EE 413 | Digital Signal Processing: Introduction to DSP

Dr. Zaka Ullah Zahid

Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Jalozai Campus
University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar

9/24/2019 University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar Jalozai Campus

EE 413 | Digital Signal Processing: Introduction | Weekly Lectures
Fall 2018 7th Semester EE-413 Digital Signal Processing
Week 1 Sept 23 - 27 Introduction, Assignment # 01

Week 2 Sept 30 - 4

Week 3 Oct 7 - 11 Discrete-Time Signals and Systems

Week 4 Oct 14 - 18

Week 5 Oct 21 - 25 Quiz # 01, Discrete-Time Fourier Analysis,

Week 6 Oct 28 - Nov 1 Assignment # 02

Week 7 Nov 4 - 8 Quiz # 02, Z-Transform and Inverse Z-Transform,

Week 8 Nov 11 - 15 Assignment # 03

Mid-Term Exam Week Nov 18 - 22

Week 9 Nov 25 - 29
Discrete Fourier Transform
Week 10 Dec 2 - 6
Week 11 Dec 9 - 13 Fast-Fourier Transform (FFT)

Week 12 Dec 16 - 20 Quiz # 03, IIR Filter and Implementation,

Week 13 Dec 23 - 27 Assignment # 04

Week 14 Dec 30 - Jan 3

FIR Filter and Implementation, Assignment # 05
Week 15 Jan 6 - 10

Week 16 Jan 13 - 17 Quiz # 04, Advanced Topics in DSP

Final-Term Exam Week Jan 20 - 24

Practical Exam Week Jan 27 - 31

9/24/2019 University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar Jalozai Campus
EE 413 | Digital Signal Processing: Introduction | Signals
★ Flow of information
★ An electrical signal may be defined as a voltage or current that may vary with time.
★ A signal can be 1D, 2D or multi-dimensional.
★ Some examples are:
✴ Speech
✴ Grey-scale image
✴ Video

1-D Signal 2-D Signal 3x3-D Signal

9/24/2019 University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar Jalozai Campus
EE 413 | Digital Signal Processing: Introduction | System (or Processor)
• A system is defined as a combination of electrical circuit components that converts one set of signal in to another set of signals.
• A system can be,
• An amplifier,
• A filter,
• A PID Controller,
• Frequency Analyzer,
• Speech Recognizer,
• etc
• A system processes input signals to produce output signals.

9/24/2019 University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar Jalozai Campus

EE 413 | Digital Signal Processing: Introduction | Analog Signal Processing

• In Analog Systems, the input and output signals are continuous-time analog.
• The system is made up of resistors, capacitors, op-amps, and inductors etc.
• A Low-Pass filter made up of Resistors, capacitor and Op-amp is shown below,

Voltage Gain = - R2 / R1

Cut-off Frequency, fc = 1 / 2*pi*R2*C

• Advantages:
• The system is simple and easy to design.

9/24/2019 University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar Jalozai Campus

EE 413 | Digital Signal Processing: Introduction | Digital Signal Processing

• In Digital Systems, the input and output signals are Discrete-time (sampled) signal.
• In case of Analog input system, the input signal is first discretized, and then the system processes it.
• The system is made up of complex ICs like Filters, ADCs, microprocessors and DACs.

• Advantages of systems using DSP:

• Convenient to develop and test, and the software is portable.
• Operations are based solely on additions and multiplications, leading to extremely stable processing capability.
• Operations can easily be modified in real time, often by simple programming changes, or by reloading of registers.
• Has lower cost due to VLSI technology.

9/24/2019 University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar Jalozai Campus

EE 413 | Digital Signal Processing: Introduction | Signals

Analog Signal

Discrete-Time Signal

Digital Signal

9/24/2019 University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar Jalozai Campus

EE 413 | Digital Signal Processing: Introduction | Signals (in Time-Domain and Frequency-Domain)

★ A signal can be either in the Time-Domain or in the Frequency-Domain.

★ A sine wave can be written as a function of time using the following expression,

o o
x(t) = 15 * sin ((2*pi*50)*t + 50 ) + 10 * cos((2*pi*200)*t - 85 )

Signal in Time-Domain Signal in Frequency-Domain

9/24/2019 University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar Jalozai Campus
EE 413 | Digital Signal Processing: Introduction | Signals (in Time-Domain and Frequency-Domain)
15

10

Amplitude (V)
5

-5
Signal in Frequency-Domain
-10

-15
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Time (sec)

10

5
Amplitude (V)

-5

-10
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Time (sec)

30

20
Amplitude (V)

10

-10

-20

-30
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Time (sec)

15

10
Amplitude (V)

-5

-10

-15
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Time (sec)

10

5
Amplitude (V)

★ For 1-to-1 relationship between the signals in Time

-5

-10
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06

Domain and Frequency Domain, there must be Phase

Time (sec)

30

information added to the signal in the Frequency

20
Amplitude (V)

10

-10

-20
Domain. Without the Phase information, there can’t be
-30
0 0.01 0.02 0.03
Time (sec)
0.04 0.05 0.06
1-to-1 relationship.
Signals in 9/24/2019
Time-Domain University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar Jalozai Campus
EE 413 | Digital Signal Processing: Introduction | Signals (in Time-Domain and Frequency-Domain)
clear
close all
clc

del_t = 0.0001; % Sampling Time

F_sampling = 1/del_t; % Sampling Frequency

t = 0:del_t:0.06; % Time Vector

deg2rad = pi/180; % Converting Degrees to Radians

x1 = 15*sin(2*pi*50*t + 50*deg2rad); % First signal

x2 = 10*cos(2*pi*200*t - 85*deg2rad); % Second signal
x = x1 + x2; % Composite signal

figure

subplot(3,1,1) % Plotting first signal

plot(t,x1,'b')
xlabel('Time (sec)')
ylabel('Amplitude (V)')
grid on

subplot(3,1,2) % Plotting second signal

plot(t,x2,'b')
xlabel('Time (sec)')
ylabel('Amplitude (V)')
grid on

subplot(3,1,3) % Plotting composite signal

plot(t,x,'b')
xlabel('Time (sec)')
ylabel('Amplitude (V)')
grid on

h1 = findobj(gcf,'type','line'); % Increasing linewidth to 1

set(h1,'linewidth',1)

9/24/2019 University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar Jalozai Campus

EE 413 | Digital Signal Processing: Introduction | Categories of DSPs

Signal analysis: Signal filtering:

This task deals with the measurement of signal properties. This task is characterized by the signal-in signal-out
It is generally a frequency-domain operation. Some of its situation. The systems that perform this task are generally
applications are: called filters.
- spectrum (frequency and/or phase) analysis It is usually (but not always) a time-domain operation.
- speech recognition Some of the applications are:
- speaker verification - removal of unwanted background noise
- target detection - removal of interference
- separation of frequency bands
- shaping of the signal spectrum

• In some applications, such as voice synthesis, a signal is first analyzed to study its characteristics, which are then used in
digital filtering to generate a synthetic voice.

9/24/2019 University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar Jalozai Campus

EE 413 | Digital Signal Processing: Introduction | Applications of DSP

- Audio and Video Compression (10x compression without loss of quality)

- Speech recognition
- Data Compression
- Communications (wireless, internet, GPS. All modern communication is possible only because of DSP)
- Encryption and Decryption.
- Security Systems
- Control and monitoring (cars, ships, airplanes, military equipment)
- Multimedia (mp3, cameras, videos, restoration)
- Digital Imaging
- Health (biomedicine, medical devices, medical imaging)
- Economy (stock market, prediction)
- Software-Defined Radio
- Power Plants
- IoT-based Systems
- Seismology
- And many many more.

9/24/2019 University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar Jalozai Campus

EE 413 | Digital Signal Processing: Introduction | Applications of DSP

9/24/2019 University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar Jalozai Campus

EE 413 | Digital Signal Processing: Introduction | Image Enhancement using DSP

DSP

9/24/2019 University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar Jalozai Campus

EE 413 | Digital Signal Processing: Introduction | Questions

9/24/2019 University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar Jalozai Campus