Sets, Functions
and Binary
Operations
Set
A well-defined collection of objects
which are called elements.
If an object a belongs to a particular
set S then write 𝑎 ∈ 𝑆.
If a is not an element of the set then
write 𝑎 ∉ 𝑆.
Two Ways to Represent the Elements of the Set
[Link] Method lists down all the
elements.
Example: Set A is the set of counting
numbers less than 6.
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Finite set with cardinality of 5.
Two Ways to Represent the Elements of the Set
[Link] Method lists down all the
elements.
Example: Set B is the set of positive
even integers greater than 8.
B = {10, 12, 14, …}
Infinite set
Two Ways to Represent the Elements of the Set
[Link] Builder Notation presents the
elements by stating their common
properties. It is also useful when
describing infinite sets.
Example: Set C is the set of counting
numbers greater than 6.
𝐴 = 𝑥 𝑥 ∈ ℕ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 > 6}
Use the roster method to represent the following.
The set of the months of the year
ending in “ber”
Set of cities in Metro Manila starts
with P
The set of counting numbers greater
than -1 and less than 9.
The set of integers satisfying
Use the set-builder notation to represent the following.
Set of natural numbers that are less
than 7.
The set of composite numbers that
are divisible by 4 and less than 18.
{1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49}
Operations on Sets
Definition. Let A and B be sets in the
universal set U.
The UNION of A and B, denoted 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵
and read “A union B” is the set
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 𝑥 ∈ 𝑈 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵}
Operations on Sets
Definition. Let A and B be sets in the
universal set U.
The INTERSECTION of A and B,
denoted 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 and read “A intersection
B” is the set
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 𝑥 ∈ 𝑈 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵}
Operations on Sets
Definition. Let A and B be sets in the
universal set U.
The SET DIFFERENCE of B relative
to A, denoted 𝐴 − 𝐵 and read “A minus
B” is the set
𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝑥 ∈ 𝑈 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ∉ 𝐵}
Operations on Sets
Definition. Let A and B be sets in the
universal set U.
The COMPLEMENT of set A, denoted
′ 𝑐
𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝐴 and read “A complement” is
the set
′ 𝑐
𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝐴 = 𝑥 ∈ 𝑈 𝑥 ∉ 𝐴}
EXAMPLES
Let the universal set be the natural
numbers from 1 to 10, 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3, 4} and
𝐵 = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}.
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵
𝐴 − 𝐵
′ 𝑐
𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝐴
Operations on Sets
Definition. Let A and B be sets in the
universal set U.
If A and B are sets, the CARTESIAN
PRODUCT of A and B, denoted A × B
and read “A cross B”, is the set
𝐴 × 𝐵 = (𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵}
EXAMPLES
Let 𝐴 = {1, 2} and 𝐵 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐}. Then
what is:
𝐴 × 𝐵
𝐵 × 𝐴
𝐴 × 𝐴
Function
A function f assigns each
element x of set A to unique
element, y of set B. In
symbols, 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 .
Function
Which of the following is a
function?
A = {(-2, 4), (-1, 1), (1, 1), (2, 4)}
B = {(4, -2), (1, -1), (1, 1), (4, 2)}
Determine whether the following is a function or not.
{(d, a), (a, a), (e, b), (b, c)}
{(2, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (6, 4)}
Occupation
Cost of living
Binary Operations
A binary operation is an operation
that takes two input elements from a
set and gives a unique result that also
belongs to the same set.
Examples: Operations on real
numbers
Binary Operations
A mapping from a set A to a set B is
a set of ordered pairs (a, b), where a is
an element of A and b is an element of
B. A binary operation on a set S is a
mapping denoted by * which assigns
to each ordered pair of elements of S a
uniquely determined element of S.
Binary Operations
The set S is said to be closed
under the operation * which means
taking the binary operation with any
two elements of S will give a result
that belongs also to S.
Examples
Addition and multiplication of real
numbers are binary operations which
combine two real numbers to produce
a unique real number.
+∶ 𝑎, 𝑏 → 𝑎 + 𝑏
∙ ∶ 𝑎, 𝑏 → 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏
Examples
Addition and multiplication are also
binary operations on the set of
integers but not closed on division.
𝑏
𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 𝑎 on natural numbers.
𝑎
𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = on rational numbers except
𝑏
0.
THANK YOU!
