Human Behavior from Newborn to Adulthood

THE NEWBORN
 Appearance of a Newborn Baby
 Newborn’s Senses
 Infant Mortality
 Care & Feeding
 Attachment
 Characteristics of Infancy
 Adjustments of Infancy
 Babyhood
 Characteristics of Baby Hood

Infant Mortality
It is the death of an infant in the first year of life.

 Neonatal death – Deaths in the first 27 days of life.

 Post-neonatal death – Deaths after 28 days of life.

Causes of Infant Mortality Worldwide

 Neonatal encephalopathy or problems with brain function after birth.

 Infections, especially blood infections.
 Complications of preterm birth.
 Lower respiratory infections (such as flu and pneumonia)
 Diarrheal diseases.

Tips in Feeding Newborn Baby

 Stick with breast milk or formula

 Feed your newborn on demand
 Consider vitamin D supplements
 Expect variations in your newborn's eating patterns
 Trust your instincts — and your newborn's
 Consider each feeding a time to bond with your newborn
 Know when to ask for help

Tips on how to take care a Newborn baby

 Prepare as much as you can ahead of time

 Ask for — and accept — help
 Let voicemail do the talking
 Accept visitors only when you're ready
 Rest up
  Go outside
 Know your limits

Attachment

- states that a strong emotional and physical attachment to at least one primary
caregiver is critical to personal development. Attachment behaviors tend to
develop to adults between the age of 6 months and 3 years. Infants become
attached to adults who are sensitive and responsive in social interactions with the
infant, and who remain as consistent caregivers for some time. There are a
number of attachment ‘styles’ namely (secure, anxious-ambivalent, anxious-
avoidant, and disorganized.)

Characteristics of Infancy

 It is the shortest of all developmental periods.

 It is a time of radical adjustments.
 It is a plateau in development.
 It is a hazardous period.

Adjustments of Infancy

 Temperature Changes
 Breathing
 Sucking and Swallowing
 Elimination

Babyhood
- the early stage of growth or development. Toddler is a common term for a young
child who is just beginning to walk. Infants are babies from two months to one
year old. Toddlers are babies from one year to four years of age. Others may
have different definitions of these terms. For example, some people may
consider toddlers to be 18 months old to 3 years old, and a 4-year-old might be
considered a preschooler. Cruising are toddlers who cannot toddle but must hold
onto something while walking.

Characteristics of Babyhood

 It is the true foundation age.

 It is an age of rapid growth and change
 It is an age of decreasing dependency.
 It is the age of increased individuality.
 It is the beginning of socialization.
 It is the beginning of sex-role typing.
 It is an appealing age.
  It is the beginning of creativity.
 It is hazardous age.

CHILDHOOD STAGE

A child is most often defined as a young human being between birth and puberty. It
refers to a minor, otherwise known as a person younger than the age of majority. It also
describes a relationship with a parent or authority figure, or signifies group membership
in a clan, tribe, or religion.

Early Childhood

 Generally ages 3-6 years old.

It is a stage in human development. It generally is the sum of toddlerhood and play age.
It is a time of tremendous growth across all areas of development where the newborn
grows into a young person who can take care of his or her body and interact effectively
with others.

In this stage, children aged 3-6 years old:

 Master many skills like sitting, walking, toilet training, using a spoon, hand and eye
coordination in playing, and scribble.
 Develop fine-motor skills by demonstrating good control of pencils, crayons, and
scissors.
 Develop spoken vocabulary.
 Sense what is right from wrong.

Characteristics of Early Childhood:

 Names Used by Parents

1. It is a problem or a troublesome age.

2. It is a toy age.

 Names used by educators

It is preschool age.

 Names used by psychologists

1. It is the pre – gang age.

2. It is an exploratory age.
 3. It is often referred as the questioning age.
4. It is an imitative age.
5. It is the creative age.

Late Childhood

It is the latency stage period of life where children learn the values of their societies.
Physical development during this stage is less dramatic than in early childhood. It is
where growth is slow and steady until the onset of puberty. It is where they learn to
develop competence in social and interpersonal relationships like growing peers at the
age of eight or nine.

Characteristics of Late Childhood:

 Names Used by Parents

1. It is a troublesome age.
2. It is a sloppy age.
3. It is a quarrelsome age.

 Names used by educators

1. It is elementary school age.

2. It is the critical period in the achievement drive.

 Names used by psychologists

1. It is a gang age.
2. It is a creative age.
3. It is a play age.

Puberty

It is the time in life when a person becomes sexually mature. It is a physical change that
happens to ages 10-14 for girls and 12-16 for boys. It starts when a part of the brain
called the Hypothalamus begins releasing a hormone called gonadotropin releasing
hormone (GnRH). GnRH is responsible for having puberty stage.

Puberty for Girls

 Development of breasts
 Growth of pubic and armpit hairs, acne.
 Menstruation
Puberty for Boys

 Development size of testicles and penis

  Pubic and armpit hair growth
 Muscle Growth
 Voice deepens
 Acne
 Facial hair

Characteristics of puberty

1. It is an overlapping period.
2. It is a short period.
3. It is divided into stages : prepubescent, pubescent, and post pubescent.
4. It is a negative phase.
5. It occurs at a variable age.

Adolescence

It is the life stage that bridges childhood and adulthood. In general, it represents the
second decade of life. It usually starts at 10-13 years old (early adolescence), 14-18
years old ( mid-adolescence) , and 19-23 years old (late adolescence)

Physical, Cognitive and social Development

It includes puberty, changes of thoughts in which they became more abstract than a
child, more idealistic and more logical. They also have development in social cognition
where they wanted to be accountable as an individual because they think that no one
can really understand them. In peers, teens spend much more time with their peer
which builds a strong motivation for them.

Schooling and Identity

As a teen, mid and junior high school is a stressful time for them. It is where they are
in need to be held accountable to the society where they are actually fitting in. It is a
period of exploring different roles, values and skills. As part of identity formation,
adolescents often affiliate with different groups where it is a time between childhood
security and the responsibilities of adulthood.

Early Adulthood

It is a time when most of us finish school, find a career we enjoy, and create a family of
our own. It is clearly explained by the 8 stages of development by Erik Erikson.

Achieving and Responsibility Stage

It is the stage where we no longer in need to be dependent to our parents. It is where

we find a job and take responsibilities in our own. It is the time span where we are
 enabling ourselves to conquer our limits and achieve the long term goals we had
planned.

Middle Adulthood

It is a non- specific stage in life when a person is neither young nor old, but
somewhere in between. It is seemed to be the period in life in which a person is
expected to have settled down in terms of their sense of identity and place in the
world, be raising a family, and have established career stability. Middle Adulthood is
where life begins to reveal the true meaning of it. Hairs will turn to grey, skin wrinkling,
body sagging, and teeth yellowing will start to pop out. These are some issues that
mid-adults face. In terms of career, they seem to have great hopes and realistic
possibility approach in life. They plan to have more stability in financial for their
children in school to college.

Late Adulthood

It is the period in an individual’s life beginning at age sixty or seventy and ending at
death. Many people argue that this increasing number of elderly persons is a
tremendous drain on a nation’s resources and that ‘productivity’ of the elderly does not
justify the amount of care and money required to sustain them through this last phase
of our lives. Others argue that it is a sad indictment on our society that we can so
quickly label our elderly as burdensome and a resource drain. Becoming older is a
natural progression in life. It is also a challenging role for life changes constantly. It is
just the continued development and enjoyment.

Physical Changes in the Late Adulthood

External Changes

 Signs of aging
 Changes of hair and skin
 Anxiety Disorder
 Weakening of Heart and Lungs
 Mood disorders
 Schizophrenia, and etc.

Internal Changes

 Changes in internal functioning of organ systems

Psychological Changes

 More depressed
 Perceived health decreases
 Inability to function or sense of mastery
  Sense of contentment diminishes

Characteristics of old age

1. It is a period of decline
2. There are individual differences in the effect of aging
3. Old age is judged by different criteria
4. There are many stereotypes of old people
5. The elderly have a minority group status
6. Aging requires role changes
7. Poor adjustment
8. The desire for rejuvenation is widespread

Theories of psychological development

Theory of cognitive development

- Developed by Jean Piaget, a swiss philosopher. It is concerned to the growth of

intelligence. It is also concerned with the emergence and construction of
schemata. In developmental stages.

Piaget’s Four Stages

Sensorimotor Period

 Reflex scheme
 Primary circular reaction
 Secondary circular reactions
 Tertiary circular reactions
 Beginnings of symbolic representation

Pre operational stage

 Operatory thought
 The intuitive
 Pre conceptual
 Sensorimotor

Concrete operational stage

 Seriation
 Decentering
 Conservation
 Elimination of egocentrism
Formal operational stage

- It is characterized by acquisition of the ability to think abstractly, reason logically

and draw conclusions from the information available.

Psychosocial theory of development

 Psychosocial crises

1. Trust vs. Mistrust

- To get. To give in return.
2. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
- To hold on. To let go. To direct behavior outward or be retentive.
3. Initiative vs. guilt
- To make and complete things together. To pursue ideas or plans.
4. Industry vs. inferiority
- To initiate projects or ideas, to collaborate and cooperate with others to produce
something.
5. Identity vs. role confusion
6. Intimacy vs. isolation
7. Generativity vs. stagnation
8. Integrity vs. despair

Psychosexual stage theory of development

- Developed by Sigmund Freud. It is a theory on how our sexuality starts from a

very young age and develops through fixations.

Fixation

- Strong conflict can fixate people at early stages

 Oral
 Anal
 Phallic

Moral theory of development

 Piaget’s stages of moral judgment

 Kohlberg’s method

Kohlberg’s six stages

1. Pre conventional morality

2. Individualism and exchange
3. Good interpersonal relationships
4. Maintaining the social order
5. Social contract and individual rights
6. Universal principles