of IPD operational staff to provide support to the FOs even though
IPD retains control of Daroghas, Beldars and Abdars who are budgeted by the Province for
transfer to SIDA.SIDA is largely unrecognized by people of the villages.
Key findings of the assessment
Revenue and budget capacity of the two primary water, drainage and flood management agencies,
IPD and SIDA and associated AWBs and FOs, were assessed. It was determined that: i) they are
not well organized, located, staffed and equipped (mechanized) to carry out even routine operation
and maintenance functions, and ii) have few specifically allocated reserves for coping with floods
and other disasters. There is no identified budget and organizational capacity of IPD is inadequate
for effective conduct of O&M of the Tidal Link and LBOD. This situation will be even more
critical to sustainability once rehabilitation works are accomplished under WSIP-1.

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Beneficiary Drainage Groups have not been formed and consequently there is no on-going
emphasis on drainage operations and management at the local level.
Authorities concerned with water, drainage, and flood management
National and provincial responsibilities are inter-related
National authorities including WAPDA are responsible for storage, transmission and distribution
among provinces water of the Indus River. Also they regulate river flows during periods of high
and low river discharges and flooding. Once water arrives at Guddu Barrage, IPD is responsible
for: 1) diverting and delivering water into the canal systems for agricultural and Municipal and
Industrial (M&I) use; 2) management and operation of tubewells and subsurface and surface drains
that collect agricultural drainage effluent and storm water for discharge through branch and spinal
drains for outfalls to the sea; and 3) management of the Indus River and its bunds and barrages.
During floods the interaction among national and provincial agencies responsible for operations of
the river, canals and barrages, and the populace of Sindh Province has been documented in tasks of
this Phase I report that addresses floods and disaster management.
7.2 Two operating agencies, IPD and SIDA
Two agencies, IPD and SIDA, are responsible for operation, maintenance and management of the
Indus River and its barrages and for the canal water delivery and drainage systems. During this
period of Transition SIDA is functioning administratively within the Secretariat of Irrigation,
Organization Chart, Figures7.1 and 7.2, and the MD SIDA reports directly to the Secretary of
Irrigation as do five Chief Engineers.
However, the Water Sector Improvement Project (WSIP-I), executed by the Sindh Planning &
Development Department, and implemented by SIDA, (Figure 7.3), is designed to bring about
reform through transfer of operation and management functions to irrigators by beginning with
transitional funding of SIDA and the AWBs. SIDA and the AWBs are to become self-managing,
self-financing utility type organizations. By direction of provincial government, some 5,000
personnel of IPD and a budget approximating Rs.1.25 billion are to be transferred to SIDA and to
the three AWBs -- Ghotki Feeder, Nara Canal, and Kotri Left Bank. IPD has not, however,
transferred personnel and budgets to SIDA.
Personnel to be transferred have two functions, management of the canal divisions and those who
manage TW and surface drainage systems including LBOD. For 2010-2011 there were no
construction or maintenance funds in the budgets for canals and drains. However, the drainage
divisions are budgeted Rs. 124 million for civil works during 2009-2010. Offices expenses for the
three drainage divisions are barely enough to pay for electricity.

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Table 7. 1: Summary – Staffing And Budget of IPD Left Bank 2010-2011

Office Civil
Allowances Total Total
Divisions / Circles Unit Officers Other Staff Expenses Works
(Rs) (Rs) Staff
(Rs) (Rs)
Sum - Budget
1,698,300 3,048,100 5,477,200 104,250,200 114,473,800
IPD Secretariat (Rs)
E TH T C JT SK L 43
Director Regulations Sum - Staff
(No.) 2 5 9 9 4 2 12
Sum - Budget
2,451,100 4,424,400 10,274,500 4,815,000 21,965,000
(Rs)
MD SIDA Hyderabad 47
Sum - Staff
4 3 15 8 0 3 14
(No.)
Sum - Budget
4,087,400 8,685,300 9,777,200 2,351,100 24,901,000
Chief Engr. Sukkur, (Rs)
110
Left Sum - Staff
2 13 31 34 7 4 19
(No.)
Sum - Budget
2,461,400 36,894,800 26,718,600 2,760,500 68,835,300
Ghotki Feeder Canal (Rs)
427
& AWB Sum - Staff
2 8 17 27 49 49 275
(No.)
Sum - Budget
NARA Canal & AWB 9,030,200 173,544,100
(Rs)
Mirpurkhas 160,967,900 176,876,600 520,418,800 2,485
(Grant-In-Aid) Sum - Staff 3 31 73 97 236 651 1394
(No.)
Rohri Canal Sum - Budget
8,400,900 108,779,100 108,177,900 19,695,300 245,053,200
Nusrat Benazirabad (Rs)
XEN Hala Irrigation 1,559
Sum - Staff
Hala 4 28 60 93 205 196 973
(No.)
Sakro MirpurSakro
Sum - Budget 5,991,700 36,247,200 31,164,600 59,183,700 132,587,200
Chief Engr. Kotri
(Rs)
Hydraulics Lab 400
Hyderabad Sum - Staff
4 18 49 52 35 76 166
(No.)
Upper Pinyari T. M. Sum - Budget
6,888,000 148,649,600 119,900,000 6,935,300 282,372,900 1,777
Khan @ Hyd (Rs)

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Table 7. 1: Summary – Staffing And Budget of IPD Left Bank 2010-2011

Office Civil
Allowances Total Total
Divisions / Circles Unit Officers Other Staff Expenses Works
(Rs) (Rs) Staff
(Rs) (Rs)
Feeder Hyderabad
Lower Pinyari Sajawal Sum - Staff
4 22 48 160 207 360 976
Pinyari Hyderabad (No.)

Left Bank Badin Sum - Budget

13,195,600 228,745,800 171,085,500 77,591,000 490,617,900
AkramWah Badin (Rs)
1,228
Guni Canal Badin Sum - Staff
4 22 50 83 193 222 654
Fuleli Canal Badin (No.)
Thatta Drainage Sum - Budget
9,530,700 115,504,200 92,764,400 8,903,000 226,702,300
Lower Sindh Drainage (Rs)
885
Drainage Tando Mohd Sum - Staff 3 17 60 49 50 121 585
Khan (No.)
Total (Rs) 57,743,600 828,275,400 705,143,200 404,178,000 1,995,340,200
8,961
Total Staff (No.) 32 167 412 612 986 1,684 5,068
Source: Budget 2010-2011, Finance Department Govt. of Sindh
Foot notes:
E/ BPS: 18-20 = MD, PD, GM, CE, SE, XEN; T/BPS: 10-14 = TECHNICIANS, DRAFTSMEN, PHOTOGRAPHER;
TH / BPS: 16-17 = TECHNICAL HEADS, AE, AXEN, C/BPS: 6-9 = CLERKS, PA, ASST;
SUPERINTEDENT, HEAD CLERK; JT/ BPS: 5 = JUNIOR TECHNICIANS;
SK /BPS: 2-4 = SKILLED CRAFTSMEN;L /BPS: 1 = LABOR;

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Table 7. 2: Summary – Staffing and Budget of IPD Earmarked For SIDA and AWBS 2010 – 2011 (Except Land Reclamation)
Summary Report, Regional Master Plan Phase – I
Div/Circles Staff / Officers Other Staff Allowances Office Civil Total Total
Budget (Rs) Expenses (Rs) Work Staff
(Rs)
Budget
2,451,100 4,424,400
MD SID Hyderabad (Rs)
47
(Grant-in-Aid) Category E TH T C JT SK L
Staff (No) 4 3 15 8 0 3 14 10, 274, 500 4,815,000 - 21,965,000
NARA Canal & AWB Budget
9,917,700 174,839,9000
Mirpurkhas (Grant-in- (Rs) 2, 505
Aid) Staff (No) 4 33 76 103 237 651 1401 163,047,700 177,545,200 525,350,500
Budget
Ghotki Feeder Canal 2,461,400 36,894,800
(Rs) 421
& AWB Sukkur
Staff (No) 2 8 17 27 49 49 269 26,718,600 2,760,500 68,835,300
Budget
Left Bank Canal & 6,202,900 106,9111,3000
(Rs) 1, 345
AWB, Badin
Staff (No) 4 22 93 157 193 222 654 93,267,000 40,054,200 246,435,400
Total (Rs) 21,033,100 323,070,400 293,037,800 225,174,900 862,586,200
Total Staff (No) 14 66 201 295 479 925 2,338 4,318
Source: Budget 2010-2011, Finance Department Govt. of Sindh
Foot notes:
E/ BPS: 18-20 = MD, PD, GM, CE, SE, XEN; T / BPS: 10-14 = TECHNICIANS, DRAFTSMEN, PHOTOGRAPHER;
TH / BPS: 16-17 = TECHNICAL HEADS, AE, AXEN, C / BPS: 6-9 = CLERKS, PA, ASST;
SUPERINTEDENT, HEAD CLERK; JT/ BPS: 5 = JUNIOR TECHNICIANS;
SK / BPS: 2-4 = SKILLED CRAFTSMEN;
L / BPS: 1 = LABOR;

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Table 7. 3: SIDA Allocated Budgets 2010-2011, Drainage Divisions, For Land Reclamation
Unit Name Officers Other Staff Allowances Office Civil Total (Rs) Total
(Note 01) (Rs) Expenses Works Staff
(Note 02)
(Rs) (Rs)
DIV Drainage Div (LBOD) Benazirabad E TH T C JT SK L
(SIDA)
No Staffing 1 4 12 15 80 59 239 410
Rs Budget 2010-2011 2,009,900 28,197,900 23,716,800 87,127,900 141,052,500
DIV Drainage DivSanghar (SIDA)
No Staffing 1 6 17 24 5 33 15 101
Rs Budget 2010-2011 1,730,100 7,761,500 6,941,800 185,167,500 201,600,900
DIV Drainage DIV. Mirpurkhas (SIDA) 359
No Staffing 1 5 22 21 13 61 236
Rs Budget 2010-2011 1,502,900 25,465,000 16,994,400 24,082,400 68,044,700
Rs Sum – Budget (Rs) 5,242,900 61,424,400 47,653,000 296,377,800 410,698,100
No Sum – Staff 3 15 51 60 98 153 490 870
Source: Budget 2010-2011, Finance Department Govt. of Sindh
Note 01: Note 02:
E = ENGINEER, CE, SE and XEN (BPS: 18-20); T = TECHNICIANS, DRAFTSMEN, PHOTOGRAPHER (BPS: 10-14);
TH = TECHNICAL HEADS, AE, AXEN, C = CLERKS, PA, ASST (BPS: 6-9);
SUPERINTEDENT, HEAD CLERK (BPS: 16-17); JT = JUNIOR TECHNICIANS (BPS: 5);
SK = SKILLED CRAFTSMEN (BPS: 2-4);
L = LABOR (BPS: 1);

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Figure 8.1
ORGANIZATION CHART
IRRIGATION & POWER DEPARTMENT, SINDH
Figure 7. 1: Organizational Chart of Irrigation & Power Department, Sindh
Summary Report, Regional Master Plan Phase-1

SECRETARY

Chief Engineer Chief Engineer Chief Engineer Chief Engineer Chief Engineer
MD, SIDA
GUDDU Sukkur Left Sukkur Right Kotri Development

1 circles 3 Circles 3 Area Water

2 Circles 3 circles 4 Circles
6 Divisions 11 Divisions Boards
7 Divisions (1/3 SIDA) 13 Divisions
(1/3 SIDA) (1/6 SIDA) 12 Divisions

Additional Secretary Additional Secretary Director

Power Irrigation Regulation
Project Project Project Project
Director Director Director Director
RBOD Revamping Lining Small Dam
3 Electrical
Add Sect Admin Deputy
Inspector
Deputy Section Admin Director
Officers

Source: IPD, Official website

Figure 8.1
Source: After IPD, Official Website LBG / INDUS April 2011

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Figure 8.2
Figure 7. 2: Functional Relationships
Functional within Sindhwithin
Relationships Water Sector
SindhImprovement
WaterProject (WISP
Sector –I)
Improvement Project (WSIP)
Phase-I

GOVERNMENT OF SINDH

Additional Chief Secretary

Planning & Development Departement
Project Coordination & Monitoring Unit
Project Steering Commette Headed by
(PCMU)
ACS (Dev)
Coordination & Monitoring of Project
Provide policy guidance and monitor
Activities
overall project implementation and
outcome of project
Sindh Irrigation & Drainage
Authority

Sindh Irrigation & Power Departement Project Implementation

Feasibility Studies for rehabilitation of Procurement Contract Management
Barrages Financial Management
Environmental Management

Ghotki Feeder Canal Area Water NARA Canal Area Water Board Left Bank Area Water Board
Board Rehablitation of Main & Branch Canals, O&M
Rehablitation of Main & Branch Canals, O & M
Coordination with FOs
Rehablitation of Main & Branch Canals, O&M Coordination with FOs
Coordination with FOs

Farmer Organizations Farmer Organizations Farmer Organizations

Improvement of distributary / minor Improvement of distributary / minor
Improvement of distributary / minor
Operation & Maintenance Operation & Maintenance
Operation & Maintenance

Source: 12th Meeting,

th
Source: 12steering
Project Meeting, Project Steering
Committee, 22 OctCommittee,
2010 22 Oct 2010 LBG / Indus, 8th April 2011

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8.3 PHASE-I PROJECT
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SINDH WATER SECTOR IMPROVEMENT PROJECT
ORGANOGRAM, SIDA Headquarters
Figure 7. 3: Sindh Water Sector Improvement Project Organogram, SIDA Headquarters

Managing Director

Project Director
WSIP-1

General Manager General Manager General Manager General Manager

(Operation) PA to PD WISP
(Transition) (R&D) (Finance)

Deputy Director Social Development Environmental Senior Accounts

Engineering Specialist Specialist Officer
Procurement Admin & Logistic
Specialist Officer

Asst. Director Assistant Manager Manager (SM & G) Asst. Engineers Project Planning Office Manager
Engineering (2) Transiton and SO/IS (8) FO (15) Consultants

Deputy Director Asst. Director

Inspector Works Engineering (2)
(02) Engineering
HRD M&C
Training Cell
(1)Manager & (1)AM (1)CAdvisor

GIS Inspector Work (2)

Specialist

IT Specialist Staff

Figure 8.3
Source: SIDA LBG / INDUS April 2011

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7.3 Non-Operating Agencies with Responsibilities for Program Implementation, DGAEWM,

WAPDA and NGOs
Directorate of Agricultural Engineering and Water Management (DGAEWM)
Below the Moghas where IPD is not engaged, the Directorate General of Agricultural DGAEWM is
administering programs of watercourse upgrade and associated extension service. Currently
DGAEWM is managing an IDA credit of $50 million for extension of the Sindh on Farm Water
Management Project (SOFWMP)20. Of the 42,000 water courses in Sindh some 17,000 watercourses
had been improved between 2005 and 2009 under the National Program for Improvement of
Watercourses (NPIW)21. It is expected that 2,500 additional watercourses will be improved as a
component of the current credit extension. Additionally, there will be increased emphasis for,
―enhancing the long-term financial sustainability of the irrigation system by fostering self-sustaining
farmer organizations – Watercourse Associations (WCAs) – at the watercourse levels‖.
Watercourse Associations are active in areas administered by FOs and in areas that remain with IPD.
Thus the programs for watercourse improvements are vital both to success of the Reform Program of
SIDA and to upgrading of water use efficiency in areas administered by IPD.
Water and Power Development Authority WAPDA
WAPDA, a national organization, has been responsible for large provincial infrastructure
developments, including SCARPs and LBOD on the left bank of the Indus River, but it has no
operational role in water management and drainage of agricultural areas. Beyond water and drainage
operations and management, however, WAPDA is a key organization for the management of floods
of the Indus River and other disasters since it has operational authority at dams and has active offices
in Sindh and the other provinces.
NGOs for Implementation
Use of the term NGOs herein includes both NGOs and GONGOs (government organized NGOs).
They are well suited to partner for the conduct of economic, social and environmental elements of the
Regional Master Plan at district, Taluka, village and household levels. Generally, a number of NGOs
are promoting and executing programs that have an objective of sustainable community development
for achieving equitable economic, social, political, and cultural development. Twelve listed
NGOshave submitted information and have ongoing programs. They are staffed and equipped to carry
out education, training and organization of local persons and communities.
7.4 Organizational Review, Resources and Capacity
During the 1980s the Government of Pakistan recognized that the rapidly expanding systems for
delivery of irrigation water and for drainage of irrigated lands could not be maintained by institutions
that were organized to administer simple canal systems that originally delivered a low duty of water.
Problems of water logging and salinity and the need for costly drainage works intensified after
partition because water supply was greatly increased with the construction of river reservoirs and
installation of large numbers of tubewells.

Project information Document (PID), Appraisal Stage, Report No: AB4779, ‖Additional Financing for Sindh On-Farm water
20

Management‖, PID, prepared May 7, 2009 Directorate General, Agriculture Engineering and water Management, Department of Agriculture

21
Sindh On-Farm Water Management Project (SOFWMP) Project, Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) Consultants, 2009

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The Ministry of Water and Power and the World Bank stimulated the central government to adopt, in
the mid1990s, an institutional program of reform, based on participatory irrigation management
(PIM), that would lead to decentralization through participation and transfer of water management
from bureaucracies to self-sustaining utility like entities. The National Drainage Program of 1995 was
framed to promote institutional reform within each province with the intent of converting the
Provincial Irrigation and Power Departments (IPDs) into Provincial Irrigation and Drainage
Authorities (PIDAs) that would manage intra-provincial bulk water transfers at the heads of main
canals and manage main drains. Self-governing, self-financing Area Water Boards (AWBs) were to
transmit water along main and branch canals to distributaries and minors where the water would be
delivered to the Farmer Organizations (FOs) that would deliver water to watercourses and recover
costs of operation and maintenance through collection and retention of the Abiana (water user charge).
Revenue and budget capacity of the two primary water, drainage and flood management agencies,
IPD and SIDA and associated AWBs and FOs, were assessed. It was determined that: 1) they are not
well organized, located, staffed and equipped (mechanized) to carry out even routine operation and
maintenance functions, and 2) have few specifically allocated reserves for coping with floods and
other disasters. There is no identified budget and organizational capacity of IPD is inadequate for
effective conduct of O&M of the Tidal Link and LBOD. This situation will be even more critical
to sustainability once rehabilitation works are accomplished under WSIP-1.
Beneficiary Drainage Groups have not been formed and consequently there is no ongoing
emphasis on drainage operations and management at the local level.
7.5 Resources and Technical Capacity
A: Irrigation Sector Issues
Technical
 Low operational efficiency of Cross-regulators on main and branch Canals.
 Safety of Barrages in view of super Floods passing capacity and operational
efficiency in view of the sedimentation on up-stream side of the barrage, centralization of
flow and other problems.
 Low water availability at tails.
 Operation of the system with more discharges than design capacities.
 In-equitable distribution of water.
 Low water use efficiency.
 Excessive use of water in upper command of channels as compared to lower command
(tail areas).
 Direct outlets withdrawing water more than entitlement thereby increasing Water
shortage problems in the system.
 Waste full on-farm water use.
 Illegal withdrawal of irrigation water by influential people.
 Low delivery efficiency.
 Tampering of modules
Management
 Institutional weakness, exclusive control of public sector in irrigation management.
 Lack of corporate skills and lack of accountability system.
 Indiscipline in administrative set up of agencies responsible for operation of the system.

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 Non-compliance of rules/ duties by operators of system as per O&M manual.

 Less involvement of the farmers in the management and Operation of the water systems.
 Less Budget release for operation maintains of the system.

Fiscal
 Less recovery of water charges due to poorly managed recovery system.
 Non-release of funds for development schemes
B: Drainage Sector Issues

Technical
 Out of 5338 tube wells in Study area 1931 (36.17%) are non-operational.
 Deferred Operation and Maintenance of Tubewells and other infrastructure.
 Theft of transformers and 11 KVA line conductors.
 Frequent brake down of electric power supply affecting operational efficiency of tube
wells.
 Intrusion of Saline ground water into fresh ground water aquifers due to over
exploitation of fresh water or less pumpage from adjoining saline ground water areas.
 Intrusion of Saline drainage effluent from SCARP VI project into Ghotki area.
 Poor O&M of Surface Drains.
 Weed problem in surface Drains.
 Out fall of canal escapes into LBOD system.
 Issues/ problems in LBOD Outfall System.
 Water logging and salinity problem in study area including the areas where drainage has
not been yet provided. (Planned project areas under LBOD Stage II).
 Water logging problems in the vicinity of Chotiari Reservoir.

Management
 Institutional weakness, lack of corporate skills and lack of accountability system.
 In-discipline in administrative setup of agencies responsible for Operation and
Maintenance of Drainage Systems.
 Less involvement of beneficiaries/ Stakeholders in planning, implementation and
Operation and Maintenance of Drainage Systems.
 Lack of Coordination among various government agencies.
Fiscal
 Insufficient budgetary provision by Government for Operation, Maintenance and
replacement of closed components of the projects.
 Gap between O&M funds requirement and cost recovery

7.5.1 Provincial Irrigation Department

Sindh IPD, as depicted on figure 7.1, operates three barrages, Guddu, Sukkur, and Kotri, and Main
and Branch canal systems under the supervision of four Chief Engineers (CEs). Additionally, the CE
Development has responsibility for 4 Circles and 13 Divisions and his portfolio includes
administration of the Reclamation Budget as distinguished from the Circles that are dedicated to
operation and management of canals. Three of the 13 Divisions manage tubewells and horizontal
drainage systems; their budgets have been assigned to SIDA as tabulated in Table 7.3. Although, Rs.
125 million was allocated to these divisions for civil works in the budget year 2009-201030, there is no
budget for maintenance and upkeep allocated in 2010-2011, likely due to stringency measures being
imposed by the International Monetary Fund. This impacts tubewells more than any immediate

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effects on canal systems that result from program cuts. Some 40% to 60% of tubewells are ―dead
lined‖, some due to theft and vandalization, and others for lack of spare parts.
Staff of the IPD that manage canals on the left bank of the Indus River and in the Secretariat at
Karachi total 8,961 Table 7.1. Additionally IPD, Left Bank includes three drainage divisions, with
staffs numbering 870 that deal with public sector tubewells and horizontal drainage including LBOD.
Nearly 60% of the IPD staff for left bank canal and drainage systems are budgeted as SIDA, yet
after 10 years they still are controlled by IPD. At Distributaries within the jurisdiction of the AWBs,
FOs are struggling to manage delivery of water to watercourses. Local water users, FO office bearers
and staffs and NGOs report that IPD personnel often obstruct operations of the FOs by not providing
timely assistance during canal breaches and by arbitrary restrictions on water deliveries.
The following observations and findings regarding IPD were identified during the review of the
organization and staffing of IPD and as collected during more than 4,000 interviews by the social,
environmental and economics teams of LBG/Indus.

1. Table 7.4 lists units of IPD that that have dedicated budgets for maintenance of
machinery and to carry out bund upkeep, desilting and other maintenance operations at
barrages and along the bunds. The combined budget totals about Rs.310 million.
2. About Rs. 1.1 billion is provided for the maintenance, repair and desilting of the Main, and
Feeder Canals of the Left Bank, Table 7.5. These funds are assigned to specific canals in
amounts varying from Rs 4.3 million to Rs. 55.9 million, presumably for ―force account‖ or
in-house work.
3. There is little to no budget for conduct of routine Preventative Maintenance in the budgets of
operating Divisions. Budgets for each Division and unit lack monies for POL, vehicle and
tool purchases and repairs, Tables 71, 2, and 3. Table 7.3 identifies that about Rs 296
million is available as Office Expenses. Most of these funds are for payment of
electricity charges for tubewells and pumps.
4. Repairs to bunds breached during the flood of 2010 have generally been delayed until special
budgets for consultants and construction companies could be authorized and provided.
5. Although IPD is the only organization in Sindh that has personnel and apparent capacity to
manage delivery of water, budgets of canal divisions and circles lack resources other than for
personnel, allowances and routine office expenses. Thus, as noted in 3 above, maintenance
languishes and deferred maintenance grows progressively worse until there is need for
replacement and rehabilitation system wide.
6. Assigned resources and personnel are inadequate to maintain the LBOD system.

The following observations and findings regarding IPD were compiled during the above noted review
of the organization and staffing of IPD and primarily as collected during more than 4,000 interviews
by the social, environmental and economics teams.
1. Stakeholders are divided, some recognize benefits of LBOD, i.e. shorter periods of inundation
after storms and as an outlet for discharge of saline groundwater and agricultural
drainage; while other stakeholders are negative, especially with respect to the quality (often
poisoned by industry and agricultural pesticides and fertilizers) of the drain water which often
is the only available water supply.
2. Villagers draw water from wells by hand pumps and from irrigation canals
and ponds, when these sources are available.
3. Irrigation water is in short supply.
4. Adequate water is not released downstream of Kotri to ―push back the sea‖.
5. Water logging and salinization of agricultural lands is spreading.

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6. Health problems result from poor quality drain water.

7. Women are acutely affected by poor water quality and the resulting decline of
livestock which they attend. Numbers of livestock have declined across the
region, and particularly in flood prone areas, due to lack of fodder and other
pressures.
8. Fish cannot survive the changed environment due to water pollution.
9. Sugar Mills are primarily responsible for the LBOD and other drain channels
becoming toxic during periods of low runoff; there were repeated demands that
sugar mills be forced to stop discharges of processing water to drains.
10. Communities consulted generally held the view that Farmer Organizations (FOs)
are dysfunctional. Observations were:
FO‘s do not have enough power to ensure a proper share of water for their communities,
 Powerful local individuals and ―waderas‖ control the work of the FOs to the detriment of
the rest of local people.
 A majority of the stakeholders and communities consulted believe that IPD staff is
corrupt and they sell water first to the rich and powerful.
 There is malpractice by powerful landlords in the majority of the villages where
consultations were held.
 The IPD does NOT maintain the irrigation system regularly and properly, funds that
are available are mismanaged.
 Development Committees should be formed among local communities for monitoring of
projects to help assure that bureaucracy and corruption do not dominate.

11. Villagers surveyed with respect to recent catastrophic floods hold views that are relevant to
institutional reform:
 Government response was too little, too late.
 Displaced communities lost homes, crops livestock and jobs.
 A system for early warning is non-existent or ineffective.
 Government provided rations were insufficient.
 No fodder was provided for surviving livestock.
 Procedure for issuance of Watan Cards was ineffective and often a source of
harassment in that flood victims repeatedly traveled to issuing offices and were day-
after-day told to return tomorrow.
 Communities ask that Government prepare a complete plan for relief and
rehabilitation of flood affected villages including replenishment of livestock.
 Stakeholders want strengthening of river banks and bunds through tree planting,
construction of rain and flood channels, clearing of ―katcha‖ areas and better
management and coordination among responsible government departments and
agencies.
7.5.2 Sindh Irrigation and Drainage Authority
The Sindh Irrigation and Drainage Authority (SIDA), Figure 7.3, was initially established under
the SIDA Act of 1997 and the program of reform was further defined in the Sindh Water
Management Ordinance (SWMO) 2002, as amended in 2005. SIDA is authorized and planned to be
a semi-governmental utility. It also is an umbrella organization for formation and nurturing of Area

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Water Boards (AWBs). AWBs are designed to be independent utilities for administration and
management of Main and Branch Canals that deliver and ultimately will sell water to Farmer
Organizations (FOs). FOs are small utilities that have been designed, chartered and formed for
operation, maintenance and management of distributaries and minor canals that deliver water to
watercourses and collect water charges (Abiana) from farmers.
SIDA is receiving considerable financial support, during an as yet undefined Transition Period,
through: 1) Grants-in-Aid 2) pass through financing of components of the Sindh Water Sector
Improvement Program, WSIP-1, and 3) allocations of the Provincial Budget. Both SIDA and the
AWBs currently receive budgetary support through Provincial allocations to IPD31, as tabulated in
Table 7.2 entitled ―Staffing and Budget of IPD Earmarked for SIDA 2010-2011‖ and Table 7.3 sub-
titled, ―Drainage Divisions for Land Reclamation‖. The two tables show that SIDA and the AWBs
have allocated budgets that total about Rs.1.3 billion for staffs of 4,181 for canal divisions and
additional staff of 870 in three divisions of the Reclamation group of the CE Development.
Staff budgeted for headquarters in Hyderabad, total 47 including the Managing Director (MD),
Project Director (PD), and four General Managers (GMs). Directors of AWBs have been appointed
under WSIP. Upper level managers are directly supported by 41 specialists at Headquarters and
indirectly by the Directors of the AWBs who are former SE (Nara) and XENs (Ghotki and LB Kotri).
IPD personnel who operate canal systems in the name of the AWBs remain under the administrative
control of IPD and range from Directors (SE and XENs) to support staff (Daroghas and Beldars) and
Abiana collectors (Abdars). It is significant that the AWBs are tightly under the control of the
Directors at the top and that FOs have no control over Abdars who are key for the collection of water
charges and Daroghas and Beldars for the maintenance of the Distributaries and Minor canals. Also
FOs have little to no input to gate operations at the points of diversion from the Branch Canals to
Distributaries.
The distribution of the budget among Officers, Other Staff, Allowances, Office Expenses and Civil
Works (WSIP-1 funds) is summarized in Table 4.8.2. There is no budget allocation for Civil
Works in 2010-2011; there was a small allocation in 2009-2010 totaling about Rs. 58 million. This
amount illustrates the severe lack of funds in the budget for other than personnel, allowances, and
office expenses. Monies are not allocated or are miniscule in these line items of the Provincial Budget
for POL, transport, preventative maintenance or for rehabilitation of facilities considering the backlog
of deferred maintenance.
The Nara Canal AWB (NCAWB) was formed in 1999 and the Ghotki Feeder Canal AWB (GFAWB)
and Kotri left Bank Canals AWB (LBCAWB) were inaugurated in 2001. No additional AWBs have
been formed subsequently due to the slow pace of reform implementation. However by 2010, 354 of
383 potential FOs had been registered.
It is significant that operating budgets for SIDA and AWBs are earmarked in the ―Government of
Sindh Finance Department Budget of 2010-2011‖. The budgets of the Managing Director and for the
Nara AWB and the XEN Nara Canal are detailed on pp 631 to 643 of the Provincial Budget as
Grants-in-Aid. Whereas budgets for the Ghotki Feeder Canal Circle and for the Left Bank Circle,
Badin and for three left bank divisions, Fuleli, Akram Wah, and Guni, are specified as normal IPD
budgets, not as grants-in-aid. MD SIDA also has a budget for Operation and Maintenance which
provides for minor works in the jurisdictions of each of the three AWBs. Former Superintending
Engineers or XENs of IPD have been re-designated as Directors of the AWBs and they manage,
through XENs and AXENs, the traditional divisions of IPD that now operate with budgets
earmarked by the Finance Department as agencies of SIDA. The management by traditional IPD
staffs and procedures still prevail down to the jurisdictions of the FOs. Thus there are tensions that
result from stakeholder complaints about the lack of cooperation or even obstruction by IPD staff at
distributaries and minors.
SIDA and AWB operations benefit from funding through the Water Sector Improvement Programme,
WSIP-I. Administration of that program under P&D and as guided by the Steering Committee is as
shown in Figure 7.2.

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The audited income of SIDA in 2009 (The Sindh Irrigation and Drainage Authority, Financial
Statements for the Year Ended June 30, 2009, A. F. Ferguson & Co., Chartered Accountants,
Karachi, transmitted to SIDA January 31, 2010.) was grants that totaled Rs 14.7 million. This was
the same as was allocated in the Provincial Budget of 2009-2010.The audit report shows that Rs.
4.8 Million was expended for projects and Rs. 9.9 Million was non-operational expenditure used
to pay salaries, office and travel expenses. This total dependence on grants needs to be reexamined
after a decade long period of Transition. Of even more dire concern is the situation with the AWBs
who, in theory, have budgets totaling more than one billion rupees but are totally controlled by IPD
personnel appointed to direct the AWBs and to administer all the circles and divisions of the three
systems.
7.6 Abiana, Funding Requirement Incidence and Repayment Capacity
Revenue, funding requirement incidence and budget capacity of the two primary water, drainage and
flood management agencies, IPD and SIDA and associated AWBs and FOs, were assessed. The
information collected is presented in tables 7.1 to 7.7 these contain:
 IPD and SIDA staffing and budget Left Bank
 SIDA allocated budgets
 Budget allocated for upkeep of equipment, machinery
 Budget allocated for maintenance & rehabilitation of main and feeder canals and lift irrigation
& silt clearance
 Number of staff
 Income and expenditure account
The analysis regarding funding determined that:
i. PID and SIDA are not well organized, located, staffed and equipped (mechanized) to carry
out even routine operation and maintenance functions and;
ii. PID and SIDA have few specifically allocated reserves for coping with floods and other
disasters. There is no identified budget and organizational capacity of IPD is inadequate for
effective conduct of O&M of the Tidal Link and LBOD. This situation will be even
more critical to sustainability once rehabilitation works are accomplished under WSIP-1.
The examination of the data collected and presented in the tables on the present chapter, clearly indicate
that there is no financial muscle for accomplishment of drainage and flood management in the
irrigated areas and along the LBOD. Sustainable entities likely can be made functional only after IPD
and SIDA functions are rationalized and fully implemented such that users pay a fair share for drain
and river works and operations. It is only with financial muscle that organizations can become
sustainable. Otherwise government bureaucrats who set budgets have little sympathy for budgetary
needs and resulting budgets are modified to suit political rather than business goals. The management
of floods is the business of the Nation and the Province, therefore direct identified users of agriculture
and industry should be required to pay only a part of total costs.
The variables that conform the institutional aspects and activities of PID and SIDA clearly depend on
the availability of funding. Specific comments about the different parameters and the relationship with
funding are made:

 Abiana is the primary revenue collected by the FOs. It is not adequate to operate and maintain
distributaries and minors. By law sixty percent of the Abiana collected by FOs is passed to
AWBs. Sixty percent also is inadequate for O&M of the Main and Branch Canals. Abiana is
crop and acreage based and does not encourage efficient water use. This is a major
impediment to reform and achievement of water use efficiencies and consequent potential
increase of National income. Of equal importance to shortfalls of revenue collection is that
the Abiana system of crop acreage assessment and adjustments for yields lends itself to broad

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interpretation and reduced payments. There is an urgent need to rationalize the collection of a
water fee.

Although SIDA is making a maximum effort to collect Abiana through expansion of the
Abdar staff and is conducting intensive programs of training, the collection of Abiana likely
will continue to fall far short of OM&M needs.
Revenue being derived from Abiana is inadequate for OM&M for canal systems of FOs and
AWBs.
 IPD is not carrying out routine maintenance and has only a limited program of
reconstruction and rehabilitation that is constrained by inadequate budgetary allocations.
A well-organized program of Preventative (routine) Maintenance requires that a complete
inventory be made of each structure and its hardware, of each canal and drain reach,
by sections of road and for cross drainage structures, buildings and other infrastructure.
Frequency of each level of inspection for each structure is determined and work tasks
are issued daily to mobile teams whose vehicles are equipped with tools and stores for on-the
spot maintenance. Major problems are written up and repairs are made by ―Force Account‖
involving in-house staff or by subcontracting.
Review of the budgets of Table 7.1 illustrates the severe lack of funds in the budget for other
than personnel, allowances, and office expenses. Monies are not allocated or are miniscule in
these line items of the Provincial Budget for POL, transport, preventative maintenance or for
rehabilitation of facilities considering the backlog of deferred maintenance.
IPD is a bureaucratic organization that has lost much of its capacity to perform because
of inertia and reluctance to self-examine and innovate. Perhaps the most serious of the
problems of the Department is that the Divisions are not staffed, Table 7.6, or equipped to
carry out routine every day maintenance, and compounds and offices are sited as they were
decades earlier when needs were different.
IPD is not organized, equipped, and staffed to carry out a routine program of
maintenance
Neither SIDA nor IPD has organization, staff, or budget to manage rehabilitation,
operation, and management of LBOD. It is urgent that an effective entity with financial
muscle be empowered, organized and dedicated to manage a rehabilitated LBOD/DPOD/
KPOD/Tidal Link/Dhand system. This can be accomplished with consolidation and
restructuring of divisions of IPD that are programmed to be passed to SIDA.
IPD and SIDA have no operational program or staff for maintaining the LBOD
 The transformation of SIDA, AWBs and FOs into utilities began well but has been halted/
stalled due to the reluctance and active opposition to formation of utilities by IPD. The legal
authority, budgetary allocations, and formation of FOs and AWBs provide the basis for early
release of the administrative restraints that bind SIDA and that are preventing its development
into a series of utilities. It is important at this juncture that consideration of roles appropriate
to a self financing Utility and a government bureaucracy like IPD be sorted through. A
utility cannot become self financing if it has to manage floods, bunds, and barrages on the
Indus River. This is more appropriate to IPD which leads to a second point that needs
resolution before SIDA and AWBs can become successful utilities. What are the appropriate
roles for each of the two organizations, should IPD retain control and carry out maintenance
of larger components of the river and canal systems while SIDA has operational input and
buys and sells water, at some agreed point in the canal systems.
 Tubewells. Large numbers of tubewells are not operational mainly due to lack of funding.
Tubewells are not maintained properly due to lack of funds and once they break down the
motors and transformers are cannibalized. Tubewells currently are mismanaged and not
functioning as needed to supply supplemental irrigation water and to provide the drainage

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necessary to reduce water logging. The problem is complicated because tubewells are sited in
fresh water zones, in zones where skimming is taking place and in areas where saline
groundwater is discharged directly to drains.
Many public tubewells are not operational and consequently water logging and salinity are spreading.
7.7 Beneficiaries Participation in the Project and Implementation of O&M Systems
Basis of the Need of Users Participation in O&M
According to IWMI22, Pakistan‘s irrigation systems are built and managed by the government and
they are steadily deteriorating and performing far below users expectations. IWMI also expresses that
“… there is a great mistrust between the agency and users”. IWMI points out the following causes of
ever declining system performance and growing mistrust:
 “Centralized irrigation bureaucracy;
 Under-investment;
 Neglect in operation and maintenance;
 Inequity in water distribution;
 Lack of information sharing;
 rent-seeking behavior;
 Lack of accountability;
 Disregard towards operational rules and;
 High level of political interference.”

To balance out the effects of some of the causes for mistrust and to enhance performance of the
irrigation systems, action on three specific areas have been identified as potential solution: i) the
participation of the beneficiaries in conceptualizing the projects; ii) implementation of projects and;
iii) in the operation and maintenance of the system. A brief introduction about the participation of
beneficiaries in the O&M of irrigation canals is described below and a proposal for the beneficiaries‘
participation in the O&M of agricultural drains is presented. The present document concentrates on
the beneficiaries‘ participation in flooding and drainage because among the objectives of the
Master/Regional Plan23 are:‖… addressing flooding issues and providing proper drainage …”
Background of Beneficiaries Participation in O&M
Skogerboe et al.24 mentions that during the 70s a research program was launched by Colorado State
University with the funding of the U.S. Agency for International Development in Pakistan, when
numerous watercourse conveyance efficiency were measured, disclosing that the watercourse losses
varied from 20 to 70% against a 10% losses assumed at that time. Skogerboe further indicates that by
reconstructing the earthen watercourses, the losses could be initially reduced by 70%. However, this
encouraging reduction in losses would become less effective over time, unless good maintenance
practices were sustained.
Colorado State University research program showed that rebuilding a watercourse required about 45
days of hard farmers work of all the farmers in the chak (about 300 acres of land and about 50 to 75
farmers). This fact imposed the question of whether the farmers would be willing to or not to
undertake this arduous work as part of their contribution of the maintenance of the system.
Skogerboe reports that an On-Farm Water Management Directorate was established in each of the
Provinces of Pakistan. The U.S. Agency for International Development funded a program in 1976

22
Mirza, Z.I., Hassan M.U., Bandaragoda, D.J. Social Mobilization and Management Transfer Guidelines for
Large Canal Systems. IWMI. Lahore Oct. 2000
23
Contract for Consultant‘s Services for Sindh Water Sector Improvement Project Phase-I Preparation of
Regional Plan for the Left bank of Indus Delta and Coastal Zone. SIDA. Hyderabad, March 2010
24
Skogerboe, G.V., Merkley, G.P., Rifenburg, R.F. Establishing Sustainable Farmer-Managed Irrigation
Organizations. Utah State University. Logan, UT Sep. 2002

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with the main aim of organizing the users on a watercourse into a water users association. The chack
farmers reconstructed 90% of their katcha watercourse and brick and mortar lined the remaining 10%
of the same. Following this successful intervention, the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank
and the Japan International Cooperation Agency also funded the program.
Skogerboe mentions that after the initial five years the program commenced to deteriorate as the
emphasis shifted more and more towards the lining of the watercourse. Skogerboe describes the
situation as follows:
“Almost universally, the lining was done at the head of the watercourse to gain support from the head
farmers, who had much less interest in participating as compared with farmers at the tail. At the
same time, organizing the farmers was becoming a farce; instead, only a few influential farmers
participated as the water users association leaders. Although this is a highly popular program
throughout Pakistan, it has steadily become corrupted. First of all, many of the government staff have
now entirely emphasized watercourse lining because they personally benefit from the purchase of
materials in a variety of illicit ways. Secondly, the “rural elite” are capturing much of the benefits
resulting from the program.”
Skogerboe mentions that during 1997, the irrigation departments were reorganized into semi-
autonomous Provincial Irrigation and Drainage Authorities, changing the management of irrigation
canals by area water boards with government and farmer representatives, where the farmers are
organized into water users‘ federations at each secondary canal (distributary).
Skogerboe reports that there has been opposition to this effort: “… most of the resistance comes from
Provincial Irrigation Department staff, who have always benefitted in operating the canals to
maximize rent-seeking rather than agricultural productivity.”
Finally, Skogerboe concludes: “This is an extremely hostile environment for expanding the role of
farmers. First of all, any project design that includes much civil works wil almost assuredly result in
extremely weak implementation of any institutional measures. Secondly, there is a serious question
about having an agency with such strong vested interests in the status quo being entrusted in turning
over their management responsibilities to farmers, let alone being responsible for organizing
farmers.”
On-farm Drainage - OFWM
Ashraf et al.25 indicate that the construction and management of the drainage systems has been the
exclusive controlled by the public sector, that they are gradually deteriorating and performing below
users expectations: “The public sector has, however, failed to ensure proper operation and
maintenance of the drainage system due to the lack of physical and financial resources‖. They
conclude that there is the need to include the participation of the beneficiaries in the operation and
maintenance of the drainage systems: ―There is, therefore, dire need that benefitting communities
should be involved to participate and share their responsibility with the government agencies.‖
Ashraf mentions that at the tertiary level of the irrigation systems, improved on-farm surface drainage
with the participation of beneficiaries has been effective. He further reports that with the financial
support of the Asian Development Bank, in the early 90s, a pilot project for on-farm drainage was
launched in Dera Ghazi khan.
According to Ashraf the project was successful. He reports the assessment of the beneficiaries‘
perceptions as follows:
―As per the Final Evaluation Report of M/S Euroconsult, the first monitoring results showed that most
farmers are quite happy and satisfied with the system that has been constructed and see definite

25
Ashraf, C.M, Mushtaq, R.Q. Participatory On-Fram Drainage for Improved Water Management and Increased
Agricultural Production. Proceedings of the National Conference on Managing Irrigation for Environmentally
Sustainable Agriculture in Pakistan. IIMI. Islamabad November 5-7 1996.

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improvements in the pilot area. The farmers appear to have a clear understanding of about the use of
the tertiary drains and realized the importance of clearing the drains.”
Beneficiaries Participation in Project Implementation and O&M Systems
According to IWMI, Pakistan does have significant experience on the participation of beneficiaries at
tertiary (watercourses) level under the On-Farm Management (OFWM) and Command Water
Management Projects (CWM). IWMI further enlighten the fact that the OFWM is probably the only
program in Pakistan where contractors were not engaged (in the late 90s) and civil works were
supervised and carried out by the farmers themselves.
Evaluations conducted during the late 90s indicated that the work conducted by the WUA was
outstanding by undertaking improvements on cost sharing basis. However, IWMI warns that the
viability of these organizations after renovation was questionable.
Given the fact that there is limited experience in Pakistan in the participation of beneficiaries in the
operation and maintenance of drainage systems and; since the experience in the participation of
farmers in the operation and maintenance of secondary irrigation systems is still evolving, the
Master/Regional Plan Consultants recommend developing some experience with the O&M of field
drains at on-farm water management level before moving into the beneficiaries participation on the
O&M of sub-drains/branch drains (secondary drains).
Proposal for beneficiaries‟ participation on the O&M of field drains at on-farm level
IWMI‘s idea about the planning the participation of stakeholders on the O&M of irrigation systems is
adapted to the requirements for field drainage. This is summarized in the following chart:

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SIDA NGO

Approval for the Prepare scheme for the

implementation of implementation of
participatory O&M of field participatory O&M of field
drains drains

Identify the drainage Division

where to implement the
participation of beneficiaries
in the O&M of the drains

Conduct field consultations

with stakeholders. Visit the
villages and organize field
meetings

Define roles and

responsibilities of
beneficiaries in consultation
workshops with Field level
officials‘ participation

Develop a Beneficiaries
Participation Agreement

Figure 7. 4: Project Planning Process

Beneficiaries Participation Agreement

The agreement between SIDA/AWB and the drainage system beneficiaries is composed of two
segments: i) development of an action plan and; ii) agreement on participation responsibilities.
Action Plan
The Action Plan activities are presented in the chart below, adapted from Skogerboe.

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Beneficiaries Role Activities SIDA‟s Role

1. Routine Maintenance Plan SIDA provides

Beneficiaries‘
Preventive maintenance training
leaders
participate in 2. Operations Plan
―Walk- 3. Monitoring, Evaluation and
SIDA field staff
Through‖ Feedback Program
surveys participate in
4. Deferred Maintenance Plan
training and ―Walk-
Conduct the diagnostic ―Walk-
Through‖ surveys
Through‖ maintenance survey
Prioritize deferred
maintenance needs SIDA develops an
Action Plan

Figure 7. 5: Action plan for roles and activities

Routine maintenance
Routine maintenance activities are the normal undertakings done every year to keep the system
running trouble free. It includes the preventive maintenance, which are the actions needed to solve
minor problems, rather than allowing them to go unattended until the malfunctions become major
problems.
Operations Plan
Plan for the operations of any type of structure that might require human intervention.
M&E and Feedback Program
A series of monitoring parameters should be identified, such as vegetative growth in the drains,
sediment deposition, scouring, choking, number of acres of land benefitted, number of farmers
participating in the program, etc. and it should be monitored on specific time intervals. The data
collected should be transmitted to SIDA/AWB, who should evaluate the performance of the exercise.
Deferred Maintenance
Deferred maintenance has been defined as the accumulation of maintenance needs being accrued
under the routine maintenance program.
Information has to be obtained from the users of the drainage systems, as they are the ones who better
know the system and can express the problems they face and their opinion about possible solutions.
The diagnostic ―Walk-Through‖ maintenance survey should be conducted jointly between the
beneficiaries and the SIDA/AWB field personnel.
Agreement on Participation Responsibilities
The activities of the agreement on participation responsibilities are presented in the chart below,
adapted from Skogerboe.

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Beneficiaries Role Activities SIDA‟s Role

1. Responsibilities
 Beneficiaries
 SIDA Commitment of
Consensus by 2. Implementation Schedule resources
the  Routine Maintenance
Beneficiaries  Operation
to the Action
 M&E and Feedback
Plan
 Deferred Maintenance
3. Resources Provide the training
 Labor needed
 Kind
 Cash/budget
 Equipment
 Materials
4. Training

Figure 7. 6: Agreement on Participation Responsibilities

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DEVELOPMENT PLAN
8 Regional Development Plan for the Left Bank of Indus
8.1 Strategy for formulation of Plan
Understanding that a Master/Regional Plan is a proposed organizational strategy of a specific
territory, of a consented vision of a group of stakeholders that look at the development of the territory
in the long term, the four questions recommended by the Department of Finance of California26 State
for strategic planning are adopted:

How do we measure our progress?

How do we get there?

Where do we want to be?

Where are we now?

These four basic components of the strategy were started and identified by the Sindh Irrigation and
Drainage Authority and the World Bank when the terms of reference and scope of work were
prepared. These are:
Phase – I of the Study

Inventory and assessment of existing conditions

WHERE ARE WE NOW? and identification of issues and problems through
extensive consultations with the population, water
users, and stakeholders in area.

Phase – II of the Study

WHERE DO WE WANT TO BE?
Identification of solutions covering structural and
non-structural options, and institutional and
management measures and their technical

26
Department of Finance.Strategic Planning Guidelines.State of California. May 1998

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environmental and social feasibility. This phase

would also include consultations with the
stakeholders in order to identify the solutions.

Phases III

Preparation of detailed feasibility including

technical, economic, environmental and social
viability and implementation/institutional
arrangement for the solutions identified under
Phase II as high priority.
HOW DO WE GET THERE?

Phase-IV

Preparation of detailed designs and bidding

documents for the most preferred solution for
implementation.

M&E Plan

Implementation of a SIDA M&E Cell/Unit to

monitor and evaluate the project implementation
HOW DO WE MEASURE OUR performance, mechanisms for feedback to the
PROGRESS? implementing agencies, mechanisms for ensuring
that the lessons learned are accounted for, and for
development of management information systems
to monitor project performance effectively.

8.1.1 Proposed Regional Plan preparation Process

The four planning components previously discussed were undertaken by the Consultants in close
coordination with SIDA and partner NGOs. A consultative process which emphasizes the active
participation of stakeholders from each of the regions was designed and implemented. This allowed
the direct participation during the process of consultations through 35 workshops, visits to 231
villages and the direct involvement of 9,077 participants. Among the stakeholders there were
government officials, community leaders, villagers, representatives of different institutions and
NGOs, universities and private sector.
The consultation process took place in two phases. A first phase of diagnosis, in which the
stakeholders defined the fundamental issues, and problems they have to face in their daily lives and a
second phase, in which the stakeholders were consulted again to validate the proposed strategies and
determined the priority of each of the actions. With the interactive sessions with the stakeholders, high
priority interventions were identified, thus building from a systemic approach achieving participatory

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consensus facilitated the Consultants to formulate the proposed Master/Regional plan strategy. Figure
8.1 below presents the different activities conducted in the preparation of the plan.
8.1.2 Proposed Regional Plan Strategy
As guided by the scope of work and terms of reference for the regional plan study for the left bank of
Indus, delta, and coastal areas, the Consultants propose a following strategy to combat waterlogging
and salinity and to ensure safe and timely disposal of drainage effluent, and storm water into the sea
and or natural depressions in the Thar desert.
Since last three decades, consequent to extreme weather changes, localized and widespread riverine
and storm water flooding has frequented the province of Sindh. The unprecedented rains experienced
in the year 2011 exposed the inadequacy and inability of the drainage infrastructure to cope with the
massive runoffs. This resulted in loss of life, substantial damage to urban and rural property and
infrastructure, public utilities and colossal loss of agricultural crops and lands. The main causes were
simultaneous heavy rains in most of the drainage basins, deferred maintenance of the drainage
network, encroachments of natural waterways, and trapping of water. Despite the construction of
reservoirs and major investments in flood protection, there is still a considerable flood hazard. It is
estimated that the total losses from floods were about Rs.454 billion and about 500 lives lost.
In developing the proposed regional plan strategy, the Consultants followed an extensive stakeholder
consultative approach, and organized consultative workshops at community, district, and regional
levels to register their perceptions about the drainage disposal related issues and problems, and to
solicit their perceived solutions and aspirations and identification of priority interventions. The
findings were disseminated widely through print and electronic media for wider awareness and
feedback. Based on this, the prefeasibilities were prepared and prioritized in consultation with
stakeholders, and this lead to the formulation of regional plan and action/implementation plan.
The five main pillars of the proposed strategy are:
1. Safe and timely disposal of surplus drainage effluent, and storm water flood.
2. Combating waterlogging and salinity in non-LBOD areas.
3. Environmental mitigation
4. Institutional Strengthening and capacity building of SIDA
5. Livelihood support to water hazard affected communities.
The graphic representation of the strategy is depicted in the following figure, followed by brief
explanation of rationale of the abovementioned five pillars of the strategy.

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Reduction in Poverty
Increase in Agriculture
Productivity
Reduction of Flood Damages

Regional Plan and Investment Priorities

Safe Disposal Combating Environment Institutional Livelihood

of Surplus Water-logging Mitigation Strengthening Strengthening
Drainage and Salinity &Arresting of & Capacity
Effluent & Sea Water Building
Storm Water Intrusion

Rehabilitation Drainage Mangroves Crises Develop Shrimp

of Existing Infrastructure Plantation in Management and Mud Crab
Drainage in Non LBOD Coastal Area Cell within Farms in Coastal
Infrastructure Zone
Areas SIDA

Revival of
Divestment of Coastal Gender
Natural Introduction of
Waterways FGW Wetland Mainstreaming
Brackish Water
Tubewells Management Fish in LBOD
Catchment

Second Line
of Defense Rehabilitation Inland
d/s Kotri of SGW Wetland Introduction of
Tubewells Management Bio-Saline
Agriculture on
Marginal Lands

Make Shift Conjunctive Use

Arrangements of LBOD water
for Flood for Forestry
Displaced
Persons

Stakeholder Consultative Process to Identify Issues, Problems and Solutions

Figure 8.1: Strategy for Regional Plan for the Left Bank of Indus Delta and Coastal Zone
8.1.3 Pillars of the Strategy
8.1.3.1 Safe and timely disposal of surplus drainage effluent, storm water, and riverine flood
The main reasons that exasperated the losses in 2011 include the lack of reduction of disposal
capacity of the drainage and flood protection system over time due to clogging of the system due to
deferred maintenance, relief cuts, unauthorized tampering of the system, and constrictions due to
physical infrastructure and encroachments. This warrants rehabilitation of existing drainage structure

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and revival of natural waterways to relieve pressure on the LBOD, and divert and harvest surplus
storm water flows in the depressions in the desert areas.
The main interventions/elements of the strategy include strengthening and rehabilitation of the LBOD
system, revival of natural waterways. These structures will ensure safe and timely disposal of the
storm water and avert the massive losses to the economy, if similar extreme precipitation pattern re-
occurs or persist.
The plight of the 2011 flood displaced persons suggest that the drainage system be complemented
with raised make shift shelters on higher grounds, and along the canal banks, roadside, etc. to provide
relief from marooning.
8.1.3.2 Combating waterlogging and salinity in non-LBOD areas
The increasing water table and the associated salinity in areas outside the LBOD catchment is a tale
tell for the declining farm productivity. The situation is precarious not only where there is absence of
drainage structures, but also in areas where existing saline and freshwater drainage tubewells are
nonoperational. The major reason is deferred maintenance and vandalizing of the more than 50-60
percent of the tubewell machinery, and electrical hook up system.
To control the water logging and salinity and to revive farm productivity, the need for installing
drainage system in the areas outside SCARP and LBOD, rehabilitation of the nonfunctional tubewells,
in the saline groundwater zones, and divestment of public sector tubewells in the fresh groundwater
areas and its replacement with a fostering program development of private tubewells.
8.1.3.3 Environmental mitigation
The LBOD system had some unintended negative consequences, due to failure of the outfall
structures, mainly the collapse of Cholri weir, and tidal link, due to onslaught of the 1999 cyclone,
and high tide trends. This led to intrusion of the seawater that degraded the freshwater bodies and
agricultural lands in the coastal areas, and to some extent in the lower reaches of the LBOD system.
This resulted in loss of farm productivity and salinization of the freshwater bodies eroding the fish
catch potential.
To arrest the seawater intrusion would require control structures in the lower reaches, and biological
screening through the plantation of mangroves and other salt tolerant species in the potential coastal
areas including around the tidal link and coastal wetland complex.
In addition to this the inland and coastal wetlands also require attention to ensure improvement of the
local environment. Similarly, forest plantation will be established in LBOD network areas and Kotri
drainage system by using saline and fresh water in either conjunctive of cyclic ways. This would
serve as an instrument for improving the local climate.
8.1.3.4 Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Building of SIDA
During the 2011 floods, SIDA played an important role in managing the disposal of the storm water
floods, and coordination with a vast array of agencies. The responsibility was not commensurate with
the available resources. It highlighted the need for creating a crisis management cell with the SIDA,
as a hub for coordination between agencies, and serve as clearinghouse for the storm water flood
related information system, including early warning system, and rescue and relief operations. In
addition to this, the women stakeholders felt that most of the SIDA field staff is not adequately gender
sensitive, and gender concerns need to be mainstreamed for inclusive participatory irrigation
management.
8.1.3.5 Livelihood support to rural communities
The livelihood of stakeholders, particularly those residing in the lower reaches of the LBOD system,
were adversely affected due to degradation of agricultural land due to seawater encroachment and
decrease in the fish production due to salinization of freshwater bodies. This has rendered many
household into economic deprivation. Stakeholders emphasized the need for introducing appropriate

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income generating enterprises to gainfully engage the unemployed persons. Following this exigent
need, various income generating activities need to be supported.
8.2 Stakeholder Voices, Perceptions, and Aspirations
8.2.1 Approach and methodology
In order to be able to determine the first component of the strategy described above as Where Are We
Now?, the relevant issues/problems, voices, perceptions and aspirations of the stakeholders were
identified by following a qualitative approach. Everet and Louis (1981) define qualitative approach as
―inquiry from the inside‖ and quantitative approach as ―inquiry from the outside‖.
“These approaches differ in the degree of the researcher‟s immersion in terms of experiential
engagement, direct contact with the subjects, and physical involvement in the setting. In the
“inside” or qualitative approach, the researcher aims for a holistic picture from historically
unique situations, where idiosyncrasies are important for meaning. The researcher uses an
inductive mode, letting the data speak. In contrast, traditional “outside” or quantitative
researchers aim to isolate the phenomenon, to reduce the level of complexity in the analysis
and to test hypotheses derived previously.”(Cited in Sonia Ospina, 2004)
In order to cover a large geographical area and a number, diversity and complexity of issues, a multi-
dimensional methodological approach was adopted for the consultations with communities and
poverty assessment. The approach focused on:
i. Location
The Project area is divided in three Area Water Boards. Each Area Water Board is represented in the
sample by the number of consultations with stakeholders at district level and number of villages from
different districts. The districts located outside the Area Water Board are also represented in the
sample.
ii. Persisting issues
Population residing in different parts of the province faces different problems. To ensure
representation of villages facing different problems, a focus on persisting problems was applied.
iii. Current flooding issues
The enormous current flooding affected a countless number of villages and settlements across the
Project area. A number of currently affected villages are included in the sample.
iv. Extreme poverty
Poverty has remained one of the most serious problems of Pakistan- over one third of the population
is living under the poverty line. About forty-four percent of population is below the poverty line on
the human poverty index (UNDP, 2002). Although governmental bodies, local and international
NGOs, and international organizations operating in Pakistan have made eradication of poverty a top
priority and have operated many social development programs, poverty has been on a rise when
compared to the level of 26 percent in 1988 (GoP, 2003). A significant proportion of Pakistan's
population does not have adequate quantity and quality of food, access to basic services and
opportunities and hence are particularly vulnerable to economic, environmental and political shocks.
Sixty five percent of Pakistan's population lives in rural areas and majority of them live below the
poverty line (World Bank, 2002). Poverty is especially spread in the Lower Sindh region.
8.2.2 Sampling Design and Sample Size
A feature of qualitative sampling is that a small number of cases are sampled. The data aim for depth
as well as breadth in understanding Project related issues as seen through the eyes of the affected
people. The corresponding sample methodology involved non-probability sampling as it did not aim
to produce a statistically representative sample or draw statistical inference. The targeted phenomenon

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/ issue needs only to appear once in the sample. Nevertheless, relevant quantitative data on the village
level were also collected and analyzed in this study.
In order to fairly cover the whole Project area (including the districts outside the Area Water Boards)
and to ensure representation of rural and urban/semi-urban population which faces different problems,
a purposive sampling within a multi-dimensional approach was considered as one of the most
applicable approaches to address the aims of the defined tasks. The combination of methodological
tools enabled reasonable insight into communities‘ perceptions about contemporary problems, causes
of the persisting poverty and problems and their concerns and suggestions about the effects of Project
related issues on their livelihoods.
A broad range of issues and corresponding villages were identified across the Project area. Identified
issues were grouped into a few main categories which served as the selection criteria for villages
which could comprise the village sample. Overall, pre-identified issues were grouped into seven
major categories: water shortage, water logging, safe disposal of drainage water, salinity, sea
intrusion, LBOD/drainage effects and current flooding. Consequently, seven village sample selection
criteria were set.
Each of the seven major issues are represented by one or two villages (depending on severity of issues
in a particular area). The largest sample was assigned to the Left Bank Area Water Boards mainly due
to the most severe effects from the LBOD and the recent flooding in districts Badin and Thatta.
Districts outside the Area Water Boards are represented by one or two villages. In total, 36 out of 61
identified villages were chosen to comprise the sample for the LBOD/Drainage issues/problems study.
The selection of a sample village within identified villages was determined according to issues
prevailing in each area.
All eight districts in the Lower Sindh are covered by consultations on poverty. Based on the criteria
for identification of rural areas, stakeholders, UC offices and local NGOs helped to identify rural
Union Councils in each district. One Union Council in each district and one Deh in the sample Union
Council were selected randomly. Representatives from each village in a sampled deh participated at
consultations. Overall, 40 villages from the area were consulted in the poverty assessment.
More is discussed about sample size in Chapter 9 the sub-chapter corresponding to social issues.
8.2.3 Stakeholder consultations
The process refers to the full and equal involvement of men and women of all ages, backgrounds and
social status in the decision making processes, especially in activities which affect their lives and lives
of their communities. Women and other vulnerable groups are often excluded from the decision
making process particularly in the public spheres. The meaningful community participation assumes
systemic learning processes which will lead to action and change.
It was essential that all major stakeholders were identified and given the opportunity to be involved
and informed regarding the Project, the irrigation and drainage issues and potential structural and non-
structural solutions for the current issues/problems. Open public consultation sessions, workshops and
other systems for receiving comments are indispensable for encouragement and opportunity for any
interested parties to access information about the Project and to express their opinions, suggestions
and recommendations relevant to the Project.
As already underlined, a meaningful community and stakeholders‘ engagement goes beyond formal
dissemination of the Project information or people‘s pro-forma voicing their opinions. It should build
trust, rapport and understanding between the stakeholders and to ensure that the perspectives and
realities of the Project beneficiaries are integrated into longer-term strategies and concrete actions.
The consultations with communities and other major stakeholders were conducted on five levels:
grassroots level, district level, Area Water Board level, regional level (to be conducted) and national
level (to be conducted).
Identification of issues and problems: There are 3,259 villages/settlements in the Project area
(UNOCHA 2010 and PCO). The Consultant accessed 148 villages, which represent about 4.5% of the

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sample universe. Each of fifteen districts in the Project area, and each of the three Area Water Boards
were represented in the consultations on the Project issues and problems. The consultations involved
the collection of primarily qualitative data from primary sources. The consultations were conducted at
five levels: grassroots level, district level, Area Water Board level, and regional and national levels.
Community consultations were conducted topically for specific issues. Consultations were conducted
for: 1) LBOD/drainage issues and problems in 36 villages, 2) poverty issues in 40 villages of Lower
Sindh, 3) economic and livelihood issues in 60 villages and 4) environmental issues in 12 villages.
More than 300 different organizations, NGOs, CBOs etc. were represented at consultations and over
5,000 stakeholders were directly consulted. The area directly accessed for consultations represents
over 300,000 residents.
Identification of solutions: The workshops at the district level were organized in the following
districts: Ghotki, Sukkur and Khaipur, NousheroFeroze, Nawabshah, Mirpurkhas and Tando Allahyar,
Sanghar, Hyderabad and Matiari, Badin, Thatta, Tando Muihammed Khan, Tharparkar and Umerkot.
In addition, one workshop was organized for each of the three Area Water Boards (Ghotki Feeder
Canal AWB, Nara Canal AWBs and Left Bank Canal AWB). The final wrap up workshop was
conducted in Karachi with participation of regional and national stakeholders.
The consultations with stakeholders and affected communities include the following: workshops with
stakeholders, open community consultations with sample village population, focus group discussions,
and key informant interviews:
Workshops with stakeholders
In order to cover a geographically large Project area, the Consultant organized and conducted
stakeholders‘ workshops in the following districts: Badin, Thatta, Umerkot, Tando Muhammad Khan,
Hyderabad, Mirpurkhas, TandoAllahyar, Matiari, Sanghar, Ghotki, Sukkur, NausheroFeroze, Shaheed
Benazirabad, and Khairpur. The stakeholders came from a variety of organizations and groups such as
farming communities, fishermen, villagers, urban populations, non-government organizations
(NGOs), water user groups, groups interested in environmental and social issues, women‘s groups,
civil society organizations, universities, local media and others. Over 300 organizations, NGOs and
Civil societies were represented at the stakeholders‘ workshops.
To achieve transparency, continuity in the stakeholders‘ participation and to encourage ownership of
the Project, the Consultant shared the workshop records, notes and photographs with the participants
and asked them to review the records, fill in the gaps in the information and give additional comments
and opinions. These actions were taken for the sake of thoroughness and partly in response to specific
observations of those consulted.
Open community consultations
Open community consultations were conducted in 36 sample villages in the fourteen districts of the
Project area. Villagers were informed about intended community consultations a minimum of one day
prior to consultations. Usually, an NGO working in the area was engaged to inform villagers about the
consultations and to help in organizing the meeting. The participants were verbally informed about the
Project and the objectives of the consultations with them. Overall, 70 open community consultations
for 36 villages in fourteen districts were conducted.
Focus Group Discussions
Focus group discussions were planned to be conducted with village women. The objective of these
discussions was to ascertain women‘s perceptions of problems and issues related to the Project
benefits. Out of the 36 visited villages, only two focus group discussions on Project related issues
with women were conducted. In the rest of the sample villages, open community consultations were
conducted with women as great number of women requested to participate. Poverty assessment was
based on the focus group discussions with representatives from each village in a sampled deh. In total,
the poverty assessment included 8 focus group discussions with men and eight with women.

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Key Informant Interviews

Additional information on the village population, available basic services in the villages, distance and
access to services outside the villages, information on the village poor, landless, education, health etc,
was collected from the key informants. The Consultant conducted 36 such interviews; one in each of
the sampled villages. In addition, eight key informant interviews were conducted at eight dehs for
assessment of poverty. The matrix for village data collection was prepared in advance. Usually, the
key person was the village headman, a wadera, a local teacher or any other educated and/or well
informed person.
Case Studies
To complement findings obtained through the focus group discussions on poverty, the Consultant
conducted 16 case studies, 8 with women and 8 with men. The focus group participants chose the
poorest members among the participants for the case studies. The case studies thus are narrative and
document life in poverty as experienced by the poorest.
In addition, 10,000 Project pamphlets in Sindhi and 1,000 in English were distributed. A hotline
number for public questions and comments and an email account for stakeholders‘ comments/
opinions were established. Individual feedbacks were incorporated into community consultations
records and in the final analysis of the stakeholders/community consultations. The stakeholders
request continuity in meaningful engagement and consequential actions to follow.
8.2.4 Stakeholder Perceptions about the Issues and Problems
The majority of the consulted villages and stakeholders report the absence of meaningful
consultations with the communities. There is disbelief that anyone will consult locals at all, and a
deeply embedded distrust about the outcome of the consultations prevailing in the visited villages.
The information from the villages and the stakeholders consistently indicate that people want genuine
consultations, appropriate actions and feedback on any action taken.
In areas where some consultations with the stakeholders were conducted in the past, the stakeholders
stated that no value was given to their opinions and suggestions. People do not believe that any of
their suggestions will be considered at all: „At least, please forward these suggestions to the
concerned quarters‟. Stakeholders, Sanghar
The stakeholders requested transparency and accountability in any project in their area and, in
particular, that the projects‘ cost and expenditure are published in the newspapers, so, that the
population is properly informed.
The significance of consulting men and women equally about any of the issues related to their lives is
of ultimate importance. In each of the visited villages, women were genuinely surprised that anyone
asked for their opinion and recommendations. An absence of social inclusion of women in voicing
their opinions and participating in the decision making process in public spheres of their lives is
persistent.
The following were the main issues brought up at the community consultations.
8.2.4.1 LBOD/ Drainage System
The opinions of the stakeholders and communities about the LBOD are divided. Those who benefited
from the LBOD expressed a positive opinion, while those who experienced negative effects, the
communities from Badin and Thatta districts in particular, are angry and frustrated. According to the
communities experiencing negative effects, the LBOD water became poisonous, it has deprived
thousands of families of their source of livelihood, caused displacement of the villagers and affected
agricultural production. The intended purpose of LBOD was to drain out saline and storm water and
to alleviate water logging and salinity. However, the adversely affected people strongly feel that the
LBOD has failed to fulfill its objective. The communities claim that LBOD always brings flood, it
was not constructed appropriately, it does not drain rain water properly, and it has caused substantial
losses to the people, ecological system, fisheries and agriculture in many areas.

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Some stakeholders believe that The World Bank has its own interests in giving loans. „Keenjhar and
Haleeji lakes projects were financed by the IMF and the World Bank and both projects have failed.
We know consultations were also conducted before for LBOD but the suggestions of the local
community were not given any value‟.(Stakeholders, Thatta) In addition, there were some opinions
that that the World Bank should compensate the population for lost lives, livelihoods and degraded
environment caused by the LBOD.
Some communities expressed serious reservation against any future drainage/irrigation projects. Their
arguments range from the total rejection of any extension of the drainage system because of the bad
experience of some villages with LBOD, to contentions that no drains should be built across the land
of small growers because they cannot afford t