NAME OF CLASSIFICATION DOSE/

DRUG FREQUENCY/ MECHANISM OF ACTION INDICATION CONTRAINDICATIONS SIDE EFFECTS NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES
ROUTE
CEFTRIAXONE Cephalosporin 2gm Bactericidal: inhibits  Urinary Tract Contraindicated with CNS: dizziness, Before:
Antibiotic Q 12h synthesis of bacterial cell Infection allergy to headache, lethargy  Do skin testing into intradermal
IVTT wall causing cell death.  Brain abscess cephalosporins or area
ANST (-)  Mastitis penicillins. Use GI: nausea, vomiting  Do not mix ceftriaxone with
 Works by inhibiting the cautiously with renal other antimicrobial drug
mucopeptide synthesis failure.
in the bacterial cell wall. During:
The beta-lactam moiety  Use a separate syringe when
of Ceftriaxone binds to giving this drug
carboxypeptidases, and  Have vitamin K available in case
transpeptidases in the of hypoprothrombinemia occurs
bacterial
cytoplasmicmembrane. After:
These enzymes are  Discontinue if hypersensitivity
involved in cell-wall occurs
synthesis and cell  Monitor hematologic,
division. By binding to electrolytes, renal and hepatic
these enzymes, function.
Ceftriaxone results in  Assess for possible upper
the formation of infections: itching, fever,
defective cell walls and malaise, redness.
cell death.

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NAME OF DRUG CLASSIFICATION DOSE/
FREQUENCY/ MECHANISM OF ACTION INDICATION CONTRAINDICATIONS SIDE EFFECTS NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES
ROUTE
Metronidazole  Antibiotic  Actual Inhibits growth of amoebae  Moderate to  Active organic Headache, Nausea,  Observe the 10 Rs before giving the
 Antibacterial Dose: by binding to DNA, severe disease of the CNS dry mouth, vomiting, drug.
125mg/5mL resulting in loss of helical infections, diarrhea
2.5mL every 8 structure, strand breakage, including  Drug Allergy  Instruct to take drug with food or
hours inhibition of nucleic acid urinary or milk to decrease GI upset
synthesis and cell death. respiratory tract  Blood dyscrasia
 Ideal dose:  Brain abscess  Inform that drug may turn urine
35-  Mastitis brown, don’t be alarmed
50mg/kg/day
in three doses

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NAME OF DRUG CLASSIFICATION DOSE/
FREQUENCY/ MECHANISM OF ACTION INDICATION CONTRAINDICATIONS SIDE EFFECTS NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES
ROUTE
Cefuroxime Therapeutic: 750 mg/ q8/  Bind to bacterial cell  Treatment of:  Hypersensitivity to  CNS: Seizure  Assess patient for signs of
 Anti-Infective IVTT wall membrane causing  Skin and skin cephalosporin infection prior to + throughout
Pharmacologic: cell death structure  GI: Pseudo- therapy
 Second  Bactericidal action + infections  Serious membranous  Obtain history to determine
Generation inhibit the growth of  Respiratory hypersensitivity to colitis previous use of and reaction to
Cephalosporin susceptible pathogenic tract infection penicillin penicillin
(bacteriostatic)  Bone and joint  Observe for signs of anaphylaxis
infection  DERM: Rashes  Instruct patient to report signs of
hypersensitivity
 HEMAT: Bleeding
allergic reactions

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NAME OF DRUG CLASSIFICATION DOSE/
FREQUENCY/ MECHANISM OF ACTION INDICATION CONTRAINDICATIONS SIDE EFFECTS NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES
ROUTE
Celecoxib  Pharmacologic 200 mg Cap Exhibits anti-inflammatory, Adjunctive  Hypersensitivity to CNS:dizziness,drowsi Before:
class: BID analgesic, and antipyretic treatment to drug, sulfonamides, ness,headache,insomn -Assess pt.’s history of allergic
Nonsteroidal action due to inhibition of decrease the or other NSAIDs ia,fatigue reaction to the drug
cyclooxygenase-2 the enzyme COX-2 number CV: -Monitor complete blood count,
(COX-2) inhibitor, of adenomatous  Severe hepatic Peripheraledema electrolyte levels, creatinine clearance,
anti-inflammatory colorectal polyps in impairment EENT:ophthalmic and occult fecal blood test and liver
drug (NSAID) familial effects,tinnitus, function test results every 6 to 12
adenomatous  History of asthma or pharyngitis, months
 Therapeutic polyposis urticarial Advanced rhinitis,sinusitis During:
class: renal disease GI:nausea,diarrhea,c -Instruct patient to take drug with
Anti-rheumatic onstipation,abdomin food or milk.
Pregnancy risk  Late pregnancy al pain, - Teach patient to avoid aspirin and
category C dyspepsia,flatulence, other NSAIDs (such as ibuprofen and
 Breastfeeding dry mouth, naproxen) during therapy.
GIbleeding
GU:Menorrhagia After:
Hematologic: -Advise patient to immediately report
Decreasedhemoglobi bloody stools, blood in vomit, or signs
norhematocrit, or symptoms of liver damage
eosinophils (nausea, fatigue, lethargy, pruritus,
yellowing of eyes or skin, tenderness on
upper right side of abdomen, or flu
like symptoms)

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NAME OF DRUG CLASSIFICATION DOSE/
FREQUENCY/ MECHANISM OF ACTION INDICATION CONTRAINDICATIONS SIDE EFFECTS NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES
ROUTE
Insulin Glargine  Long-acting 100 units/ml Reduces glucose level by  To manage type 1  Contraindicate  Metabolic:  Teach Proper glucose monitoring,
(rDNA Human in 10-ml stimulating (insulin- During hypoglycemic hypoglycemia. Injection techniques, and
origin) injection Insulins and vials,3-ml Peripheral glucose uptake, dependent) episodes and in diabetes management.
Analogs cartridge, 3- especially by diabetes in patients  Skin:Lipodystroph
mldisposablei Skeletal muscle and fat, and patients who hypersensitive to y, pruritus, rash.  Tell patient to take dose once
 Anti- Diabetic nsulin device. by inhibiting need basal (long drug or its daily at the same time each day.
BID Hepatic glucose acting) insulin to components.  Other: allergic
production. control reactions, pain at  Alert: Educate diabetic patients
hyperglycemia.  Use cautiously injection site. about signs and symptoms of low
in patients with renal or glucose level, such as fatigue,
 To manage type hepatic impairment. weakness, confusion, headache,
2 (non-Insulin pallor, and profuse sweating.
dependent)  Overdose
diabetes S&S: Hypoglycemia,  Urge patient to wear or carry
inpatients who severe hypoglycemia medical Identification at all
need basal (coma, neurologic times.
(long-acting) impairment, seizures).
insulin to control  Advise patient to treat mild
hyperglycemia. hypoglycemia with oral glucose
tablets.

 Encourage patient to always carry

glucose tablets in case of a low-
glucose episode.

 Educate patients on the

importance of maintaining

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 prescribed diet, and explain that
adjustments in drug dosage, meal
patterns, and exercise maybe
needed to regulate glucose.

 Alert: Advise patient not to dilute

or mix any other insulin or
solution with insulin glargine.
If the solution is cloudy, urge
patient to discard the vial. Use
solution only if it’s clear and
colorless.

 Alert: Make any change of insulin

cautiously and only under
medical supervision. Changes in
insulin strength, manufacturer,
type (such as regular, NPH, or
insulin
analogues),species(animal,
human), or method
of manufacturer (rDNA versus
animal source insulin) may
require a change in dosage. Oral
anti-diabetic treatment taken at
the same time may need to be
adjusted.

 Tell patient to consult prescriber

before using OTC medications.

 Inform patient to avoid alcohol,

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 which lowers glucose level.

 Advise patient to avoid vigorous

exercise immediately after insulin
injection, especially of the area
where injection was given; it
causes increased absorption and
increased risk of low glucose.

 Advise woman planning

pregnancy to first consult
prescriber.

 Advise patient that if OptiClik

device malfunctions, drug may be
drawn from the cartridge system
into aU-100 syringe and injected.

 Advise patient on proper drug

storage: store unopened insulin
vials and 3-ml cartridge system in
the refrigerator, opened vials
may be stored at 86◦F (30◦C)
or less and away from direct
heat, discard opened vials or
cartridge system after28 days
whether refrigerated or not, and
don’t freeze or refrigerate the
open, in use cartridge system
if inserted in OptiClik.

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NAME OF DRUG CLASSIFICATION DOSE/
FREQUENCY/ MECHANISM OF ACTION INDICATION CONTRAINDICATIONS SIDE EFFECTS NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES
ROUTE
Dexamethasone  Anti- 1.8 mg IV q6 Stabilizing leukocyte Specific:  Contraindicated CNS: euphoria,  Determine whether
Inflammatory lysosomal membranes; Adjunctive with infections, insomnia, psychotic patient is sensitive to
 Glucocorticoid suppresses immune treatment in especially behavior, pseudo other corticosteroids
response; stimulates bone bacterial meningitis. tuberculosis, fungal tumor cerebral,
marrow; and influences infections, vertigo, headache,  Most adverse reactions
protein, fat and General: amebiasis, vaccinia paresthesia, seizures, to corticosteroids are
carbohydrate metabolism. Cerebral edema and varicella, and depression. dose-or duration-
Allergic and antibiotic-resistant dependent.
inflammatory infections, allergy to CV: hypertension,
conditions any component of edema, arrhythmias,  For better results and
Shock Tuberculosis the preparation thromboembolism. less toxicity, give once
meningitis used. daily dose in morning.
EENT: cataracts,
 Use cautiously with glaucoma.  Give oral dose with food
renal or hepatic when possible. Patient
disease; GI: may need drugs to
hypothyroidism, Peptic ulceration, GI prevent GI irritation.
ulcerative colitis irritation, increased
with impending appetite,  Give IM injection deeply
perforation; pancreatitis, nausea, into gluteal muscle.
diverticulitis; active vomiting. Rotate injection sites to
or latent peptic prevent muscle atrophy.
ulcer; inflammatory GU: increase urine Avoid subcutaneous
bowel disease; CHF, glucose, and calcium injection because
hypertension, levels atrophy and sterile
thromboembolic abscesses may occur.
disorders; Metabolic:  Always adjust to lowest
osteoporosis; hypokalemia, effective dose

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 seizure disorders; hyperglycemia
diabetes mellitus;  Monitor patient
lactation. Musculoskeletal: weight, blood pressure,
muscle weakness and electrolyte levels.

Skin: Delayed wound  Monitor patient

healing for Cushing oid effects,
including moon face,
Other: Susceptibility buffalo hump, thinning
to infections. of hair.

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NAME OF DRUG CLASSIFICATION DOSE/
FREQUENCY/ MECHANISM OF ACTION INDICATION CONTRAINDICATIONS SIDE EFFECTS NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES
ROUTE
Amlodipine  Cardiovascular 5 mg OD These medications block Chest pain (angina) PREGNANCY/ Side effects of  Monitor BP for
agent the occurs NURSING amlodipine are therapeutic
transport of calcium into because of MOTHERS: generally mild effectiveness. BP
 Calcium the insufficient Generally, and reversible. reduction is greatest
channel smooth muscle cells lining oxygen delivered to amlodipine is The two most after peak levels of
blocker the the avoided in common side amlodipine are
coronary arteries and other heart muscles. pregnancy, and effects are achieved 6-9 h
 Anti- arteries of the body. Since Insufficient by nursing headache and following oral doses.
hypertensive calcium is important in oxygen may be a mothers since it edema
agent muscle result of may cross the (swelling) of the  Monitor for S&S of
contraction, blocking coronary artery blood brain lower dose-related
calcium blockage Barrier. extremities. Less peripheral or facial
transport relaxes artery or spasm, or common side edema that may not
muscles and dilates because of effects include be accompanied by
coronary physical exertion dizziness, weight gain; rarely,
arteries and other arteries which flushing, fatigue, severe edema may
of increases heart nausea, and cause discontinuation
the body. By relaxing oxygen palpitations. of drug.
coronary demand in a patient
arteries, amlodipine is with  Monitor BP with
useful in coronary artery postural changes.
preventing chest pain narrowing. Report postural
(angina) Amlodipine is hypotension. Monitor
resulting from coronary used for the more frequently when
artery treatment additional anti-
spasm. Relaxing the and prevention of hypertensive or
muscles angina diuretics are added.
lining the arteries of the resulting from
rest of coronary  Monitor heart rate;

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 the body lowers the blood spasm. Amlodipine dose-related
pressure, which reduces is also palpitations (more
the used in the common in women)
burden on the heart as it treatment of may occur.
pumps blood to the body. high blood pressure.

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NAME OF DRUG CLASSIFICATION DOSE/
FREQUENCY/ MECHANISM OF ACTION INDICATION CONTRAINDICATIONS SIDE EFFECTS NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES
ROUTE
Losartan Antihypertensive 50mg 1 tab Angiotensin, formed in the Treatment for Hypersensitivity to  Dizziness  Monitor BP at drug trough (prior
OD blood by the action of hypertension Losartan, Pregnancy to scheduled dose)
P.O angiotensin converting Lactation.  Increased serum
enzyme (ACE), is a potassium  Monitor drug effectiveness by
powerful chemical that monitoring BP
attaches to angiotensin  Muscle cramps and
receptors found in many leg pain  Monitor CBC, electrolytes, liver
tissues but primarily on and kidney function
smooth muscle cells of  Edema
blood vessels.  Monitor patients who are also
Angiotensin’s attachment  Headache taking diuretics for symptomatic
to the receptors causes the hypotension.
blood vessel to narrow  Nausea
(vasoconstrict) which leads  Instruct patient to avoid taking
to an increase in blood salt substitutes.
pressure (hypertension).
Losartan (more specifically,
the chemical formed when
the liver converts the
inactive losartan into an
active chemical) blocks the
angiotensin receptor. By
blocking the action of
angiotensin, losartan
dilates blood vessels and
thereby reduces blood
pressure.

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NAME OF CLASSIFICATION DOSE/
DRUG FREQUENCY/ MECHANISM OF ACTION INDICATION CONTRAINDICATIONS SIDE EFFECTS NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES
ROUTE
Atorvastatin Dyslipidaemic 20mg Once Atorvastatin competitively Reduction of risk of Hypersensitivity, active Headache, flatulence,  Stress that atorvastatin is an
Agent daily 2000H (G- inhibits HMG-CoA stroke and heart liver disease or diarrhea, nausea, adjunct to – not a substitute
tube) reductase, the enzyme that attack in type 2 unexplained persistent vomiting, anorexia, for low-cholesterol diet
catalyses the conversion of diabetes patients elevations of serum xerostomia,  Tell patient to take drug
HMG-CoA to mevalonic without evidence of transaminase, angioedema, at the same time each day to
acid. This results in the heart disease but porphyria, pregnancy, myalgia, maintain its effects
induction of the LDL with other CV risk lactation. rash/pruritus,  Instruct patient to take a
receptors, leading to factors, and alopecia, allergy, missed dose as soon as
lowered LDL-cholesterol revascularization infection, chest pain. possible. If it’s almost time
concentration. procedures Potentially Fatal: for his next dose, he should
Absorption: in patients without Thrombocytopenia. skip the missed dose.
Rapid from the GI tract evidence of Rh abdomyolysis  Advise patient to
(oral). coronary heart with acute renal notify prescriber immediately
Distribution: disease (CHD) but failure. if he/she develops
Protein-binding:98%. with multiple risk unexplained muscle pain,
Metabolism: factors other than tenderness, or weakness,
Extensively hepatic; diabetes (eg, especially if accompanied by
converted to active smoking, HTN, low fatigue or fever
inhibitors of HMG-CoA HDL-C, family
reductase. history of early CHD)
Excretion: Patients with CHD,
Feces (as metabolites); to reduce risks of
14 hr (elimination half-life). MI,
revascularization pr
ocedures,
hospitalization for
CHF, and angina.

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NAME OF CLASSIFICATION DOSE/
DRUG FREQUENCY/ MECHANISM OF ACTION INDICATION CONTRAINDICATIONS SIDE EFFECTS NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES
ROUTE
Mannitol Osmotic Diuretic 0.5 to 2 Increases osmotic pressure Test dose for marked Active intracranial CNS: dizziness,  Vital signs
g/kg I.V. of plasma in glomerular oliguria or suspected bleeding (except during headache, seizures
infusion as 15% filtrate, inhibiting tubular inadequate renal craniotomy), anuria CV:  Intake and output
to 25% solution reabsorption of water and function, prevent secondary to severe chest pain,
given over 30 electrolytes (including acute renal failure renal disease, hypotension,  Central venous pressure
60 minutes. sodium and potassium). during progressive heart hypertension,
These actions enhance cardiovascular and failure, pulmonary tachycardia, thromb  Pulmonary artery pressure
water flow from various other surgeries, congestion, renal ophlebitis, heart
tissues and ultimately acute renal failure, damage, or renal failure, vascular  Signs and symptoms of
decrease intracranial and to reduce dysfunction after overload dehydration (e.g. poor skin turgor,
intraocular pressures. intracranial pressure mannitol therapy EENT: blurred vision, dry skin, fever, thirst)
and brain mass, begins, severe rhinitis
reduce intraocular pulmonary congestion GI: nausea, vomiting,  Signs of electrolyte
pressure, to promote or pulmonary edema, diarrhea, dry mouth imbalance/deficit (e.g. muscular
dieresis in drug and severe dehydration. GU: polyuria, urinary weakness, paresthesia, numbness,
toxicity, irrigation retention, osmotic confusion, tingling sensation of
during trans urethral nephrosis extremity and excessive thirst)
resection of Metabolic:
prostate. dehydration, water  (for increase ICP) Neurologic
intoxication, status and intracranial pressure
hypernatremia, hypo readings.
natremia,
hypovolemia,  (for increase IOP) Elevating eye
hypokalemia, pain or decreased visual acuity.
hyperkalemia,
metabolic acidosis

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NAME OF CLASSIFICATION DOSE/
DRUG FREQUENCY/ MECHANISM OF ACTION INDICATION CONTRAINDICATIONS NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES
ROUTE
Humulin Antidiabetic Increases osmotic pressure Test dose for marked Active intracranial bleeding (except during  Vital signs
of plasma in glomerular oliguria or suspected craniotomy), anuria secondary to severe renal
filtrate, inhibiting tubular inadequate renal disease, progressive heart failure, pulmonary  Intake and output
reabsorption of water and function, prevent congestion, renal damage, or renal dysfunction
electrolytes (including acute renal failure after mannitol therapy begins, severe  Central venous pressure
sodium and potassium). during pulmonary congestion or pulmonary edema,
These actions enhance cardiovascular and and severe dehydration.  Pulmonary artery pressure
water flow from various other surgeries,
tissues and ultimately acute renal failure,  Signs and symptoms of
decrease intracranial and to reduce dehydration (e.g. poor skin turgor,
intraocular pressures. intracranial pressure dry skin, fever, thirst)
and brain mass,
reduce intraocular  Signs of electrolyte
pressure, to promote imbalance/deficit (e.g. muscular
dieresis in drug weakness, paresthesia, numbness,
toxicity, irrigation confusion, tingling sensation of
during trans urethral extremity and excessive thirst)
resection of
prostate.  (for increase ICP) Neurologic
status and intracranial pressure
readings.

 (for increase IOP) Elevating eye

pain or decreased visual acuity.

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