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Reading Test
65 M I NU TES, 5 2 QUESTIONS

Turn to Section 1 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section.

Each passage or pair of passages below is followed by a number of questions. After reading
each passage or pair, choose the best answer to each question based on what is stated or
implied in the passage or passages and in any accompanying graphics (such as a table or
graph).

Questions 1-10 are based on the following in a classroom trailer, and when she opened the flute
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passage. case she nearly winced from the glare bouncing off all
This passage is adapted from Rita Dove, Through the Ivory 30 that polished silver, those gloating caps and hinges.
Gate. ©1992 by Rita Dove. The novel's main character, The clarinet was worse-it looked like an overdesigned
Virginia, has just found her old cello while unpacking after a walking stick, sounded like a clown laughing, and had
move. reeds that needed to be softened in spit.
The music teacher shut the cases with a succession
She had not played seriously since college. 35 of curt clicks. "That leaves the strings,” she sighed,
Accompanying the theater troupe's performances and leading the way back through the noonday blaze and
clowning around as her friend Parker picked out old into the main building, where the violins, violas,
Line Beatles songs on the piano didn't count-that wasn't cellos and double basses were housed. There, by
5 real music, music that made you forget where you virtue of its sonorous name, Virginia asked for the
were, made you forget where your arms and legs 40 violoncello-and was too intimidated by the teacher’s
ended and luscious sound began. growing impatience to protest when what emerged
She had started playing the cello when she was from the back closets was something resembling not
nine, shortly after the move to Arizona. At the a guitar, but a childsized android. In her anguish
10 beginning of the school year in Akron, every child in Virginia bowed her head and blindly accepted the
fourth grade had been issued a pre-instrument called 45 instrument. It was not long, however, before she
a tonette so the teacher could determine who had an realized that she had made a good choice, for the
"aptitude" for music. Virginia had liked the neatness sound of its name was synonymous with the
of the tonette, its modest musical range and how it fit throbbing complaint that poured out of its
15 into her school desk on the right side. Whenever she cumbersome body.
covered a fingerhole, she felt the contour of its 50 It took her nearly a year just to learn how to hold
slightly raised lip and imagined she was playing the it properly. She had been accustomed to practicing
tentacle of an octopus. after school, but one weekend evening while her
She had chafed through months of scales and parents were out, she dragged the instrument into
20 simple songs, waiting for the moment when she their bedroom and used pillows to prop the music on
would walk across the auditorium stage and choose: 55 the armchair. She was just about to sit on the edge of
kneel among the rows of somber black cases, undo the bed when something, maybe the shadow thrown
the metal clasps and fling open the lid to reveal her from the flowered lampshade or the slats of light
instrument, a flute or a clarinet, glowing softly, half sifting from the street, made her want to do things
25 buried in deep blue velvet. right. She got a straightback chair from the dining
But before she could make her choice, they moved 60 room and sat down correctly, bringing the
to Arizona. There, the music instruments were stored instrument slowly toward her body. The lamp picked

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up the striations down the back of the wood, each

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strip slightly different, a little browner, a little more
golden, but meeting its mate at the spine, a barely As used in line 38, “housed" is most similar in
65 perceptible seam. For the first time she saw that the meaning to which other word as used in the
back of the cello was rounded like a belly, the belly of passage?
a tiger she had to bring close to her, taming it before A) "covered" (line 16)
she was torn limb from limb. She had to love and not B) "moved" (line 26)
be scared, and show the cat that it did not need to
70 growl to protect itself. The animal stood on its hind C) "stored" (line 27)
legs and pressed its torso to hers, one paw curled like D) "opened" (line 28)
a ribbon behind her left ear. It was heavy; she sat very
straight in the chair in order to support it.
Funny how fantasy works. And memory. I haven't
75 thought about that evening in years. Virginia bent
down and lay the cello case on its back, as she knelt to
unsnap the metal clasps.

4
1 Based on the passage, which choice best describes
The repetition of the phrase "made you forget" in Virginia's reaction to the flute and clarinet in the
lines 5-6 primarily serves to classroom trailer?

A) emphasize the qualities Virginia associates with A) She is skeptical of the quality of both
powerful music. instruments, in particular that of the clarinet.
B) recreate Virginia's emotional reaction to the B) She is repelled by the appearance of both
Beatles songs she once heard. instruments and by the sound of the clarinet.
C) suggest that Virginia’s memories of the theater C) She is concerned about the poor conditions in
troupe are fading with time. which both instruments have been stored.
D) highlight the regret Virginia feels about ending D) She is frustrated by the difficulty of playing
her musical studies. either instrument properly.

2
In the passage, the description of Virginia’s 5
experience with the tonette illustrates which aspect
According to the passage, Virginia allows herself to
of her relationship with music?
be assigned the violoncello because
A) Her extraordinary aptitude for music at a
young age. A) she is reluctant to request an alternative.
B) Her early interest in and commitment to music B) it is the last instrument remaining in the trailer.
C) Her initial fear of failure as she learned to play C) its graceful form reminds her of a wild animal.
music D) the sound it produces has soulful attributes.
D) Her resentment as a child of the time required
to practice music

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6 8
In the passage, the narrator suggests that Virginia In the sixth paragraph (lines 50-73), the narrator
perceives a relationship between which aspects of a suggests that Virginia recognizes a need to change
musical instrument? her attitude toward the cello from one of
A) What it is called and how it sounds A) uncertainty to firm commitment
B) How it should be played and the maintenance B) dissatisfaction to reluctant acceptance
it requires
C) apprehension to calm affection
C) What it looks like and how popular it is
D) frustration to deep respect
D) How widely available it is and how easy it is to
master

9
7
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question?
answer to the previous question?
A) Lines 50-51 ("It took ... properly")
A) Lines 19-25 ("She ... velvet")
B) Lines 51-55 ("She had ... armchair")
B) Lines 26-30 ("But ... hinges")
C) Lines 59-61 ("She ... her body")
C) Lines 34-38 ("The music ... housed")
D) Lines 68-70 ("She ... itself")
D) Lines 45-49 ("It was ... body")

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In the context of the passage as a whole, the
italicized sentences in lines 74-75 mainly serve to
A) cast doubt on the accuracy of Virginia's
memories.
B) introduce the point of view of a new character.
C) suggest a contrast between real and imagined
events.
D) indicate a shift in time and perspective.

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Questions 11-21 are based on the following connection in a real-world setting. She asked students

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45
passages. to carry out five "random acts of kindness" of their
This passage is adapted from Elizabeth Svoboda, What choice every week for six weeks-they could choose
Makes a Hero? The Surprising Science of Selflessness. ©2013 by anything that benefited others, from making a
Elizabeth Svoboda. homeless person a meal to helping a kid with a school
50 assignment. The subjects experienced higher levels of
A variety of studies have confirmed the strength happiness than controls when they performed all five
of the connection between altruism and well-being. kind acts in one day, suggesting that the well-being
In 1999, the behavioral medicine specialist Carolyn boost is pronounced when people help often.
Line Schwartz, then at the University of Massachusetts, Interestingly, though, students who spaced the
5 and her colleagues divided multiple sclerosis patients 55 kind acts out, performing them on different days,
into two groups and had members of one group call didn't experience the same happiness boost.
members of the other regularly to provide them with Lyubomirsky's work suggests altruistic acts may need
emotional support. After tracking the groups for to be frequent in order to confer a lasting change in
three years, Schwartz found that the helpers—the well-being. With isolated acts of helping, says the
10 people in the phone-call group—reported profound 60 London School of Economics social scientist
improvements in their self-worth and their moods. Francesca Borgonovi, "it could be that there’s a very
"These people seemed to be blossoming," Schwartz short—narrowly defined in time and space—bump in
says. "They talked about how helping other people happiness that doesn’t shift your [overall] happiness
transformed their experience of multiple sclerosis in any meaningful way."
15 from something that victimized them to something 65 On balance, though, being generous boosts your
that enabled them to be a positive force in the world." mood and health because it strengthens your sense
In a 2010 survey of more than 4,500 American that you're really doing something significant. The
volunteers, 89 percent—nearly 9 in 10—stated that social psychologist Sara Konrath of the University of
volunteering improved their sense of well-being, Michigan notes that helping others may signal our
20 while a sizable majority reported that it lowered their 70 bodies to release pleasurable chemicals such as
stress levels and enhanced their sense of purpose in oxytocin. The boost we get from helping may also
life. This connection appears to hold true regardless mute our stress response, causing us to release fewer
of culture: In a 2012 study of older Maori and non- jarring stress hormones such as cortisol and
Maori in New Zealand, those who volunteered more norepinephrine.
25 often scored higher on happiness measures.
In best-case scenarios, regular helping may even
help stave off an early death. Analyzing data from
more than seven thousand respondents collected for
the government's Longitudinal Study of Aging, the
30 researchers Alex Harris and Carl Thoresen found that
frequent volunteers had a 19 percent lower mortality
risk than people who never volunteered when the
subjects' level of social support was taken into
account. That means volunteering is associated with
35 longer survival independent of the advantages social
ties provide. Even more dramatically, when
University of Michigan researchers studied 423 older
couples who were followed for five years, those who
helped others were nearly 60 percent less likely to die
40 during the study period than those who never helped.
While many survey studies have found more or
less strong associations between helping and
happiness, the University of California, Riverside,
psychologist Sonja Lyubomirsky wanted to test the

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As used in line 42, "associations" most nearly means
A) links.
B) organizations.
C) combinations.
D) partnerships.

14
If true, which finding of a survey of the general
population would most undermine the author's
interpretation of Lyubomirsky's study?
A) The happiness boost associated with altruistic
acts remains constant when more than five
altruistic acts are performed in a single day.
B) While all altruistic acts confer a happiness boost,
altruistic acts that lead to immediate benefits
11
confer the greatest boost.
Based on the passage, which choice best describes C) The amount of happiness people feel as a result
the relationship between emotional support and
of performing altruistic acts increases with the
well-being as shown by Schwartz's study?
effort those acts require.
A) Both givers and recipients of emotional support D) Occasional altruistic acts result in long-lasting
reported increased well-being. increases in the personal happiness of those who
B) Givers of emotional support reported increased perform them.
well-being, while recipients reported no change.
C) Givers of emotional support reported increased
well-being.
D) Both givers and recipients of emotional support
reported initial wellbeing followed by a return to
their previous condition.
15
In lines 61-64, the author includes the quotation
from Borgonovi most likely to
12 A) indicate the hypothesis that Lyubomirsky's
As used in line 16, "positive" most nearly means study was intended to test.
B) provide a possible explanation for a result of
A) confident Lyubomirsky's study.
B) practical C) criticize Lyubomirsky for failing to consider
C) specific the benefits of short-term happiness.
D) beneficial D) compare the results of Lyubomirsky's study
with those of another study about kind acts.

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19
The author most strongly suggests that people who Based on information in the passage, it can
perform altruistic acts benefit partly because of reasonably be inferred that the majority of survey
respondents represented in figure 1
A) beliefs that they hold about the effect of such
acts. A) value volunteering because they have a high
B) feedback that they receive from those who degree of empathy.
benefit from such acts. B) may have experienced decreases in the level of
C) changes in brain chemistry that occur when they certain hormones after volunteering.
merely think about such acts. C) are likely to live longer than are volunteers who
D) the social approval that they receive for disagreed with the statements.
performing such acts. D) always have higher levels of oxytocin circulating
in their bloodstreams than do nonvolunteers.

17 20
Which choice provides the best evidence for the Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question? answer to the previous question?
A) Lines 3-8 (“In 1999 ... support”) A) Lines 17-22 ("In a ... life")
B) lines 57-59 ("Lyubomirsky's ... well-being”) B) Lines 22-25 ("This connection ... measures")
C) lines 65-67 ("On balance ... significant") C) Lines 36-40 ("Even ... helped")
D) lines 67-71 ("The social ... oxytocin") D) Lines 71-74 ("The boost ... norepinephrine")

21
18
Which choice best states the relationship between
According to figure 1, the highest percentage of the two figures and the passage?
respondents agreed that volunteering has
A) Both figures offer data that challenge the
A) positively affected their physical health. primary claim of the passage.
B) given them a renewed sense of self-esteem. B) Both figures provide the specific results of
C) made them feel a greater sense of purpose. studies discussed in the passage.
D) helped them control their responses to stress. C) Both figures present a visual interpretation of
the first study mentioned in the passage
D) Both figures describe studies that the author
claims require further evaluation

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Questions 22-31 are based on the following and technology at MIT—produce isopropanol

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passage and supplementary material. (rubbing alcohol), which can be burned in an engine
This passage is adapted from Jonathan Shaw, "The 'Bionic
much like the gasoline additive ethanol.
Leaf.'” ©2015 by Harvard Magazine Inc. "The advantage of interfacing the inorganic
50 catalyst with biology is you have an unprecedented
Harvard scientists have created a "bionic leaf" that platform for chemical synthesis that you don't have
converts solar energy into a liquid fuel. The work—a with inorganic catalysts alone," says Brendan Colon, a
proof of concept in an exciting new field that might graduate student in systems biology in the Silver lab.
Line be termed biomanufacturing—is the fruit of a "Life has evolved for billions of years to produce
5 collaboration between the laboratories of professor of 55 catalysts capable of making chemical modifications
biochemistry and systems biology Pamela Silver and on complicated molecules with surgical precision,
professor of energy Daniel Nocera. The pair, who many times at room temperature," Colon explains. "If
began collaborating two years ago, share an interest you can use enzymes for building chemicals, you
in developing energy sources that might someday open the door to making many of the natural
10 have practical application in remote locales in the 60 compounds we rely on every day," such as antibiotics,
developing world. Silver dubbed the system "bionic" pesticides, herbicides, fertilizer, and pharmaceuticals.
because it joins a biological system to a clever piece of Members of Silver's lab have been working to
inorganic chemistry previously developed by Nocera: perfect the tricky interface between the catalyst and
that invention, widely known as the artificial leaf, the bacteria, so that they will thrive and grow
15 converts solar energy into hydrogen fuel. 65 optimally. In its first iteration, the bionic leaf matched
Nocera's artificial leaf, which serves as the fuel the efficiency of photosynthesis in plants, far below
source in the bionic leaf, works by sandwiching a the capabilities of Nocera's underlying artificial leaf.
photovoltaic cell between two thin metal oxide Now the team is working to surpass blue-green algae,
catalysts. When submersed in a glass of water at which—at 5 percent efficiency—do better at
20 room temperature and normal atmospheric pressure, 70 photosynthesis than plants. Colon has been
the artificial leaf mimics photosynthesis. Current developing a strain of the bacterium that grows well
from the silicon solar wafer is fed to the catalysts, even at the lower voltages that might be emitted by
which split water molecules: oxygen bubbles off the the solar wafer at the system’s core on a cloudy day,
catalyst on one side of the wafer, while hydrogen rises for example; this could dramatically improve overall
25 from the catalyst on the wafer’s other side. Nocera 75 efficiency.
has been perfecting the artificial leaf since he first Ultimately, though, Silver's goal is not to create
demonstrated it in 2011; today, it is far more efficient fuels from this work, but "high-value commodities" in
than a field-grown plant, which captures only 1 remote places. Fuel, she notes wryly, is cheap "because
percent of sunlight’s energy. He says he can reach we fight wars over it”-and developing a system that
30 efficiencies of 70 percent to 80 percent of the 80 could make fuel at a price lower than gasoline would
underlying solar-wafer technology, which is therefore be very difficult, she says. Drugs, on the
improving constantly. other hand, are high-value commodities, so
The hydrogen it produces is a versatile fuel from a engineering a bacterium to produce not isopropanol
chemical standpoint, Nocera reports, and could easily but a vitamin or a drug may be her next goal for this
35 become the basis of a fuel cell, but it has not been 85 system.
widely adopted, in part because it is a gas. Liquid
fuels are much easier to handle and store, hence the
new bionic leafs importance.
In the bionic leaf, the hydrogen gas is fed to a
40 metabolically engineered version of a bacterium
called Ralstonia eutropha. The bacteria combine the
hydrogen with carbon dioxide as they divide to make
more cells, and then—through a trick of
bioengineering pioneered by Anthony Sinskey,
45 professor of microbiology and of health sciences

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22
The primary purpose of the passage is to The main purpose of the second paragraph (lines
16-32) is to
A) discuss the development end significance of the
bionic leaf A) discuss the advantages of a potential competitor
B) document current commercial uses of the bionic to the bionic leaf.
leaf B) explain the workings of a central component of
C) present a scientific debate about the effectiveness the bionic leaf.
of the bionic leaf C) describe the role of photosynthesis in the
D) analyze the differences between the artificial leaf development of the bionic leaf.
and the bionic leaf D) compare the efficiency of the bionic leaf with
that of the artificial leaf.

23
The first paragraph implies that Silver and Nocera's 26
research was motivated in part by a desire to address
which problem? The passage indicates that the artificial leaf carries
out which chemical process?
A) Many developing countries lack natural
resources that are convertible to fuel. A) It splits water into hydrogen and oxygen.
B) Liquid fuels are easier to produce than gas fuels B) It splits carbon dioxide into carbon and oxygen.
but are less efficient. C) It combines oxygen and carbon dioxide.
C) It is difficult to transfer solar energy over long D) It combines hydrogen and carbon dioxide.
distances after it is collected.
D) Some communities lack adequate access to
reliable energy sources.

24
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A) Lines 1-2 ("Harvard ... fuel")
B) Lines 2-7 (“The work ... Nocera")
C) Lines 7-11 (“The pair ... world")
D) Lines 11-15 (“Silver ... fuel”)

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27 29

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As used in line 28, "captures" most nearly means Colon’s remarks in the fifth paragraph (lines 49-61)
primarily serve to
A) records
A) highlight the technological sophistication and
B) describes intricate design of the bionic leaf.
C) uses B) praise the collaborative spirit and hard work of
D) conquers the inventors of the bionic leaf.
C) illustrate the careful testing and continuous
improvement of the bionic leaf.
D) emphasize the innovative nature and great
potential of the bionic leaf.

28
As used in line 43, "trick" most nearly means
A) clever technique.
B) mischievous prank.
C) fleeting illusion.
D) deliberate deception.

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30 31
As presented in the passage, the researchers make Which choice provides the best evidence for
which assumption about the bionic leaf that has yet the answer to the previous question?
to be substantiated?
A) Lines 41-48 ("The bacteria ... ethanol")
A) The efficiency of the leaf can equal the B) Lines 49-53 ("The advantage ... lab")
efficiency of plant photosynthesis.
C) Lines 54-57 ("Life ... explains")
B) The leaf can be used to produce chemical
compounds other than isopropanol. D) Lines 57-61 ("If you ... pharmaceuticals")

C) The artificial catalysts used in the leaf can be

replaced by natural catalysts.
D) The leaf can generate a fuel that powers engines
as efficiently as ethanol does.

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Questions 32-41 are based on the following is in the nature of man, to yearn and struggle for

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passages. freedom. The germ of freedom is in every individual,
Passage 1 is adapted from Albert Luthuli's speech to the 40 in anyone who is a human being. In fact, the history
South African Congress of Democrats, delivered in 1958. of mankind is the history of man struggling and
Passage 2 is adapted from Harold Macmillan's address to the striving for freedom. Indeed, the very apex of human
South African Parliament, delivered in 1960. At the time of achievement is FREEDOM and not slavery. Every
these speeches, South Africa was in the process of human being struggles to reach that apex.
transitioning from a British colony to an independent
republic under a system of white-minority rule known as Passage 2
apartheid. Luthuli was the president of the African National 45 The wind of change is blowing through this
Congress, a group advocating equality for black South continent and whether we like it or not, this growth
Africans; Macmillan, the prime minister of Britain, was of national consciousness is a political fact. And we
addressing the all-white South African Parliament. must all accept it as a fact, and our national policies
Passage 1 must take account of it.
Those of us who are in the freedom struggle in this 50 Of course you understand this better than anyone,
country have really only one gospel. We may possibly you are sprung from Europe, the home of
shade it in different ways, but it is a gospel of nationalism, and here in Africa you have yourselves
Line democracy and freedom. created a free nation. A new nation. Indeed, in the
5 If we are true to South Africa, that must be our history of our times yours will be recorded as the first
vision, a vision of South Africa as a fully democratic 55 of the African nationalists. And this tide of national
country. It cannot in honesty be claimed that she is consciousness which is now rising in Africa, is a fact,
yet really democratic, when only about a third of her for which you and we, and the other nations of the
people enjoy democratic rights, and the rest- Western world are ultimately responsible. For its
10 notwithstanding the fact that they constitute the causes are to be found in the achievements of
majority-are still subjected to apartheid rule. I 60 Western civilization...
emphasize the words "are still,” because I do believe I am sure you will agree that in our own areas of
firmly that it is not a state that can be perpetuated. responsibility we must each do what we think right.
Apartheid rule is the antithesis of democracy. What we British think right derives from a long
15 Apartheid-in theory and in practice-is an effort, to experience both of failure and success in the
make Africans march back to tribalism. 65 management of these affairs. We try to learn and
Sometimes very nice and pretty phrases are used apply the lessons of both. Our judgement of right and
to justify this diversion from the democratic road. wrong and of justice is rooted in the same soil as
The one that comes to my mind is the suggestion that yours-in Christianity and in the rule of law as the
20 we Africans will "develop along our own lines.” I do basis of a free society. This experience of our own
not know of any people who really have “developed 70 explains why it has been our aim in the countries for
along their own lines." My fellow white South which we have borne responsibility, not only to raise
Africans, enjoying what is called "Western the material standards of life, but to create a society
civilization," should be the first to agree that this that respects the rights of individuals, a society in
25 civilization is indebted to previous civilizations, from which men are given the opportunity to grow to their
the East, from Greece, Rome and so on. For its 75 full stature-and that must in our view include the
heritage, Western civilization is really indebted to opportunity of an increasing share in political power
very many sources, both ancient and modern... and responsibility, a society finally in which
The essence of development along your own lines individual merit and individual merit alone, is the
30 is that you must have the right to develop, and the criterion for a man's advancement, whether political
right to determine how to develop. 80 or economic.
Its essence is freedom and-beyond freedom-self- Finally, in countries inhabited by several different
determination. This is the vision we hold for our races, it has been our aim to find means by which the
future and our development. community can become more of a community, and
35 One might ask, "Is this vision of a democratic fellowship fostered between its various parts.
society in South Africa a realizable vision? Or is it
merely a mirage?" I say, it is a realizable vision. For it

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32 35
In Passage 1, Luthuli argues that South Africa will In Passage 2, Macmillan implies that the growth of
become a fully democratic country only when black national consciousness in Africa is
South Africans
A) baffling, because most African nations function
A) enjoy the same rights as white citizens. efficiently without strong nationalist
B) have economic as well as political power. movements.
C) form their own political organizations. B) invigorating, because most African nations are
ready to embrace diversity.
D) constitute a majority of the government.
C) inevitable, because nationalism in Africa is a
force that cannot be stopped.
D) remarkable, because many Europeans doubted
that nationalism would take hold in Africa.

33
Luthuli refers to “very nice and pretty phrases" (line
17) primarily to show that language is being used in
order to
A) rectify an intolerable situation. 36
B) obscure an indefensible governing system Which choice provides the best evidence for
C) undermine outspoken critics of the government. the answer to the previous question?

D) depict the daily experience of the majority of A) Lines 45-49 (“The wind ... of it”)
citizens. B) Lines 53-55 (“Indeed ... nationalists”)
C) Lines 58-60 (“For its ... civilization”)
D) Lines 69-75 (“This ... stature”)

34
When Luthuli describes the vision of a democratic
society in South Africa as "realizable" (line37), he
means that this vision can be
A) acquired.
B) comprehended.
C) achieved.
D) pursued.

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37 39
In Passage 2, Macmillan presents his argument to Luthuli would most likely respond to Macmillan's
the South African government by demand for a society in which all individuals have a
"share in political power and responsibility" (lines
A) asserting that Britain and South Africa share 76-77) by arguing that
certain important values.
A) economic power is more important to black
B) urging the government to take a leadership role
South Africans than political power
among African nations.
B) such a society is impossible as long as apartheid
C) acknowledging that South Africa faces greater
exists in South Africa.
challenges than does Britain.
C) many black South Africans do not want to
D) lamenting Britain’s difficulties in sustaining free
participate in a corrupt political system.
and just societies.
D) many black South Africans already have
significant political responsibilities.

38
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A) Lines 50-53 (“Of course ... nation”)
B) Lines 61-62 (“I am ... right”)
C) Lines 63-65 (“What ... affairs”)
D) Lines 66-69 (“Our judgement ... society”)

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40
Luthuli and Macmillan would most likely agree on The speeches of Luthuli (Passage 1) and Macmillan
which statement about freedom? (Passage 2) differ in their approach to social change
in that
A) Just societies give people the freedom to develop
as individuals. A) Luthuli suggests that major social change in
South Africa is unlikely to happen soon, while
B) Democracy cannot exist where freedom is in any
Macmillan argues that significant change is
way compromised.
imminent.
C) Political freedom must precede economic and
B) Luthuli implies that the people of South Africa
social freedom.
themselves will initiate social change, while
D) Freedom is directly related to a spirit of Macmillan emphasizes the role played by those
nationalism. in positions of power
C) Luthuli states that eliminating apartheid is only
the first step toward genuine social change,
while Macmillan contends that eliminating
apartheid is an ultimate goal.
D) Luthuli believes that change in South Africa will
come about through collective action, while
Macmillan emphasizes the need for change at
the individual level.

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 1 1
Questions 42-52 are based on the following measurements at the scale of a millionth of an inch.

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
passage. Hauri and his coworkers polished a variety of glass
This passage is adapted from Robert M. Hazen, The Story of beads so that their round cross sections were revealed
Earth: The First 4.5 Billion Years, from Stardust to Living Planet. in the ion probe. The beads' outer rims proved to be
©2012 by Robert M. Hazen. 50 very dry, with only a few parts per million water, but
the cores of the largest beads have as much as [46
The Moon is bone-dry by conventional wisdom
parts per million]. Over billions of years, most of the
(actually drier than bone, which retains a significant
glass beads' original water has evaporated to space,
water component even when baked in the desert sun).
more from the outsides than from the cores.
Line Multiple lines of evidence point to this aridity: Earth-
55 However, based on the significant amount of
5 based telescopes reveal no characteristic infrared
remaining water deep inside the beads, Hauri and his
absorption; Moon rocks from all six Apollo landing
colleagues calculate that the original water content of
sites held no detectable traces of water (at least by
the Moon's magma may have been as high as 750
1970 analytical standards); and the finding of
parts per million-a lot of water, comparable to many
unrusted iron metal after four billion years on the
60 volcanic rocks on Earth, and more than enough to
10 lunar surface would seem to preclude even a trace of
drive surface volcanism that would have dispersed
corrosive water.
magma in explosive eruptions billions of years ago.
It's a funny thing about conventional wisdom,
If that much water powered volcanoes in the
though. Eventually someone will challenge what
Moon's past, then a great deal of water must still be
everyone else knows to be true, and once in a while
65 locked somewhere inside the Moon's frozen interior.
15 something really interesting will be found. In 1994 a
And since the Moon formed primarily by the
single flyby of the Clementine spacecraft mission
wholesale excavation of Earth's primordial mantle
produced radar measurements that were consistent
during a collision with another massive object, our
with water ice, though many planetary scientists were
planet's deep interior likely holds prodigious
unconvinced. Four years later the Lunar Prospector
70 amounts of unseen water as well.
20 employed neutron spectroscopy to detect a significant
concentration of hydrogen atoms, and hence possibly
water ice or water-containing minerals, near the
poles. Still, many experts pointed to implanted
hydrogen ions from the Sun's solar wind as a more
25 likely source of the signal. Then in October 2009
NASA smashed the upper stage of an Atlas rocket
into one of the Moon's craters (the Cabeus crater,
near the southern lunar pole) and scrutinized the
plume of impact debris for signs of H2O. Sure
30 enough, the flurry of dust incorporated a small but
significant amount of the life-giving stuff—enough to
renew interest in lunar water and its possible origins.
Three back-to-back articles in Science that same
October established that evidence for water on the
35 Moon is now unambiguous.
Enter Erik Hauri and his colleagues at the
Carnegie Institution. Using an ion microprobe—a
highly sensitive instrument that hadn't been available
to the first generation of scientists who studied the
40 Apollo samples—Hauri's team has revisited the
colorful glass beads collected during lunar missions
in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Other scientists had
examined the glass beads for signs of water decades
earlier, but their detection capacities were no match
45 for the ion microprobe's ability to resolve

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 1 1
45

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42
According to the author, challenging the Which choice provides the best evidence for the
conventional wisdom answer to the previous question?
A) usually produces unexpected outcomes. A) Lines 8-11 ("the finding ... water")
B) generally occurs outside of scientific circles. B) Lines 12-15 ("It's a ... found")
C) rarely results in technological innovations. C) Lines 15-19 ("In 1994 ... unconvinced")
D) sometimes leads to significant new insights. D) Lines 23-25 ("Still ... signal")

43
According to the passage, which choice is true about
the 1994 Clementine spacecraft mission?
A) it provided evidence about the Moon that was 46
featured in Science magazine. As used in line 45, "resolve" most nearly means
B) It was not specifically designed to detect water
A) distinguish between.
on the Moon.
B) change into.
C) It offered preliminary indications of water on
the Moon. C) convert to.
D) It did not use the most up-to-date radar D) clear from.
technology in its flyby of the Moon.

44
It can reasonably be inferred from the passage that
the idea that the Moon was completely arid was
reinforced in part because
A) scientists were unfamiliar with some of the
powerful analytical tools that were available to
them.
B) some scientists were willing to challenge the
conventional wisdom about the Moon.
C) evidence that might have contradicted this
notion could be explained in another way
D) Apollo Moon rocks were not available in
sufficient quantities to support valid
conclusions.

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47 49
As used in line 61, "drive" most nearly means Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A) coerce.
B) fuel. A) Lines 37-42 ("Using ... 1970s")
C) transport. B) Lines 55-59 ("However ... million")
D) maneuver. C) Lines 63-65 ("If that ... interior")
D) Lines 66-70 ("And since ... well")

48
The author implies that any water currently present 50
on the Moon According to the figure, at what distance from the
A) had its primary source on Earth. core is the water concentration within lunar glass
bead green #5 approximately 15 parts per million?
B) is contained mainly in glass beads.
C) will eventually increase in volume. A) 40 micrometers
D) exists in liquid form as well as ice form. B) 60 micrometers
C) 80 micrometers
D) 100 micrometers

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 1 1

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51 52
Based on data in the figure, which choice is a The figure best supports which claim from the
reasonable conclusion about lunar glass bead green passage?
#5?
A) Line 4 ("Multiple ... aridity")
A) Beyond 100 micrometers from its core, water is
B) Lines 6-8 ("Moon ... standards")
not detectable.
C) Lines 25-29 ("Then ... H2O")
B) At no point in time did its water concentration
exceed 30 parts per million. D) Lines 49-52 ("The beads' ... million")
C) Its water concentration at 120 micrometers is
approximately half that at its core.
D) Its water concentration is 50 percent less than it
once was.

STOP
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Do not turn to any other section.

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 2 2
Writing and Language Test
35 M I NU TES, 4 4 QUESTIONS

Turn to Section 2 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section.

Each passage below is accompanied by a number of questions. For some questions, you
will consider how the passage might be revised to improve the expression of ideas. For
other questions, you will consider how the passage might be edited to correct errors in
sentence structure, usage, or punctuation. A passage or a question may be accompanied by
one or more graphics (such as a table or graph) that you will consider as you make revising
and editing decisions.

Some questions will direct you to an underlined portion of a passage. Other questions will
direct you to a location in a passage or ask you to think about the passage as a whole.

After reading each passage, choose the answer to each question that most effectively
improves the quality of writing in the passage or that makes the passage conform to the
conventions of standard written English. Many questions include a “NO CHANGE” option.
Choose that option if you think the best choice is to leave the relevant portion of the
passage as it is.

Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage.

...................................................................................................................................

1
A) NO CHANGE
Peanut Power B) as their cushiony material ensures that items that
are shipped,
Polystyrene packing peanuts-thousands of them.
C) which are commonly used because their
That's what surrounded members of a Purdue University cushiony material ensures that items,
research team, led by chemical engineering professor D) as their cushiony material guarantees and
ensures that items,
Vilas G. Pol, after they had finished unpacking new
equipment for a laboratory facility. Packing peanuts are a
standard part of shipments, 1 as their cushiony
material ensures that items, such as glassware, are not
damaged in transit. Because most curbside recycling
services will not collect packing peanuts, less than 10
percent of them are recycled per year, and millions of

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 2 2
tons end up in landfills, where they take years to decay.

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2
Pol and his team were hesitant to discard the packing Which choice best sets up the information that
follows in the next paragraph?
peanuts and contribute to this history of waste. 2 Thus,
A) NO CHANGE
more curbside recycling services should consider
B) Hence, many environmental scientists have
accepting packing peanuts. sought to address this waste-management
problem.
Pol and his team determined that the peanuts were
C) As a result, the abundance of packing peanuts in
composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They knew today’s landfills is cause for alarm.
that reusable lithium-ion batteries, which are commonly D) Instead, they resolved to use their chemical
expertise to devise a solution.
used to power electronic devices, employ anodes made of
carbon. A battery's anode attracts and stores ions-atoms
bearing an electrical charge-when the battery is charging
and releases the ions to generate electricity. By heating 3

the peanuts and a catalyst to 1,100°F for several hours in A) NO CHANGE

B) Pol and his team were able to isolate the carbon
the presence of argon (an inert gas commonly found in
C) the resulting chemical reaction isolated the
Earth's atmosphere), 3 the carbon was isolated from carbon
the hydrogen and oxygen, which were released in the D) isolation of carbon was achieved

form of harmless water vapor. Further heating resulted in

extremely thin microsheets of 4 carbon, that could be
made into battery anodes. 4
A) NO CHANGE
B) carbon-
C) carbon
D) carbon;

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 2 2
5 The vaporization process that separated the

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5
carbon from the hydrogen and oxygen left the surfaces of Which choice best sets up the main topic of the
paragraph?
the carbon microsheets uneven and porous. According
A) Further research will be necessary to determine
to Pol, openings in the surface made the anodes' all the potential applications of Pol's method.
absorption of ions more efficient; 6 on the other hand, B) The team presented its findings at the American
Chemical Society's 2015 national meeting.
the batteries charged faster. In addition, the anodes
C) The anodes of conventional lithium-ion batteries
retained about 13 percent more 7 of them than do are usually made from graphite.
conventional 8 anodes, which meant that the batteries D) The anodes produced by Pol and his team
proved remarkably effective.
could provide more electricity before needing to be
recharged than conventional batteries can.
6
A) NO CHANGE
B) likewise,
C) as a result,
D) by the same token,

7
A) NO CHANGE
B) of these
C) ions
D) DELETE the underlined portion.

8
A) NO CHANGE
B) anodes; meaning
C) anodes and this meant
D) anodes, this meant

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 2 2
The process 9 as for recycling packing peanuts that

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
9
Pol and his team developed is not all that complicated: it A) NO CHANGE
requires less time and energy than the 10 humdrum B) for recycling
C) in order to recycle
method of making lithium-ion batteries, which uses
D) from recycling
carbon in the form of graphite. Sherine Obare, a professor
of chemistry at Western Michigan University familiar
with the team's research, noted that Pol's method could be
used to successfully recycle other polystyrene-based 10

materials. This additional benefit attests to the future A) NO CHANGE

B) exemplary
promise of the work being done in Pol's lab. 11 In fact,
C) standard
the process that Pol and his team devised would take D) run-of-the-mill
several days fewer than the process currently used to
make anodes for lithium-ion batteries.

11
Which choice provides the most effective conclusion
for the passage?
A) NO CHANGE
B) Thus, lithium-ion batteries are more effective
than the lithium batteries that preceded them.
C) Furthermore, other researchers are
experimenting with burning packing peanuts in
order to use their heat to generate energy, a
process known as thermal recycling.
D) For now, Pol and his team hope that this process
will be widely adopted and will turn a ubiquitous
waste product into a useful household item.

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 2 2
Questions 12-22 are based on the following passage.

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
12
A) NO CHANGE
The King of Daredevil Comedy B) had watched
In 1922, silent-film actor and director Harold Lloyd C) watches
D) has watched
was walking in downtown Los Angeles when he saw an
unusual sight: a man climbing up the outside of a tall
13
office building. A crowd was gathered, mesmerized by the
Should the writer make this addition here?
spectacle. Lloyd 12 watched nervously until the
A) Yes, because it explains why Lloyd was nervous
climber, a daredevil named Bill Strother, made it to while watching Strother.
safety. 13 Having already made a few films in the vein of B) Yes, because it makes a point that is elaborated
on in the next sentence.
"thrill comedy," 14 the event inspired Lloyd to create his C) No, because it contradicts a point made in the
most daring film yet, and he invited Strother to be previous sentence.
D) No, because it diverts the focus of the paragraph
involved. The result was Safety Last!, the most famous from Strother to the audience.
movie of Lloyd’s career and a marvel of creative filming.

14
A) NO CHANGE
B) Lloyd was inspired
C) it was Lloyd's inspiration
D) its inspiration led Lloyd

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 2 2
15

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
In the final scene of the movie, Lloyd's 15
A) NO CHANGE
character; a department store worker trying to impress
B) character, a department store worker trying to
his girlfriend—must climb the outside of a twelve-story impress his girlfriend,
building. Because modern-day composite filming C) character, a department store worker trying to
impress his girlfriend;
techniques such as blue screen did not yet exist, let alone
D) character-a department store worker trying to
computer-generated special effects, Lloyd had to be impress his girlfriend

creative with his stunts. He used a full-scale replica of two

floors of Los Angeles's International Savings Building
and set 16 them on the roofs of progressively taller 16

buildings: 17 that is, he placed the replica on a platform A) NO CHANGE

B) those
atop a two-story building, then a seven-story building,
C) these
then a thirteen-story building. The 18 hoax allowed D) it
Lloyd to climb only a few stories at a time while always
perpetuating the illusion that he was climbing several
stories higher.
17
A) NO CHANGE
B) however,
C) furthermore,
D) instead,

18
A) NO CHANGE
B) trick
C) cheat
D) swindle

26 CO NTI N U E
 2 2
19 Lloyd was not the only silent-film actor to attempt 19

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
such risky stunts. Rather than using fake backdrops or Which choice best introduces the topic of the
paragraph?
projections, he insisted on a real city background. The
A) NO CHANGE
camera angles in the climbing shots are 20 focused very
B) The building where Lloyd filmed much of Safety
precisely, cutting out the platform and the rooftop of the Last! was at the top of a hill, making it seem
especially tall.
lower building but showing views of the street and other
C) For publicity, Lloyd's character in Safety Last!
buildings in the distance. For the long shots, Lloyd used scales the side of the store where he works.
D) Lloyd was committed to making the stunt look
footage that Strother filmed during his own climbs,
as realistic as possible.
adding to the illusion that the character really was 21
clenching the side of a skyscraper.
Lloyd, a comedian as well as a stunt performer, used
the dangerous climb as an avenue for comedy. Each stop 20
along the building presents perils for Lloyd’s character: a A) NO CHANGE
mouse running up his leg, a net tangling around him, a B) focused, very precisely,
C) focused very precisely
disorienting camera flash, a flimsy clock face. 22 To
D) focused; very precisely
that end, Lloyd does not fall from the building, but he
does succeed in keeping the audience both in stitches
and on the edge of their seats. The actor and director
Orson Welles said of the climbing sequence, "As a piece 21

of comic architecture, it’s impeccable." Audiences had A) NO CHANGE

B) embracing
never before seen such a daring stunt on film, and when
C) clinging to
Safety Last! opened to wide acclaim on April Fools' Day D) adhering to
in 1923, Lloyd earned the nickname "the King of
Daredevil Comedy."

22
A) NO CHANGE
B) Of course,
C) Otherwise,
D) Thus,

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27 CO NTI N U E
 2 2
Questions 23-33 are based on the following passage

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
23
and supplementary material.
The writer is considering deleting the underlined
sentence. Should the sentence be kept or deleted?
Give Art a Sporting Chance
A) Kept, because it sets up the information that
Pierre de Coubertin, the French founder of the follows in the next paragraph.
B) Kept, because it offers an important clue as to
modern Olympic Games, was a proponent of Olympism
the origin of the term "pentathlon"
—a philosophy of life that celebrates the mind as well as C) Deleted, because it mentions information that
the body, the arts as well as athletics. To Coubertin, this lacks relevance to the main topic of the passage.
D) Deleted, because it does not indicate who was
philosophy had best been embodied in the ancient Greek responsible for introducing the decathlon.
competitions, which prominently featured artists as both
performers and commentators. Determined to bring the
24
ideal of Olympism to the modem games, Coubertin
A) NO CHANGE
incorporated into the 1912 Olympics an arts competition B) that
called the Pentathlon of the Muses. 23 The Olympic C) and
decathlon, a series of ten track and field events, was also D) DELETE the underlined portion.

introduced in 1912.
Coubertin's pentathlon, which awarded Olympic
25
medals for achievements in architecture, literature, music,
A) NO CHANGE
painting, and sculpture, 24 and which was a part of every B) prohibitive of competition
Olympic Games until 1948. Regrettably, these C) to be prohibited to compete
D) being prohibited to competition
competitions ceased, due to a technicality: professional
athletes were 25 prohibited from competing in the
Olympic Games, and it was argued that professional
26
artists (in other words, any artist who had ever sold a Which choice provides the most effective conclusion
painting or sung for money) should be ineligible as well. to the paragraph?

26 Coubertin himself won a gold medal in literature in A) NO CHANGE

B) Some wonder whether this chapter in the history
1912.
of the Olympic Games deserves more attention.
C) Lacking eligible participants, the Pentathlon of
the Muses was discontinued.
D) Still, the participation of artists in the first
modern Olympic arts competition was minimal.

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28 CO NTI N U E
 2 2
[1] Although the ban against professionals competing in 27

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
athletics has long since been 27 rescinded, and the A) NO CHANGE
International Olympic Committee (IOC)'s attempts to B) rescinded; yet,
C) rescinded; thus,
restore the arts competition 28 has been tepid at best.
D) rescinded,
[2] In 2000, the IOC instituted a Sport and Art Contest to
"foster an active synergy between the worlds of art and 28
sport." [3] One commentator noted that the exhibition of A) NO CHANGE
winning entries "had the feel of little more than a photo B) have been
C) is being
contest at the local library." [4] Take the example of
D) was
Omnipotent Triumph, a 2012 prizewinning work of
sculpture by US artist Martin Linson. [5] Representing a 29
Paralympic athlete triumphantly crossing the finish line, The writer wants to suggest that the sculpture was
consistent with the philosophy of Olympism. Which
the sculpture 29 is a relatively small work made of choice best accomplishes this goal?
bronze; however, the lack of publicity about the A) NO CHANGE
competition 30 consigned Linson's work to virtual B) evocatively fuses athletic and artistic
achievement;
obscurity. 31
C) memorably reflects Linson's distinctive approach
to representing human anatomy;
D) shows the athlete making the victory sign with
his arms;

30
A) NO CHANGE
B) consigned and then relegated Linson's work
C) consigned the sculpture by Linson-since not
many people had heard about it—
D) led

31
The sentence would most logically be placed after
A) sentence 1
B) sentence 2
C) sentence 3
D) sentence 4

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 2 2
Reinstituting the Pentathlon of the Muses as a high- 32

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
profile Olympic competition would provide valuable A) NO CHANGE
international exposure for artists. If artists were to B) had reached
C) will reach
receive medals during the Olympic Games just as
D) would reach
athletes do, and if the competitions were broadcast to the
estimated four billion viewers tuning in worldwide,
33
talented artists such as Linson 32 were reaching a much A) NO CHANGE
broader audience. The effect on artists would be B) envelop
considerable, but the greatest change would be the effect C) encompass
D) admit
on viewers. Much as the Olympics' athletic competitions
have inspired people around the world to 33 embrace
sport and exercise, reinvigorated artistic competitions
could promote enthusiasm for artistic achievements and
restore Coubertin's ideal.
32

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30 CO NTI N U E
 2 2
Questions 34-44 are based on the following passage.

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
34
A) NO CHANGE
Finding Meaning at the Zoo B) As a result,
For most zookeepers, the highlight of the workday is C) In other words,
D) However,
the time they spend interacting with animals. 34 Besides,
zookeepers spend much of their time performing
activities that do not involve contact with animals:
cleaning cages, preparing food, and 35 they also conduct
35
educational programs, to name a few. Still, most
A) NO CHANGE
zookeepers report very high levels of job satisfaction. A B) the conducting of
major reason for their enthusiasm is that they regard C) conducting
D) conduct
zookeeping not just as a job but also as an expression of
their identity and values.

31 CO NTI N U E
 2 2
36
Which choice most effectively combines the
People who become zookeepers typically exhibit an underlined sentences?

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
early concern for animals. Before beginning their careers, A) Two findings about zookeepers, which are that
most identify closely with their profession and
many volunteer at animal shelters or veterinary clinics consider their work morally important, are
and then attend college to obtain a degree in zookeeping demonstrated in a study by business professors J.
Stuart Bunderson and Jeffery Thompson.
or a related field such as biology or ecology. 36 Most
B) A study by business professors J. Stuart
zookeepers identify closely with their profession and Bunderson and Jeffery Thompson, a study that
focused on zookeepers, demonstrates that most
consider their work morally important. These findings zookeepers identify closely with their profession
about zookeepers are demonstrated in a study by business and consider their work morally important.
C) As a study by business professors J. Stuart
professors J. Stuart Bunderson and Jeffery Thompson. Bunderson and Jeffery Thompson demonstrates,
Bunderson and Thompson asked 982 zookeepers from most zookeepers identify closely with Mr
profession and consider their work morally
157 different zoos to respond to statements about their important.
work using a scale of 1 to 7, with 1 signifying that the D) Most zookeepers, found in a study by business
professors J. Stuart Bunderson and Jeffery
respondent strongly disagreed with the proposition and 7 Thompson to identify closely with their
that he or she strongly agreed. When presented with profession, also consider their work morally
important.
statements asserting that their personal identity is based 37
on their profession, such as "The animal keeping Which choice most effectively uses information
from the table to support a main finding of
profession's successes are my successes," zookeepers gave Bunderson and Thompson's study?
numerical responses averaging 5.21. 37 Moreover, the A) NO CHANGE
average response did not reach 7 for any category. The B) The agreement rating for statements about
occupational importance was lower than that for
experience of Meghan 38 Nemes a zookeeper at Capron
statements about work meaningfulness.
Park Zoo in Attleboro, Massachusetts, shows how C) Similarly, they expressed high levels of agreement
with statements about their moral duty to do a
seriously zookeepers take their work. "When my animal
good job, with responses averaging 5.49.
gets stressed, I get stressed," she says. This leads her to D) Furthermore, their sense of duty to the zoo was
think constantly about how she can make the 39 only slightly greater than their willingness to
sacrifice on its behalf-a difference of just 0.15.
animals' lives easier.
38
A) NO CHANGE
B) Nemes;
C) Nemes—
D) Nemes,
39
A) NO CHANGE
B) animals' live's
C) animal's lives'
32 D) animals lives
 2 2
The wholehearted commitment of zookeepers to

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
40
their profession can lead them to make sacrifices. In their Which choice provides accurate information from
the table?
study, Bunderson and Thompson gauged zookeepers’
A) NO CHANGE
willingness to give up free time to perform important
B) 5.45,
tasks at the zoo without additional pay; the responses, C) 5.49,
which averaged 40 5.82, showed a widespread D) 5.52,
willingness to sacrifice for the job. Siobhan McCann,
another zookeeper at Capron Park Zoo, exemplifies this
41 disposition, she says she is comfortable working
weekends and holidays to care for the zoo's animals. 41
A) NO CHANGE
B) disposition; she says,
C) disposition, she says,
D) disposition: she says

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 2 2
42 On top of interacting with the zoo's visitors, 42

.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
zookeepers perform physically demanding tasks and Which choice provides the most effective transition
from the previous paragraph?
often accept pay that is low 43 relative to their
A) NO CHANGE
educational achievements. Yet for many, a love of
B) In addition to working long and unusual hours,
animals and a commitment to animal conservation 44 C) Though they enjoy many aspects of their jobs,
makes these sacrifices not just tolerable but meaningful. D) Despite working with many types of animals,

43
Which choice is most consistent with the style of
the passage as a whole?
A) NO CHANGE
B) even when they are super educated.
C) despite their having a whole bunch of education.
D) when compared with their attainments of an
educational nature.

44
A) NO CHANGE
B) make
C) is making
D) has made

STOP
If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only.
Do not turn to any other section.

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